31:
545:
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446:
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371:
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81:
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418:
is an important part of the preparation for mating. Nests are well formed and may be constructed of seaweed, grasses, leaves and ice plants. Generally two to three eggs are laid, their colour ranges from brown to grey with light and dark brown spots all over. The bird generally lives up to 12 years,
321:
A national survey of breeding red-billed gulls carried out in 2014–2016 recorded 27,831 pairs nesting in New
Zealand. The authors of the study based on the survey and published in 2018 said that the accuracy of previous estimates was questionable, but that the species nevertheless appeared to have
390:. Since European settlement its numbers have increased, especially around coastal towns and cities where it can scavenge from urban waste. It normally feeds on small fish, shell fish and worms (from pastures), and sometimes berries, lizards and insects.
47:
747:
350:
It is the smallest gull commonly seen in New
Zealand. The population is estimated at 500,000. It was formerly considered a distinctive species, but looks similar to the
46:
532:
544:
1648:
493:
1503:
802:
1596:
334:
with an all-red bill, red eye ring, red legs and feet, pale grey wings with black wingtips. The rest of the body and tail are white. There is virtually no
30:
433:
1605:
1464:
65:
1490:
322:
declined nationally since the mid-1960s. The study also discussed the possible reasons for the decline and made a proposal for future monitoring.
1638:
762:
406:
They nest from
October to December in colonies on the coast, either on islands or rocky headlands, cliffs and beaches. The birds form
1643:
1549:
505:
885:
445:
457:
1495:
80:
826:
Mills, J. A. (1994). Extra-pair copulations in the Red-Billed Gull: Females with high-quality, attentive males resist.
469:
1508:
631:
393:
1633:
1060:
520:
338:. Juvenile gulls have a dark brown bill with only hints of red, making them difficult to distinguish from the
840:
Tasker, C. R., & Mills, J. A. (1981). A functional analysis of courtship feeding in the Red-billed Gull,
1097:
983:
206:
1383:
1366:
1289:
835:
Phylogenetic relationships within the
Laridae (Charadriiformes: Aves) inferred from mitochondrial markers.
189:
1030:
1025:
411:
1554:
370:
1528:
1420:
1294:
993:
581:
481:
1653:
1348:
1228:
1223:
878:
556:
512:
1107:
1035:
1003:
682:
215:
75:
1233:
1188:
1142:
958:
748:"The status of the red-billed gull (Larus novaehollandiae scopulinus) in New Zealand, 2014–2016"
1536:
1438:
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1213:
1208:
1193:
1102:
1065:
1055:
968:
953:
943:
722:
415:
339:
335:
282:
1541:
1330:
1198:
1018:
973:
898:
674:
387:
309:. As is the case with many gulls, the red-billed gull has traditionally been placed in the
306:
1163:
1087:
978:
375:
259:
152:
132:
948:
1518:
1269:
871:
298:
266:
islands. It was formerly considered a separate species but is now usually treated as a
858:
1627:
1137:
1050:
1008:
686:
1443:
1182:
1132:
1040:
1013:
998:
938:
669:. In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.).
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45:
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383:
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302:
297:, a somewhat similar-looking but unrelated species that is found in coastal
92:
1406:
678:
607:
258:, being found throughout the country and on outlying islands including the
863:
538:
Comparison of adult (left) and immature (right) red-billed gulls in flight
382:
Behaviourally, the red-billed gull is a typical gull. It is an aggressive
1575:
1400:
1361:
112:
1610:
1469:
1415:
916:
342:. The legs are also brown and there are brown spots on the grey wings.
142:
1482:
499:
Second-winter, first-winter, and adult birds (first three, from front)
397:
Foraging by oscillating its foot in sand at low tide to uncover prey.
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929:
907:
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although individuals have also been found living up to 30 years.
894:
662:
331:
122:
1381:
867:
410:
which endure across seasons, but there is a certain amount of
723:"Dolphin Gull (Larus scoresbii) - BirdLife species factsheet"
803:"Ex-pat Kiwi returns from US to study red-billed seagulls"
1046:
Vega gull (or East
Siberian gull / Mongolian gull)
661:
Burger, J.; Gochfeld, M.; Kirwan, G.M.; Garcia, E.F.J.
293:. Its vernacular name is sometimes also used for the
1565:
1390:
1339:
1321:
1303:
1278:
1260:
1242:
1161:
1121:
1076:
927:
906:
837:
336:
visual difference between the male and female birds
833:Pons J.M., Hassanin, A., and Crochet P.A.(2005).
920:(† indicates a species confirmed to be extinct)
879:
746:Taylor, Graeme A.; Frost, Peter G.H. (2018).
8:
707:Barrie Heather & Hugh Robertson (2005).
709:The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand
1597:Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae scopulinus
1567:Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae scopulinus
1378:
1098:Great black-headed gull (or Pallas's gull)
886:
872:
864:
243:Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae scopulinus
199:Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae scopulinus
56:
43:
29:
20:
859:Red-billed Gull, New Zealand Birds Online
761:. Birds New Zealand: 1–13. Archived from
16:Subspecies of bird, native of New Zealand
671:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
599:
573:
426:
1199:Grey-headed gull (or grey-hooded gull)
788:A complete guide to Antarctic wildlife
330:The red-billed gull is a fairly small
1649:Taxa named by Johann Reinhold Forster
642:. International Ornithologists' Union
7:
1529:d970b4e7-be04-4d1d-851e-70df495f017e
801:Dangerfield, Emma (Dec 23, 2009).
608:"Larus novaehollandiae scopulinus"
14:
842:Larus Novaehollandiae scopulinus
555:
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531:
519:
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492:
480:
468:
456:
444:
432:
358:, and is now considered to be a
224:Larus novaehollandiae scopulinus
79:
634:; Donsker, David, eds. (2019).
276:Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae
1:
636:"Noddies, gulls, terns, auks"
1639:Endemic birds of New Zealand
790:. Alula Press, Oy, Finland.
711:(revised ed.). Viking.
640:World Bird List Version 9.2
550:Sea gull colony in Kaikōura
250:and once also known as the
1670:
1392:Chroicocephalus scopulinus
580:Published posthumously in
1357:
463:Red-billed gull in flight
221:
214:
195:
188:
76:Scientific classification
74:
54:
42:
37:
28:
23:
1061:Lesser black-backed gull
989:Kelp gull (or Cape gull)
285:name of this species is
1644:Birds described in 1844
984:Great black-backed gull
583:Descriptiones animalium
167:C. novaehollandiae
1367:Hybridisation in gulls
1290:Black-legged kittiwake
679:10.2173/bow.silgul2.01
398:
379:
1031:American herring gull
1026:European herring gull
786:Shirihai, H. (2002).
727:datazone.birdlife.org
665:Larus novaehollandiae
412:extra-pair copulation
396:
373:
181:C. n. scopulinus
1295:Red-legged kittiwake
994:Glaucous-winged gull
1349:Swallow-tailed gull
1224:Slender-billed gull
513:Picton, New Zealand
1108:Mediterranean gull
1036:Yellow-legged gull
1004:Yellow-footed gull
511:Juvenile bathing,
399:
380:
1621:
1620:
1537:Open Tree of Life
1384:Taxon identifiers
1375:
1374:
1362:Gull eggs as food
1219:Black-headed gull
1214:Brown-headed gull
1209:Black-billed gull
1194:Brown-hooded gull
1056:Slaty-backed gull
969:Short-billed gull
954:Black-tailed gull
673:. Lynx Edicions.
416:Courtship feeding
340:black-billed gull
254:, is a native of
246:), also known as
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1421:A66A66350A2687A9
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1229:Bonaparte's gull
974:Ring-billed gull
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307:Falkland Islands
228:Larus scopulinus
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24:Red-billed gull
21:
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1634:Chroicocephalus
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1519:red-billed-gull
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1399:
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1371:
1353:
1335:
1317:
1299:
1274:
1256:
1238:
1234:Saunders's gull
1189:Hartlaub's gull
1178:Red-billed gull
1164:Chroicocephalus
1157:
1143:Franklin's gull
1117:
1088:White-eyed gull
1072:
979:California gull
959:Heermann's gull
923:
902:
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428:Red-billed gull
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260:Chatham Islands
238:red-billed gull
210:
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154:Chroicocephalus
133:Charadriiformes
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61:
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17:
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11:
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1103:Audouin's gull
1100:
1095:
1090:
1084:
1082:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1066:Heuglin's gull
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1033:
1028:
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1006:
1001:
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991:
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944:Belcher's gull
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922:
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853:External links
851:
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828:Behaviour, 128
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663:"Silver Gull (
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299:southern Chile
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190:Trinomial name
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1332:
1331:Sabine's gull
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1314:
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1165:
1160:
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1144:
1141:
1139:
1138:Laughing gull
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1111:
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1081:
1080:
1075:
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1064:
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1062:
1059:
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1054:
1052:
1051:Armenian gull
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1019:Thayer's gull
1017:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1009:Glaucous gull
1007:
1005:
1002:
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987:
985:
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846:Behaviour, 77
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768:on 2019-02-01
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252:mackerel gull
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1262:Rhodostethia
1261:
1244:Hydrocoloeus
1243:
1183:Huahine gull
1177:
1162:
1133:Dolphin gull
1122:
1077:
1041:Caspian gull
1014:Iceland gull
999:Western gull
949:Olrog's gull
939:Pacific gull
928:
915:
845:
841:
834:
827:
812:. Retrieved
806:
796:
787:
781:
770:. Retrieved
763:the original
758:
754:
741:
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726:
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670:
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639:
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612:nztcs.org.nz
611:
602:
582:
576:
405:
381:
349:
346:Distribution
329:
320:
313:
295:dolphin gull
290:
286:
280:
275:
264:subantarctic
251:
247:
242:
241:
237:
235:
227:
223:
222:
198:
196:
180:
179:
175:Subspecies:
165:
153:
18:
1591:Wikispecies
1478:iNaturalist
1270:Ross's gull
1252:Little gull
1204:Andean gull
1173:Silver gull
1124:Leucophaeus
1113:Relict gull
1079:Ichthyaetus
964:Common gull
808:Stuff.co.nz
632:Gill, Frank
352:silver gull
326:Description
272:silver gull
256:New Zealand
1654:Subspecies
1628:Categories
1313:Ivory gull
1093:Sooty gull
901:: Laridae)
814:2015-06-21
772:2019-03-22
732:2019-03-22
617:2022-09-14
594:References
562:2021 photo
439:Upper body
408:pair bonds
402:Life cycle
360:subspecies
268:subspecies
1582:Q27608860
1305:Pagophila
1153:Grey gull
1148:Lava gull
687:241433727
487:Crouching
384:scavenger
366:Behaviour
356:Australia
354:found in
303:Argentina
287:tarāpunga
248:tarāpunga
161:Species:
99:Kingdom:
93:Eukaryota
62:Declining
1576:Wikidata
1401:Wikidata
1341:Creagrus
830:, 41–64.
755:Notornis
692:21 April
585:, p. 106
305:and the
216:Synonyms
209:, 1844)
139:Family:
113:Chordata
109:Phylum:
103:Animalia
89:Domain:
1611:8982594
1555:1416107
1470:6065819
1457:rebgul1
1431:rebgul1
1416:Avibase
917:Species
848:, 222ff
646:24 June
475:Landing
423:Gallery
378:berries
376:taupata
374:Eating
270:of the
207:Forster
149:Genus:
143:Laridae
129:Order:
119:Class:
64: (
1542:416082
1526:NZOR:
1516:NZBO:
1509:126716
1496:824043
1483:144506
1407:Q76472
899:family
685:
291:akiaki
66:NZ TCS
38:Adult
1550:WoRMS
1452:eBird
1444:5YGFM
1428:BOW:
1281:Rissa
930:Larus
908:Genus
895:Gulls
766:(PDF)
751:(PDF)
683:S2CID
568:Notes
315:Larus
311:genus
283:Māori
1606:GBIF
1504:NCBI
1491:ITIS
1465:GBIF
1323:Xema
694:2017
648:2019
526:Eggs
386:and
332:gull
281:The
262:and
236:The
123:Aves
1439:CoL
844:.
675:doi
289:or
278:).
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