Kemalism - Knowledge (XXG)

5170: 5067: 5758:, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp 273–274. "The prominent leaders of the Entente were Turkish-speaking and no different from the Unionists as far as their basic attitudes toward Islam were concerned. Nevertheless, they sought to frustrate the CUP by encouraging non-Turkish groups to attack it for pursuing a policy of Turkification and by pointing out to the conservatives its alleged disregard for Islamic principles and values. The overall effect of this propaganda was to instill ethnic and sectarian-religious discord, which survived the Entente's defeat at the polls ... The Unionists proved to be less vulnerable to accusations of disregard for Islamic precepts and values. Some of the Entente members were known for their cosmopolitan attitudes and close relations with foreign interests. But this did not keep the Entente from accusing the CUP of violating Islamic principles and attempting to restrict the prerogatives of the sultan-caliph in its pamphlets. One such pamphlet, 5208:

transnational history of Kemalism has expanded. Some scholars have focused on the interwar period in Bulgaria, Cyprus, Albania, Yugoslavia, and Egypt to reveal how, as a practical tool, Kemalism was relocated as a global movement, whose influence is still felt today. Some scholars have examined the impact of Atatürk's reforms and his image on the Jewish community in British-ruled Palestine before the establishment of Israel, some went farther East—to Persia, Afghanistan, China, India, and other parts of the Muslim world—to assess the influence wielded by Mustafa Kemal and his modernization project. These works explore perceptions of Kemalism that are mostly positive in their respective countries providing few critical insights into Kemalism's evolution and its reception as an ideological project.

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Islamic symbols effectively in their election propaganda in 1912. They accused the Entente of trying to separate the offices of the caliphate and the sultanate and thus weakening Islam and the Muslims. There seemed no end to the capital to be gained from the exploitation and manipulation of religious rhetoric. In Izmir, the Entente attacked the CUP's intention to amend Article 35 of the constitution by arguing that the Unionists were thus denouncing the "thirty" days of fasting and "five" daily prayers. This led the town's mufti to plead that "for the sake of Islam and the welfare of the country" religion not be used to achieve political objectives. As with the rhetoric on Turkification, Islam too remained in political discourse long after the elections were over."

3986:, including an emphasis on liberty practiced by citizens. Kemalist republicanism defines a type of constitutional republic, in which representatives of the people are elected, and must govern in accordance with existing constitutional law limiting governmental power over citizens. The head of state and other officials are chosen by election rather than inheriting their positions, and their decisions are subject to judicial review. In defending the change from the Ottoman State, Kemalism asserts that all laws of the Republic of Turkey should be inspired by actual needs here on Earth as a basic tenet of national life. Kemalism advocates a republican system as the best representative of the wishes of the people. 4278: 4249:(tribal leaders) to the active participation of its citizenry, the Turks. Kemalist social theory wanted to establish the value of Turkish citizenship. A sense of pride associated with this citizenship would give the needed psychological spur for people to work harder and achieve a sense of unity and national identity. Active participation, or the "will of the people", was established with the republican regime and Turkishness replacing the other forms of affiliations that had been promoted in the Ottoman Empire (such as the allegiance to the different millets that eventually led to divisiveness in the empire). The motto " 92: 321: 4090: 4910: 327: 4963: 4608:

unfolding or implementation of the reform. The current understanding of this concept can be described as "active modification". Turkey and its society, taking over institutions from Western Europe, must add Turkish traits and patterns to them and adapt them to Turkish culture, according to Kemalism. The implementation of the Turkish traits and patterns of these reforms takes generations of cultural and social experience, which results in the collective memory of the Turkish nation.

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Muslim religious establishment. For some Kemalists, this means that the state must be at the helm of religious affairs, and all religious activities are under the supervision of the state. This, in turn, drew criticism from the religious conservatives. Religious conservatives were vocal in rejecting this idea, saying that to have a secular state, the state can't control the activities of religious institutions. Despite their protest, this policy was officially adopted by the

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world into a state, without any borders. This is a truth that centuries and people who have lived for centuries brought about through very painful and bloody events. It cannot be seen in history that panislamism and panturanism were successful and were practiced in the world. Though, the results of the ambitions for the establishment of a state, covering all humanity, regardless of race, are written in history.

4847: 36: 110: 3658: 6052: 4069: 4869:, and wanted to unite all of the Turkic peoples. Kemalism wants an equal footing (based on respect) and does not aim to unite the people of Turkey with all the other Turkic nations. Most Kemalists were not interested in Pan-Turkism and from 1923 to 1950 (the single state period) reacted with particular firmness. Further more, Atatürk opposed Pan-Turkism in his speech ( 5085:; supporters of the party appear to have generally accepted the idea that structural changes brought forth by the government were necessary for modernization. Later, in the 1970s, due to a wider rejection and abandonment of Kemalism, in Turkish society, the CHP made more fundamental and left-leaning changes to its party platform, including programs that were labeled " 4438:; it means freedom of thought and independence of the institutions of the state from the dominance of religious thought and religious institutions. The Kemalist principle of laicism is not against moderate and apolitical religion, but against religious forces opposed to and fighting modernization and democracy. 4453:, all education was under the control of the state in both secular and religious schools. It centralized the education system, with one curriculum in both religious and secular public schools, in the hope this would eliminate or lessen the appeal of religious schools. The laws were meant to abolish the 5766:

to the Italians. Such propaganda forced the CUP to seize the role of the champion of Islam. After all, the secular integrationist Ottomanism that it had preached was failing, and the latest manifestation of this failure was the Entente's appeal to segments of Christian communities. The Unionists used

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but feared that the Greeks could establish a "Great Armenian-Byzantine state" in Anatolia, which would border Russia. The intolerance against communists in Turkey was overlooked by the Soviet leadership to unite against the common enemy. The Germans of 1920s were similarly intrigued by Kemalism. That

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in the international capitalist system. Post-war Turkey has been largely defined by its agricultural society, which includes many landlords and merchants. The control of people in the Turkish economy is quite evident from 1923 to the 1930s, but they still managed, through foreign joint investment, to

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was very much dependent on economic and technological development. The principle of Kemalist statism is generally interpreted to mean that the state was to regulate the country's general economic activities and engage in areas where private enterprises are not willing to do so. This was the result of

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According to the Kemalist perception, the Turkish state is to stand at an equal distance from every religion, neither promoting nor condemning any set of religious beliefs. Kemalists, however, have called for not only separation of church and state but also a call for the state control of the Turkish

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Kemalist populism is an extension of the Kemalist modernization movement, aiming to make Islam compatible with the modern nation-state. This included state supervision of religious schools and organizations. Mustafa Kemal himself said "everyone needs a place to learn religion and faith; that place is

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in France. Atatürk perceived the French model as the authentic form of secularism. Kemalism strove to control religion and transform it into a private affair rather than an institution interfering with politics, as well as scientific and social progress. It is more than merely creating a separation

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appointed by the president, and other ministers appointed by parliament. The president does not have direct executive powers, but has limited veto powers, and the right to contest with referendum. The day-to-day operation of government is the responsibility of the Council of Ministers formed by the

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between the executive (president and Council of Ministers), the legislative (Parliament) and the judiciary, in which no one branch of government has authority over another—although parliament is charged with the supervision of the Council of Ministers, which can be compelled to resign by a vote of

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and democracy were maintained in each change to the constitution. The 1961 Constitution more strongly emphasized human rights, the rule of law, and the welfare state than the original 1924 constitution, while the 1982 constitution focused on the peace of the community and national solidarity, but

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and investment as well as in taking the interest of private businesses into consideration. The state often stepped into economic areas that the private sector did not cover, either due to not being strong enough or having simply failed to do so. These were often infrastructure projects and power

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Gathering various nations under a common and general title and establishing a strong state by keeping these various groups of elements under the same law and conditions is a bright and attractive political view; but it is deceptive. In fact, it is an impossible goal to unite all the Turks in the

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The principle of reformism went beyond the recognition of the reforms made during Atatürk's lifetime. Atatürk's reforms in the social and political spheres are accepted as irreversible. Atatürk never entertained the possibility of a pause or transition phase during the course of the progressive

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Both the Young Turks and the Kemalists had an elitist conception of society; they saw themselves as the nation's "social physicians," the only ones capable of enlightening the "masses."78 Other definitions and fashionable currents of thought that defined different facets of fascism—biological

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In the 1920s and 1930s, Turkey's domestic transformations and the evolution of the Kemalist system of ideological and political principles were closely observed in Germany, France, Britain, the US, and beyond, including several nations farther East. In recent years, scholarly interest in the

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While Atatürk considered women's religious coverings as antithetical to progress and equality, he also recognized that headscarves were not such a danger to the separation of church and state to warrant an outright ban. But the Constitution was amended in 1982, following the 1980 coup by the

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The Republic of Turkey is a democratic, secular and social state governed by the rule of law; bearing in mind the concepts of public peace, national solidarity and justice; respecting human rights; loyal to the nationalism of Atatürk, and based on the fundamental tenets set forth in the

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were abolished, and their activities were banned by the government. The day of rest was changed by the government from Friday to Sunday. But the restrictions on personal choice extended to both religious duty and naming. Turks had to adopt a surname and were not allowed to perform the

5078:(CHP) was established by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk on September 9, 1923, not long before the declaration of the Republic of Turkey on October 29. The Republican People's Party did not attempt to update or define the philosophical roots of its Kemalism between the 1940s and the 1960s. 4937:" which was an organ of Turkish Hearts, was supported. Later, in 1931, Turkish Hearts were closed by Atatürk after they lost their non-political stance, because of their Pan-Turkist views and movements; and with all of its premises, it merged to the ruling party 5374: 4804:. But these erroneous appellations - the product of past periods of tyranny - have brought nothing but sorrow to individual members of the nation, with the exception of a few brainless reactionaries, who became the enemy's instruments. 4541:

The Ottoman social system was based on religious affiliation. Religious insignia extended to every social function. Clothing identified citizens with their own particular religious grouping; headgear distinguished rank and profession.

4510:, unions, and lobbies), the relationships between those institutions, and the political norms and rules that governed their functions (constitution, election law). The biggest change in this perspective was the abolishment of the 6492:İrem, Nazım. “Undercurrents of European Modernity and the Foundations of Modern Turkish Conservatism: Bergsonism in Retrospect.” Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 40, no. 4, 2004, pp. 79–112. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/4289929 5169: 4533:. Thus, in the Kemalist political perspective, politicians cannot claim to be the protector of any religion or religious sect, and such claims constitute sufficient legal grounds for the permanent banning of political parties. 4603:

as a strategy to achieve a modern society. The core of the reform, in the Kemalist sense, was an accomplished fact. In a Kemalist sense, there is no possibility of return to the old systems because they were deemed backward.

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ideology while Kemalism is polycentric in character. Kemalism wants to have an equal footing among the mainstream world civilizations. Pan-Turkists have consistently emphasized the special attributes of the

4599:) is a principle which calls for the country to replace the traditional institutions and concepts with modern institutions and concepts. This principle advocated the need for fundamental social change through 3795:. It also didn't help that Atatürk mostly disagreed with the policies of the radical Unionists. However this allowed him to observe the CUP's successes and shortcomings in implementing their programs. During 5033:

post-independence war Turkey needing to redefine the relationship between societal and international capitalism. The war left Turkey in ruins, as the Ottoman Empire was focused on raw materials and was an

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Following the Ottoman Empire's defeat -and the CUP's self-liquidation- by the war's end, Atatürk lead a military campaign against the Allies' planned partition of Anatolia and Eastern Thrace known as the

6082:. This relationship of the Kemalist regime with the people of different ethnicity, religion, and life-style positioned the state with its loyal Kemalist elite as a hegemonic power vis-à-vis the society. 4713:

who always love and seek to exalt their family, country and nation, who know their duties and responsibilities towards the democratic, secular and social state governed by the rule of law, founded on

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Avedian, Vahagn (20 November 2018) . "Justifying genocide: Germany and the Armenians from Bismarck to Hitler, by Stefan Ihrig, Cambridge, MA, Harvard, 460 pp., $ 35.00 (HC), ISBN 978-0674504790".

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From a political perspective, Kemalism is anti-clerical, in that it seeks to prevent religious influence on the democratic process, which was a problem even in the largely secular politics of the

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on March 3, 1924, followed by the removal of its political mechanisms. The article stating that "the established religion of Turkey is Islam" was removed from the constitution on April 10, 1928.

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had come to exploit the power of their office and manipulate religious practices to their own benefit. It was also feared that, were education not brought under state control, unsupervised

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Kemalist social theory (populism) does not accept any adjectives placed before the definition of a nation Sovereignty must belong solely to people without any term, condition, etc.:

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Turkish workers carrying the bronze head of a statue of Atatürk. Turkey, 1933. His statues placed in all public buildings in the nation and his values are coded in the constitution.

4820:), but under pressure of the EU, this was changed in 2008 to protect the "Turkish nation" instead of Turkish ethnicity in 2008, an 'imagined' nationhood of people living within the 5165:

The Turkish Republic is a nationalistic, democratic, secular and social state, governed by the rule of law, based on human rights and fundamental tenets set forth in the preamble.

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By the early 21st century, most Kemalists (within or outside the CHP) still believed in the original six principles, whilst others criticized and explicitly sought to reduce the

5631:Çakmak, Dıren. “Pro-Islamic Public Education in Turkey: The Imam-Hatip Schools.” Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 45, no. 5, 2009, pp. 825–846. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40647155. 5042:, there was a shift to more inward-looking development strategies during an era generally referred to as "etatism". During this era, the state had an active involvement in both 5642: 4253:" (English: How happy is the one who calls themselves a Turk) was promoted against such mottoes as "long live the Sultan," "long live the Sheikh", or "long live the Caliph." 176: 171: 4322:

in which the head of the Ottoman state held the position of the Caliph. The social system was organized according to various systems, including the religiously organized

7752: 4209: 4075: 7017: 151: 5667: 4948:) the Persian, Arabic, Greek, Latin, etc. words from the Turkish language and replace them with either Turkic originated words or derive new words with Turkic roots. 7647: 5619:

Kili, Suna. “Kemalism in Contemporary Turkey.” International Political Science Review, vol. 1, no. 3, 1980, pp. 381–404. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1601123.

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In the administration and defense of the Turkish Nation; national unity, national awareness and national culture are the highest ideals that we fix our eyes upon.

6094:İçduygu, Ahmet; Toktaş, Şule; Soner, B. Ali (1 February 2008). "The politics of population in a nation-building process: emigration of non-Muslims from Turkey". 5811: 7727: 6989: 3557: 7612: 4554:, and head-dresses denoted the sex, rank, and profession — both civil and military — of the wearer. Religious insignia outside of worship areas became banned. 6559: 351: 166: 4299:) in Kemalist ideology aims to banish religious interference in government affairs, and vice versa. It differs from the passive Anglo-American concept of 7113: 5154:

were followed by fundamental revisions of the Turkish Constitution. The texts of the new constitutions were approved by popular referendum in each case.

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and a unit under the title of "Greater Turkic history and Civilization". The book also gave detailed information about empires which are Turkic such as

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Within the political and social unity of today's Turkish nation, there are citizens and co-nationals who have been incited to think of themselves as

5858: 5506:"Ben, manevî miras olarak hiçbir nass-ı katı, hiçbir dogma, hiçbir donmuş ve kalıplaşmış kural bırakmıyorum. Benim manevî mirasım, ilim ve akıldır." 4152:. Populism in Turkey is to create a unifying force that brings a sense of the Turkish state and the power of the people to bring in that new unity. 2625: 5865:: The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) ruled in favor of Turkey's policy of banning headscarves at universities. (Today's Zaman, 30 June 2004) 4580:

has ruled in numerous cases that such restrictions in public buildings and educational institutions do not constitute a violation of human rights.

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Atatürk's Turkey was defined by sweeping political, social, cultural, and religious reforms designed to separate the Republican state from its

1861: 444: 7542: 6713:"Atatürk in the Nazi Imagination. By Stefan Ihrig. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014. Pp. 311. Cloth $ 29.95. ISBN 978-0674368378" 6946: 6895: 6876: 6848: 6766: 6541: 6019: 5978: 5778: 5692: 5486: 5461: 5232:

and Kemalism were very similar. In 1933, Nazis openly admired Kemalist Turkey. Hitler described Mustafa Kemal as the "star in the darkness".

4746:) of the Turkish nation" were "(a) unity in political existence, (b) unity in language, (c) unity in homeland, (d) unity in race and origin ( 1451: 1391: 4933:. Atatürk was frequently giving speeches on Turkish Hearths after important events occurred in Turkey. Also reopening of Turkish magazine " 1524: 4334:

pursued largely secular policies, although techniques of religious populism and attacks on other candidates' piety still occurred between

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and a penal code modeled on the German and Italian codes. Other religious practices were done away with, resulting in the dissolution of

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of the Constitution of the Republic of Turkey. Every citizen is recognized as a Turk, regardless of ethnicity, belief, and gender, etc.

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in the Empire and introduce limited democracy for the first time while maintaining Islamist influences. With their demise under Sultan

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policy. Atatürk's nationalism, after experiencing the Ottoman Empire's breakup, defined the social contract as its "highest ideal".

4674: 4569: 4079: 3725: 3697: 3550: 3306: 1701: 1166: 951: 291: 78: 7790: 2383: 2303: 7815: 7742: 5267:, Kemalism rejects certain Western emancipatory ideologies such as liberalism and socialism that derived from the Enlightenment. 4809: 4362: 1569: 1481: 1240: 344: 7224: 7173: 4522: 4339: 3757: 6585:"Kemalism: Transnational Politics in the Post Ottoman World.", eds. N. Clayer, F. Giomi, E. Szurek. London. I.B. Tauris. 2018. 5986:

materialism, positivism, social Darwinism, and the quest for magic formulas—were also incorporated by both regimes in Turkey.7

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Amin Saikal. "Kemalism: Its Influences on Iran and Afghanistan." 1982. International Journal of Turkish Studies 2 (2): 25–32

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started under Atatürk's order and administration, which contained ethno-racial ideas based on Turkish origins coming from

4530: 4272: 3717:, Europe's revolutionary history, and his own experience as a citizen, soldier, and revolutionary in the last days of the 2668: 2583: 2013: 1476: 866: 91: 5713: 5236: 7835: 7683: 7232: 6975: 5158: 5135: 5116: 5075: 4994:), believed in that the nation has to portray Hittites as a world-domineering Turkish race with firm roots in Anatolia. 4991: 4938: 4443: 4132:

but also the transfer of the social-economic transformation to realize a true populist state. However, Kemalists reject

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and more. Most of those policies were first introduced to and implemented in Turkey during Atatürk's presidency through

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When secularism was implemented in the fledgling Turkish state, it was initiated by the abolition of the centuries-old

4089: 3760:, which was agitating for constitutionalism against Hamidian absolutism, and abandoned Ottoman nationalism in favor of 7642: 7547: 7260: 7250: 7240: 7077: 4742:) who established the Turkish republic". Further, "the natural and historical facts which effected the establishment ( 4450: 3816: 3412: 3332: 1981: 1426: 337: 6069: 4657:

from the remnants of the multi-religious and multi-ethnic Ottoman Empire. Atatürk's nationalism originates from the

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of 1908, which reinstated the constitution, though he was a key player in the deposition of Abdul Hamid during the

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Jacob Landau. "A Note on Kemalizm in the Hebrew Press of Palestine." 2018. Middle Eastern Studies 54 (4): 723–728

6411:"Hittites, Ottomans and Turks: Ağaoğlu Ahmed Bey and the Kemalist Construction of Turkish Nationhood in Anatolia" 5878: 5375:""Discovering Our Past": Are "We" Breaking Taboos? Reconstructing Atatürkism and the Past in Contemporary Turkey" 4781: 4777: 4518: 4315: 3780: 3675: 3226: 3158: 3151: 3039: 2791: 2753: 2658: 2511: 2278: 1539: 1506: 1406: 1401: 1071: 688: 3467: 3462: 49: 7757: 7313: 7283: 5131:

The six principles were solidified on 5 February 1937, 14 years after establishment of the Republic of Turkey.

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stations, but also iron and steel industries, while the masses shouldered the burden of capital accumulation.

3710: 3598: 2298: 2148: 811: 124: 5779:"Politics of the Headscarf in Turkey: Masculinities, Feminism, and the Construction of Collective Identities" 7722: 7695: 7673: 7308: 7288: 7163: 7012: 5086: 4930: 4909: 4762: 4758: 4733: 4678: 4323: 3831: 3641: 3280: 2663: 2238: 1589: 1579: 1544: 1260: 906: 497: 409: 303: 253: 223: 191: 6905: 4857:

Kemalism focused on the nation-state's narrower interests, renouncing the concern for the "Outside Turks".

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by Islamists and absolute monarchists. The secular policies of the Ottoman parliament also factored in the

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and the Hittite symbolism to construct the Turkish identity and nationhood. Kemalist researchers, such as

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Nazım İrem (2002). "Turkish conservative modernism: Birth of a nationalist quest for cultural renewal".

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Ataman, M. (1 October 2002). "Özal Leadership and Restructuring of Turkish Ethnic Policy in the 1980s".

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Turkey is republican, nationalist, attached to the people, interventionist, secular, and revolutionary.

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The roots of Kemalist secularism lie in the reform efforts in the late Ottoman Empire, especially the

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Membership is usually gained through birth within the borders of the state and also the principle of

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Atatürk refrained from being dogmatic and described his ideology to be based on science and reason.

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describes Kemalism as "scientifically sanctioned version of Turkish nationalism." It drew upon the

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viewed Kemalist Turkey as a "postgenocidal paradise" worthy of emulation. Nazis often stated that

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Mustafa Kemal as quoted in "A World View of Criminal Justice (2005)" by Richard K. Vogler, p. 116

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However, Atatürk owned the idea of taking Turkicness as one of the identities of Turkish nation.

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rolled into one in creating Kemalist secularism. Kemalist secularism does not imply nor advocate

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Since the 1960s, it has been generally considered, the CHP has moved to a position that is more

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Kemalist policies aimed to stamp out the religious element within society. After the end of the

4415: 4358: 2308: 6908:(2013). "The Reinvention of Kemalism: Between Elitism, Anti-Elitism and Anti-Intellectualism". 5111:

Use of "Kemalism" as a descriptive term of political discourse is often attributed to Bozkurt,

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Turkey, Kemalism and the Soviet Union: Problems of Modernization, Ideology and Interpretation

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Turkey, Kemalism and the Soviet Union: Problems of Modernization, Ideology and Interpretation

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states that he or she can be deprived of his/her nationality only through an act of treason.

4717:, and on the tenets laid down in the preamble to the constitution of the Republic of Turkey. 7830: 7622: 7494: 7474: 7434: 7409: 6917: 6724: 6682: 6641: 6568: 6475: 6422: 6177: 6138: 6103: 6007: 5682: 5501: 5386: 5281: 5112: 5105: 5039: 5021: 4850: 4825: 4813: 4721: 4702: 4646: 4616: 4592: 4380: 4366: 4292: 4117: 3959: 3930: 3918: 3906: 3894: 3882: 3870: 3835: 3610: 3590: 3574: 3452: 3352: 3337: 3327: 3290: 3285: 3136: 2862: 2691: 2575: 2565: 2468: 2448: 2443: 2423: 2023: 1821: 1679: 1639: 1356: 1190: 1096: 1011: 996: 981: 921: 891: 821: 728: 723: 698: 605: 585: 570: 429: 6629: 5526: 4233:

Atatürk's nationalism aimed to shift the political legitimacy from royal autocracy (by the

4046:

is transferred to lower levels, to local elected assemblies represented by mayors, but the

3819:. This conflict being simultaneously a revolution, by 1923 his counter government based in 7652: 7577: 7567: 7168: 7153: 7148: 7118: 6507:"Dersim Massacre, 1937-1938 | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network" 6257: 5862: 5101: 4926: 4773: 4658: 4588: 4572:

and chair of the Joint Parliamentary Committee with Turkey, has publicly criticized these

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A Clash of Empires: Turkey between Russian Bolshevism and British Imperialism, 1918-1923

4768:

Kemalists saw non-Muslims as only nominal citizens, and they have often been treated as

4620:

On 29 October 1935, the 12th anniversary of the proclamation of the republic, the daily

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Kemalism in Turkish Politics: The Republican People's Party, Secularism and Nationalism

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Eric J. Zurcher, Turkey: A Modern History. New York, J.B. Tauris & Co ltd. page 181

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of the Ottoman Empire, when even non-religiously affiliated political parties like the

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Populism was used against the political domination of sheikhs, tribal leaders, and the

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agenda for the Republic of Turkey. His doctrine was implanted into the Constitution as

3745: 3733: 3718: 3621: 3606: 3347: 3069: 2907: 2763: 2536: 2488: 2463: 2433: 2428: 2418: 2353: 2288: 2283: 2273: 2213: 2208: 2173: 2163: 2120: 2033: 1806: 1781: 1649: 1376: 1342: 1141: 1131: 1086: 1046: 1041: 986: 976: 971: 956: 941: 886: 871: 856: 846: 758: 658: 648: 638: 233: 95: 4158: 3526: 2776: 1714: 7779: 7489: 7087: 7032: 6929: 6869:

Contemporary Kemalism: From Universal Secular-Humanism to Extreme Turkish Nationalism

6795:""Nazilere göre Atatürk'ün başarısının en önemli nedeni Ermenilerin yok edilmesiydi"" 6736: 6694: 6442: 6197: 6150: 6115: 5313: 5286: 5276: 5248: 4934: 4861: 4754: 4411: 4319: 4227: 4023: 3955: 3866: 3843: 3839: 3765: 3625: 3372: 3263: 2902: 2882: 2877: 2483: 2478: 2413: 2398: 2363: 2328: 2293: 2223: 2218: 2203: 2115: 2110: 2001: 1991: 1866: 1486: 1320: 1290: 1200: 1106: 1101: 1076: 1056: 896: 768: 743: 718: 703: 693: 678: 633: 527: 399: 375: 248: 56: 6078:

Non-Muslims, whose citizenship was only nominal in the eyes of the Kemalists, faced

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Kemalist-leaning military, to prohibit women's use of Islamic coverings such as the

7399: 7339: 7183: 7062: 6750: 6210: 5839: 5443: 5263:. Although those who view Kemalism in a positive light link Kemalist secularism to 5225: 5199:

also explicitly referenced some of Atatürk's principles and included them as well.

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Article 1, Clause 1 states "The Turkish State is a Republic." Article 2, Clause 1:

5161:

Article 1, Clause 1 states "The Turkish State is a Republic." Article 2, Clause 1:

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consisting of "the basic principles and values of the Turkish path to modernity."

5009:, these two admixtures are not originated from same ethnicity, race, or identity. 4971: 4967: 181: 109: 6957:"The Myth of 'New Turkey': Kemalism and Erdoganism as Two Sides of the Same Coin" 6921: 5922: 5447: 17: 7419: 7394: 7344: 7216: 7047: 5323: 5082: 5056: 5034: 4922: 4841: 4793: 4642: 4431: 4427: 4406:

between state and religion. Atatürk has been described as working as if he were

4347: 4125: 4035: 3975: 3890: 3796: 3788: 3749: 3657: 3417: 3407: 3246: 2830: 2721: 2403: 2368: 2248: 2228: 2125: 2007: 1971: 1923: 1876: 1844: 1634: 1171: 1111: 1061: 1006: 801: 733: 459: 454: 4724:

in some way by desiring the Turkish youth to be healthy and physically strong.

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sought the reform of a complete set of institutions, interest groups (such as

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tendencies of Kemalism. For instance, in 2016, the Turkish Justice Minister,

4124:) is defined as a social revolution aimed to transfer the political power to 7354: 7198: 6712: 6646: 5812:"Roots of the Headscarf Debate: Laicism and Secularism in France and Turkey" 5303: 5028:): Atatürk made clear in his statements and policies that Turkey's complete 4899: 4547: 4388: 4354: 4246: 4238: 3392: 2758: 2738: 2706: 2686: 2600: 2526: 2333: 2018: 1933: 1893: 1849: 1146: 826: 522: 414: 4144:

is above all else. Kemalist populism envisions a sociality that emphasizes

4068: 6385:"Türk Ocakları Merkez Binası'ndan Ankara Devlet Resim ve Heykel Müzesi'ne" 4076:

Sovereignty belongs, without any restrictions or conditions, to the nation

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feuded over matters such as the Islamic piety of their candidates in the

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as head of state elected by parliament and serving for a limited term, a

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picked up their legacy. Atatürk's formative years were spent in Hamidian

3729: 3506: 3489: 3422: 3202: 2748: 2733: 2716: 2178: 2080: 1953: 1948: 1938: 1898: 1888: 1855: 1767: 991: 748: 449: 6457:"The genetic structure of the Turkish population - Ethnicity Prediction" 6434: 6410: 5347: 4944:

Kemalism had a narrower definition of language, which sought to remove (

4187:

insularity that threatened to undermine the unity of the Turkish state.

5093: 5017: 4929:", re-established in Atatürk's era to get Turkists' support during the 4903: 4720:

Similar to its CUP predecessors, it can be said that Kemalism endorsed

4481: 4468: 4375: 4288: 4164: 3914: 3902: 3682: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3637: 3241: 3168: 2038: 1908: 1871: 424: 6967: 6142: 5753:"Elections and the Electoral Process in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1919" 6079: 5255:

and brought top-down changes to a backwater society, in the style of

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regarded Kemalists as an ally against the Western imperialism led by

4626:

featured three Turkish nationalist symbolisms on its front page: The

4600: 4543: 4475: 4460: 4454: 4384: 4327: 4183: 3827: 3602: 3474: 3256: 3251: 2839: 2620: 1928: 668: 4673:. The Kemalist perception of social contract was facilitated by the 4210:

Sovereignty belongs to the nation unrestrictedly and unconditionally

7537: 5763: 5297: 5168: 4961: 4908: 4870: 4789: 4750:), (e) to be historically related and (f) to be morally related". 4560: 4491: 3943: 3804: 309: 4812:

of the Turkish Penal code made it a crime to insult Turkishness (

5479:

The Turkey of Atatürk; Social Process in the Turkish Reformation

4487: 6971: 4169:" This was intended to combat the "corruption" of Islam by the 4677:, which was perceived as a product of failure of the Ottoman " 3651: 29: 6345:

Atatürk'ün Türk Ocakları'nı Ziyaretleri ve Yaptığı Konuşmalar

5684:

Turkish Foreign Policy: Islam, Nationalism, and Globalization

5627: 5625: 5224:

fought a war of liberation impressed the German society. The

4379:

and shari'ah law codes were abandoned in favor of an adapted

6347:(in Turkish). Ankara, Turkey: Turkish Hearths Ankara Branch. 5734:. Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi, Issue: 24, Volume: VIII 5508:İsmet Giritli, Kemalist Devrim ve İdeolojisi, İstanbul, 1980 4890:. Also Atatürk era high school books contained education of 4757:. The Kemalist notion of nationality is integrated into the 4391:, which was viewed by Atatürk as a tie to the Ottoman past. 3736:

attempted to create the ideology of Ottoman nationalism, or

6840:

Corporatist Ideology in Kemalist Turkey: Progress or Order?

5243:

ideas of the American and French revolutions, 19th century

5119:. The latter used the term on 28 June 1929 to refer to the 5038:

establish a state economic enterprise. However, after the

3771:

Atatürk was not in a position to play a major role in the

6939:

Ordnung und Gewalt: Kemalismus - Faschismus - Sozialismus

6164:

Moustakis, Fotios; Chaudhuri, Rudra (28 November 2005).

4997:

Modern genetic researches on Turkish samples show that

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Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey

3791:

meant that he was kept at arms-length from power: the

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With the supports of newly founded Turkish Republic,

4173:. Kemal believed that during the Ottoman period, the 5943:

Education, Republic Of Turkey Ministry Of National.

5641:

Embassy of the Republic of Turkey, Washington, D.C.

4399:

Atatürk was profoundly influenced by the triumph of

7666: 7503: 7327: 7207: 7101: 7005: 5251:. It is centered around Atatürk, who reigned as an 4738:

Atatürk defined the Turkish nation as the "people (

4342:. These policies were stated as the reason for the 4014:prime minister and the other ministers. There is a 3748:'s absolutist reign, in the early 20th century the 6630:"Nazi Almanyası'ndan Kemalist Türkiye'ye bakışlar" 5973:. Springer International Publishing. p. 163. 5643:"Constitution and Foundations of the State System" 4128:. Kemalist populism intends not only to establish 3764:, while adopting a secular political outlook (see 7753:Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation 6290:(in Turkish). Kaynak Yayınları. pp. 336–337. 4005:with a parliament chosen in general elections, a 3628:-style lifestyle, including the establishment of 6229:Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire 6217:, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.35, No.4, 1999, 20 4701:Kemalist ideology defines the "Turkish Nation" ( 3597:) is a political ideology based on the ideas of 7648:Alfortville Armenian Genocide Memorial bombings 5183: 5163: 5140: 4875: 4786: 4689: 4197: 6330:Atatürk era high school history book, volume 1 6316:Atatürk era high school history book, volume 1 6302:Atatürk era high school history book, volume 1 6252: 6250: 6248: 6983: 5428:Cleveland, William L; Bunton, Martin (2009). 5414:Cleveland, William L., and Martin P. Bunton. 5410: 5408: 5070:Young Turkish Women Pose on Ataturk Memorial 4653:): The Kemalist revolution aimed to create a 4030:govern the nation as a single unit, with one 3756:. During his time in the army, he joined the 3551: 2799: 1737: 345: 8: 6560:International Journal of Middle East Studies 6262:Pan-Turkism: From Irredentism to Cooperation 5756:International Journal of Middle East Studies 5666:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5615: 5613: 5611: 4078:" embossed behind the speaker's seat at the 6318:. Republic of Turkey. 1931. pp. 25–53. 6304:. Republic Of Turkey. 1931. pp. 79–80. 6231:. New York: Basic Books. pp. 549–550. 5432:(4th ed.). Westview Press. p. 82. 4772:in the Republic of Turkey. The identity of 3830:. In Atatürk's 15 years as president, many 27:Founding ideology of the Republic of Turkey 7114:Association for Defence of National Rights 6990: 6976: 6968: 6843:. Syracuse University Press. p. 288. 6757:. Harvard University Press. pp. 114, 5921:Forces, Republic Of Turkey Turkish Armed. 5891: 5889: 5887: 5720:. Princeton University Press. p. 153. 5708: 5706: 5704: 5519:"Kemalism - Oxford Islamic Studies Online" 5100:, equated sone Kemalist policies with the 3558: 3544: 2817: 2806: 2792: 1755: 1744: 1730: 363: 352: 338: 100: 59:. Please do not remove this message until 7748:How happy is the one who says I am a Turk 6645: 6264:. Indiana University Press. p. 275. 6037:Minorities and Nationalism in Turkish Law 4387:orders and the penalization of wearing a 4181:s could exacerbate the rising problem of 3966:) in the Kemalist framework replaced the 3698:Learn how and when to remove this message 3601:, the founder and first president of the 79:Learn how and when to remove this message 6070:"Why Turkey Needs a Post-Kemalist Order" 5127:Kemalism and Turkey's constitutional law 5065: 4845: 4615: 4276: 3807:in charge of three army commands on the 3799:, his military career took off with his 90: 55:Relevant discussion may be found on the 7653:2005 Istanbul pogrom exhibition assault 6362:. Paris: Éditions A.D.P.F. p. 44. 5339: 5062:Kemalism and Turkey's political parties 5005:and Anatolian natives, however, unlike 2829: 1766: 1301:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch 374: 103: 5659: 4205:Egemenlik kayıtsız şartsız Milletindir 4050:retains the principal governing role. 3937:). Together, they represent a kind of 3724:Various reforms to avoid the imminent 6837:Parla, Taha; Davison, Andrew (2004). 6817: 6815: 6781: 6000:"Ottoman sources of Kemalist thought" 4200:Ḥâkimiyet bilâ ḳaydü şarṭ Milletiñdir 1452:1946 Italian institutional referendum 1392:Spanish American wars of independence 7: 7628:1995 Azerbaijani coup d'état attempt 5898:Emile Durkheim: Critical Assessments 5856:ECHR Rules for Turkish Headscarf Ban 5681:Kösebalaban, Hasan (12 April 2011). 5481:. New York: AMS Press. p. 245. 5203:External interpretations of Kemalism 4982:Kemalism gave an important place to 3728:, began chiefly in the 19th-century 3680:adding citations to reliable sources 5945:"Turkish National Education System" 5786:Harvard Journal of Law & Gender 5430:A History of the Modern Middle East 5416:A History of the Modern Middle East 4303:, but is similar to the concept of 1221:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates 7811:Republican People's Party (Turkey) 7299:Nationalist and Conservative Party 6824:Atatürk: An Intellectual Biography 5718:Ataturk: An Intellectual Biography 5126: 4898:or "claimed to be Turkic" such as 4564:at higher education institutions. 4498:Politics and religion (secularism) 25: 7728:Confiscation of Armenian property 7598:Expulsion of Greeks from Istanbul 7246:Republican Villagers Nation Party 6963:. News About Turkey. 13 May 2020. 6360:Aux origines du nationalisme Turc 5947:. T.C. Government. Archived from 5687:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 9. 5645:. T.C. Government. Archived from 5602:Medeni Bilgiler (Örgün Yayınları) 5061: 4675:dissolution of the Ottoman Empire 4570:member of the European Parliament 3632:, state support of the sciences, 3307:List of nationalist organizations 292:Peace at Home, Peace in the World 157:Atatürk International Peace Prize 6941:(in German). Walter de Gruyter. 6058:. (amended on October 17, 2001). 6050: 5604:. Afet İnan. 1930s. p. 212. 5477:Webster, Donald Everett (1973). 4974:, which are replicas of ancient 4504:separation of state and religion 4088: 4067: 3834:were introduced that advanced a 3803:, and by the war's end he was a 3656: 3525: 2775: 1713: 1241:Discourses Concerning Government 325: 319: 108: 34: 7225:Committee of Union and Progress 7174:Turkish Resistance Organisation 6755:Atatürk in the Nazi Imagination 6530:Ter-Matevosyan, Vahram (2019). 6474:. Pluto Press. pp. 25–56. 6472:The Political Economy of Turkey 5969:Ter-Matevosyan, Vahram (2019). 5838:Lagendijk, Joost (2006-03-22). 4523:Committee of Union and Progress 4363:Presidency of Religious Affairs 3758:Committee of Union and Progress 3667:needs additional citations for 1507:Barbadian Republic Proclamation 7806:Eponymous political ideologies 7764:Şehitler ölmez vatan bölünmez! 7633:Zirve Publishing House murders 7623:Assassination of Kemal Türkler 7588:1957 arson attack at Tahtakale 6801:(in Turkish). 19 December 2014 6511:dersim-massacre-1937-1938.html 6068:Dağı, İhsan (1 January 2012). 6049:Citizenship is defined in the 5373:Yazıcı, Berna (October 2001). 4661:theories, especially from the 4578:European Court of Human Rights 4576:for Muslim women, whereas the 3824:abolished the Ottoman monarchy 3398:Historiography and nationalism 2848:Nationalism in the Middle Ages 1442:1935 Greek coup d'état attempt 1422:German Revolution of 1918–1919 276:State Art and Sculpture Museum 1: 7801:Political movements in Turkey 6826:. Princeton University Press. 6687:10.1080/00905992.2017.1390980 6056:1982 constitution, Article 66 6006:. Routledge. pp. 36–49. 5875:ECHR Insists on Headscarf Ban 4992:Turkey's constitution of 1924 4683:" system and the ineffective 4357:in March 1924. The office of 4282:Atatürk's Six Main Principles 4273:Freedom of religion in Turkey 4140:. Kemalist populism believes 3490:Seasonal or cultural festival 2014:Criticism of multiculturalism 7613:Political violence in Turkey 6937:Plaggenborg, Stefan (2012). 6922:10.1080/00263206.2013.783822 6383:Merdim, Emine (2011-07-13). 5840:Başörtüsü yasağı savunulamaz 5819:Journal of Political Inquiry 5523:www.oxfordislamicstudies.com 4457:religious schools or orders 4395:State and religion (laïcité) 4318:. The Ottoman Empire was an 4284:symbolized by the Six Arrows 3793:Central Committee of the CUP 1692:Republic without republicans 1437:11 September 1922 Revolution 1432:Mongolian Revolution of 1921 7643:Assassination of Hrant Dink 7548:Turkish War of Independence 7078:Turkish Cypriot nationalism 6628:Asker, Ahmet (2011-12-01). 6358:Georgeon, François (1980). 6332:. Republic of Turkey. 1931. 4784:". Atatürk stated in 1930: 4451:Turkish War of Independence 4022:The Kemalist republic is a 3993:, the Kemalist republic is 3817:Turkish War of Independence 3333:Anti-globalization movement 1427:Turkish War of Independence 1349: 61:conditions to do so are met 7857: 7603:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 7256:Nationalist Movement Party 6709:Anderson, Margaret Lavinia 6679:Cambridge University Press 6617:. Tauris Academic Studies. 5998:Zurcher, Erik-Jan (2013). 5590:(in Turkish). p. 240. 5575:(in Turkish). p. 111. 5418:. Boulder: Westview, 2013. 5379:New Perspectives on Turkey 5054: 4955: 4839: 4731: 4270: 4260: 3861:There are six principles ( 3715:Enlightenment philosophers 3713:'s ideas are derived from 3624:predecessor and embrace a 3463:Principle of nationalities 2517:Ukrainian national revival 1482:1970 Cambodian coup d'état 1231:The Commonwealth of Oceana 204:Abolition of the caliphate 199:Abolition of the sultanate 7738:Denial of Kurds by Turkey 7304:Rights and Equality Party 7233:Republican People's Party 7083:Turkish-Islamic synthesis 6729:10.1017/S0008938916000236 6573:10.1017/S0020743802001046 6427:10.1017/S0066154600008711 6227:Finkel, Caroline (2006). 6108:10.1080/01419870701491937 6096:Ethnic and Racial Studies 5900:. Routledge. p. 69. 5879:Journal of Turkish Weekly 5792:: 661–686. Archived from 5560:(in Turkish). p. 58. 5391:10.1017/S0896634600003587 5117:Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu 5076:Republican People's Party 4952:Kemalism and the Hittites 4780:with Kurds described as " 4531:Ottoman elections of 1912 4519:Second Constitutional Era 4336:Ottoman political parties 4316:Second Constitutional Era 3781:Second Constitutional Era 3742:rising ethnic nationalism 3732:reforms. The mid-century 3040:Constitutional patriotism 2512:Anti-Administration party 1655:The Emperor's New Clothes 1407:5 October 1910 revolution 1402:French Revolution of 1848 425:Liberty as non-domination 298:Republican People's Party 7758:Armenian genocide denial 7523:1913 Ottoman coup d'état 7284:Independent Turkey Party 7018:Atatürk personality cult 6822:Hanioğlu, Şükrü (2011). 6717:Central European History 6536:. Springer. p. 48. 6286:Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal. 6182:10.1215/10474552-16-4-77 6012:10.4324/9780203481387-10 5896:Hamilton, Peter (1995). 4665:principles advocated by 4527:Freedom and Accord Party 4228:Islamic political system 4148:and national unity like 3989:Among the many types of 3783:personal rivalries with 2626:Election of Donald Trump 1497:1987 Fijian coups d'état 1457:1952 Egyptian revolution 435:Political representation 117:This article is part of 7816:Republicanism in Turkey 7723:Citizen, speak Turkish! 7164:Turkish Revenge Brigade 7013:16 Great Turkic Empires 6867:Alaranta, Toni (2014). 6647:10.1501/Tite_0000000359 6170:Mediterranean Quarterly 5190:Only the principles of 5179:1982 Constitutional Law 5159:1961 Constitutional Law 5136:1924 Constitutional Law 4925:organization known as " 4763:Turkish nationality law 4734:Turkish nationality law 4230:of the Ottoman Empire. 1477:1969 Libyan coup d'état 1261:Discourse on Inequality 410:Consent of the governed 254:Citizen, speak Turkish! 224:Turkish language reform 177:Death and state funeral 172:Attempted assassination 7679:Turkish History Thesis 7658:Murder of Deniz Poyraz 7573:Racism-Turanism trials 6910:Middle Eastern Studies 6613:Gökay, Bülent (1997). 6470:Aydın, Zülküf (2005). 6343:Akçiçek, Eren (2008). 6131:Middle Eastern Studies 5810:Tarhan, Gulce (2011). 5505: 5188: 5174: 5167: 5144: 5071: 5025: 4979: 4958:Turkish History Thesis 4918: 4884:Turkish History Thesis 4880: 4854: 4829: 4817: 4806: 4706: 4699: 4650: 4639: 4596: 4370: 4361:was replaced with the 4296: 4285: 4251:Ne mutlu Türküm diyene 4219: 4121: 4097:Ne mutlu Türküm diyene 4061:Dimensions of populism 4038:. On some issues, the 3963: 3934: 3922: 3910: 3898: 3886: 3874: 3726:collapse of the Empire 3614: 3594: 3578: 3388:Gender and nationalism 2712:Democratic backsliding 1914:Jeffersonian democracy 264:Turkish History Thesis 98: 7791:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 7706:1934 Resettlement Law 7543:Deportations of Kurds 7465:Gökçe Fırat Çulhaoğlu 7415:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 7294:People's Ascent Party 7194:Youth Union of Turkey 7189:Sultan Murad Division 7159:Peace at Home Council 6886:Ciddi, Sinan (2009). 6409:Erimtan, Can (2008). 6215:Atatürk and the Kurds 5923:"Ataturks Principles" 5558:Atatürk'ten Hatıralar 5172: 5152:military coup of 1980 5148:military coup of 1960 5138:Article 2, Clause 1: 5069: 4966:One of the lions at " 4965: 4912: 4849: 4770:second-class citizens 4696:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 4667:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 4619: 4574:clothing restrictions 4502:The Kemalist form of 4314:period and the later 4280: 4216:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 3773:Young Turk Revolution 3711:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 3599:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 3438:National indifference 2631:Yellow vests protests 1645:Criticism of monarchy 1467:North Yemen civil war 1281:The Federalist Papers 576:Federal parliamentary 126:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 94: 7826:Secularism in Turkey 7796:Political ideologies 7370:Mehmet Emin Yurdakul 7043:Nine Lights Doctrine 6671:Nationalities Papers 6634:Atatürk Yolu Dergisi 6480:10.2307/j.ctt18dzt8j 6035:Derya Bayir (2013). 6004:Late Ottoman Society 5751:Hasan Kayalı (1995) 5732:"Atatürk ve Laiklik" 5253:enlightened autocrat 5044:capital accumulation 4350:during World War I. 4263:Secularism in Turkey 4016:separation of powers 3801:defense of Gallipoli 3676:improve this article 3363:Cultural nationalism 3232:National syndicalist 2702:Classical radicalism 2061:Grassroots democracy 2029:Economic nationalism 1987:Anti-intellectualism 1904:Jacksonian democracy 1630:Classical radicalism 1372:Republic of Florence 1311:Democracy in America 470:Separation of powers 445:Public participation 7836:Turkish nationalism 7701:Animal name changes 7563:1934 Thrace pogroms 7425:Mahmut Esat Bozkurt 7279:Bright Turkey Party 7261:Nation Party (1992) 7251:Nation Party (1962) 7241:Nation Party (1948) 7058:Sun Language Theory 6999:Turkish nationalism 6784:, pp. 113–117. 5777:Vojdik, Valorie K. 5649:on January 15, 2007 5556:Soyak, Hasan Rıza. 5261:Catherine the Great 5257:Friedrich the Great 5098:Mahmut Esat Bozkurt 4860:Pan-Turkism was an 4146:class collaboration 4130:popular sovereignty 4099:", embossed on the 3980:popular sovereignty 3865:) of the ideology: 3762:Turkish nationalism 3581:, also archaically 3532:Politics portal 3485:Right-wing populism 3443:Nationalism studies 2782:Politics portal 2596:Revolutions of 1989 2324:Le Pen (Jean-Marie) 2304:Kirchner (Cristina) 2106:Popular sovereignty 2091:Natural aristocracy 1720:Politics portal 1525:Antigua and Barbuda 1472:Zanzibar Revolution 1382:American Revolution 1271:The Social Contract 440:Popular sovereignty 259:Sun Language Theory 152:Cult of personality 48:of this article is 7718:The Twenty Classes 7684:Place name changes 7638:Gezi Park protests 7583:Battle of Tillyria 7518:Hamidian massacres 7380:Ali bey Huseynzade 6503:Kieser, Hans-Lukas 5861:2009-06-04 at the 5588:Türk Devrim Tarihi 5454:The Overlook Press 5353:Mehmet Şeref Aykut 5319:Social corporatism 5175: 5072: 4980: 4919: 4913:Atatürk analyzing 4855: 4778:denied for decades 4640: 4332:Ottoman Parliament 4286: 4048:central government 3630:secularism/laicism 3603:Republic of Turkey 3403:Imagined community 3237:National Bolshevik 2956:Self-determination 2611:Tea Party movement 2131:Welfare chauvinism 2049:Anti-establishment 1982:Anti-globalization 1686:Primus inter pares 1502:Nepalese Civil War 1492:Iranian Revolution 1462:14 July Revolution 1417:Russian Revolution 1412:Chinese Revolution 1362:Republic of Venice 1211:Discourses on Livy 219:Educational reform 162:Atatürk Centennial 99: 7773: 7772: 7674:Atatürk's reforms 7553:Elza Niego affair 7538:Assyrian genocide 7533:Armenian genocide 7440:Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu 7390:Zeki Velidi Togan 7365:Noman Çelebicihan 7274:Great Unity Party 7179:Turkists of Gebze 7134:Counter-Guerrilla 7109:9 September Front 7023:Idealism (Turkey) 6948:978-3-486-71409-8 6897:978-1-134-02559-6 6878:978-1-317-91676-5 6850:978-0-8156-3054-8 6768:978-0-674-36837-8 6543:978-3-319-97403-3 6415:Anatolian Studies 6143:10.1080/714004493 6021:978-0-203-48138-7 5980:978-3-319-97403-3 5925:. T.C. Government 5799:on 16 April 2012. 5694:978-0-230-11869-0 5488:978-0-404-56333-2 5463:978-1-58567-334-6 5265:the Enlightenment 5007:Kemalist thoughts 4709:) as a nation of 4663:civic nationalist 4632:Crescent and Star 4512:Ottoman caliphate 4508:political parties 4465:and their lodges 4444:1961 constitution 4344:31 March Incident 4243:Ottoman caliphate 4142:national identity 4101:Kyrenia Mountains 3826:and proclaimed a 3777:31 March Incident 3708: 3707: 3700: 3568: 3567: 3383:Gastronationalism 3368:Diaspora politics 3343:Banal nationalism 2816: 2815: 2744:Paleoconservatism 2542:Völkisch movement 2532:Farmers' Alliance 2309:Kirchner (Néstor) 2101:Popular democracy 2066:Identity politics 2044:The Establishment 1754: 1753: 1697:Republican empire 1670:List of republics 1519:National variants 1447:Spanish Civil War 1387:French Revolution 1367:Republic of Genoa 1251:The Spirit of Law 1184:Theoretical works 528:Neo-republicanism 362: 361: 239:Industrialization 134: 133: 89: 88: 81: 18:Kemalist ideology 16:(Redirected from 7848: 7841:State ideologies 7608:Beyazıt massacre 7435:Abulfaz Elchibey 7430:Alparslan Türkeş 7270: 7237: 7229: 7228:(Ottoman Empire) 7221: 7220:(Ottoman Empire) 7053:Racism in Turkey 6992: 6985: 6978: 6969: 6964: 6961:Dr. Ceren Şengül 6952: 6933: 6901: 6882: 6855: 6854: 6834: 6828: 6827: 6819: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6806: 6791: 6785: 6779: 6773: 6772: 6747: 6741: 6740: 6705: 6699: 6698: 6666: 6660: 6659: 6649: 6625: 6619: 6618: 6610: 6604: 6601: 6595: 6592: 6586: 6583: 6577: 6576: 6554: 6548: 6547: 6527: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6517: 6499: 6493: 6490: 6484: 6483: 6467: 6461: 6460: 6453: 6447: 6446: 6406: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6396: 6380: 6374: 6373: 6355: 6349: 6348: 6340: 6334: 6333: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6312: 6306: 6305: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6283: 6277: 6275: 6258:Landau, Jacob M. 6254: 6243: 6242: 6224: 6218: 6208: 6202: 6201: 6161: 6155: 6154: 6126: 6120: 6119: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6065: 6059: 6054: 6047: 6041: 6040: 6032: 6026: 6025: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5966: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5940: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5930: 5918: 5912: 5911: 5893: 5882: 5872: 5866: 5853: 5847: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5826: 5816: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5783: 5774: 5768: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5739: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5710: 5699: 5698: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5665: 5657: 5655: 5654: 5638: 5632: 5629: 5620: 5617: 5606: 5605: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5583: 5577: 5576: 5568: 5562: 5561: 5553: 5547: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5534: 5529:on June 15, 2010 5525:. 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Its symbol is 3560: 3553: 3546: 3530: 3529: 3471: 3453:Plurinationalism 3413:Internationalism 3353:Communitarianism 3338:Anti-imperialism 3328:Anti-nationalism 3317:Related concepts 2818: 2808: 2801: 2794: 2780: 2779: 2754:Radical centrism 2692:Authoritarianism 2576:Share Our Wealth 2566:Great Depression 2024:Direct democracy 1756: 1746: 1739: 1732: 1718: 1717: 1702:Republican Party 1680:Peasant republic 1640:Communitarianism 1357:Classical Athens 1352: 1326: 1316: 1306: 1296: 1286: 1276: 1266: 1256: 1246: 1236: 1226: 1216: 1206: 1196: 430:Mixed government 364: 354: 347: 340: 329: 328: 323: 130: 129: 127: 120: 112: 105: 104: 101: 84: 77: 73: 70: 64: 38: 37: 30: 21: 7856: 7855: 7851: 7850: 7849: 7847: 7846: 7845: 7776: 7775: 7774: 7769: 7696:Language reform 7662: 7578:Istanbul pogrom 7568:Dersim massacre 7505: 7499: 7480:Yusuf Halaçoğlu 7470:Kemal Kerinçsiz 7350:Kâzım Karabekir 7323: 7314:Patriotic Party 7268: 7235: 7227: 7219: 7209: 7203: 7169:Turkish Hearths 7154:Ottoman Hearths 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Titles like 4420:Ludwig Büchner 4396: 4393: 4258: 4255: 4241:(based in the 4223: 4220: 4213: 4192: 4189: 4134:class conflict 4094: 4087: 4086: 4085: 4073: 4066: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4059: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4011:prime minister 3995:representative 3952: 3949: 3855: 3852: 3848:state ideology 3746:Abdul Hamid II 3734:Young Ottomans 3719:Ottoman Empire 3706: 3705: 3664: 3662: 3655: 3649: 3646: 3607:the Six Arrows 3566: 3565: 3563: 3562: 3555: 3548: 3540: 3537: 3536: 3535: 3534: 3519: 3518: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3503: 3502: 3500:in Catholicism 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3348:Civil religion 3345: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3319: 3316: 3315: 3312: 3311: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3298: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3267: 3266: 3261: 3260: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3239: 3234: 3224: 3219: 3218: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3206: 3205: 3195: 3194: 3193: 3188: 3173: 3172: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3155: 3154: 3144: 3139: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3073: 3072: 3070:Ethnopluralism 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3031: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3010: 3009: 3008: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2977: 2972: 2971: 2968: 2967: 2964: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2937: 2934: 2933: 2930: 2929: 2926: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2834: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2814: 2813: 2811: 2810: 2803: 2796: 2788: 2785: 2784: 2771: 2770: 2767: 2766: 2764:Third Position 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2730: 2729: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2683: 2681:Related topics 2680: 2679: 2676: 2675: 2672: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2634: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2592: 2591: 2586: 2580:Radical right 2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2556: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2508: 2505: 2504: 2501: 2500: 2497: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2121:Social justice 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2041: 2036: 2034:Egalitarianism 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1880: 1879: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1764: 1763: 1752: 1751: 1749: 1748: 1741: 1734: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1709: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1650:Egalitarianism 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1626: 1624:Related topics 1623: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1609: 1608: 1607: 1602: 1595:United Kingdom 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1377:Dutch Republic 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1345: 1343:Roman Republic 1339: 1336: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1317: 1307: 1297: 1287: 1277: 1267: 1257: 1247: 1237: 1227: 1217: 1207: 1197: 1186: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 798: 795: 794: 791: 790: 787: 786: 784:Wollstonecraft 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 630: 627: 626: 623: 622: 619: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 547: 544: 543: 540: 539: 536: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 494: 491: 490: 487: 486: 483: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 386: 383: 382: 379: 378: 372: 371: 360: 359: 357: 356: 349: 342: 334: 331: 330: 318: 316: 315: 314: 313: 304:Historiography 300: 295: 279: 278: 273: 272: 271: 266: 261: 256: 246: 241: 236: 234:Westernization 231: 229:Women's rights 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 187: 186: 185: 184: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 136: 135: 132: 131: 119:a series about 115: 113: 96:The Six Arrows 87: 86: 69:September 2023 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7853: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7821:Progressivism 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7783: 7781: 7766: 7765: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7713: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7691: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7671: 7669: 7665: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7502: 7496: 7495:Bülent Ecevit 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7475:Meral Akşener 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7460:Doğu Perinçek 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7410:Nejdet Sançar 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7385:Ahmet Ağaoğlu 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7332: 7330: 7326: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7234: 7231: 7226: 7223: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7206: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7102:Organizations 7100: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7088:Turkification 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6993: 6988: 6986: 6981: 6979: 6974: 6973: 6970: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6944: 6940: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6893: 6890:. Routledge. 6889: 6884: 6880: 6874: 6871:. Routledge. 6870: 6865: 6864: 6860: 6852: 6846: 6842: 6841: 6833: 6830: 6825: 6818: 6816: 6812: 6800: 6796: 6790: 6787: 6783: 6778: 6775: 6770: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6751:Ihrig, Stefan 6746: 6743: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6704: 6701: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6665: 6662: 6657: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6624: 6621: 6616: 6609: 6606: 6600: 6597: 6591: 6588: 6582: 6579: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6561: 6553: 6550: 6545: 6539: 6535: 6534: 6526: 6523: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6498: 6495: 6489: 6486: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6466: 6463: 6458: 6452: 6449: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6405: 6402: 6390: 6386: 6379: 6376: 6371: 6365: 6361: 6354: 6351: 6346: 6339: 6336: 6331: 6325: 6322: 6317: 6311: 6308: 6303: 6297: 6294: 6289: 6282: 6279: 6273: 6271:0-253-20960-9 6267: 6263: 6259: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6245: 6240: 6238:0-465-02396-7 6234: 6230: 6223: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6207: 6204: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6160: 6157: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6125: 6122: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6090: 6087: 6083: 6081: 6075: 6071: 6064: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6046: 6043: 6038: 6031: 6028: 6023: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5994: 5991: 5987: 5982: 5976: 5972: 5965: 5962: 5950: 5946: 5939: 5936: 5924: 5917: 5914: 5909: 5907:0-415-11046-7 5903: 5899: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5871: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5857: 5852: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5835: 5832: 5820: 5813: 5806: 5803: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5780: 5773: 5770: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5754: 5748: 5745: 5733: 5727: 5724: 5719: 5715: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5701: 5696: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5677: 5674: 5669: 5663: 5648: 5644: 5637: 5634: 5628: 5626: 5622: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5608: 5603: 5597: 5594: 5589: 5582: 5579: 5574: 5573:Hangi Atatürk 5567: 5564: 5559: 5552: 5549: 5543: 5540: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5514: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5498: 5495: 5490: 5484: 5480: 5473: 5470: 5465: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5450: 5445: 5444:Mango, Andrew 5439: 5436: 5431: 5424: 5421: 5417: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5369: 5366: 5360: 5357: 5354: 5350: 5349: 5343: 5340: 5334: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5299: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5287:Post-Kemalism 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5249:republicanism 5246: 5242: 5238: 5233: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5218: 5214: 5209: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5193: 5187: 5182: 5180: 5171: 5166: 5162: 5160: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5143: 5139: 5137: 5132: 5124: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5109: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5090: 5088: 5084: 5079: 5077: 5068: 5058: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5030:modernization 5027: 5023: 5019: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5004: 5003:Turkic tribes 5000: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4988:Ahmet Ağaoğlu 4985: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4968:Road of Lions 4964: 4959: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4942: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4916: 4911: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4879: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4852: 4848: 4843: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4830:Misak-ı Milli 4827: 4823: 4822:National Pact 4819: 4815: 4811: 4808:In 2005, the 4805: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4766: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4755:jus sanguinis 4751: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4735: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4718: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4692: 4688: 4686: 4682: 4681: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4651:milliyetçilik 4648: 4644: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4624: 4618: 4611: 4609: 4605: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4562: 4555: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4515: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4483: 4478: 4477: 4472: 4470: 4464: 4462: 4456: 4452: 4447: 4445: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4412:Martin Luther 4409: 4404: 4403: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4377: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4324:Millet system 4321: 4320:Islamic state 4317: 4313: 4308: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4268: 4264: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4229: 4221: 4212: 4211: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4201: 4196: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4166: 4161: 4160: 4153: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4091: 4081: 4077: 4070: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4024:unitary state 4020: 4017: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4003:parliamentary 4000: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3956:Republicanism 3951:Republicanism 3950: 3948: 3946: 3945: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3899:milliyetçilik 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3867:Republicanism 3864: 3859: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3822: 3818: 3812: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3779:. During the 3778: 3774: 3769: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3722: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3702: 3699: 3691: 3681: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3665:This section 3663: 3659: 3654: 3653: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3618: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3561: 3556: 3554: 3549: 3547: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3522: 3521: 3520: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3501: 3498: 3497: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3373:Ethnocentrism 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3308: 3303:Organizations 3300: 3299: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3276:Technological 3274: 3272: 3269: 3265: 3264:Ethnocacerism 3262: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3229: 3228: 3227:Revolutionary 3225: 3223: 3220: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3204: 3201: 3200: 3199: 3196: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3177: 3174: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3153: 3150: 3149: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3134: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3071: 3068: 3067: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3015: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3004: 3003: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2978: 2975: 2970: 2969: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2819: 2809: 2804: 2802: 2797: 2795: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2786: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2772: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2684: 2678: 2677: 2670: 2669:United States 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2659:Latin America 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2584:United States 2582: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 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2050: 2047: 2046: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2009: 2005: 2003: 2002:Common people 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1992:Anti-politics 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1857: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1797:Macroeconomic 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1765: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1747: 1742: 1740: 1735: 1733: 1728: 1727: 1725: 1724: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1710: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 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5955:2008-02-20 5929:2008-02-20 5825:2014-10-04 5738:2017-07-28 5653:2008-02-20 5533:2019-05-01 5351:(1936) by 5335:References 5314:Erdoğanism 5277:Ittihadism 5245:positivism 5235:Historian 5213:Bolsheviks 5192:secularism 5055:See also: 4935:Türk Yurdu 4759:Article 66 4732:See also: 4707:Türk Ulusu 4685:Ottomanism 4636:Six Arrows 4634:, and the 4301:secularism 4271:See also: 4150:solidarism 4044:government 3939:Jacobinism 3854:Principles 3840:republican 3766:İttihadism 3738:Ottomanism 3587:Atatürkism 3512:Xenophobia 3480:Revanchism 3433:Militarism 3092:Indigenism 3087:Homosexual 3055:Ecological 2961:Solidarity 2951:Patriotism 2941:Allegiance 2697:Chauvinism 2571:Vargas Era 2547:Gilded Age 2439:Shinawatra 2409:Papandreou 2159:Berlusconi 1944:Poporanism 1884:Fortuynism 1867:Erdoğanism 1834:Ideologies 1812:Right-wing 1675:Monarchism 1665:Liberalism 1660:Jacobinism 1350:Gaṇasaṅgha 1205:(54–51 BC) 689:Harrington 566:Democratic 556:Capitalist 551:Autonomous 533:Venizelism 518:Khomeinism 214:Secularism 46:neutrality 7450:Gün Sazak 7355:Ali Suavi 7208:Political 7199:Wind Unit 6930:144626059 6737:148167017 6695:159627934 6656:1303-5290 6567:(1): 87. 6443:163040610 6198:153382746 6190:1527-1935 6151:144430188 6116:143541451 5821:(4): 1–32 5399:0896-6346 5304:Ecevitism 5186:Preamble. 5146:Both the 4972:Anıtkabir 4900:Scythians 4628:Grey Wolf 4589:Reformism 4584:Reformism 4355:caliphate 4340:elections 4247:feudalism 4239:theocracy 4122:halkçılık 4007:president 3974:with the 3927:Reformism 3887:halkçılık 3850:in 1937. 3393:Globalism 3378:Francoism 3181:Christian 3176:Religious 3102:Left-wing 3045:Corporate 3035:Communist 2996:Bourgeois 2986:Anarchist 2759:Socialism 2739:New Right 2707:Communism 2687:Alt-right 2643:By region 2601:Pink tide 2527:Narodniks 2379:Netanyahu 2349:Mélenchon 2299:Kaczyński 2259:de Gaulle 2184:Boulanger 2179:Bonaparte 2174:Bolsonaro 2096:Pluralism 1934:Nasserism 1894:Hansonism 1862:Dutertism 1850:Caesarism 1792:Left-wing 1530:Australia 1162:Venizelos 1152:Spadolini 1142:Slaughter 1087:McDonnell 1052:Mackenzie 997:Jefferson 952:Griffiths 932:de Gaulle 927:Garibaldi 887:Drakeford 779:Warburton 699:Jefferson 694:Honderich 674:Condorcet 561:Christian 523:Nasserism 498:Classical 415:Democracy 182:Mausoleum 57:talk page 7786:Kemalism 7690:Öztürkçe 7667:Policies 7395:Rıza Nur 7073:Turanism 7038:Kemalism 7006:Ideology 6753:(2014). 6435:20455417 6389:Arkitera 6260:(1995). 5859:Archived 5716:(2011). 5662:cite web 5446:(2002). 5385:: 1–30. 5348:Kamâlizm 5329:Qasimism 5271:See also 5150:and the 5121:ideology 5051:Analysis 4984:Hittites 4896:Göktürks 4802:Bosnians 4728:Criteria 4694:— 4669:and his 4537:Insignia 4525:and the 4461:tarikats 4436:nihilism 4312:Tanzimat 4214:— 4162:, not a 4114:Populism 4054:Populism 4034:created 3991:republic 3968:monarchy 3879:Populism 3828:Republic 3754:Salonica 3730:Tanzimat 3583:Kamâlizm 3579:Kemalizm 3571:Kemalism 3507:Trumpism 3448:Nativism 3428:Localism 3423:Jingoism 3271:Romantic 3222:Resource 3203:Hindutva 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