95:
793:
1249:
77:
492:
368:
646:
1941:
1188:
780:, 4,253 in north China, 1,927 in Korea, 1,094 in south China, 937 in Thailand, 829 in the Philippines, 758 in Malaya, 745 in Formosa, 540 in Burma, 538 in Java, 479 in occupied French Indochina, 387 in Sumatra, 362 in Singapore, 156 in Borneo, and 89 in the South Seas. Included within these numbers were Taiwanese, Malays, Chinese, Cambodians, and Vietnamese. In Indo-China the
53:
3035:
419:
858:
impressed many POWs and civilians into slave labour gangs for war work, and subjected them to torture, including standing inside small cages set on top of red ant nests and lashing to trees with barbed wire. Prisoners were forced to sign non-escape oaths, and those who escaped and were recaptured
870:
in April 1942, captured Allied airmen were accused of intentionally attacking civilians so were treated as war criminals rather than POWs, and were thus made subject to the death penalty. The U.S. airmen captured in China after the raid were subjected to harsh treatment and interrogation by the
1468:
1469:
https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/29C6E969297882D2AC4ED11AFED4A1F0/S0738248023000524a.pdf/an_instrument_of_military_power_the_development_and_evolution_of_japanese_martial_law_in_occupied_territories_18941945.pdf
601:
suspected an espionage ring operating in Japan, though neither organization shared information with the other. The
Germans began suspecting Sorge, who was posing as a journalist sympathetic to Nazism, was a Soviet agent and in mid-1940 informed the
938:
organized regular and violent reprisals against populations in Japan's occupied territories. After the
Doolittle Raid, it carried out reprisals against thousands of Chinese civilians accused of helping U.S. airmen. In 1942, it carried out the
827:, and suppressing anti-Japanese sentiment. The organization was notorious for its brutality in suppressing dissent, and was responsible for widespread abuses, including forced labor, torture, and executions. Torture methods were taught at
410:
and in conscripting guards for prisoner of war camps. It carried out the empire's policies of suppressing Korean national identity, language, customs, and culture; it also promoted
Japanese organizations and spread pro-Japan
1049:
also organized extensive criminal networks, which extorted vast amounts of money from businesses and civilians in areas where they operated; the forced prostitution system for the
Imperial Army, whose victims were known as
899:; they were paraded through the streets, ridiculed, beaten, and tortured before being doused with petrol and burned alive. In February 1945, six British airmen were captured in southern Burma and interrogated by the
859:
were subjected to beatings and torture as examples in front of other prisoners. 27 percent of Allied POWs taken by Japan during the war died in captivity. Camp guards, often Korean and
Formosan, were also abused by
541:
organization). The two organizations served as public censors and overseers of private morals and thought. All prisoners were presumed guilty on arrest; examinations of suspects took place in secret, and the use of
358:), while the latter was responsible for supply, organization, and training; security; and counter-intelligence. The Navy, seeking to limit Army influence, also maintained its own military police corps, known as the
1037:
in
Jakarta, who treated many of the victims, of deliberately contaminating the vaccines to sabotage labor for the Japanese, and imprisoned him for nine months before beheading him and running over his body with a
2955:
331:
as part of a broader modernization and
Westernization of the Japanese military. Initially, the organization was an elite corps of 349 men, and was tasked with the narrow role of enforcing the new army
907:
officer; their bodies were used for bayonet practice. In May 1945, a U.S. aviator shot down and injured near Saigon in French
Indochina was left untreated for three days before being interrogated by
2228:
2146:
3163:
2950:
839:, burning and scalding, administration of electric shocks, knee joint separation, suspension from ropes, kneeling on sharp edges, fingernail and toenail removal, and digit fracturing.
3023:
967:
executed the Rajah of Loeang and 95 natives from the Loeang and
Sermata Islands for failing to turn over guerrillas who had allegedly assassinated several officers. On 7 July 1945, the
875:; three were sentenced to death and executed in October 1942, while five others had their sentences commuted to life imprisonment. They were subjected to mental torture in the form of
221:
included maintaining military discipline, enforcing conscription laws, protecting vital military zones, and investigating crimes among soldiers. In occupied areas, it also issued
2381:
1888:
815:), and targeted students, farmers, socialists, communists, pacifists, foreign workers, and any showing irreverence for the emperor. In occupied territories and war zones, the
2839:
252:
and civilian internment camps, known for their mistreatment of detainees, and also acted as a political police force in the military and occupied territories. It carried out
758:. In peacetime, officers typically had one year of training, while non-commissioned officers were trained for six months. In 1937, Western sources estimated there were 315
3321:
510:
recruited large numbers of locals in those territories. Taiwanese and
Koreans were extensively used as auxiliaries to guard POWs and police the newly occupied areas in
2985:
614:
investigated and concluded that Sorge was a Soviet spy, and also came to suspect Ozaki, who was arrested on 15 October 1941. Information from his interrogation by the
1915:
3316:
712:, and commanded by a major general or colonel. Each headquarters controlled two to three field offices, each commanded by a lieutenant colonel, 22 field officers (
3331:
3016:
2857:
851:
629:
in 1945, upon which its officers were ordered to disperse and vanish. Nonetheless, many of its former commanders were convicted of war crimes. The post-war
2990:
2371:
2302:
335:
legislation. Under laws passed in 1898 and 1928, the organization functioned in a General Affairs Section and a Service Section; the former took up the
2705:
2315:
2197:
1825:
1034:
920:
854:
of 1929 (not ratified by Japan). A total of 350,000 prisoners were taken and housed in 176 camps in Japan and about 500 in occupied territories. The
3065:
2098:
2088:
546:
to extract confessions of guilt was commonplace. While its suspects were nominally subject to civilian judicial proceedings, they were often denied
3009:
3001:
1893:
1078:
First Field Kempeitai â commanded by Major-General KÅichi Åno from August 1941 to 23 January 1942 and probably based in China with the Japanese
3311:
3153:
2903:
2877:
1447:
1413:
441:, with 18,000 personnel in the area by 1932. Many of Japan's wartime leaders built their reputations and careers as officers in the Manchurian
217:
roles within Japan and its occupied territories, and was notorious for its brutality and role in suppressing dissent. The broad duties of the
2847:
2675:
3275:
3258:
3167:
2431:
2307:
2207:
2192:
2103:
2063:
768:
709:
2690:
1408:
3196:
3073:
2975:
2970:
2187:
3326:
2542:
2537:
2436:
2376:
2167:
2157:
1848:
1735:
1267:
or the cavalry uniform with high black leather boots. Civilian clothes were also authorized with rank badges or the Japanese Imperial
983:
as reprisal for local guerrilla attacks after interrogation, beatings, and the rape of women and children did not elicit information.
1789:
3123:
3100:
1858:
1853:
1235:
947:, arrested and tortured 57 people in response to an Allied raid on Singapore Harbour; 15 of them died in custody. In 1943â1944, the
2882:
2867:
2862:
2572:
2331:
2264:
2053:
1873:
1006:. Thousands of uncooperative prisoners and civilians were transported in windowless prison cars to the unit's facility under the
792:
3306:
3111:
2565:
1264:
2587:
1029:
among hundreds of laborers in Java, possibly tied to the biological warfare program, was traced to contaminated vaccines. The
3157:
2945:
2288:
2058:
1863:
1773:
1213:
751:
3248:
3177:
3173:
2872:
2297:
2212:
2202:
2108:
1818:
563:
477:
3133:
2852:
2723:
2177:
2118:
1248:
2527:
3222:
3188:
3092:
2346:
2217:
678:
1198:
1070:
operated commands on the Japanese mainland and throughout all occupied and captured overseas territories during the
618:
implicated Sorge, who was arrested on 18 October. Both men were tried, and executed by hanging on 7 November 1944.
3118:
2814:
2783:
1209:
1112:
724:) commanded by a second lieutenant or warrant officer and 20 other ranks. Each detachment had sections for police (
1217:
1202:
951:
arrested 1,918 persons on Java, of whom 743 died while in custody (439 of whom were executed). In March 1944, the
406:
was instrumental in suppressing Korean opinion and political participation, and played a major role in recruiting
2773:
2768:
2695:
2650:
2630:
2441:
2128:
1920:
1868:
1129:
1085:
630:
506:
As further foreign territories fell under Japanese military occupation during the 1930s and the early 1940s, the
387:
3145:
2887:
2670:
2612:
2560:
2182:
2010:
1811:
1361:
755:
2710:
2582:
2512:
2321:
2073:
2000:
879:. Every airman captured in occupied territory after the raid was starved, interrogated, and tortured by the
491:
367:
2351:
887:
decided that formal trials were a waste of time, and executed airmen (often by beheading) soon after their
451:
3336:
3271:
3254:
2660:
2422:
2386:
2362:
2259:
2244:
2093:
2005:
1100:
446:
347:
343:
284:
202:
100:
3279:
2446:
1908:
1392:
1166:
944:
359:
351:
1099:
Third Field Kempeitai â drawn from a Manchurian Kenpei Training Regiment in July 1941, attached to the
533:
also operated on the Japanese home islands, where it was responsible for maintaining public order as a
1116:
2577:
2401:
2391:
1903:
1403:
1093:
744:
auxiliaries, established under laws in 1919 and 1937, were allowed a highest rank of sergeant major.
184:
1089:
2809:
2756:
2729:
2719:
2665:
2655:
2640:
2592:
2517:
2341:
2020:
2015:
1898:
1763:
1146:
799:
U.S. Army Air Force Lieutenant Robert L. Hite is led from a Japanese transport plane by men of the
645:
214:
3266:
823:, recruiting labor, arresting members of resistances, requisitioning food and supplies, spreading
558:
2778:
2715:
2532:
2502:
2043:
1424:
1276:
1170:
995:
626:
402:, which operated from 1,642 police stations and recruited large numbers of Korean nationals. The
379:
248:
grew rapidly as Japanese militarism expanded. During World War II, the organization ran Japan's
1092:. In January 1944, Malaya came under the responsibility of Third Field Kempeitai Major-General
342:
policy, personnel, discipline, and records functions, as well as political policing within the
3206:
2819:
2507:
2487:
1963:
1883:
1769:
1731:
1439:
1398:
499:
257:
176:
776:
officers and personnel during the war: 10,679 in Japan, 6,115 in central China, 4,946 in the
762:
officers and 6,000 personnel of other ranks; in 1942, the U.S. Army estimated there were 601
720:) commanded by a captain or lieutenant and 65 other ranks, in turn divided into detachments (
2960:
2935:
2680:
2396:
2068:
1434:
1430:
1137:
980:
924:
820:
537:, alongside the civilian Special Higher Police (in the 1920s there were mentions of a joint
519:
461:
1746:
3284:
2980:
2685:
2602:
2522:
1995:
1834:
847:
662:
249:
222:
198:
114:
82:
2930:
2597:
1025:
were conducted on Allied POWs in the southeast Pacific. In February 1944, an outbreak of
1013:
Human Materials Procurement Arm and were subjected to medical experimentation, including
943:, a mass killing in Singapore after it fell to the Japanese, and in October 1943, in the
3059:
2965:
2940:
2824:
2645:
2635:
2492:
2456:
1878:
1794:
1747:
Rabaul Prisoner Compound (Rabaul POW Prison), Casurine Street and Konbue Street, Rabaul
1088:
and based in Singapore from 1942, the unit was under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel
960:
876:
867:
796:
704:). When needed, first- and second- class privates were attached from other services. A
593:, which gathered intelligence on Japanese intentions in the Far East. By 1940 both the
523:
511:
488:(1935â1937) and later Minister of War, Prime Minister, and Chief of the General Staff.
3300:
3244:
2552:
2451:
2254:
2172:
2162:
1990:
1955:
1349:
1337:
1268:
1079:
1051:
888:
836:
777:
674:
666:
590:
586:
575:
548:
534:
465:
407:
261:
206:
156:
151:
118:
128:
Various duties, including military, civil, espionage, and counter-intelligence roles
2048:
1925:
832:
571:
332:
230:
2622:
2239:
328:
850:(POW) and civilian internment camps, which treated detainees in violation of the
661:
formed a branch of the IJA through its Administration Bureau, which was led by a
272:
was disbanded after the war, and many of its leaders were tried and convicted of
2700:
2249:
1680:
1187:
1071:
1039:
1014:
956:
812:
481:
395:
225:, recruited labor, arrested resistance, requisitioned food and supplies, spread
110:
2497:
2406:
2113:
1055:
976:
940:
903:
before being lined up on the edge of a trench, blindfolded, and beheaded by a
824:
412:
260:, and violent reprisals and massacres against civilians, as well as procuring
226:
574:
activities. After Tojo was appointed as Vice Minister of War in 1938 and the
2829:
2804:
2799:
2607:
2478:
2083:
1730:, Barbara Gifford Shimer and Guy Hobbs, Equinox Publishing, 2010, pp. 33â34
1341:
1154:
1150:
1018:
891:
had been approved. In December 1944, three U.S. airmen were arrested by the
567:
434:
430:
324:
273:
241:
210:
52:
1279:
on their uniforms and a white armband on the left arm with the characters
2908:
2336:
2027:
1971:
1419:
1021:, and simulated combat wounds. More experiments, also facilitated by the
999:
912:
896:
265:
585:
From 1933 to 1941, the Soviet Union operated a spy ring in Tokyo led by
17:
2078:
1542:
1357:
1329:
1108:
1026:
972:
673:
was answerable to the Ministry of War for regular military duties, the
543:
253:
2761:
1930:
1366:
1353:
1133:
1003:
915:. In July 1945, 15 U.S. airmen were captured and interrogated by the
716:), and 352 other ranks. Each field office was divided into sections (
963:
and 23 of his disciples were later executed. In September 1944, the
229:, and suppressed anti-Japanese sentiment. At its peak at the end of
1715:
811:
often assisted local civilian law authorities (though it was not a
784:
particularly recruited from members of the Cao Dai religious sect.
578:
passed an anti-espionage act in 1939 which expanded its power, the
3034:
2123:
1803:
1378:
1325:
1272:
1247:
791:
644:
490:
418:
417:
383:
366:
518:
also carried out recruitment activities among the populations of
1321:
1317:
1104:
959:
in western Java, killing several hundred Muslims; Muslim leader
3005:
1807:
1502:
1500:
1336:
officers on ceremonial occasions. Rank insignia comprised gold
1181:
1169:
from November 1941 to August 1942, when he became head of the
1660:
1658:
990:
was responsible for providing human test subjects, codenamed
562:
military intelligence agency, which reported directly to the
3084:
International Counter-Terrorism Intelligence Collection Unit
923:
on August 6, of which two were possibly clubbed to death at
382:(1904â1905), the Empire of Japan effectively controlled the
803:. Hite was subjected to waterboarding and survived the war.
740:
operated in forward areas as field units. Volunteer ethnic
685:
came under the control of that area's military commander.
283:
also discharged limited military police functions for the
552:(the right to have one's case tried before a court). The
498:
personnel searching captured Chinese soldiers after the
931:, and two were possibly stoned to death by civilians.
460:(1932â1934) and later Vice Minister of War; General
237:
was an extensive corps with about 35,000 personnel.
3237:
3221:
3205:
3187:
3144:
3091:
3072:
3058:
3044:
2923:
2896:
2838:
2792:
2749:
2742:
2621:
2551:
2476:
2469:
2420:
2360:
2286:
2279:
2226:
2144:
2137:
2036:
1983:
1948:
1841:
1395:, the military police of the Imperial Japanese Navy
1074:. The external units operating outside Japan were:
147:
132:
124:
106:
88:
70:
62:
34:
1316:Until 1942, a full dress uniform comprising a red
681:for law administration duties. In war zones, the
2986:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
1165:Eleventh Field Kempeitai â commanded by Colonel
425:non-commissioned officers aboard a train in 1935
386:, which was formally annexed into the empire as
2956:German preâWorld War II industrial co-operation
437:. It became a major zone of operations for the
188:
1940:
1372:
1298:
1285:
582:became even more visible and active in Japan.
323:was established on 4 January 1881, during the
297:
42:
3017:
1819:
205:(IJA). The organization also shared civilian
27:Military police of the Imperial Japanese Army
8:
1790:Japanese World War II-era nationalist groups
1703:
1664:
1649:
1637:
1625:
1613:
1601:
1589:
1577:
1565:
1553:
1530:
1518:
1506:
1491:
1479:
1313:which transliterates to "military police".
279:While institutionally part of the Army, the
2303:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office
1216:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3024:
3010:
3002:
2746:
2473:
2283:
2141:
1826:
1812:
1804:
1765:Kempeitai: Japan's Dreaded Military Police
1383:, especially when dealing with prisoners.
57:Kempeitai logo found on officers' armbands
51:
3322:Defunct law enforcement agencies of Japan
2706:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
2316:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors
1236:Learn how and when to remove this message
1145:Eighth Field Kempeitai â attached to the
1119:. By war's end, the unit had 772 members.
1111:from 1942. The unit headquarters were in
1084:Second Field Kempeitai â attached to the
971:killed 600 inhabitants of the village of
772:. Japanese records show a peak of 34,834
472:(1937â1938) and later commander of Tokyo
429:In 1931â1932, Japan invaded and occupied
3066:Cabinet Intelligence and Research Office
2089:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement
1275:. Uniformed personnel also wore a black
1128:Sixth Field Kempeitai â attached to the
1115:under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel
708:headquarters was established under each
566:; the organizations jointly carried out
311:was based on the Gendarmerie Nationale.
1718:, C Peter Chen, retrieved 9 August 2018
1461:
750:officers were usually graduates of the
606:that Sorge was under surveillance. The
570:, counterintelligence, propaganda, and
374:gendarmes in Japanese-controlled Korea
3317:Defunct Japanese intelligence agencies
2904:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
1414:Police services of the Empire of Japan
1356:, while enlisted men had a pistol and
637:, has no jurisdiction over civilians.
31:
3332:Intelligence services of World War II
1675:
1673:
7:
3276:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff
3259:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff
3105:Intelligence Security Command (JSDF)
2308:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff
2064:Imperial Rule Assistance Association
1543:https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/9885219/1/1
1214:adding citations to reliable sources
919:near Hiroshima; 12 died in the U.S.
769:Handbook on Japanese Military Forces
433:and established the puppet state of
3197:Public Security Intelligence Agency
2976:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman
2218:East Asia Development Board (KÅain)
1685:The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
1263:personnel wore either the standard
3214:Security and Intelligence Division
665:general who was answerable to the
415:through Korea's daily newspapers.
25:
3101:Defense Intelligence Headquarters
3081:Intelligence and Analysis Service
1728:The Kenpeitai in Java and Sumatra
979:region of southeast Burma in the
669:. In Japan during peacetime, the
484:, commander of the Kwantung Army
3033:
2676:SovietâJapanese border conflicts
1939:
1186:
1017:, artificially-induced illness,
93:
75:
2691:SovietâJapanese Neutrality Pact
1409:List of Japanese spies, 1930â45
692:was made up of field officers (
653:cadets in Manchuria, late 1930s
445:, including Lieutenant General
350:(IJN) parallel to the civilian
3108:Military Intelligence Command
3039:Japanese intelligence agencies
2946:Japanese settlers in Manchuria
2059:Imperial Rescript on Education
1033:accused Achmad Muchtar of the
955:brutally suppressed a riot in
752:Imperial Japanese Army Academy
696:), non-commissioned officers (
1:
3312:Political repression in Japan
2392:Imperial Way Faction (KÅdÅha)
2298:Imperial General Headquarters
1889:Foreign commerce and shipping
1058:radio propaganda broadcasts.
677:for civil police duties, and
564:Imperial General Headquarters
456:, commander of the Manchukuo
244:, the size and duties of the
137:
3045:Cabinet Intelligence Council
2724:Hirohito surrender broadcast
2119:Greater East Asia Conference
846:also ran Japan's network of
819:was responsible for issuing
264:and human test subjects for
3074:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2104:Supreme Court of Judicature
1348:officers were armed with a
633:military police corps, the
240:Founded in 1881 during the
189:
3353:
3251:, Foreign Affairs Division
3119:Fleet Intelligence Command
3051:Joint Intelligence Council
2815:Second Philippine Republic
2588:ManchuriaâMongolia problem
1449:The Man in the High Castle
1173:Kempeitai Southern Section
921:atomic bombing of the city
480:; and notoriously General
398:organization known as the
3327:Defunct military provosts
2696:Japan during World War II
2651:Pacification of Manchukuo
2543:Invasion of Taiwan (1895)
2538:Invasion of Taiwan (1874)
2407:Control Faction (TÅseiha)
2129:Imperial Japanese Airways
1937:
1749:, retrieved 9 August 2018
1373:
1299:
1286:
994:('logs'), for the Army's
788:Activities and war crimes
700:) and superior privates (
641:Organization and strength
526:, and other territories.
298:
180:
50:
43:
41:
2671:Second Sino-Japanese War
2613:Racial Equality Proposal
2193:Agriculture and Commerce
1328:and trousers with black
1256:sergeant major's uniform
649:Graduation ceremony for
556:had close ties with the
394:developed into a unique
2583:Washington Naval Treaty
2528:AngloâJapanese Alliance
2513:First Sino-Japanese War
2332:Nuclear weapons program
2074:Great Japan Youth Party
2001:National seals of Japan
1416:(KeishichÅ, until 1945)
1142:Seventh Field Kempeitai
998:research program under
732:), and special duties (
154:(Japanese home islands)
3307:Imperial Japanese Army
3272:Imperial Japanese Navy
3255:Imperial Japanese Army
3164:Public Security Bureau
3130:Air Intelligence Wing
2661:Motherland controversy
2631:ShÅwa financial crisis
2423:Imperial Japanese Navy
2363:Imperial Japanese Army
2094:Peace Preservation Law
1271:worn under the jacket
1257:
1252:A mannequin wearing a
1122:Fourth Field Kempeitai
831:schools, and included
804:
654:
503:
426:
375:
348:Imperial Japanese Navy
344:Imperial Japanese Army
329:Great Council of State
285:Imperial Japanese Navy
203:Imperial Japanese Army
159:(overseas territories)
101:Imperial Japanese Army
3249:Special Higher Police
2573:Siberian Intervention
2382:Railways and Shipping
2198:Commerce and Industry
1894:Industrial production
1768:. Sutton Publishing.
1762:Lamont-Brown (1998).
1716:Malaya in World War 2
1393:Tokubetsu Keisatsutai
1251:
1162:Tenth Field Kempeitai
1159:Ninth Field Kempeitai
1125:Fifth Field Kempeitai
1054:; and the all-female
945:Double Tenth incident
795:
648:
494:
478:Eastern District Army
421:
370:
352:Special Higher Police
3174:Security departments
3146:Police organizations
2991:Political dissidence
2840:Occupied territories
2578:General Election Law
2402:Taiwan Army of Japan
1433:responsible for the
1404:History of espionage
1210:improve this section
625:was disbanded after
447:Toranosuke Hashimoto
390:in 1910. The Korean
215:counter-intelligence
3223:Ministry of Finance
3189:Ministry of Justice
3093:Ministry of Defense
2810:Wang Jingwei regime
2720:Potsdam Declaration
2711:SovietâJapanese War
2666:Anti-Comintern Pact
2656:January 28 incident
2641:London Naval Treaty
2518:Triple Intervention
2347:Supreme War Council
2231:deliberative bodies
1652:, pp. 101â106.
1628:, pp. 118â124.
1556:, pp. 140â141.
1533:, pp. 164â165.
1427:(Kempeitai founder)
1332:was authorized for
1305:, together read as
1265:M1938 field uniform
911:, then killed with
883:; by May 1945, the
728:), administration (
679:Ministry of Justice
631:Self-Defense Forces
464:, commander of the
291:corps was called a
2533:Russo-Japanese War
2503:Two Lords Incident
2158:Imperial Household
1425:Fukushima Yasumasa
1258:
1167:ShÅshichi Kamisago
996:biological warfare
805:
655:
504:
427:
380:Russo-Japanese War
376:
327:, by order of the
287:. A member of the
258:summary executions
3294:
3293:
3230:Research Division
3207:Japan Coast Guard
2999:
2998:
2971:Socialist thought
2919:
2918:
2858:Dutch East Indies
2820:Empire of Vietnam
2738:
2737:
2508:Satsuma Rebellion
2488:Meiji Restoration
2465:
2464:
2275:
2274:
2213:Greater East Asia
2099:Political parties
2054:Foreign relations
1706:, pp. 50â51.
1704:Lamont-Brown 1998
1665:Lamont-Brown 1998
1650:Lamont-Brown 1998
1638:Lamont-Brown 1998
1626:Lamont-Brown 1998
1616:, pp. 18â20.
1614:Lamont-Brown 1998
1602:Lamont-Brown 1998
1590:Lamont-Brown 1998
1580:, pp. 35â40.
1578:Lamont-Brown 1998
1566:Lamont-Brown 1998
1554:Lamont-Brown 1998
1531:Lamont-Brown 1998
1521:, pp. 89â97.
1519:Lamont-Brown 1998
1509:, pp. 62â65.
1507:Lamont-Brown 1998
1494:, pp. 86â87.
1492:Lamont-Brown 1998
1480:Lamont-Brown 1998
1399:Internal security
1246:
1245:
1238:
1004:Harbin, Manchuria
852:Geneva Convention
627:Japan's surrender
163:
162:
16:(Redirected from
3344:
3238:Defunct agencies
3038:
3037:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3003:
2961:Shinmin no Michi
2951:Internment camps
2863:French Indochina
2747:
2593:TaishÅ Democracy
2474:
2397:Japanese holdout
2284:
2208:Colonial Affairs
2142:
2069:Yokusan Sonendan
1975:
1967:
1959:
1943:
1942:
1869:Economic history
1828:
1821:
1814:
1805:
1779:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1677:
1668:
1662:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1466:
1435:Amakasu Incident
1431:Masahiko Amakasu
1382:
1376:
1375:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1241:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1221:
1190:
1182:
1138:Papua New Guinea
1117:Kuzumi Kenzaburo
1035:Eykman Institute
1012:
981:Kalagon massacre
925:Hiroshima Castle
797:Doolittle Raider
766:officers in its
756:Army War College
520:French Indochina
476:(1938â1940) and
462:Shizuichi Tanaka
455:
384:Korean Peninsula
341:
303:
301:
300:
196:
195:
192:
182:
142:
139:
99:
97:
96:
81:
79:
78:
55:
46:
45:
32:
21:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3287:(feudal period)
3278:(3rd Section),
3233:
3217:
3201:
3183:
3154:Security Bureau
3140:
3087:
3068:
3054:
3040:
3032:
3030:
3000:
2995:
2981:Yasukuni Shrine
2915:
2892:
2834:
2788:
2734:
2686:Tripartite Pact
2681:Rape of Nanking
2617:
2603:Tapani incident
2547:
2523:Boxer Rebellion
2481:
2461:
2425:
2416:
2365:
2356:
2291:
2271:
2265:Representatives
2233:
2230:
2229:Legislative and
2222:
2188:Foreign Affairs
2151:
2148:
2133:
2032:
2011:Government Seal
1996:Rising Sun Flag
1979:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1944:
1935:
1837:
1835:Empire of Japan
1832:
1795:U.S. Report on
1786:
1776:
1761:
1758:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1689:
1687:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1663:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1389:
1370:
1320:, gold and red
1296:
1283:
1242:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1207:
1191:
1180:
1094:Masanori Kojima
1064:
1010:
877:mock executions
848:prisoner of war
790:
738:Yasen Kempeitai
710:army of the IJA
667:Minister of War
663:provost marshal
643:
539:TokkÅâKempeitai
500:Fall of Nanking
449:
400:Kempei keisatsu
372:Kempei keisatsu
339:
317:
295:
250:prisoner of war
199:military police
193:
174:
166:
157:Ministry of War
155:
140:
115:Military police
94:
92:
83:Empire of Japan
76:
74:
58:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3350:
3348:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3299:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3282:
3269:
3252:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
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3211:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3171:
3161:
3150:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3106:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3062:
3060:Cabinet Office
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3006:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
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2963:
2958:
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2900:
2898:
2894:
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2891:
2890:
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2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2844:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2825:State of Burma
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
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2740:
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2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2646:Musha Incident
2643:
2638:
2636:Jinan incident
2633:
2627:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
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2557:
2555:
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2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2493:Beipu uprising
2490:
2484:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2457:Treaty Faction
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2387:Imperial Guard
2384:
2379:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
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2311:
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2305:
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2287:
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2262:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2147:Administration
2145:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1969:
1961:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1792:
1785:
1784:External links
1782:
1781:
1780:
1774:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1739:
1736:978-6028397100
1720:
1708:
1696:
1669:
1654:
1642:
1640:, p. 100.
1630:
1618:
1606:
1594:
1582:
1570:
1558:
1546:
1535:
1523:
1511:
1496:
1484:
1472:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1445:
1437:
1428:
1422:
1417:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1388:
1385:
1338:Austrian knots
1244:
1243:
1194:
1192:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1143:
1140:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1097:
1090:Oishi Masayuki
1082:
1063:
1060:
961:Zainal Mustafa
889:courts-martial
868:Doolittle Raid
821:travel permits
807:In Japan, the
789:
786:
642:
639:
512:Southeast Asia
378:Following the
316:
313:
223:travel permits
164:
161:
160:
149:
145:
144:
136:about 35,000 (
134:
130:
129:
126:
122:
121:
108:
104:
103:
90:
86:
85:
72:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
56:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3349:
3338:
3337:Secret police
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3245:Home Ministry
3243:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3165:
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3159:
3155:
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3149:
3147:
3143:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3036:
3027:
3022:
3020:
3015:
3013:
3008:
3007:
3004:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2936:Fukoku kyÅhei
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
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2886:
2884:
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2856:
2854:
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2843:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:Puppet states
2791:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2452:Fleet Faction
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2432:General Staff
2430:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2372:General Staff
2370:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2325:military code
2324:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2255:Imperial Diet
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2245:Privy Council
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2163:Home Ministry
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2006:Imperial Seal
2004:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1991:Flag of Japan
1989:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1697:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1667:, p. 43.
1666:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1607:
1604:, p. 35.
1603:
1598:
1595:
1592:, p. 33.
1591:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1571:
1568:, p. 17.
1567:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1485:
1482:, p. 16.
1481:
1476:
1473:
1470:
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1226:November 2023
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1103:and based in
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1080:Kwantung Army
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1052:comfort women
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591:Hotsumi Ozaki
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576:National Diet
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549:habeas corpus
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3267:Tokumu Kikan
3262:
2924:Other topics
2760:
2598:TaishÅ Roman
2411:
2352:Conscription
2322:
2314:
2289:Armed Forces
2149:(ministries)
2049:Charter Oath
2044:Constitution
1926:State Shinto
1909:Essentialism
1859:Demographics
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1688:. Retrieved
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1324:, dark blue
1315:
1310:
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1303:, 'soldier')
1293:
1280:
1260:
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1253:
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1223:
1208:Please help
1196:
1067:
1065:
1062:Active units
1046:
1044:
1030:
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1007:
991:
987:
986:The Chinese
985:
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863:superiors.
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572:fifth-column
559:Tokumu Kikan
557:
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333:conscription
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245:
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231:World War II
218:
170:
169:
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148:Part of
35:
29:
2966:ShÅwa Modan
2941:HakkÅ ichiu
2878:Philippines
2765:after 1943)
2743:Territories
2701:Pacific War
2561:World War I
2437:Air Service
2377:Air Service
2250:Gozen Kaigi
1966:(Yoshihito)
1958:(Mutsuhito)
1904:Nationalism
1849:Agriculture
1756:Works cited
1681:"Kempeitai"
1451:(TV series)
1443:(TV series)
1072:Pacific War
1040:steamroller
1015:vivisection
957:Tasikmalaya
813:gendarmerie
482:Hideki Tojo
450: [
396:gendarmerie
141: 1945
111:Gendarmerie
3301:Categories
2730:Occupation
2553:TaishÅ era
2498:Boshin War
2342:War crimes
2138:Government
2114:Tonarigumi
2021:Privy Seal
2016:State Seal
1974:(Hirohito)
1899:Militarism
1854:Censorship
1775:0750915668
1690:2023-05-09
1457:References
1377:, 'bamboo
1364:carried a
1342:epaulettes
1322:waist sash
1056:Tokyo Rose
1023:Kempeitai,
941:Sook Ching
866:After the
825:propaganda
734:tokumu han
730:naikin han
514:, and the
413:propaganda
346:(IJA) and
274:war crimes
227:propaganda
3280:Tokkeitai
3263:Kempeitai
2931:SonnÅ jÅi
2883:Singapore
2868:Hong Kong
2830:Azad Hind
2805:Mengjiang
2800:Manchukuo
2774:KantÅ-shÅ«
2716:Surrender
2623:ShÅwa era
2608:Truku War
2479:Meiji era
2447:Tokkeitai
2412:Kempeitai
2323:Senjinkun
2240:DaijÅ-kan
2203:Munitions
2084:Mokusatsu
1874:Education
1360:. Junior
1346:Kempeitai
1334:Kempeitai
1261:Kempeitai
1254:Kempeitai
1197:does not
1155:Indonesia
1151:Halmahera
1132:based at
1101:16th Army
1086:25th Army
1068:Kempeitai
1047:Kempeitai
1031:Kempeitai
1019:frostbite
1008:Kempeitai
988:Kempeitai
969:Kempeitai
965:Kempeitai
953:Kempeitai
949:Kempeitai
936:Kempeitai
929:Kempeitai
917:Kempeitai
909:Kempeitai
905:Kempeitai
901:Kempeitai
893:Kempeitai
885:Kempeitai
881:Kempeitai
873:Kempeitai
861:Kempeitai
856:Kempeitai
844:Kempeitai
829:Kempeitai
817:Kempeitai
809:Kempeitai
801:Kempeitai
782:Kempeitai
774:Kempeitai
764:Kempeitai
760:Kempeitai
748:Kempeitai
742:Kempeitai
726:keimu han
722:bunkentai
706:Kempeitai
690:Kempeitai
683:Kempeitai
671:Kempeitai
659:Kempeitai
651:Kempeitai
623:Kempeitai
608:Kempeitai
604:Kempeitai
595:Kempeitai
580:Kempeitai
568:espionage
554:Kempeitai
531:Kempeitai
516:Kempeitai
508:Kempeitai
496:Kempeitai
486:Kempeitai
474:Kempeitai
470:Kempeitai
458:Kempeitai
443:Kempeitai
439:Kempeitai
435:Manchukuo
431:Manchuria
423:Kempeitai
404:Kempeitai
392:Kempeitai
361:Tokkeitai
337:Kempeitai
325:Meiji era
321:Kempeitai
309:Kempeitai
289:Kempeitai
281:Kempeitai
270:Kempeitai
246:Kempeitai
242:Meiji era
235:Kempeitai
219:Kempeitai
211:espionage
190:Kenpeitai
171:Kempeitai
66:1881â1945
36:Kempeitai
3285:Rokuhara
2909:Yen bloc
2897:Ideology
2888:Thailand
2757:Karafuto
2750:Colonies
2337:Kamikaze
2280:Military
2183:Treasury
2037:Policies
2028:Kimigayo
1949:Emperors
1916:Politics
1884:Eugenics
1842:Overview
1420:Unit 100
1387:See also
1290:, 'law')
1171:1st Army
1147:2nd Army
1000:Unit 731
977:Moulmein
913:procaine
897:Hangzhou
833:flogging
698:kashikan
635:Keimutai
266:Unit 731
197:was the
177:Japanese
18:Kempetai
3261:(G-2),
2470:History
2442:Marines
2079:Kokutai
1984:Symbols
1964:TaishÅ
1921:Statism
1864:Economy
1381:sword')
1358:bayonet
1330:facings
1311:kenpei,
1277:chevron
1218:removed
1203:sources
1178:Uniform
1113:Batavia
1109:Sumatra
1027:tetanus
975:in the
973:Kalagon
927:by the
702:jotohei
544:torture
502:in 1937
315:History
254:torture
201:of the
185:Hepburn
71:Country
2873:Malaya
2848:Borneo
2784:Taiwan
2779:Nan'yÅ
2769:ChÅsen
2762:naichi
1972:ShÅwa
1956:Meiji
1931:Kazoku
1879:System
1799:(1945)
1797:Kempei
1772:
1734:
1367:shinai
1354:pistol
1307:kempei
1134:Rabaul
1011:'s
992:maruta
718:buntai
524:Malaya
388:ChÅsen
340:'s
293:kempei
268:. The
233:, the
213:, and
98:
89:Branch
80:
63:Active
3134:JASDF
3124:JMSDF
3112:JGSDF
2853:Burma
2566:Entry
2260:Peers
2124:Senbu
2109:TokkÅ
1441:Tenko
1379:kendo
1326:tunic
1273:lapel
1002:near
714:sakan
694:sakan
616:TokkÅ
612:TokkÅ
599:TokkÅ
454:]
356:TokkÅ
3168:TMPD
2178:Navy
2173:Army
1770:ISBN
1732:ISBN
1362:NCOs
1352:and
1340:and
1318:kepi
1292:and
1201:any
1199:cite
1107:and
1105:Java
1066:The
1045:The
934:The
842:The
688:The
657:The
621:The
610:and
597:and
589:and
529:The
319:The
307:The
168:The
133:Size
125:Role
117:and
107:Type
3178:PPH
3158:NPA
2168:War
1309:or
1294:hei
1281:ken
1212:by
1149:on
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