408:
785:
777:, however in reality it wasn't until at least 42 years after Kenneth's death that the title King of Alba was ever used. Kenneth is retroactively listed in the royal lists dating to later periods as the first King of Scotland; modern historians, however, argue the final unification of the kingdom took place half a century later and that Kenneth's main political achievement should be considered the creation of a
2220:
661:
861:, which date to the late 9th century, mention the title King of the Picts, the Picts may not have remained independent. The Pictish civil system and clerical laws were completely replaced with the Scottish legal system, and it is likely similar changes occurred in other spheres of the Pictish society. The Picts did not revolt against this assimilation process.
2206:
724:
Sources do not detail
Kenneth's conquest of Pictavia. No chronicle mentions either Kenneth's continuing his father's campaign against the Picts or his supposed claim to the Pictish crown. Modern-day historians suggest Kenneth was a descendant of Pictish kings through his mother or had ties with them
814:
to the territories populated by the Picts. The list of
Pictish kings concludes in 850 and the list of kings of Dál Riada also ends around the same time, meaning the title ceased to exist. Kenneth I and his administration moved to Pictavia; it is possible the Scots moved to the region before the war
737:
Kynadius succeeded his father Alpin in his kingdom, and that in the seventh year of his reign , while the Danish pirates, having occupied the
Pictish shores, had crushed the Picts, who were defending themselves, with a great slaughter, Kynadius, passing into their remaining territories, turned his
566:
but the Picts then defeated him in a battle that took place in the same year, during which Alpín was killed. According to the chronicle, Alpín died on 20 July 834. This date is given in other sources but several researchers claim the date was probably copied from another source and the year of his
704:
succeeded him as the King of the Picts. According to List One, Uurad's reign lasted three years, while Bridei VI reigned for a year. According to List Two, Uurad reigned for two years, while Bridei VI's reign lasted a month. The reigns of Uurad's three sons were also present in List Two. Based on
952:
Contemporaneous Irish annals give
Kenneth and his immediate successors the title King of the Picts, but do not call him the King of Fortriu, a title that was only given to four Pictish kings who reigned in the 7th to 9th centuries. It is possible the use of the title of King of the Picts was in
721:. According to the legend, a Pictish nobleman is invited by the Scots to a meeting or a feast in Scone and is treacherously killed there. At the same time, List One gives the year 843 as the date when Kenneth received the title of King of the Picts.
705:
these accounts, the
Pictish kingdom fell in 849 or 850. Many sources dating to the following periods state that the historical kingdom of the Picts and the Scots unified in 850. List Two states that the last Pictish King was killed in
672:
In the first half of the 9th century, the geopolitical situation in Dál Riada deteriorated. Almost the entire territory of the kingdom was mountainous and was filled with uneasy terrain. Kenneth's realm lay between the powerful
1144:, on the basis of handwritten versions of royal lists compiled in the 12th century, suggested that the description of the conquest of the Pictish kingdom existed in an earlier protograph but it was later removed from the lists.
748:
record a single battle during
Kenneth's campaign, which according to Isabel Henderson, proves the Picts did not show any significant resistance to Kenneth's forces, however, more evidence will have to be presented.
3011:
738:
arms against them, and having slain many, compelled them to take flight, and was the first king of the Scots who acquired the monarchy of the whole of Alban, and ruled in it over the Scots.
2435:
651:, compiled in the 15th century, he became the King of the Picts in 842 or 843 and died in 858. Although some sources state Kenneth ruled the Picts from 841 to 856, according to the
442:. Modern historians are sceptical about the reign of Alpín in Dál Riada and his relationship with Áed, and believe this misconception is the result of negligence on the part of the
681:
mountain ridge in the east. It was difficult to pass through the provinces of Dál Riada, most of the land was infertile, and the kingdom had lost its western territories in the
3004:
578:. According to the Pictish tradition, a female representative of the royal dynasty could inherit the crown. This origin gave Kenneth a legitimate claim to the Pictish throne.
810:
781:. This dynasty sought to dominate all of Scotland, under which the Scots assimilated the Picts, resulting in the quick disappearance of the Picts' language and institutions.
1573:"The Law of the Throne: Tanistry and the Introduction of the Law of Primogeniture: A Note on the Succession of the Kings of Scotland from Kenneth MacAlpin to Robert Bruce"
899:
Kenneth strengthened his power by arranging royal marriages with neighbouring states, marrying his daughters to the kings of
Strathclyde and Ireland. According to the
552:
There is very limited information about Alpín, Kenneth's father. Some of Dál Riada's royal lists, which contain many scribal errors, say he ruled from 841 to 843. The
2997:
1855:
1875:
742:
It is likely
Kenneth killed the Pictish leaders and destroyed their armies during his conquest of Pictavia, after which he devastated the whole country. The
2428:
1860:
1349:
1381:
953:
reference to
Kenneth and his immediate successors' claim to all of Pictavia, though there is very little evidence of the extent of their domain.
57:
3784:
2421:
2327:
1995:
1896:
3799:
725:
through his wife. Kenneth's grandmother (Alpin's mother), was also said to have been a
Pictish princess, the sister of Constantine I and
689:, who had settled in the area and were raiding the borders of Dál Riada. These conditions may have forced Kenneth to attack the Picts.
2188:
1964:
1820:
1609:
2102:
2036:
2017:
1942:
1919:
1845:
1718:
1699:
423:
645:, during the second year of his reign in Dál Riada. Having defeated the Picts, Kenneth ruled there for 16 years. According to the
567:
death was obtained by recalculating the dates in the erroneous royal lists so they attribute Alpín's date of death to 840 or 841.
1662:
1628:
3804:
2170:
2124:
2080:
2058:
1748:
841:
637:
612:
412:
402:
3794:
2234:
1318:
1028:
961:
The name of Kenneth's wife is unknown. There is a hypothesis she may have been a Pictish princess. Kenneth's children were:
205:
1132:
There are eight lists of the Pictish kings, which are based on two protographs labelled List One and List Two respectively.
757:
According to historical tradition, a new kingdom was formed after Kenneth annexed the kingdom of the Picts. This kingdom's
3671:
3634:
2957:
35:
3779:
3396:
2768:
3385:
3327:
2758:
2707:
978:
965:
938:
195:
1572:
3809:
3681:
3359:
2733:
2452:
2158:
1869:
1836:
1354:
744:
519:
3789:
3676:
3471:
3416:
3024:
2848:
2788:
2687:
2444:
2068:
1653:
1619:
877:
2652:
2334:
2115:(1998). "Pictish Kings 761–839: Integration with Dál Riata or Separate Development". In Foster, Sally M. (ed.).
1983:
693:
393:. One chronicle calls Kenneth the first Scottish lawgiver but there is no information about the laws he passed.
3477:
3466:
3172:
3028:
3020:
2853:
2843:
407:
2637:
2617:
2008:(2000). "Ri Éirenn, Ri Alban kingship and identity in the ninth and tenth centuries". In Taylor, Simon (ed.).
1359:
853:
was probably originally a royal residence but the place is not mentioned in the chronicles after the death of
571:
527:
479:
3814:
3446:
3441:
3426:
3401:
3108:
2823:
2818:
2798:
2773:
2597:
1389:
554:
3625:
3510:
3456:
3431:
3406:
3391:
3263:
3098:
2952:
2892:
2833:
2813:
2803:
2778:
2763:
889:
873:
674:
495:
347:
857:. The mass migration of Scots to the east most likely led to the assimilation of the Picts. Although the
3615:
3525:
3505:
3436:
3374:
3364:
3354:
3233:
3228:
3201:
3162:
3157:
2937:
2907:
2887:
2808:
2748:
2738:
2728:
1952:
1007:
784:
351:
3334:
3320:
3072:
2712:
2702:
942:
714:
200:
905:, Kenneth was one of the first Scottish lawgivers but his laws have not survived to the 21st century.
3593:
3540:
3530:
3520:
3493:
3411:
3268:
3223:
3213:
3207:
3196:
3190:
3140:
2932:
2922:
2912:
2902:
2882:
2871:
2859:
2783:
2587:
1736:
1687:
1043:
901:
868:
describes the events that occurred during Kenneth's reign without specifying their dates. He invaded
653:
471:
431:
419:
321:
316:(848–858), of likely Gaelic origin. According to the traditional account, he inherited the throne of
309:
275:
124:
104:
2302:
1107:
Dál Riada was ruled by three royal dynasties. Cenél nGabráin ruled the southern part of present-day
3774:
3769:
3620:
3573:
3515:
3451:
3248:
3238:
3218:
3184:
2942:
2897:
2828:
1018:
1003:
896:. Furthermore, Viking invaders raided Pictavia, ravaging the territories "from Clunie to Dunkeld".
845:. The coronation stone was also moved from the island to Scone, for which it is referred to as the
718:
333:
1761:(2018). "Gaelic Macro-Genealogy and the Development of an Origin-Legend for the Kingdom of Alba".
377:
in Gaelic, although like his immediate successors, he bore the title of King of the Picts. It was
3657:
3295:
3243:
3167:
2976:
2972:
2947:
2577:
2532:
1796:
1780:
1471:
836:
678:
390:
946:
325:
1741:
Chronicles of the Picts, Chronicles of the Scots, and Other Early Memorials of Scottish History
949:, which ruled Scotland until the beginning of the 11th century, was formed during this period.
570:
Kenneth's grandmother (Alpin's mother), is said to have been a Pictish princess, the sister of
3290:
3151:
3103:
2477:
2395:
2166:
2120:
2098:
2076:
2054:
2046:
2032:
2013:
1991:
1960:
1938:
1915:
1892:
1841:
1816:
1788:
1744:
1714:
1695:
1605:
1022:
797:
535:
446:
in some texts. The genealogy of the kings of Scotland and Dál Riada dates back to an original
439:
313:
187:
67:
3608:
3598:
3488:
3461:
3145:
3065:
3058:
2877:
2838:
2632:
2314:
2211:
2146:
2005:
1772:
1763:
1667:
1633:
1463:
1098:
is historically a separate name. In the modern language, however, both names have converged.
1051:
1032:
793:
647:
386:
31:
2161:(1999). "The Scottish Takeover of Pictland". In Broun, Dauvit; Clancy, Thomas Owen (eds.).
56:
3603:
3348:
3178:
3130:
3120:
3114:
2722:
2517:
2225:
1141:
992:
816:
758:
710:
665:
657:, he became king in 843, a date that is generally accepted by most modern-day historians.
455:
295:
287:
250:
234:
2989:
2277:
2270:
733:
gives the following interpretation of the events that took place after Eóganan's death:
610:
took place in 840 or 841. One of the main sources on Kenneth's life is the 10th century
3701:
3588:
3545:
3499:
3284:
2927:
2472:
2359:
2293:
2286:
2261:
2254:
1758:
1116:
1062:
885:
846:
789:
778:
373:
Kenneth I is traditionally considered the founder of Scotland, which was then known as
359:
343:
265:
2338:
2246:
1728:
1711:
Scotland: An Autobiography: 2,000 Years of Scottish History by Those Who Saw It Happen
3763:
2482:
2180:
1800:
1112:
543:
511:
503:
2117:
The St. Andrews Sarcophagus: A Pictish Masterpiece and Its International Connections
3726:
3483:
2865:
2542:
2134:
2112:
2090:
858:
828:
774:
382:
338:
3078:
2642:
1679:
1645:
1086:
is the Mediaeval Gaelic form. A more accurate rendering in modern Gaelic would be
726:
575:
317:
17:
2238:
1599:
1326:
3731:
3716:
3301:
2622:
2602:
2562:
2527:
2413:
1120:
606:. After his father's death, Kenneth succeeded him as the King of Dál Riada. His
487:
451:
427:
222:
1671:
1637:
660:
3706:
3696:
3686:
3273:
3135:
2672:
2627:
2572:
2557:
2552:
2497:
2201:
2150:
1808:
926:
820:
617:
607:
447:
363:
358:
became the capital of his kingdom and Kenneth relocated relics, including the
179:
164:
1792:
1784:
30:
This article is about the medieval Scottish king. For the racing driver, see
3721:
3691:
3278:
3253:
2667:
2662:
2592:
2582:
2547:
2507:
2487:
850:
706:
701:
378:
355:
304:
160:
3379:
2753:
2310:
925:. Historians suggest this date might be 13 February. Kenneth was buried in
2185:
Kings and Warriors, Craftsmen and Priests in Northern Britain A.D. 550–750
1776:
3711:
3258:
3083:
2647:
2612:
2607:
2567:
2522:
2502:
2492:
2467:
2405:
937:
rather than his eldest son. After the death of Donald I, Kenneth's sons,
934:
930:
893:
854:
805:
770:
682:
603:
582:
563:
168:
97:
1475:
1451:
558:, which was written in the late 13th century, states Alpín defeated the
3629:
3535:
2917:
2677:
2537:
2512:
2462:
2388:
869:
832:
686:
418:
According to the genealogy of the Scottish kings, Kenneth's father was
260:
87:
3421:
3369:
3093:
3088:
2793:
2743:
1467:
1108:
922:
881:
766:
443:
1604:. Vol. 30, Johnes to Kenneth. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3341:
2717:
2657:
815:
and that such settlements played a major role in the selection of
783:
697:
659:
642:
559:
406:
336:
and assimilate the Picts, for which he was posthumously nicknamed
329:
1598:
MacKay, A. J. G. (1892). "Kenneth I.". In Stephen, Leslie (ed.).
598:
Kenneth MacAlpin is believed to have been born around 810 on the
3125:
1986:(1998). "Vikings in Ireland and Scotland in the ninth century".
824:
762:
599:
374:
367:
148:
2993:
2417:
2073:
The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independence
1409:
1407:
616:
which describes the reigns of Scottish kings from Kenneth I to
2163:
Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots. Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
422:, the King of Dál Riada, which existed in what is now western
819:
as the capital of the Kingdom. Kenneth moved relics from an
1270:
1268:
1266:
1218:
1216:
1174:
1172:
929:. Succession in the kingdom was carried out in the form of
1935:
Born in battle. Scotland until the end of the XIV century.
1622:(2004). "Dál Riata Dalriada, kings of (act. c. 500–850)".
1518:
1516:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
717:, a medieval legend first recorded in the 12th century by
2137:(1997). "Dunkeld and the origins of Scottish Identity".
1864:(in Russian). Vol. 82. Saint-Petersburg. 1890–1907.
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
773:. The rulers of the kingdom initially held the title of
458:
manuscript provides the following ancestry for Kenneth:
1119:
ruled the central provinces of the kingdom, while the
2049:(2005). "Scotland to 1100". In Wormald, Jenny (ed.).
1831:
1093:
1087:
1081:
641:, Kenneth came to a region that was inhabited by the
541:
533:
525:
517:
509:
501:
493:
485:
477:
469:
463:
1937:] (in Russian). Moscow, Russia: Evraziya, KLIO.
1666:(online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1632:(online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2686:
2451:
271:
259:
249:
233:
221:
186:
174:
154:
142:
138:
130:
120:
110:
103:
93:
83:
73:
66:
61:
Frieze from the National Portrait Gallery, Scotland
45:
2010:Kings, clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500–1297
1912:The Picts. Mysterious warriors of ancient Scotland
1325:. Encyclopedia Britannica (online). Archived from
921:states he died in February in Forteviot due to a
34:. For the cricket player and administrator, see
2235:"Heather Ale. A poem by Robert Louis Stevenson"
2029:Picts, Gaels and Scots: Early Historic Scotland
1931:Рождённая в битвах. Шотландия до конца XIV века
1743:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh General Register House.
735:
460:
1840:(in Russian). Vol. 1. А - Анкетирование.
3005:
2429:
1891:] (in Russian). Moscow: Dmitrij Bulanin.
1350:"Scottish diocese hopes to be a faith refuge"
8:
1914:] (in Russian). Moscow: Centropoligraf.
1883:Fyodorov, S. E.; Palamarchuk, A. A. (2014).
808:, the Scots from Dál Riada began to migrate
426:. Alpín is considered to be the grandson of
3572:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the
1908:Пикты. Таинственные воины древней Шотландии
1861:Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary
849:. According to archaeological excavations,
3749:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.
3648:
3564:
3042:
3037:
3012:
2998:
2990:
2436:
2422:
2414:
2350:
1874:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1452:"The Pictish Race and Kingdom (continued)"
55:
42:
2075:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
1813:From Pictland to Alba: Scotland, 789–1070
1522:
1413:
1305:
1286:
1257:
1207:
332:in 843–850 and began a campaign to seize
328:. Kenneth I conquered the kingdom of the
2095:The Oxford Companion to Scottish History
2093:(10 October 2023). "Kenneth mac Alpin".
1534:
1437:
1222:
1178:
1663:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1658:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1629:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1624:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1546:
1348:Luxmoore, Jonathan (30 November 2016).
1156:
1074:
933:so Kenneth's successor was his brother
729:. It is likely the death of Eógananhe,
1867:
1830:Osipov, Ju. S.; Кравец, С. Л. (2005).
1558:
1507:
1274:
218:
2328:Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies
1815:. New Edinburgh History of Scotland.
1425:
1163:
892:attacked Kenneth's kingdom and burnt
876:six times, and captured the towns of
454:in the mid-to-late 11th century. The
450:that was written during the reign of
7:
1234:
664:Illustration of Kenneth MacAlpin by
581:Kenneth I had at least one brother,
2097:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2053:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1495:
1123:ruled the islands within the realm.
1050:There is also a theory the wife of
2339:"Genealogies from Rawlinson B 502"
2189:Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
1729:"Genealogies from Rawlinson B 502"
839:, in 848 or 849, according to the
713:. This is probably a reference to
25:
342:("The Conqueror"). He fought the
27:King of the Picts from 848 to 858
2303:"Chronicle of the Kings of Alba"
2218:
2204:
1601:Dictionary of National Biography
765:, which was later replaced with
411:Eighteenth century depiction by
3049:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603
1759:Dumville, David Norman Dumville
1656:(2004). "Kenneth I (d. 858)".
1056:
1037:
1012:
997:
983:
970:
622:
3046:Monarchs of England until 1603
2324:Corpus Genealogiarum Hiberniae
2165:. Edinburgh: T & T Clark.
1694:. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.
1577:The Scottish Historical Review
991:Unknown daughter. She married
919:Chronicle of the Kings of Alba
866:Chronicle of the Kings of Alba
842:Chronicle of the Kings of Alba
835:, which was the centre of the
638:Chronicle of the Kings of Alba
613:Chronicle of the Kings of Alba
602:, which is part of modern-day
436:Synchronism of the Irish Kings
434:, who ruled in Dál Riada. The
403:Origins of the Kingdom of Alba
1:
3785:9th-century Scottish monarchs
2445:Pictish and Scottish monarchs
2119:. Dublin: Four Courts Press.
2012:. Dublin: Four Courts Press.
1583:(97): 1–12 – via JSTOR.
1065:, was a daughter of Kenneth.
585:, who succeeded him as king.
381:that first bore the title of
2322:O'Brien, Michael A. (1962).
2255:"Annals of the Four Masters"
1680:UK public library membership
1646:UK public library membership
1450:Ferguson, James (May 1911).
302:; 810 – 13 February 858) or
36:Kenneth McAlpine (cricketer)
3800:Gaelic monarchs in Scotland
3656:British monarchs after the
2345:. Cork: University College.
1692:The Foundations of Scotland
945:, inherited the crown. The
917:, Kenneth died in 858. The
3831:
2343:Corpus of Electronic Texts
1906:Henderson, Isabel (2004).
1837:Great Russian Encyclopedia
1355:National Catholic Reporter
745:Annals of the Four Masters
400:
29:
3744:
3667:
3651:
3647:
3584:
3567:
3563:
3040:
3036:
2966:
2402:
2393:
2385:
2380:
2353:
2151:10.3366/inr.1997.48.2.112
2027:Foster, Sally M. (2004).
1731:. CELT. 23 February 2013.
1709:Goring, Rosemary (2009).
1571:Stevenson, J. H. (1927).
1017:), who may have ruled as
240:
228:
217:
158:13 February 858 (aged 47)
54:
1029:Máel Muire ingen Cináeda
979:Áed of the White Flowers
831:made life untenable, to
352:Vikings from Scandinavia
206:Máel Muire ingen Cináeda
1929:Fedosov, D. G. (2014).
1885:Средневековая Шотландия
731:Chronicle of Huntingdon
555:Chronicle of Huntingdon
291:
2453:Monarchs of the Picts
1953:Fraser Tytler, Patrick
1672:10.1093/ref:odnb/15398
1638:10.1093/ref:odnb/49278
1094:
1088:
1082:
890:Kingdom of Strathclyde
884:, and razed them. The
874:Kingdom of Northumbria
804:After the conquest of
801:
740:
675:Kingdom of Strathclyde
669:
550:
542:
534:
526:
518:
510:
502:
494:
486:
478:
470:
464:
438:lists Alpín among the
415:
348:Kingdom of Strathclyde
299:
3805:Burials at Iona Abbey
2688:Monarchs of the Scots
2294:"English translation"
2278:"English translation"
2262:"English translation"
2247:"Annals of Tigernach"
2047:Forsyth, Katherine S.
1777:10.3366/inr.2018.0174
1737:Skene, William Forbes
1654:Anderson, Marjorie O.
1620:Anderson, Marjorie O.
1386:Undiscovered Scotland
966:Causantín mac Cináeda
939:Causantín mac Cináeda
787:
677:in the south and the
663:
410:
370:, to his new domain.
300:Coinneach mac Ailpein
196:Causantín mac Cináeda
78:848 – 13 February 858
3626:William III & II
3191:Henry the Young King
3141:Edward the Confessor
3109:Æthelred the Unready
2769:Constantine III (IV)
2734:Constantine II (III)
2335:Ó Corráin, Donnchadh
2031:. London: Batsford.
1990:. pp. 296–339.
1984:Ó Corráin, Donnchadh
1089:Cionaodh mac Ailpein
1044:High King of Ireland
909:Death and succession
902:Chronicle of Melrose
788:Illustration of the
654:Chronicle of Melrose
631:Conquest of Pictavia
134:Title disestablished
3574:Union of the Crowns
2799:Malcolm III Canmore
2241:on 3 November 2003.
2051:Scotland: A History
1957:History of Scotland
1856:"Кеннет-Мак-Альпин"
1688:Mackenzie, Agnes M.
1416:, pp. 161–163.
1392:on 13 December 2020
1277:, pp. 437–439.
1260:, pp. 115–121.
1019:King of Strathclyde
1004:King of Strathclyde
719:Giraldus Cambrensis
694:Eóganan mac Óengusa
692:After the death of
413:Alexander Bannerman
385:as recorded by the
3795:Kings of Dál Riata
3780:9th-century births
3658:Acts of Union 1707
3621:James II & VII
3314:Kenneth I MacAlpin
3099:Edgar the Peaceful
2872:Second Interregnum
2839:William I the Lion
2708:Constantine I (II)
2698:Kenneth I MacAlpin
2332:(digital version:
2287:"Annals of Ulster"
1362:on 1 December 2016
837:Church of Scotland
802:
715:MacAlpin's treason
670:
430:, a descendant of
416:
391:Chronicon Scotorum
18:Kenneth I MacAlpin
3810:Founding monarchs
3757:
3756:
3740:
3739:
3643:
3642:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3553:
3104:Edward the Martyr
2987:
2986:
2860:First Interregnum
2412:
2411:
2403:Succeeded by
2396:King of the Picts
2355:Kenneth MacAlpin
1997:978-2-503-50624-1
1898:978-5-86007-758-4
1889:Medieval Scotland
1870:cite encyclopedia
1678:(Subscription or
1644:(Subscription or
1456:The Celtic Review
1440:, pp. 73–86.
1428:, pp. 87–93.
1329:on 4 January 2019
1225:, pp. 63–65.
1181:, pp. 51–54.
1083:Cináed mac Ailpín
1023:King of the Picts
1006:, and had a son,
913:According to the
798:Westminster Abbey
635:According to the
440:kings of Scotland
420:Alpín mac Echdach
350:and the invading
324:, founder of the
322:Alpín mac Echdach
314:King of the Picts
310:King of Dál Riada
292:Cináed mac Ailpin
281:
280:
276:Alpín mac Echdach
255:Cináed mac Ailpin
245:
244:
125:Alpín mac Echdach
105:King of Dál Riada
68:King of the Picts
49:Cináed mac Ailpin
16:(Redirected from
3822:
3790:Pictish monarchs
3649:
3609:Richard Cromwell
3599:The Protectorate
3589:James I & VI
3565:
3146:Harold Godwinson
3066:Edward the Elder
3059:Alfred the Great
3043:
3038:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2991:
2980:
2971:also monarch of
2438:
2431:
2424:
2415:
2386:Preceded by
2376:
2369:
2351:
2346:
2331:
2318:
2315:British monarchy
2306:
2297:
2290:
2281:
2274:
2265:
2258:
2250:
2242:
2237:. Archived from
2228:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2214:
2212:Biography portal
2209:
2208:
2207:
2192:
2176:
2154:
2139:The Innes Review
2130:
2108:
2086:
2069:Duncan, A. A. M.
2064:
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2001:
1970:
1948:
1925:
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1879:
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1764:The Innes Review
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1397:
1388:. Archived from
1382:"King Kenneth I"
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1369:
1367:
1358:. Archived from
1345:
1339:
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1336:
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1016:
1014:
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999:
988:), King of Alba;
987:
985:
975:), King of Alba;
974:
972:
915:Annals of Ulster
794:Coronation Chair
648:Annals of Ulster
626:
624:
547:
539:
531:
523:
515:
507:
499:
491:
483:
475:
467:
387:Annals of Ulster
320:from his father
284:Kenneth MacAlpin
219:
210:Unknown daughter
116:
79:
59:
46:Kenneth MacAlpin
43:
32:Kenneth McAlpine
21:
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3604:Oliver Cromwell
3580:
3555:
3550:
3397:Constantine III
3306:
3131:Harold Harefoot
3121:Edmund Ironside
3032:
3027: and
3018:
2988:
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2638:Constantine (I)
2518:Galam Cennalath
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2271:"Duan Albanach"
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2226:Scotland portal
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2159:Bannerman, John
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1976:Further reading
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993:Rhun ab Arthgal
982:
969:
959:
947:Alpínid dynasty
943:Áed mac Cináeda
911:
821:abandoned abbey
755:
666:Jacob de Wet II
633:
621:
596:
591:
456:Rawlinson B 502
405:
399:
364:abandoned abbey
334:all of Scotland
326:Alpínid dynasty
312:(841–850), and
296:Scottish Gaelic
288:Medieval Gaelic
251:Medieval Gaelic
235:Posthumous name
213:
201:Áed mac Cináeda
182:
159:
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62:
47:
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3152:Edgar Ætheling
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2360:House of Alpin
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2198:External links
2196:
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2181:Alcock, Leslie
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2155:
2145:(2): 112–124.
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2018:
2006:Herbert, Máire
2002:
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1966:978-0371029947
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1822:978-0748612345
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1611:978-1402170669
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1551:
1539:
1527:
1523:Mackenzie 2003
1512:
1510:, p. 661.
1500:
1498:, p. 405.
1488:
1442:
1430:
1418:
1414:Henderson 2004
1403:
1373:
1340:
1323:britannica.com
1310:
1306:Mackenzie 2003
1291:
1287:Anderson 2004a
1279:
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1258:Henderson 2004
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1212:
1208:Anderson 2004b
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1111:and a part of
1100:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1063:King of Dublin
1059: 853–871
1048:
1047:
1040: 862–879
1031:. She married
1026:
1015: 878–889
1000: 872–878
989:
986: 877–878
976:
973: 862–877
958:
955:
910:
907:
886:Celtic Britons
847:Stone of Scone
790:Stone of Scone
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751:
632:
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625: 971–995
600:island of Iona
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589:Life and reign
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2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2690:(traditional)
2685:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2483:Galan Erilich
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2455:(traditional)
2450:
2446:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2216:
2213:
2202:
2197:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2135:Broun, Dauvit
2132:
2128:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2113:Broun, Dauvit
2110:
2106:
2104:9780199234820
2100:
2096:
2092:
2091:Broun, Dauvit
2088:
2084:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2038:9780713488746
2034:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2019:1-85182-516-9
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1968:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1944:9785918520819
1940:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1921:5-9524-1275-0
1917:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1847:5-85270-329-X
1843:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1720:9781468303124
1716:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1701:9781406706505
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1564:
1561:, p. 45.
1560:
1555:
1552:
1549:, p. 80.
1548:
1543:
1540:
1537:, p. 80.
1536:
1535:Fyodorov 2017
1531:
1528:
1525:, p. 94.
1524:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1489:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1438:Dumville 2018
1434:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1344:
1341:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1308:, p. 90.
1307:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1223:Fyodorov 2017
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1179:Fyodorov 2017
1175:
1173:
1169:
1166:, p. 83.
1165:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1053:
1052:Amlaíb Conung
1045:
1034:
1033:Áed Findliath
1030:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1009:
1005:
994:
990:
980:
977:
967:
964:
963:
962:
956:
954:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
908:
906:
904:
903:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
862:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
843:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
813:
812:
807:
799:
795:
791:
786:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
752:
750:
747:
746:
739:
734:
732:
728:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
703:
699:
695:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
667:
662:
658:
656:
655:
650:
649:
644:
640:
639:
630:
628:
619:
615:
614:
609:
605:
601:
593:
588:
586:
584:
579:
577:
573:
572:Constantine I
568:
565:
561:
557:
556:
549:
546:
545:
538:
537:
530:
529:
522:
521:
514:
513:
512:Eochaid Buide
506:
505:
504:Domnall Brecc
498:
497:
490:
489:
482:
481:
474:
473:
466:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
414:
409:
404:
396:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
340:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
277:
274:
270:
267:
264:
262:
258:
254:
252:
248:
239:
236:
232:
227:
224:
220:
216:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
193:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
170:
166:
162:
157:
153:
150:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
126:
123:
119:
113:
109:
106:
102:
99:
96:
92:
89:
86:
82:
76:
72:
69:
65:
58:
53:
50:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3748:
3727:Elizabeth II
3655:
3571:
3498:
3476:
3467:Alexander II
3384:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3294:
3283:
3206:
3189:
3177:
3150:
3113:
3071:
3064:
3057:
2870:
2858:
2844:Alexander II
2697:
2543:Gartnait III
2394:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2342:
2326:(in Latin).
2323:
2239:the original
2184:
2162:
2142:
2138:
2116:
2094:
2072:
2050:
2028:
2009:
1987:
1956:
1934:
1930:
1911:
1907:
1888:
1884:
1859:
1835:
1812:
1768:
1762:
1740:
1710:
1691:
1661:
1657:
1627:
1623:
1600:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1554:
1547:Fedosov 2014
1542:
1530:
1503:
1491:
1479:. Retrieved
1459:
1455:
1445:
1433:
1421:
1394:. Retrieved
1390:the original
1385:
1376:
1364:. Retrieved
1360:the original
1353:
1343:
1331:. Retrieved
1327:the original
1322:
1313:
1289:, p. 1.
1282:
1230:
1210:, p. 1.
1159:
1137:
1128:
1103:
1077:
1049:
960:
951:
918:
914:
912:
900:
898:
865:
863:
859:Irish annals
840:
829:Viking raids
809:
803:
775:King of Alba
756:
753:King of Alba
743:
741:
736:
730:
723:
691:
671:
652:
646:
636:
634:
611:
597:
580:
569:
553:
551:
461:
435:
417:
383:King of Alba
372:
339:An Ferbasach
337:
303:
283:
282:
241:An Ferbasach
48:
40:
3732:Charles III
3717:Edward VIII
3447:Alexander I
3427:Malcolm III
3402:Kenneth III
3302:Elizabeth I
3264:Richard III
2824:Alexander I
2774:Kenneth III
2725:(uncertain)
2623:Talorgan II
2588:Nechtan III
2563:Gartnait IV
2528:Gartnait II
2311:"Kenneth I"
1809:Woolf, Alex
1559:Tytler 1920
1508:Goring 2009
1462:(26): 134.
1396:24 February
1366:24 February
1333:23 February
1319:"Kenneth I"
1275:MacKay 1892
1121:Óengus clan
779:new dynasty
700:, and then
679:Druim Alban
668:, 1684–1686
594:Early years
452:Malcolm III
223:Regnal name
121:Predecessor
84:Predecessor
3775:858 deaths
3770:810 births
3764:Categories
3707:Edward VII
3697:William IV
3687:George III
3616:Charles II
3511:Robert III
3457:Malcolm IV
3432:Donald III
3407:Malcolm II
3392:Kenneth II
3274:Henry VIII
3234:Richard II
3229:Edward III
3163:William II
3136:Harthacnut
2953:William II
2938:Charles II
2893:Robert III
2834:Malcolm IV
2814:Donald III
2804:Donald III
2779:Malcolm II
2764:Kenneth II
2673:Bridei VII
2628:Drest VIII
2573:Bridei III
2558:Talorgan I
2553:Talorc III
2533:Nechtan II
2498:Gartnait I
2172:0567086828
2126:1851824146
2082:1474415466
2060:0191622435
1988:Peritia 12
1750:1443788481
1713:. ABRAMS.
1682:required.)
1648:required.)
1426:Woolf 2007
1164:Skene 1867
1152:References
1117:Loarn clan
927:Iona Abbey
618:Kenneth II
608:coronation
544:Fergus Mór
448:manuscript
401:See also:
180:Iona Abbey
165:Perthshire
3722:George VI
3692:George IV
3682:George II
3594:Charles I
3576:from 1603
3526:James III
3506:Robert II
3462:William I
3437:Duncan II
3365:Malcolm I
3355:Donald II
3279:Edward VI
3269:Henry VII
3254:Edward IV
3224:Edward II
3214:Henry III
3197:Richard I
3158:William I
3079:Æthelstan
2943:James VII
2933:Charles I
2908:James III
2888:Robert II
2809:Duncan II
2739:Malcolm I
2729:Donald II
2668:Ciniod II
2663:Bridei VI
2643:Óengus II
2593:Drest VII
2583:Bridei IV
2548:Bridei II
2508:Talorc II
2488:Drest III
2473:Nechtan I
2368:after 810
1959:. Black.
1801:165316641
1793:0020-157X
1785:1745-5219
1235:CELT 2013
1095:Coinneach
888:from the
851:Forteviot
761:name was
727:Óengus II
707:Forteviot
702:Bridei VI
576:Óengus II
536:Domangart
496:Domangart
379:Donald II
356:Forteviot
318:Dál Riada
305:Kenneth I
229:Kenneth I
161:Forteviot
131:Successor
94:Successor
3712:George V
3702:Victoria
3677:George I
3546:James VI
3531:James IV
3521:James II
3494:David II
3489:Robert I
3478:Margaret
3412:Duncan I
3321:Donald I
3259:Edward V
3249:Henry VI
3239:Henry IV
3219:Edward I
3185:Henry II
3084:Edmund I
3073:Ælfweard
3031:monarchs
3025:Scottish
2928:James VI
2913:James IV
2903:James II
2883:David II
2878:Robert I
2854:Margaret
2784:Duncan I
2703:Donald I
2648:Drest IX
2618:Alpín II
2613:Ciniod I
2608:Bridei V
2603:Óengus I
2568:Drest VI
2523:Bridei I
2503:Cailtram
2493:Drest IV
2478:Drest II
2468:Talorc I
2406:Donald I
2400:848–858
2337:(1997).
2183:(2003).
2071:(2002).
1955:(2007).
1811:(2007).
1739:(1867).
1690:(1957).
1496:GRE 2005
1481:27 April
1476:30070394
1237:, ¶1696.
935:Donald I
931:tanistry
894:Dunblane
855:Donald I
827:, where
811:en masse
806:Pictavia
771:Scotland
696:in 839,
683:Hebrides
604:Scotland
583:Donald I
564:Galloway
488:Áed Find
428:Áed Find
424:Scotland
389:and the
362:from an
169:Scotland
98:Donald I
3630:Mary II
3536:James V
3516:James I
3452:David I
3417:Macbeth
3349:Eochaid
3244:Henry V
3179:Matilda
3173:Stephen
3168:Henry I
3029:British
3023:,
3021:English
2977:Ireland
2973:England
2948:Mary II
2918:James V
2898:James I
2829:David I
2789:Macbeth
2723:Eochaid
2678:Drest X
2598:Alpín I
2538:Cinioch
2513:Drest V
2463:Drest I
2389:Drest X
2289:. CELT.
2273:. CELT.
2257:. CELT.
2249:. CELT.
1591:Sources
1061:), the
1042:), the
1021:and/or
1008:Eochaid
1002:), the
878:Melrose
872:in the
870:Lothian
833:Dunkeld
792:in the
687:Vikings
685:to the
540:son of
532:son of
524:son of
516:son of
508:son of
500:son of
492:son of
484:son of
480:Eochaid
476:son of
468:son of
444:scribes
346:of the
344:Britons
115:841–850
88:Drest X
3541:Mary I
3422:Lulach
3386:Amlaíb
3380:Cuilén
3370:Indulf
3296:Philip
3291:Mary I
3094:Eadwig
3089:Eadred
2794:Lulach
2759:Amlaíb
2754:Cuilén
2744:Indulf
2633:Conall
2371:
2169:
2123:
2101:
2079:
2057:
2035:
2016:
1994:
1963:
1941:
1918:
1895:
1844:
1832:"Алба"
1819:
1799:
1791:
1783:
1747:
1717:
1698:
1676:
1642:
1608:
1474:
1115:. The
1113:Antrim
1109:Argyll
1092:since
957:Family
923:tumour
882:Dunbar
800:, 1855
767:Scotia
759:Gaelic
528:Gabrán
465:Cináed
397:Origin
272:Father
175:Burial
3442:Edgar
3342:Giric
3208:Louis
3115:Sweyn
2819:Edgar
2718:Giric
2658:Uurad
2578:Taran
2373:Died:
2366:Born:
1933:[
1910:[
1887:[
1797:S2CID
1781:eISSN
1472:JSTOR
1069:Notes
817:Scone
711:Scone
698:Uurad
643:Picts
560:Picts
520:Áedán
472:Alpín
330:Picts
266:Alpín
261:House
188:Issue
111:Reign
74:Reign
3672:Anne
3635:Anne
3628:and
3484:John
3293:and
3285:Jane
3202:John
3126:Cnut
2975:and
2958:Anne
2923:Mary
2866:John
2653:Uuen
2167:ISBN
2121:ISBN
2099:ISBN
2077:ISBN
2055:ISBN
2033:ISBN
2014:ISBN
1992:ISBN
1961:ISBN
1939:ISBN
1916:ISBN
1893:ISBN
1876:link
1842:ISBN
1817:ISBN
1789:ISSN
1745:ISBN
1715:ISBN
1696:ISBN
1606:ISBN
1483:2021
1398:2021
1368:2021
1335:2021
941:and
880:and
864:The
825:Iona
769:and
763:Alba
574:and
375:Alba
368:Iona
308:was
155:Died
149:Iona
143:Born
3375:Dub
3335:Áed
2749:Dub
2713:Áed
2147:doi
1773:doi
1668:doi
1634:doi
1464:doi
823:on
796:at
709:or
627:).
562:at
548:...
462:...
366:on
146:810
3766::
2341:.
2313:.
2187:.
2143:48
2141:.
1872:}}
1868:{{
1858:.
1834:.
1795:.
1787:.
1779:.
1769:69
1767:.
1660:.
1626:.
1581:25
1579:.
1575:.
1515:^
1470:.
1458:.
1454:.
1406:^
1384:.
1352:.
1321:.
1294:^
1265:^
1242:^
1215:^
1186:^
1171:^
1057:r.
1038:r.
1013:r.
998:r.
984:r.
971:r.
623:r.
354:.
298::
294:;
290::
167:,
163:,
3013:e
3006:t
2999:v
2979:.
2437:e
2430:t
2423:v
2347:)
2330:.
2317:.
2305:.
2298:)
2296:.
2291:(
2282:)
2280:.
2275:(
2266:)
2264:.
2259:(
2191:.
2175:.
2153:.
2149::
2129:.
2107:.
2085:.
2063:.
2041:.
2022:.
2000:.
1969:.
1947:.
1924:.
1901:.
1878:)
1850:.
1825:.
1803:.
1775::
1753:.
1723:.
1704:.
1674:.
1670::
1640:.
1636::
1614:.
1485:.
1466::
1460:7
1400:.
1370:.
1337:.
1054:(
1046:.
1035:(
1025:;
1010:(
995:(
981:(
968:(
620:(
286:(
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
