47:
500:
limits were lifted. Most recently in 2011 the USAF expanded the program, making it easier for more airmen to qualify for the surgery. Current airmen (Active Duty and Air
Reserve Components who are eligible) are authorized surgery at any DOD Refractive Surgery Center. Those airmen not eligible, are still able to get the surgery done at their own expense by a civilian surgeon, but must first be approved (approval is based on the same USAF-RS program). Others that do not fall into those categories (i.e. applicants who are seeking a pilot slot) can still elect to have the surgery done, but must follow the criteria in accordance with the USAF Waiver Guide. Those applicants will be evaluated at the ACS during their Medical Flight Screening appointment to determine if they meet waiver criteria.
175:
496:
with regard to significant halos, glare or dry eye, off all medications, and passing their standard vision tests. In one study, 967 of 968 naval aviators having PRK returned to duty involving flying after the procedure. In fact, the U.S. Navy now offers free PRK and LASIK surgery at the
National Naval Medical Center to Naval Academy Midshipmen who intend to pursue career paths requiring good uncorrected vision, including flight school and special operations training.
2520:
492:
refractive surgery a disqualifying condition. Also, civilians who wish to fly military aircraft should know that there are restrictions on those who have had corrective surgery. The Army now permits flight applicants who have undergone PRK or LASIK. Uncomplicated, successful corneal refractive surgery does not require a waiver and is noted as information only.
46:
388:, instead of alcohol based techniques, also result in quantitatively lower ocular dryness after surgery. The amount of corneal hazing after surgery is also decreased with brush technique. The platelet activating factor LAU-0901 has shown effect in mitigating dry eye in mouse models. Rabbit models have also shown improvement with topical
499:
The U.S. Air Force approves the use of PRK and LASIK. Since 2000 the USAF has conducted PRK for aviators at the
Wilford Hall Medical Center. More airmen were allowed over the years and in 2004 the USAF approved LASIK for aviators, with limits on the type of aircraft they could fly. Then in 2007 those
203:
PRK disadvantages include a longer recovery time for vision in contrast to LASIK. Another disadvantage is that patient may be required to apply steroid eye drops for a few weeks longer than that of a LASIK procedure. Vision after the PRK procedure has a longer recovery than LASIK which may be between
495:
The Navy and
Marines will routinely grant a waiver for pilots or student naval aviators, as well as naval flight officers, UAS operators and aircrew, to fly after PRK and LASIK, assuming preoperative refractive standards are met, no complications in the healing process were encountered, asymptomatic
503:
In the majority of patients, PRK has proven to be a safe and effective procedure for the correction of myopia. PRK is still evolving with other countries currently using refined techniques and alternative procedures. Many of these procedures are under investigation in the U.S. Given that PRK is not
412:
PRK can be associated with glare, halos, and starburst aberrations, which can occur with postoperative corneal haze during the healing process. Night halos are seen more often in revisions with small ablation zone size. With more recent developments in laser technology, this is less common after 6
182:
LASEK and PRK are two different procedures. While both procedures interact with the epithelium atop the cornea, the PRK procedure removes this entirely, while LASEK brushes the material away for the procedure, before being placed back for healing after laser surgery. The procedure can be used to
440:
A 2016 systematic review found that it was unclear whether there were any differences in efficacy, accuracy, and adverse effects when comparing PRK and LASEK procedures among people with low to moderate myopia. The review stated that no trials have been conducted comparing the two procedures on
491:
will consider applicants with PRK once they are fully healed and stabilized, provided there are no complications and all other visual standards are met. Pilots should be aware, however, that potential employers, such as commercial airlines and private companies, may have policies that consider
428:
In 1 to 3% of cases, loss of best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) can result, due to decentered ablative zones or other surgical complications. PRK results in improved BCVA about twice as often as it causes loss. Decentration is becoming less and less of a problem with more modern lasers using
479:
In the U.S.A. candidates who have had PRK can get a blanket waiver for the
Special Forces Qualification, Combat Diving Qualification and Military Free Fall courses. PRK and LASIK are both waived for Airborne, Air Assault and Ranger schools. However, those who have had LASIK must enroll in an
142:
A computer system tracks the patient's eye position 60 to 4,000 times per second, depending on the specifications of the laser that is used. The computer system redirects laser pulses for precise laser placement. Most modern lasers will automatically center on the patient's
403:
PRK may be performed on one eye at a time to assess the results of the procedure and ensure adequate vision during the healing process. Activities requiring good binocular vision may have to be suspended between surgeries and during the sometimes extended healing periods.
799:
Ong, NH; Purcell, TL; Roch-Levecq, AC; Wang, D; Isidro, MA; Bottos, KM; Heichel, CW; Schanzlin, DJ (2013). "Epithelial healing and visual outcomes of patients using omega-3 oral nutritional supplements before and after photorefractive keratectomy: A pilot study".
420:
Predictability of the resulting refractive correction after healing is not totally exact, particularly for those with more severe myopia. This can lead to under/overcorrection of the refractive error. In the case of the overcorrection, premature consequences of
194:
PRK has advantages over LASIK in that it avoids added complications associated with the flap created during surgery. The procedure may also reduce the chances of dry eye symptoms after surgery. Due to the PRK procedure not requiring a surgical flap,
413:
months though symptoms can persist beyond a year in some cases. A dilute concentration of the chemotherapeutic agent, Mitomycin-C, can be applied briefly at the completion of surgery to reduce risk of hazing, although with increased risk of
154:
within a few days with no loss of clarity. The deeper layers of the cornea, as opposed to the outer epithelium, are laid down early in life and have very limited regenerative capacity. The deeper layers, if reshaped by a laser or cut by a
1354:
376:, colloquially referred to as 'dry eye,' is the most common complication of PRK, and can be permanent. In more advanced cases, recurrent erosions occur during sleeping from adherence of the corneal epithelium to the upper eyelid with
444:
A 2017 systematic review found uncertainty in visual acuity, but found that in one study, those receiving PRK were less likely to achieve a refractive error, and were less likely to have an over-correction than compared to LASIK.
166:(laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis), a form of laser eye surgery where a permanent flap is created in the deeper layers of the cornea. However, PRK takes longer to heal and can, initially, cause more discomfort.
504:
reversible, a patient considering PRK is recommended to contact an eye-care practitioner for assistance in making an informed decision concerning the potential benefits and liabilities that may be specific to them.
199:
or individuals concerned with trauma introduced by the flap may see benefits to LASEK. Patients that wear contact lenses will typically need to stop wearing these for a specified time before the procedure.
384:(PUFAs) with high Omega-3 content before and after surgery improves sicca, possibly due to their anti-inflammatory effects. Foods containing PUFAs include flax and fish oil. Brush PRK to denude the
1350:
528:. Dr. Massimo Camellin, an Italian surgeon, was the first to write a scientific publication about the new surgical technique in 1998, coining the term LASEK for laser epithelial keratomileusis.
1294:
941:
Esquenazi, S; Bazan, HE; Bui, V; He, J; Kim, DB; Bazan, NG (2005). "Topical combination of NGF and DHA increases rabbit corneal nerve regeneration after photorefractive keratectomy".
437:
A systematic review that compared PRK and LASIK concluded that LASIK has shorter recovery time and less pain. The two techniques after a period of one year have similar results.
843:
Sia, RK; Ryan, DS; Stutzman, RD; Psolka, M; Mines, MJ; Wagner, ME; Weber, ED; Wroblewski, KJ; Bower, KS (2012). "Alcohol versus brush PRK: Visual outcomes and adverse effects".
892:"A novel platelet activating factor receptor antagonist reduces cell infiltration and expression of inflammatory mediators in mice exposed to desiccating conditions after PRK"
1188:
De Benito-Llopis, L; Teus, MA; Sánchez-Pina, JM (2008). "Comparison between LASEK with mitomycin C and LASIK for the correction of myopia of -7.00 to -13.75 D".
481:
1401:
Taneri, Suphi; Zieske, James D.; Azar, Dimitri T. (2004). "Evolution, techniques, clinical outcomes, and pathophysiology of LASEK: Review of the literature".
789:
Stein R, Stein H, Cheskes A, Symons S. Photorefractive keratectomy and postoperative pain. American
Journal of Ophthalmology. 1994 March 15; 117(3):403-405.
1862:
1052:
Shortt, AJ; Allan, BD; Evans, JR (31 January 2013). "Laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) versus photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for myopia".
1014:
Rajan, Madhavan S.; Jaycock, Philip; O'Brart, David; Nystrom, Helene
Hamberg; Marshall, John (2004). "A long-term study of photorefractive keratectomy".
1867:
150:
The outer layer of the cornea, or epithelium, is a soft, rapidly regrowing layer in contact with the tear film that can completely replace itself from
2068:
1462:
480:
observational study, if a slot is available, to undergo training in
Special Forces qualification. LASIK is disqualifying/non-waiverable for several
2480:
211:
When LASEK is compared to LASIK, LASIK can have better outcomes with corneal haze while LASEK has a lower rate of flap complications than LASIK.
979:
Kymionis, GD; Tsiklis, NS; Ginis, H; Diakonis, VF; Pallikaris, I (2006). "Dry eye after photorefractive keratectomy with adjuvant mitomycin C".
174:
1751:
764:
162:
With PRK, the corneal epithelium is removed and discarded, allowing the cells to regenerate after the surgery. The procedure is distinct from
1998:
1991:
66:
1278:
1821:
1701:
517:
1223:
301:
1644:
178:
Preliminary investigation of the corneal topography. The test maps a patient's cornea for raised areas and surface inconsistencies.
2219:
1369:
1619:
684:"Laser-Assisted Subepithelial Keratectomy versus Laser In Situ Keratomileusis in Myopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
488:
2389:
2100:
1895:
1311:
1141:"Laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy (LASEK) versus laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for correcting myopia"
425:
is a possibility. Experienced surgeons employ a custom-profile algorithm to further enhance predictability in their results.
252:
Assessment of allergies, (e.g., pollen) where allergy may complicate the eyelid margins following surgery leading to dry eye.
734:
147:
and will pause if the eye moves out of range and then resume ablating at that point after the patient's eye is re-centered.
2058:
2053:
1885:
246:
Realistic expectations of the final results (with a complete understanding of the benefits, as well as the possible risks)
470:
in an attempt to reduce post-operative haze but is of dubious effectiveness. Possible long-term side effects are unknown.
2063:
1942:
1912:
1816:
1455:
516:, then at the Free University Medical Center in Berlin, Germany. The first procedure similar to LASEK was performed at
2445:
1514:
381:
1092:"Laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy (LASEK) versus photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for correction of myopia"
2249:
2110:
2090:
1664:
1487:
414:
373:
2186:
1746:
1681:
1536:
319:
1981:
249:
Pupil size 6 mm or less in a dark room is ideal (but some newer lasers may be acceptable for larger pupils)
2181:
377:
1435:
Camellin M. LASEK: nuova tecnica di chirurgia rifrattiva mediante laser ad eccimeri. Viscochirurgia 1998;39-43
2043:
1890:
1852:
1686:
1624:
1448:
17:
2419:
2239:
1922:
1900:
1786:
1731:
1331:
28:
2307:
187:, nearsightedness, and farsightedness. During the procedure, the epithelium is displaced using a diluted
2140:
2105:
2028:
1576:
634:
583:
610:
1385:
2414:
2297:
2285:
2212:
1654:
393:
289:
768:
543:
2465:
2384:
2324:
2244:
2165:
2038:
1971:
1847:
1756:
556:
389:
2048:
2033:
2018:
1986:
1604:
868:
825:
463:
ASA (Advanced
Surface Ablation) LASEK, which uses Amoils Brush and gas cooling to reduce the pain
267:
136:
658:
2485:
2359:
2334:
2155:
2145:
1696:
1659:
1595:
1472:
1418:
1205:
1170:
1121:
1069:
1031:
996:
958:
923:
860:
817:
715:
335:
151:
61:
2495:
2460:
2440:
2409:
2125:
2023:
1811:
1801:
1736:
1711:
1553:
1410:
1197:
1160:
1152:
1111:
1103:
1061:
1023:
988:
950:
913:
903:
852:
809:
705:
695:
361:
263:
1227:
256:
There are also some pre-existing conditions that may complicate or preclude the treatment.
2523:
2404:
2394:
2205:
2080:
2008:
1947:
1937:
1831:
1741:
1674:
1634:
1568:
1548:
1543:
1504:
1440:
1389:
1358:
1336:
1316:
1298:
521:
2544:
2500:
2490:
2450:
2399:
2317:
2270:
2254:
2130:
1917:
1857:
1826:
1791:
1649:
1531:
1165:
1140:
1116:
1091:
918:
891:
710:
683:
205:
132:
116:
1414:
2538:
2455:
2435:
2376:
2302:
1721:
1629:
1614:
1497:
887:
128:
872:
829:
2475:
2344:
2339:
2280:
1781:
1581:
1558:
1156:
1107:
1065:
525:
992:
1201:
1027:
813:
742:
2505:
2366:
2349:
2329:
2135:
2095:
1726:
1492:
513:
397:
274:
184:
144:
108:
1249:
2354:
2120:
2115:
1957:
1952:
1927:
422:
385:
230:
159:, will remain that way permanently with only limited healing or remodelling.
2470:
2312:
2292:
2275:
1905:
1639:
467:
233:
error (no noticeable change in the last year) correctable to 20/40 or better
156:
52:
1422:
1209:
1174:
1125:
1073:
1035:
1000:
962:
927:
864:
821:
719:
908:
700:
1932:
954:
285:
278:
260:
120:
111:
procedures intended to correct a person's vision, reducing dependency on
1761:
296:
237:
196:
188:
112:
856:
75:
1523:
131:
to ablate (remove by vaporization) a small amount of tissue from the
124:
219:
There are a number of basic criteria which a person should satisfy:
2228:
1669:
173:
163:
139:. The outer layer of the cornea is removed prior to the ablation.
105:
484:(USASOC) schools (HALO, SCUBA, SERE) per Army Regulation 40-501.
2201:
1444:
312:
Some complications that can be temporary or permanent include:
1476:
1090:
Li SM, Zhan S, Li SY, Peng XX, Hu J, Law HA, Wang NL (2016).
1381:
2197:
51:
Photorefractive keratectomy at U.S. Naval
Medical Center
767:. Eyesurgerycosts.net. December 18, 2011. Archived from
1259:. United States Department of the Army. 4 August 2011
1224:"Long-term concerns linger on safety of Mitomycin-C"
119:. LASEK and PRK permanently change the shape of the
2428:
2375:
2263:
2174:
2154:
2079:
2007:
1970:
1878:
1840:
1800:
1772:
1710:
1603:
1594:
1567:
1522:
1513:
659:"LASIK Alternatives | UCLA Laser Refractive Center"
60:
39:
735:"LASEK: A Magic Helping You Do Without Eyeglasses"
429:sophisticated eye centering and tracking methods.
512:The first PRK procedure was performed in 1987 by
1312:"Eye surgery opens pilot training to wider pool"
943:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
1279:"CORNEAL REFRACTIVE SURGERY (ICD9 V802A/V802B)"
1351:"US Air Force Refractive Surgery Program Site"
2213:
1456:
482:United States Army Special Operations Command
8:
733:content team, content team (July 23, 2019).
27:"LASEK" redirects here. For other uses, see
1054:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1047:
1045:
372:As with other forms of refractive surgery,
18:Keratectomy, photorefractive, excimer laser
2220:
2206:
2198:
1863:Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty
1600:
1519:
1463:
1449:
1441:
45:
1164:
1115:
917:
907:
709:
699:
544:"Laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK)"
94:laser-assisted sub-epithelial keratectomy
2069:Optical coherence tomography angiography
1332:"Flying jobs now open to LASIK patients"
135:at the front of the eye, just under the
2481:Multiple-prism grating laser oscillator
1868:Pre-Descemet's endothelial keratoplasty
974:
972:
896:Clinical & Developmental Immunology
536:
408:Halos, starbursts and refractive errors
1752:Manual small incision cataract surgery
331:Glare, halos, or starburst aberrations
36:
1999:Botulinum toxin therapy of strabismus
1992:Minimally invasive strabismus surgery
1139:Kuryan J, Cheema A, Chuck RS (2017).
1085:
1083:
7:
1687:Phakic intraocular lens implantation
605:
603:
578:
576:
352:Reduced best corrected visual acuity
1822:Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery
1382:"PRK – Photorefractive Keratectomy"
1310:Tan, Michelle (February 28, 2011).
1257:United States Army Medical Services
765:"Side Effects of Laser Eye Surgery"
518:Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary
243:Not pregnant at the time of surgery
71:
890:; Esquenazi, I; Bazan, HE (2009).
302:Granular corneal dystrophy type II
25:
1645:Intrastromal corneal ring segment
1415:10.1016/j.survophthal.2004.08.003
682:Zhao, LQ; Zhu, H; Li, LM (2014).
557:"LASEK Eye Surgery: How It Works"
2519:
2518:
34:Refractive eye surgery procedure
1620:Automated lamellar keratoplasty
489:Federal Aviation Administration
400:worsens post-surgical dry eye.
273:Ocular disease (e.g., dry eye,
98:laser epithelial keratomileusis
2390:Amplified spontaneous emission
2101:Bagolini Striated Glasses Test
1896:Corneal collagen cross-linking
1250:"Standards of Medical Fitness"
1157:10.1002/14651858.CD011080.pub2
1108:10.1002/14651858.CD009799.pub2
1066:10.1002/14651858.CD005135.pub3
845:Lasers in Surgery and Medicine
460:Transepithelial PRK (TransPRK)
1:
2059:Indocyanine green angiography
2054:Heidelberg Retinal Tomography
1886:Anterior chamber paracentesis
1190:Journal of Refractive Surgery
993:10.3928/1081-597X-20060501-16
981:Journal of Refractive Surgery
295:History of side effects from
2064:Optical coherence tomography
1943:Phototherapeutic keratectomy
1817:Excimer laser trabeculostomy
1202:10.3928/1081597X-20080501-10
1028:10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.05.019
886:Esquenazi, S; He, J; Li, N;
814:10.1097/ICO.0b013e31826905b3
663:UCLA Laser Refractive Center
204:five days and two weeks for
2446:Chirped pulse amplification
1692:Photorefractive keratectomy
382:polyunsaturated fatty acids
355:Reduced acuity in low light
86:Photorefractive keratectomy
40:Photorefractive keratectomy
2561:
2250:List of laser applications
2111:Dilated fundus examination
2091:A-scan ultrasound biometry
1665:Laser thermal keratoplasty
1488:Anesthesia for eye surgery
1388:February 23, 2011, at the
1145:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
1096:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
392:(NGF) in combination with
374:keratoconjunctivitis sicca
284:Systemic disorders (e.g.,
26:
2514:
2235:
1848:Whole eye transplantation
1747:Intraocular lens scaffold
1682:Limbal relaxing incisions
1537:East Asian blepharoplasty
1483:
441:people with high myopia.
72:
44:
1384:Accessed March 17, 2010
340:Under- or overcorrection
236:Between −1.00 to −12.00
2044:Fluorescein angiography
1891:Boston keratoprosthesis
1853:Corneal transplantation
1625:Conductive keratoplasty
1403:Survey of Ophthalmology
546:Accessed June 30, 2008.
524:and refractive surgeon
2240:List of laser articles
1923:Intravitreal injection
1787:Laser photocoagulation
1732:Glued intraocular lens
1357:July 27, 2011, at the
308:Possible complications
179:
29:LASEK (disambiguation)
2141:Slit-lamp examination
2106:Color perception test
2029:Electronystagmography
1577:Dacryocystorhinostomy
1353:Accessed Aug 9, 2011
358:Increased sensitivity
226:Age 18 years or older
177:
2415:Population inversion
1982:Harada–Ito procedure
1655:Laser blended vision
1372:Accessed Aug 9, 2011
955:10.1167/iovs.05-0241
466:M-LASEK, which Uses
457:Alcohol assisted PRK
394:docosahexaenoic acid
343:Recurrence of myopia
290:rheumatoid arthritis
223:Normal ocular health
2466:Laser beam profiler
2385:Active laser medium
2325:Free-electron laser
2245:List of laser types
2166:Plaque radiotherapy
2039:Electroretinography
1757:Phacoemulsification
1370:"USAF Waiver Guide"
1230:on November 3, 2013
909:10.1155/2009/138513
701:10.1155/2014/672146
635:"LASEK Eye Surgery"
584:"LASEK Eye Surgery"
433:Comparison to LASIK
390:nerve growth factor
325:Long healing period
208:to properly clear.
2049:Fundus photography
2034:Electrooculography
2019:Corneal topography
1987:Strabismus surgery
739:sinahealthtour.com
688:ISRN Ophthalmology
378:rapid eye movement
320:Recurrent erosions
268:corneal ulceration
180:
137:corneal epithelium
2532:
2531:
2486:Optical amplifier
2335:Solid-state laser
2195:
2194:
2146:Visual field test
1966:
1965:
1697:Radial keratotomy
1660:Laser eye surgery
1590:
1589:
857:10.1002/lsm.22036
771:on April 26, 2012
336:ocular straylight
152:limbal stem cells
83:
82:
16:(Redirected from
2552:
2522:
2521:
2496:Optical isolator
2461:Injection seeder
2441:Beam homogenizer
2420:Ultrashort pulse
2410:Lasing threshold
2222:
2215:
2208:
2199:
2126:Ocular tonometry
2024:Electrodiagnosis
1812:Cyclodestruction
1737:Hydrodelineation
1601:
1554:Hughes procedure
1520:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1398:
1392:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1307:
1301:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1283:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1254:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1226:. Archived from
1220:
1214:
1213:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1168:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1119:
1087:
1078:
1077:
1049:
1040:
1039:
1011:
1005:
1004:
976:
967:
966:
938:
932:
931:
921:
911:
883:
877:
876:
840:
834:
833:
796:
790:
787:
781:
780:
778:
776:
761:
755:
754:
752:
750:
745:on July 25, 2019
741:. Archived from
730:
724:
723:
713:
703:
679:
673:
672:
670:
669:
655:
649:
648:
646:
645:
631:
625:
624:
622:
621:
607:
598:
597:
595:
594:
580:
571:
570:
568:
567:
561:All About Vision
553:
547:
541:
362:Neuropathic pain
264:vascular disease
76:edit on Wikidata
49:
37:
21:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2510:
2424:
2405:Laser linewidth
2395:Continuous wave
2371:
2264:Types of lasers
2259:
2231:
2226:
2196:
2191:
2170:
2157:
2150:
2082:
2075:
2010:
2003:
1973:
1962:
1938:Photodisruption
1874:
1841:Transplantation
1836:
1832:Trabeculoplasty
1803:
1796:
1774:
1768:
1742:Hydrodissection
1713:
1706:
1675:Contoura Vision
1635:Epikeratophakia
1606:
1586:
1569:Lacrimal system
1563:
1549:Eyelid revision
1544:Epicanthoplasty
1509:
1505:Eye examination
1479:
1469:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1390:Wayback Machine
1380:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1359:Wayback Machine
1349:
1345:
1340:. May 24, 2007.
1337:Air Force Times
1330:
1329:
1325:
1317:Air Force Times
1309:
1308:
1304:
1299:Wayback Machine
1287:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1262:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1151:(2): CD011080.
1138:
1137:
1133:
1102:(2): CD009799.
1089:
1088:
1081:
1060:(1): CD005135.
1051:
1050:
1043:
1022:(10): 1813–24.
1013:
1012:
1008:
978:
977:
970:
940:
939:
935:
885:
884:
880:
842:
841:
837:
798:
797:
793:
788:
784:
774:
772:
763:
762:
758:
748:
746:
732:
731:
727:
681:
680:
676:
667:
665:
657:
656:
652:
643:
641:
633:
632:
628:
619:
617:
615:lasik.wustl.edu
609:
608:
601:
592:
590:
582:
581:
574:
565:
563:
555:
554:
550:
542:
538:
534:
522:ophthalmologist
514:Dr. Theo Seiler
510:
477:
451:
435:
410:
370:
310:
217:
172:
79:
56:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2558:
2556:
2548:
2547:
2537:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2501:Output coupler
2498:
2493:
2491:Optical cavity
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2451:Gain-switching
2448:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2400:Laser ablation
2397:
2392:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2298:Carbon dioxide
2290:
2289:
2288:
2286:Liquid-crystal
2283:
2273:
2271:Chemical laser
2267:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2255:Laser acronyms
2252:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2202:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2187:Cryoextraction
2184:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2131:Ophthalmoscopy
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2013:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1918:Gundersen flap
1915:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1858:Corneal button
1850:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1827:Trabeculectomy
1824:
1819:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1792:Scleral buckle
1789:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1716:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1650:Keratomileusis
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1609:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1573:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1532:Blepharoplasty
1528:
1526:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1475:involving the
1470:
1468:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1445:
1438:
1437:
1428:
1409:(6): 576–602.
1393:
1374:
1362:
1343:
1323:
1302:
1284:. January 2006
1270:
1241:
1215:
1180:
1131:
1079:
1041:
1006:
968:
933:
878:
835:
791:
782:
756:
725:
674:
650:
626:
599:
572:
548:
535:
533:
530:
509:
506:
476:
473:
472:
471:
464:
461:
458:
455:
450:
447:
434:
431:
409:
406:
369:
366:
365:
364:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
332:
329:
326:
323:
317:
309:
306:
305:
304:
299:
293:
282:
271:
254:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
234:
227:
224:
216:
213:
206:blurred vision
171:
168:
133:corneal stroma
117:contact lenses
81:
80:
73:
70:
69:
64:
58:
57:
50:
42:
41:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2557:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2525:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2456:Gaussian beam
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2436:Beam expander
2434:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2377:Laser physics
2374:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2078:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1969:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1771:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1722:Capsulorhexis
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1630:Corneal inlay
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1615:Alpins method
1613:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1498:Oculoplastics
1496:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1432:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1295:Archive index
1280:
1274:
1271:
1258:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1196:(5): 516–23.
1195:
1191:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:Ophthalmology
1010:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
975:
973:
969:
964:
960:
956:
952:
949:(9): 3121–7.
948:
944:
937:
934:
929:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
882:
879:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
851:(6): 475–81.
850:
846:
839:
836:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
795:
792:
786:
783:
770:
766:
760:
757:
744:
740:
736:
729:
726:
721:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
693:
689:
685:
678:
675:
664:
660:
654:
651:
640:
636:
630:
627:
616:
612:
606:
604:
600:
589:
585:
579:
577:
573:
562:
558:
552:
549:
545:
540:
537:
531:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
490:
485:
483:
474:
469:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
452:
448:
446:
442:
438:
432:
430:
426:
424:
418:
416:
407:
405:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
367:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
337:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
314:
313:
307:
303:
300:
298:
294:
291:
287:
283:
280:
276:
272:
269:
265:
262:
259:
258:
257:
251:
248:
245:
242:
239:
235:
232:
228:
225:
222:
221:
220:
214:
212:
209:
207:
201:
198:
192:
190:
186:
176:
169:
167:
165:
160:
158:
153:
148:
146:
140:
138:
134:
130:
129:excimer laser
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
77:
68:
65:
63:
59:
54:
48:
43:
38:
30:
19:
2476:Mode locking
2429:Laser optics
1913:Evisceration
1782:Ignipuncture
1691:
1582:Punctoplasty
1559:Tarsorrhaphy
1431:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1377:
1365:
1346:
1335:
1326:
1315:
1305:
1286:. Retrieved
1273:
1261:. Retrieved
1256:
1244:
1232:. Retrieved
1228:the original
1218:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1099:
1095:
1057:
1053:
1019:
1015:
1009:
987:(5): 511–3.
984:
980:
946:
942:
936:
899:
895:
881:
848:
844:
838:
808:(6): 761–5.
805:
801:
794:
785:
775:December 19,
773:. Retrieved
769:the original
759:
747:. Retrieved
743:the original
738:
728:
691:
687:
677:
666:. Retrieved
662:
653:
642:. Retrieved
638:
629:
618:. Retrieved
614:
591:. Retrieved
587:
564:. Retrieved
560:
551:
539:
526:Dimitri Azar
511:
502:
498:
494:
486:
478:
443:
439:
436:
427:
419:
411:
402:
371:
346:Corneal haze
322:during sleep
311:
255:
218:
210:
202:
193:
181:
161:
149:
141:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
84:
2506:Q-switching
2367:X-ray laser
2360:Ti-sapphire
2330:Laser diode
2308:Helium–neon
2136:Retinoscopy
2096:Amsler grid
2083:examination
1972:Extraocular
1901:Enucleation
1727:Capsulotomy
1493:Eye surgery
520:in 1996 by
475:US Military
398:Mitomycin C
380:. Adjuvant
275:keratoconus
270:or melting)
215:Eligibility
185:astigmatism
145:visual axis
109:eye surgery
2121:Gonioscopy
2116:Funduscopy
1958:Vitrectomy
1953:Sclerotomy
1928:Iridectomy
1605:Refractive
1473:procedures
1471:Tests and
1288:August 16,
902:: 138513.
694:: 672146.
668:2018-01-29
644:2018-01-24
620:2018-01-29
593:2018-01-24
566:2018-01-24
532:References
423:presbyopia
386:epithelium
334:Increased
231:refraction
191:solution.
2471:M squared
2293:Gas laser
2276:Dye laser
2156:Radiation
1948:Pterygium
1906:Conformer
1640:Epi-LASIK
1263:15 August
1234:April 22,
888:Bazan, NG
487:The U.S.
468:mitomycin
240:of myopia
157:microtome
127:using an
53:San Diego
2539:Category
2524:Category
2318:Nitrogen
2182:Couching
1933:Peritomy
1802:Glaucoma
1712:Cataract
1423:15530945
1386:Archived
1355:Archived
1210:18494345
1175:28197998
1126:26899152
1074:23440799
1036:15465541
1001:16722493
963:16123410
928:20049336
873:40461033
865:22674627
830:37848356
822:23132445
749:July 25,
720:24977054
368:Dry eyes
349:Scarring
316:Dry eyes
297:steroids
286:diabetes
279:glaucoma
261:Collagen
238:diopters
197:athletes
123:central
121:anterior
62:ICD-9-CM
2303:Excimer
2175:History
2158:therapy
2011:imaging
2009:Medical
1974:muscles
1804:surgery
1775:surgery
1773:Retinal
1762:Prechop
1714:surgery
1607:surgery
1524:Eyelids
1297:at the
1166:5408355
1117:5032141
919:2798082
711:4058142
611:"LASEK"
508:History
396:(DHA).
266:(e.g.,
229:Stable
189:alcohol
113:glasses
2345:Nd:YAG
2340:Er:YAG
2281:Bubble
2229:Lasers
1515:Adnexa
1421:
1208:
1173:
1163:
1124:
1114:
1072:
1034:
999:
961:
926:
916:
871:
863:
828:
820:
802:Cornea
718:
708:
183:treat
125:cornea
104:) are
92:) and
2545:LASIK
2350:Raman
1879:Other
1702:SMILE
1670:LASIK
1596:Globe
1282:(PDF)
1253:(PDF)
869:S2CID
826:S2CID
639:WebMD
588:WebMD
454:LASIK
449:Types
415:sicca
170:LASEK
164:LASIK
106:laser
102:LASEK
74:[
2355:Ruby
1477:eyes
1419:PMID
1290:2013
1265:2012
1236:2013
1206:PMID
1171:PMID
1149:2017
1122:PMID
1100:2016
1070:PMID
1032:PMID
997:PMID
959:PMID
924:PMID
900:2009
861:PMID
818:PMID
777:2011
751:2019
716:PMID
692:2014
328:Pain
96:(or
2313:Ion
2081:Eye
1411:doi
1198:doi
1161:PMC
1153:doi
1112:PMC
1104:doi
1062:doi
1024:doi
1020:111
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