Timpani - Knowledge (XXG)

2326:, which evolved both from traditional marching bands and concert bands, began to include marching timpani. Unlike concert timpani, marching versions had fiberglass shells to make them light enough to carry. Each player carried a single drum, which was tuned by a hand crank. Often, during intricate passages, the timpani players would put their drums on the ground by means of extendable legs, and perform more like conventional timpani, yet with a single player per drum. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, marching arts-based organizations' allowance for timpani and other percussion instruments to be permanently grounded became mainstream. This was the beginning of the end for marching timpani: eventually, standard concert timpani found their way onto the football field as part of the 1356:

These gauges are accurate when used correctly. However, when the instrument is disturbed in some fashion (transported, for example), the overall pitch can change, thus the markers on the gauges may not remain reliable unless they have been adjusted immediately preceding the performance. The pitch can also be changed by room temperature and humidity. This effect also occurs due to changes in weather, especially if an outdoor performance is to take place. Gauges are especially useful when performing music that involves fast tuning changes that do not allow the timpanist to listen to the new pitch before playing it. Even when gauges are available, good timpanists will check their intonation by ear before playing. Occasionally, timpanists use the pedals to retune while playing.

1913: 702: 1480: 1383: 1178: 1124: 2105: 123: 3937: 800:. In these systems, all the tension screws can then be tightened or loosened by one handle. Though far less common than pedal timpani, chain and cable drums still have practical uses. Occasionally, a timpanist is forced to place a drum behind other items, so he cannot reach it with his foot. Professionals may also use exceptionally large or small chain and cable drums for special low or high notes. 1859: 1582: 3903: 2300: 760:-style pedal is attached by means of a long arm to the opposite side of the timpani, and the timpanist must use their entire leg to adjust the pitch. In addition to a pedal, high-end instruments have a hand-operated fine-tuner, which allows the timpanist to make minute pitch adjustments. The pedal is on either the left or right side of the drum depending on the direction of the setup. 884: 589: 116: 2176:, which altered the tension in the head when turned by players. Thus, tuning was a relatively slow operation, and composers had to allow a reasonable amount of time for players to change notes if they were called to tune in the middle of a work. The first 'machine' timpani, with a single tuning handle, was developed in 1812. The first pedal timpani originated in 3951: 2229: 1319:) is executed by striking the timpani at varying velocities; the speed of the strokes are determined by the pitch of the drum, with higher pitched timpani requiring a quicker roll than timpani tuned to a lower pitch. While performing the timpani roll, mallets are usually held a few inches apart to create more sustain. 1039:

requires as many as eleven drums, with actual melodies played on them in octaves by two players.) Many professional orchestras and timpanists own more than just one set of timpani, allowing them to execute music that cannot be more accurately performed using a standard set of four or five drums. Many

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apart. Until the early 19th century the dominant (the note of the large drum) was written as G and the tonic (the note of the small drum) was written as C no matter what the actual key of the work was, and whether it was major or minor, with the actual pitches indicated at the top of the score (for

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The medieval European timpani were typically put together by hand in the southern region of France. Some drums were tightened together by horses tugging from each side of the drum by the bolts. Over the next two centuries, a number of technical improvements were made to the timpani. Originally, the

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Some timpani are equipped with tuning gauges, which provide a visual indication of the pitch. They are physically connected either to the counterhoop, in which case the gauge indicates how far the counterhoop is pushed down, or the pedal, in which case the gauge indicates the position of the pedal.

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writes that the timpanist is "king of his own province", and that "a good timpanist really does set the standard of the whole orchestra." A qualified member of the percussion section sometimes doubles as associate timpanist, performing in repertoire requiring multiple timpanists and filling in for

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to hold the pedal in place. The timpanist must first disengage the clutch before using the pedal to tune the drum. When the desired pitch is achieved, the timpanist must then reengage the clutch. Because the ratchet engages in only a fixed set of positions, the timpanist must fine-tune the drum by

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grips. In the German grip, the palm of the hand is approximately parallel with the drum head and the thumb should be on the side of the stick. In the French grip, the palm of the hand is approximately perpendicular with drum head and the thumb is on top of the stick. In both of these styles, the

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In the 2010s, even though they are written at concert pitch, timpani parts continue to be most often but not always written with no key signature, no matter what key the work is in: accidentals are written in the staff, both in the timpanist's part and the conductor's score. By 1977 in Vienna,

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Prior to playing, the timpanist must clear the heads by equalizing the tension at each tuning screw. This is done so every spot is tuned to exactly the same pitch. When the head is clear, the timpani will produce an in-tune sound. If the head is not clear, the pitch will rise or fall after the

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level use less expensive, more durable timpani with copper, fiberglass, or aluminum bowls. The mechanical parts of these instruments are almost completely contained within the frame and bowl. They may use any of the pedal mechanisms, though the balanced action system is by far the most common,

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is an inherent part of playing. Often, timpanists will muffle notes so they only sound for the length indicated by the composer. However, early timpani did not resonate nearly as long as modern timpani, so composers often wrote a note when the timpanist was to hit the drum without concern for

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Although not usually stated in the score (excepting the occasional request to use wooden sticks), timpanists will change sticks to suit the nature of the music. However, the choice during a performance is subjective and depends on the timpanist's preference and occasionally the wishes of the

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Throughout their education, timpanists are trained as percussionists, and they learn to play all instruments of the percussion family along with timpani. However, when appointed to a principal timpani chair in a professional ensemble, a timpanist is not normally required to play any other

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bands started seeking to diversify their sound, timpani found their way into the studio. In 1959 Leiber and Stoller made the innovative use of timpani in their production of the Drifters' recording, "There Goes My Baby." Starting in the 1960s, drummers for high-profile rock acts like

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was used for the heads of the drums, automated solutions were difficult to implement since the tension would vary unpredictably across the drum. This could be compensated for by hand-tuning, but not easily by a pedal drum. Mechanisms continued to improve in the early 20th century.

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The typical method of muffling is to place the pads of the fingers against the head while holding onto the timpani stick with the thumb and index finger. Timpanists are required to develop techniques to stop all vibration without making any sound from the contact of their fingers.

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ensembles unable to afford purchase of this equipment regularly rely on a set of two or three timpani, sometimes referred to as "the orchestral three". It consists of 29-inch (74 cm), 26-inch (66 cm), and 23-inch (58 cm) drums. Its range extends down only to

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is one of the few timpanists who markets himself as a soloist. Haas, who began his career as a solo timpanist in 1980, is notable for performing music from many genres including jazz, rock, and classical. He released an album with a rather unconventional jazz band called

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Changing the pitch of a timpani by turning each tension rod individually is a laborious process. In the late 19th century, mechanical systems to change the tension of the entire head at once were developed. Any timpani equipped with such a system may be considered

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The tone quality can be altered without switching sticks or adjusting the tuning. For example, by playing closer to the edge, the sound becomes thinner. A more staccato sound can be produced by changing the velocity of the stroke or playing closer to the center.

53: 875:. Timpani heads are determined based on the size of the head, not the bowl. For example, a 23-inch (58 cm) drum may require a 25-inch (64 cm) head. This 2-inch (5 cm) size difference has been standardized by most timpani manufacturers since 1978. 2093:, which translates roughly to "Sound off, ye timpani! Sound, trumpets!" Naturally, the timpani are placed at the forefront: the piece starts with an unusual timpani solo and the chorus and timpani trade the melody back and forth. Bach reworked this movement in 947:

conductor. Thus, most timpanists own a great number of sticks. The weight of the stick, size and latent surface area of the head, materials used for the shaft, core, and wrap, and method used to wrap the head all contribute to the timbre the stick produces.

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grip is a hybrid of these two grips. Another known grip is known as the Amsterdam Grip, made famous by the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, which is similar to the Hinger grip, except the stick is cradled on the lower knuckle of the index finger.

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for a work in D major or D minor). This notation style however was not universal: Bach, Mozart, and Schubert (in his early works) used it, but their respective contemporaries Handel, Haydn, and Beethoven wrote for the timpani at concert pitch.

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revolutionized timpani music in the early 19th century. He not only wrote for drums tuned to intervals other than a fourth or fifth, but he gave a prominence to the instrument as an independent voice beyond programmatic use. For example, his

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In the early 20th century and before, sticks were often made with whalebone shafts, wooden cores, and sponge wraps. Composers of that era often specified sponge-headed sticks. Modern timpanists execute such passages with felt sticks.

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Tympanum est pellis vel corium ligno ex una parte extentum. Est enim pars media symphoniae in similitudinem cribri. Tympanum autem dictum quod medium est, unde et margaritum medium tympanum dicitur; et ipsud ut symphonia ad virgulam

2253:, an outstanding Iranian-Austrian composer and conductor commenced the concert with one of his own compositions entitled, Persian Mysticism Around G which, starts with a short introduction written for timpani (five timpani tuned in 2238: 994:

A standard set of timpani (sometimes called a console) consists of four drums: roughly 32 inches (81 cm), 29 inches (74 cm), 26 inches (66 cm), and 23 inches (58 cm) in diameter. The range of this set is roughly

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By far the most common type of timpani used today are pedal timpani, which allows the tension of the head to be adjusted using a pedal mechanism. Typically, the pedal is connected to the tension screws via an assembly of either

2067:"No written kettledrum music survives from the 16th century, because the technique and repertory were learned by oral tradition and were kept secret. An early example of trumpet and kettledrum music occurs at the beginning of 2243:

The opening section of Persian Mysticism Around G featured by solo timpani using the glissando effect (recorded 1980 by Colosseum Musikstudios, performed by the Nuremberg Symphony Orchestra conducted by Alexander Rahbari).

1331:, as the soft nature of timpani sticks causes the rebound of the stick to be reduced, causing multiple bounce rolls to sound muffled. However, when playing with wood mallets, timpanists sometimes use multiple bounce rolls. 871:). Plastic heads are durable, weather-resistant, and relatively inexpensive. Thus, they are more commonly used than skin heads. However, many professional timpanists prefer skin heads because they produce a "warmer" 2037:

head was nailed directly to the shell of the drum. In the 15th century, heads began to be attached and tensioned by a counterhoop tied directly to the shell. In the early 16th century, the bindings were replaced by

1368:, though this use of the term is not strictly correct. The most effective glissandos are those from low to high notes and those performed during rolls. One of the first composers to call for a timpani glissando was 1804:

calls for a "whale sound" on the timpani. This is achieved by moistening the thumb and rubbing it from the edge to the center of the head. Among other techniques used primarily in solo work, such as John Beck's

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Modern composers will often specify the beating spot to alter the sound of the drum. When the timpani are struck directly in the center, they have a sound that is almost completely devoid of tone and resonance.

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Composers will sometimes specify that the timpani should be struck with implements other than timpani sticks. It is common in timpani etudes and solos for timpanists to play with their hands or fingers.

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realizes fully voiced chords from the timpani by requiring three timpanists and assigning one drum to each. He goes as far as ten timpanists playing three- and four-part chords on sixteen drums in his

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and must develop techniques to tune in an undetectable manner and accurately in the middle of a performance. Tuning is often tested with a light tap from a finger, which produces a near-silent note.

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For general playing, a timpanist will beat the head approximately 4 inches (10 cm) in from the edge. Beating at this spot produces the round, resonant sound commonly associated with timpani. A

1142: 935:. Unwrapped sticks with heads of wood, felt, flannel, and leather are also common. Wooden sticks are used as a special effect—specifically requested by composers as early as the Romantic era—and in 768:

followed by the friction clutch system. Many professionals also use these drums for outdoor performances due to their durability and lighter weight. The pedal is in the center of the drum itself.

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to more fully realize the flexibility the new mechanism had to offer. Many of his timpani parts require such a range of notes that it would be unthinkable to attempt them without pedal drums.

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enabled the introduction of new construction techniques and materials, in particular machine and pedal tuning mechanisms. Plastic heads were introduced in the mid-20th century, led by

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bowls produce darker tones. Modern timpani are generally made with copper due to its efficient regulation of internal and external temperatures relative to aluminum and fiberglass.

1472:, respectively. All pedaling is executed on the middle two drums. Each pedal change is indicated by a colored line: red for the larger and blue for the smaller of the middle drums. 3344: 2275:

up to C and then rolling down back to G (You can see the glissando notation and also listen to the whole timpani introduction on the right). Rahbari also makes use of a series of

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Although by the early 19th century, timpani were most commonly found in orchestras, ceremonial trumpet and timpani ensembles still existed. Image from late 18th century, Valencia.

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The Timpanist plays these successive glissandos at the end of the timpani introduction in Persian Mysticism Around G composed by Alexander Rahbari and premiered in Vienna, 1977.

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and can be tuned quickly and accurately to specific pitches by skilled players through the use of a movable foot-pedal. They are played by striking the head with a specialized

2269:). After a few bars fomenting the primary stormy passage, he uses an effective glissando effect produced by the back and forth switching of the timpani pedals, moving from B 2062: 1875: 3997: 2420:

used it occasionally in his Arkestra (played, for example, by percussionist Jim Herndon on the songs "Reflection in Blue" and "El Viktor," both recorded in 1957). In 1964,

3208: 1489: 3397: 1809:, is striking the bowls. Timpanists tend to be reluctant to strike the bowls at loud levels or with hard sticks since copper can be dented easily due to its soft nature. 1451: 1286: 733:

is used to balance the tension on the head so the pedal will stay in position and the head will stay at pitch. The pedal on a balanced action drum is sometimes called a

4042: 823:, developed a tuning mechanism in which the bowl is moved via a handle that connects to the base and the head remains stationary. These instruments are referred to as 3327: 1497: 1466:

requires the timpanist to use the pedals to play all the pitches. One way of executing this passage is annotated here: The lowest and highest drum stay on F and E

1141: 1435:. In general, timpanists reserve this term for passages where they must change the pitch in the midst of playing. Early 20th-century composers such as Nielsen, 570:

placed regularly around the circumference. The head's tension can be adjusted by loosening or tightening the rods. Most timpani have six to eight tension rods.

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For an example where this is not done, i.e. where the timpani part carries the same signature as all the other parts, see the orchestral score of Prokofiev's

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is written in the staff; nos. 29 to 30 non-transposing parts have a key signature of four sharps but, again, the timpani part has no key signature, and so on.

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sticks. However, snare drum sticks tend to produce too loud a sound, and since this work's premiere, the passage has been performed by striking with coins.

162: 3988: 2769: 257:, also known as vessel drums and semispherical drums, whose body is similar to a section of a sphere whose cut conforms the head. Most modern timpani are 4450: 3031: 1995: 1703:

A variation of this is to strike the head while two fingers of one hand lightly press and release spots near the center. The head will then vibrate at a

1006:. A great majority of the orchestral repertoire can be played using these four drums. However, contemporary composers have written for extended ranges. 1327:

requires a continuous roll on a drum for over two and a half minutes. In general, timpanists do not use multiple bounce rolls like those played on the

2796: 35: 4379: 513:. The tympanum is so named because it is a half, whence also the half-pearl is called a tympanum. Like the symphonia, it is struck with a drumstick. 1284:, considered one of the most influential composers of the late 20th century, wrote a double concerto at the behest of soloist Jonathan Haas titled 4455: 4435: 3850: 2659: 752:

Professional-level timpani use either the ratchet or friction system and have copper bowls. These drums can have one of two styles of pedals. The

3574:: through no. 6 non-transposing parts have a key signature of one flat but the timpani part has no key signature, in bar 7 of no. 1 the timpani B 1113:

Among the professionals who have been highly regarded for their virtuosity and impact on the development of the timpani in the 20th century are

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fulcrum is the contact between the thumb and middle finger. The index finger is used as a guide and to help lift the stick off of the drum. The

4064: 2288: 1700:. Struck close to the edge, timpani produce a very thin, hollow sound. This effect is used by composers such as Bartók, Bernstein, and Kodály. 3599:

major, where, incidentally, transposing instrument parts are also written at concert pitch with the same key signature as all the other parts.

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For a thorough scholarly analysis of the Pejeng Moon and the type of drum named after it, see August Johan Bernet Kempers, "The Pejeng type,"

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Resonance can cause timpani not in use to vibrate, causing a quieter sound to be produced. Timpanists must normally avoid this effect, called

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also wrote pieces for timpani and orchestra. Throughout the 19th century and much of the 20th, there were few new timpani concertos. In 1983,

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The first recorded use of early Tympanum was in "ancient times when it is known that they were used in religious ceremonies by Hebrews." The

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system uses a clutch that moves along a post. Disengaging the clutch frees it from the post, allowing the pedal to move without restraint.

3310: 1666:. Some modern composers occasionally require more than two notes. In this case, a timpanist can hold two sticks in one hand much like a 534:

The basic timpano consists of a drum head stretched across the opening of a bowl typically made of copper or, in less expensive models,

4460: 3523: 1513: 1463: 690: 3892: 3802: 3788: 3774: 3753: 3739: 3078: 2696: 2568: 2536: 2408:(1980) albums and tours, and would later sample tympani in his drum solo, "The Rhythm Method" in 1988. More recently, the rock band 1621: 936: 1450: 2923: 4409: 4005: 3590: 2584: 1838: 3205: 4480: 4176: 4028: 3394: 2094: 1634:

It is typical for only one timpani to be struck at a time, but occasionally composers will ask for two notes. This is called a

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has incorporated timpani into some of their classically based songs, most notably in Exogenesis: Symphony, Part I (Overture).

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for eight timpani and orchestra, which requires the solo timpanist to play eight drums simultaneously. Rough contemporaries

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in the world, is more than two thousand years old. The Moon of Pejeng is "the largest known relic from Southeast Asia's

1720: 868: 1732:(covered), both of which indicate that mutes - typically small pieces of felt or leather - should be placed on the head. 4485: 4394: 2339: 1114: 3927: 1724:. Resonance is reduced by damping or muting the drums, and in some cases composers will specify that timpani be played 2127: 4399: 4348: 3571: 2135: 1797: 1647: 907:. Timpani sticks are used in pairs. They have two components: a shaft and a head. The shaft is typically made from 3282: 1912: 1592: 3499:

Krentzer, Bill (December 1969). "The Beethoven Symphonies: Innovations of an Original Style in Timpani Scoring".

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timpanists set their drums up with the lowest drum on the left and the highest on the right (commonly called the

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A rare tuning mechanism allows the pitch to be changed by rotating the drum itself. A similar system is used on

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Despite these problems, composers eagerly exploited the opportunities the new mechanism had to offer. By 1915,

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wrote many works for the timpani and even started putting it in their symphonies and other orchestral works.

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system). This distinction is not strict, as many North American players use the German setup and vice versa.

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On chain timpani, a chain links the tension rods so a master handle can be used to turn them all at once.

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effects can be achieved by changing the pitch while it can still be heard. This is commonly called a

364: 2935: 2330:, and marching timpani fell out of common usage. Timpani are still used by the Mounted Bands of the 4358: 4338: 3955: 2503: 2168:

Until the late 19th century, timpani were hand-tuned; that is, there was a sequence of screws with

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took advantage of the freedom that pedal timpani afforded, often giving the timpani the bass line.

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have been written for timpani, and are for timpani and orchestral accompaniment. The 18th-century

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asks for cymbals resting on the head while the drum is struck in his later works. Additionally,

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wrapped around a wooden core is the most common. Other core materials include compressed felt,

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is only widely in use by practitioners: several are more typically referred to collectively as

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timpano—the clutch (seen here on the left) must be disengaged to change the pitch of the drum.

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has been widely adopted in the English language, some English speakers choose to use the word

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The inside, bottom of a Yamaha pedal timpano, showing the mechanical tension-adjusting system

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Music from Cuba: Mongo Santamaria, Chocolate Armenteros, and Other Stateside Cuban Musicians

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Samuel Z. Solomon, "How to Write for Percussion", pp. 65–66. Published by the author, 2002.

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on timpani in his Fourth Symphony—impossible on the old hand-tuned drums. However, it took

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Balanced action timpani are often used in outdoor performances because of their durability.

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players set them up in the reverse order, as to resemble a drum set or upright bass (the

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Timpani come in a variety of sizes from about 33 inches (84 cm) in diameter down to

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The tympanum is a skin or hide stretched over one end of a wooden frame. It is half of a

1411:'s Sonata for two pianos and percussion features pedal glissandos during a timpani roll. 1092: 468:, which would actually supersede the timpani in the traditional Cuban ensemble known as 4440: 4343: 4317: 2473: 2430: 2373: 2327: 2287: 2216: 2146: 2042: 1886: 1715: 1677: 1349: 1320: 1274: 1106: 1057: 981: 839:

developed a pedal-operated version of this tuning mechanism in the early 21st century.

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pedal is attached at the side nearest the timpanist and is operated by ankle motion. A

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Website of Guido Rückel, solo-timpanist of Munich Philharmonic; many timpani pictures

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Ireland uses and delights in two instruments only, the harp namely, and the tympanum.

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initial impact of a stroke, and the drum will produce different pitches at different

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of the orchestra, an atypical placement for the instruments. Haas also commissioned

52: 4307: 4099: 3842: 3184: 3153: 3070: 2651: 2435: 2377: 2369: 2365: 2335: 2315: 2307: 2276: 2193: 2138:(1824) sets the timpani (tuned an octave apart) against the orchestra in a sort of 2023: 1955: 1771: 1737: 1369: 1281: 1207: 969: 964: 960: 920: 789: 592: 289: 1980:

inches (20–22 cm)) and mounted to the player's belt, were used primarily for

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On some occasions a composer may ask for a metal object, commonly an upside-down

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Beyond this extended set of five instruments, any added drums are nonstandard. (

619: 477: 2299: 4384: 4264: 4254: 4189: 4124: 3669: 3609: 3082: 3017: 2393: 2149:. He was the first composer to indicate the exact sticks that should be used—" 2072: 1902: 1781: 1686:, although with the introduction of pedal tuning, this number can be reduced. 1525: 1420: 1359: 1328: 1225: 1166: 896: 764: 679: 535: 301: 262: 3992:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 763–766. 3109: 284:

by the last third of the 18th century. Today, they are used in many types of

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The Natural Guide to Bali: Enjoy Nature, Meet the People, Make a Difference

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recorded a number of rock covers of classical pieces that utilize timpani.

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attempts to use the timpani to imitate the engine of an ocean liner in his

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Timpanists use a variety of timpani sticks since each produces a different

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Percussion in Medieval and Renaissance Dance Music: Theory and Performance

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In the 17th and 18th centuries, timpani were almost always tuned with the

1987:. This form of timpani remained in use until the 16th century. In 1457, a 1372:, who used two sets of timpani playing glissandos at the same time in his 573:

The shape and material of the bowl's surface help to determine the drum's

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See, as an early 20th-century example, the orchestral score of Debussy's

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incorporated timpani into their music. This led to the use of timpani in

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Later, timpani were adopted into other classical music ensembles such as

2026:, and timpani continued to be paired with trumpets when they entered the 1991: 1984: 1981: 1963: 1704: 1431:

refers to changing the pitch with the pedal; it is an alternate term for

1250: 1243: 1239: 1153: 916: 908: 856: 848: 653: 582: 539: 465: 246: 3911:

was created from a revision of this article dated 12 June 2008

2773:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 289. 432:—are occasionally encountered in older English texts. Although the word 4229: 4147: 4104: 3855:. Vol. 18 (2nd ed.). Grove's Dictionaries of Music. 826–837. 3673: 3307:

The Kettledrums of Southeast Asia: A Bronze Age World and Its Aftermath

2899: 2875:

Power, Andrew (April 1983). "Sound Production of the Timpani, Part 1".

2488: 2177: 2131: 2084: 2019: 2015: 1988: 1959: 1947: 1917: 1867: 1863: 1667: 1606: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1316: 1073: 1069: 932: 864: 809: 793: 144: 39: 3961: 2228: 517:

The reference comparing the tympanum to half a pearl is borrowed from

4239: 4234: 4214: 4199: 4194: 2664:(2nd ed.). Grove's Dictionaries of Music. Volume 18, pp826–837. 2417: 2185: 2112: 2007: 1950:, the direct ancestors of most timpani, were brought to 13th-century 1813: 1757: 1077: 1061: 912: 888: 872: 627: 578: 574: 404: 392: 386: 352:

First attested in English in the late 19th century, the Italian word

250: 1052:

The drums are set up in an arc around the performer. Traditionally,

562:. The counter hoop is usually held in place with a number of tuning 551: 3837:. Cloyd E. Duff, Principal Timpani – retired – Cleveland Orchestra. 3819:"Credits: Beatles for Sale". Allmusic. Retrieved February 18, 2005. 4259: 4249: 4219: 4157: 2513: 2298: 2286: 2235: 2116: 2103: 2038: 1999: 1925: 1911: 1857: 1449: 1091: 980: 882: 700: 688: 510: 158: 3977: 3834: 3822:"Credits: A Love Supreme". Allmusic. Retrieved February 18, 2005. 3808: 2722:

3.22.10, Bill Thayer's edition of the Latin text at LacusCurtius

1670:, or more than one timpanist can be employed. In his Overture to 796:, though some manufacturers have used other materials, including 475:

The tympanum is mentioned, along with a faux name origin, in the

4269: 3825:"Credits: Tubular Bells". Allmusic. Retrieved February 18, 2005. 2758: 2413: 2150: 2050: 1894: 924: 852: 819:

In the early 20th century, Hans Schnellar, the timpanist of the

238: 30:"Kettledrum" and "Timpan" redirect here. For the racehorse, see 4024: 2396:

added a tympani to his expanding arsenal of percussion for the

709:

There are three types of pedal mechanisms in common use today:

610:

of 12 inches (30 cm) or less. A 33-inch drum can produce C

3967: 2453:

employs three pedal timpani upon which are played glissandos.

1575: 1393:

Sonata for two pianos and percussion, first movement (excerpt)

139: 2924:

Vibration patterns and sound analysis of the Viennese Timpani

2153:-covered", "wooden", etc. In several of his works, including 398: 380: 3889: 1478: 1381: 1348:. Timpanists are required to have a well-developed sense of 1176: 1122: 3699: 3460: 2165:(1837), he demanded the use of several timpanists at once. 1752:

calls for this technique to be used for a certain passage.

409:), meaning 'to strike, to hit'. Alternative spellings with 204: 198: 3633:

page, showing image of mounted bands with timpani in 2008.

2014:

since the 12th century. These drums evolved together with

1290:, which features its soloists playing nine drums a piece. 2022:. This practice continues to this day in sections of the 1714:, but composers have exploited it in solo pieces such as 959:

The two most common grips in playing the timpani are the

189: 3816:

Zoutendijk, Marc. Letters to Flamurai. February 8, 2005.

2041:. This allowed timpani to become tunable instruments of 1744:

utilizes this technique during a timpani cadenza. Also,

851:, timpani heads can be made from two materials: animal 241:

categorised as a hemispherical drum, they consist of a

3018:

Slow Motion of Timpani Technique | Percussion Research

2952: 1562:, which can also refer to playing with mutes on them ( 1547:

sustain. Today, timpanists must use their ear and the

618:), and specialty piccoli timpani can play up into the 397:), 'a hand drum', which in turn derives from the verb 2926:. Bertsch, Matthias. (2001), Proceedings of ISMA 2001 2130:(1806) opens with four solo timpani strokes, and the 1707:

much like the similar effect on a string instrument.

201: 34:. For the Metropolitan Museum of Art collection, see 3670:"Samuel Barber -- 'A Stopwatch and an Ordnance Map'" 3038:. Toronto, ON: Stewart Hoffman Music. Archived from 1280:. There have been other timpani concertos, notably, 895:

Timpani are typically struck with a special type of

195: 186: 4372: 4326: 4298: 4175: 4080: 4071: 3206:"Concerto Fantasy for Two Timpanists and Orchestra" 3128:"Percussive Arts Society Hall of Fame: Fred Hinger" 2063:

Evolution of Timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries

1876:

Evolution of Timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries

1646:uses this effect in the slow third movement of his 192: 183: 152: 129: 105: 93: 77: 69: 62: 3417:Topographia Hibernica, III.XI; tr. O'Meary, p. 94. 3154:"Percussive Arts Society Hall of Fame: Cloyd Duff" 1780:by requesting the timpanist play a soft roll with 249:stretched over a large bowl traditionally made of 3852:The New Grove Encyclopædia of Music and Musicians 3734:. W. W. Norton & Company, 3rd edition, 2002. 3524:"The Impact of Technology on Musical Instruments" 3361:Bali: Indonesia's Hindu Realm; A short history of 2661:The New Grove Encyclopædia of Music and Musicians 1287:Concerto Fantasy for Two Timpanists and Orchestra 1157:begins with the main theme played on the timpani. 985:A standard set of timpani consists of four drums. 1788:asks for the timpanist to use drumsticks in his 3427:Seaman, Christopher; Richards, Michael (2013). 2010:. This variety of timpani had been used in the 1551:to determine the length the note should sound. 1117:, Hans Schnellar, Fred Hinger, and Cloyd Duff. 602:timpani set up in three different combinations. 310:is an Italian plural, the singular of which is 3902: 3226: 3224: 2961:. Farmington Hills, MI: Lucent Books. p. 4036: 3831:. Composer John Beal. Retrieved May 21, 2006. 3259:"How and When to Play a Buzz Roll on Timpani" 737:since there is no clutch holding it in place. 459: 453: 447: 353: 311: 8: 4476:Musical instruments played with soft mallets 3239:. Las Vegas, Nevada: Timeless Communications 2546: 2544: 2468:, commissioned by Haas, put two soloists in 2291:This 1976 photograph shows marching timpani 1862:In the 15th century, timpani were used with 558:), which in turn is held onto the bowl by a 441: 45: 490: 370: 362: 4077: 4043: 4029: 4021: 3395:Get in touch with Bali's cultural heritage 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 2424:incorporated timpani into his drum kit on 2416:musicians also experimented with timpani. 2211:note of the piece on the low drum and the 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2739:. Cambridge University Press. p. 98. 2090:Tönet, ihr Pauken! Erschallet, Trompeten! 1622:Learn how and when to remove this message 1216:, the two timpanists echo the main theme. 763:Most school bands and orchestras below a 336:. They are also often incorrectly termed 36:Kettle Drums (Metropolitan Museum of Art) 4380:Classification of percussion instruments 3919:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 3748:. University of California Press, 1984. 2646: 2644: 2642: 2227: 2184:timpani for this reason. However, since 1962:. These drums, which were small (with a 1832:utilizes this technique in his concerto 1564: 775: 587: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2524: 1374:Symphony No. 4 ("The Inextinguishable") 1110:the principal timpanist when required. 4065:List of percussion instruments by type 2900:"In Search of the Missing Fundamental" 2587:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, 2571:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, 1523: 1418: 1307:(most commonly signaled in a score by 1223: 1164: 816:, made timpani tuned in this fashion. 788:, the tension rods are connected by a 44: 3835:"Timpanist – Musician or Technician?" 3762:". 1997. Retrieved February 22, 2006. 2737:The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville 2018:to be the primary instruments of the 1767:Symphonic Dances from West Side Story 648:Each drum typically has a range of a 216: 7: 3322:Iain Stewart and Ryan Ver Berkmoes, 3180:"The Guardian Profile: Philip Glass" 3178:O'Mahony, John (November 24, 2001), 2462:Johnny H. and the Prisoners of Swing 1794:to evoke the sound of a field drum. 1604:adding citations to reliable sources 812:. Jenco, a company better known for 645:(at the bottom of the treble clef). 340:. A musician who plays timpani is a 3810:Timpani: Frequently Asked Questions 3339:Yayasan Bumi Kita and Anne Gouyon, 2691:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 67. 1538:Since timpani have a long sustain, 1206:In the beginning of "Jupiter" from 581:bowls produce brighter tones while 348:Etymology and alternative spellings 38:. For the stringed instrument, see 3283:"From me flows what you call Time" 3231:Jones, Brett (November 19, 2013). 2556:www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com 1998:carried larger timpani mounted on 1271:Concerto for Timpani and Orchestra 599: 595: 25: 4451:Orchestral percussion instruments 3797:. Published by the author, 2002. 3645:"Hey, what's that sound: Timpani" 3560:. University of California Press. 1897:, the largest single-cast bronze 1866:as ceremonial instruments in the 1760:on timpani in his Symphony No. 1 1558:Muffling is often referred to as 440:. The German word for timpani is 253:. Thus timpani are an example of 89:with membrane lapped on by a rim) 4410:List of vibraphone manufacturers 3949: 3935: 3901: 3620:from the original on 2021-11-07. 3482:"Kettledrum; Musical Instrument" 3365:. Short History of Asia Series. 3233:"Percussion Performance:Timpani" 2898:Jones, Richard K. (March 2017). 1839:From me flows what you call Time 1580: 1524:Problems playing this file? See 1494: 1490:Concerto for Orchestra (excerpt) 1454:This chromatic passage from the 1419:Problems playing this file? See 1397: 1273:, which won second prize in the 1224:Problems playing this file? See 1196: 1165:Problems playing this file? See 1138: 179: 121: 114: 51: 3783:. Alfred Publishing Co., 1993. 3769:. Yale University Press, 2002. 3680:from the original on 2021-11-07 3087:Alfred Publishing Company, Inc. 2447:A Stopwatch and an Ordnance Map 1591:needs additional citations for 544:Sachs–Hornbostel classification 316:. However, in English the term 79:Hornbostel–Sachs classification 4456:Pitched percussion instruments 4436:Directly struck membranophones 4061:List of percussion instruments 3964:—Timpani harmonics information 3781:Fundamental Method for Timpani 3309:(Taylor & Francis, 1988), 1654:in the second movement of his 722:means of a fine-tuning handle. 464:, not to be confused with the 1: 4415:List of timpani manufacturers 4405:List of marimba manufacturers 3940:The dictionary definition of 3813:. Retrieved February 4, 2005. 3643:McNamee, David (2009-04-27). 3217:Philip Glass Official Website 2499:List of timpani manufacturers 2279:during this opening section. 2145:The next major innovator was 1721:Eight Pieces for Four Timpani 1265:, principal timpanist of the 792:much like the one found on a 458:), the French and Spanish is 98: 27:Pitched percussion instrument 4471:Continuous pitch instruments 4395:List of cymbal manufacturers 3558:The Anatomy of the Orchestra 3020:. Retrieved 7 December 2012. 2852:"Definition of COUNTER HOOP" 2797:"Timpani Construction paper" 2180:in the 1870s and are called 1905:period." The drum is in the 405: 393: 387: 3795:How to Write for Percussion 3343:(Tuttle Publishing, 2005), 2442:, made use of the timpani. 1638:, a term borrowed from the 1037:Al gran sole carico d'amore 636:, the timpanist must play F 550:. The head is affixed to a 466:latin percussion instrument 413:in place of either or both 120:Ranges of individual sizes 4502: 4400:List of drum manufacturers 4349:Indoor percussion ensemble 3732:The Study of Orchestration 3522:Bowles, Edmund A. (1999). 2828:"Definition of FLESH HOOP" 2386:Emerson, Lake & Palmer 2060: 1873: 1010:specifically writes for a 915:but may also be made from 399: 381: 277:to become a staple of the 73:Kettledrums, Timps, Pauken 29: 4461:Italian words and phrases 4138: 4058: 3962:The Well-Tempered Timpani 3829:"William Kraft Biography" 3713:"Susman-Floating Falling" 3263:freepercussionlessons.com 3237:School Band and Orchestra 3075:Modern Method for Tympani 2904:The Well-Tempered Timpani 2509:Vibrations of a drum head 2428:'s four-part composition 1850:to be placed on timpani. 1504:In this passage from the 1101:instruments. In his book 837:Adams Musical Instruments 682:or metal rods called the 507:i.e. another type of drum 452:in plural (from the word 157: 136: 112: 50: 3767:Timpani & Percussion 3746:Anatomy of the Orchestra 3556:Del Mar, Norman (1981). 3357:Pringle, Robert (2004). 2958:The Instruments of Music 2735:Barney, Stephen (2010). 2464:. Philip Glass with his 2172:-shaped handles, called 1267:Los Angeles Philharmonic 1103:Anatomy of the Orchestra 225:(also informally called 3989:Encyclopædia Britannica 3509:Percussive Arts Society 3486:Encyclopædia Britannica 3326:(Lonely Planet, 2007), 3036:stewarthoffmanmusic.com 2951:Kallen, Stuart (2003). 2885:Percussive Arts Society 2856:www.merriam-webster.com 2832:www.merriam-webster.com 2770:Encyclopædia Britannica 2685:Charley Gerard (2001). 2589:A Greek-English Lexicon 2573:A Greek-English Lexicon 2479:for timpani and cello. 1820:uses this technique in 1802:Songs of Sailor and Sea 804:Other tuning mechanisms 273:. Timpani evolved from 4481:Orchestral instruments 4052:Percussion instruments 3897: 3877:Listen to this article 2752:IX. 35, 23. Quoted in 2311: 2296: 2245: 2233: 2109: 2075:(1607)." Later in the 1928: 1881:Pre-orchestral history 1871: 1822:From A Dark Millennium 1514:Concerto for Orchestra 1483: 1473: 1464:Concerto for Orchestra 1386: 1294:Performance techniques 1259:Johann Melchior Molter 1181: 1127: 1097: 986: 977:In the modern ensemble 937:authentic performances 892: 781: 706: 698: 603: 515: 509:) and it looks like a 498: 491: 483:St. Isidore of Seville 460: 454: 448: 446:; the Swedish word is 442: 371: 363: 354: 312: 214:Italian pronunciation: 167: 4300:Electronic percussion 3998:"534m Membranophones" 3974:Schlesinger, Kathleen 3896: 3447:10.7722/j.ctt3fgm4p.2 2755:Schlesinger, Kathleen 2302: 2290: 2283:Outside the orchestra 2242: 2231: 2156:Symphonie fantastique 2107: 2081:Johann Sebastian Bach 2061:Further information: 2047:Industrial Revolution 1915: 1874:Further information: 1861: 1848:Japanese temple bowls 1712:sympathetic resonance 1506:Intermezzo interrotto 1482: 1456:Intermezzo interrotto 1453: 1385: 1180: 1126: 1095: 984: 886: 779: 704: 692: 591: 546:, this makes timpani 499: 487: 166:Timpani F major triad 165: 64:Percussion instrument 4327:Percussion groupings 4177:Unpitched percussion 3958:at Wikimedia Commons 3928:More spoken articles 3758:Ferrell, Robert G. " 3591:Piano Concerto No. 1 3572:Pelléas et Mélisande 3393:Rita A. Widiadana, " 2936:"Timpani Head Guide" 2718:Isidore of Seville, 2602:"Tympani, Tympanist" 2445:In his choral piece 2440:Allman Brothers Band 2324:drum and bugle corps 2123:Ludwig van Beethoven 1907:Pura Penataran Sasih 1889:, also known as the 1697:An American in Paris 1694:uses this effect in 1644:Ludwig van Beethoven 1600:improve this article 729:system, a spring or 633:La création du monde 4486:Baroque instruments 4359:Percussion ensemble 4339:Marching percussion 4082:Keyboard percussion 3793:Solomon, Samuel Z. 3616:. 3 February 2020. 3610:"Persian Mysticism" 3114:www.wienerpauken.at 2504:Missing fundamental 2438:, drummer with the 2295:with legs extended. 2215:on the high drum—a 1966:of about 8 to 1572:Extended techniques 821:Vienna Philharmonic 300:, and even in some 231:musical instruments 131:Related instruments 47: 4354:Percussion section 4073:Pitched percussion 3979:"Kettledrum" 3898: 3779:Peters, Mitchell. 3676:. 2 January 2017. 3400:2009-07-05 at the 3211:2011-05-20 at the 3030:Hoffman, Stewart. 2345:Garde Républicaine 2332:Household Division 2312: 2297: 2246: 2234: 2110: 2099:Christmas Oratorio 2069:Claudio Monteverdi 1952:Continental Europe 1929: 1872: 1807:Sonata for Timpani 1484: 1474: 1387: 1182: 1128: 1098: 1017:The Rite of Spring 987: 893: 879:Sticks and mallets 782: 731:hydraulic cylinder 707: 699: 604: 379:of the Greek word 218:[ˈtimpani] 168: 32:Kettledrum (horse) 4423: 4422: 4390:Percussion mallet 4171: 4170: 3954:Media related to 3894: 3862:978-1-56159-239-5 3765:Montagu, Jeremy. 3744:Del Mar, Norman. 3717:Steve Weiss Music 3438:978-1-58046-411-6 3429:Inside Conducting 3380:978-1-86508-863-1 3367:Allen & Unwin 3324:Bali & Lombok 3095:978-0-7579-9100-4 3042:on April 24, 2012 2972:978-1-59018-127-0 2940:Steve Weiss Music 2760:"Symphonia" 2671:978-1-56159-239-5 2251:Alexander Rahbari 2240: 2140:call and response 2057:Role in orchestra 1830:Michael Daugherty 1818:Joseph Schwantner 1777:Enigma Variations 1754:Leonard Bernstein 1746:Michael Daugherty 1673:Benvenuto Cellini 1640:string instrument 1632: 1631: 1624: 1499: 1402: 1255:Georg Druschetzky 1201: 1143: 833:Schnellar timpani 814:mallet percussion 614:(the C below the 358:derives from the 235:percussion family 172: 171: 163: 16:(Redirected from 4493: 4078: 4045: 4038: 4031: 4022: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4008:on July 10, 2006 4004:. Archived from 3993: 3981: 3953: 3939: 3918: 3916: 3905: 3904: 3895: 3885: 3883: 3878: 3866: 3845:(January 2001). 3807:Thomas, Dwight. 3719: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3606: 3600: 3598: 3597: 3587: 3581: 3579: 3578: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3543: 3534:. Archived from 3519: 3513: 3512: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3468: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3424: 3418: 3415: 3409: 3406:The Jakarta Post 3391: 3385: 3384: 3364: 3354: 3348: 3337: 3331: 3320: 3314: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3293: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3269: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3228: 3219: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3140: 3139: 3130:. Archived from 3124: 3118: 3117: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3067: 3052: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3008: 3006: 3004: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2948: 2942: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2877:Percussive Notes 2872: 2866: 2865: 2863: 2862: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2838: 2824: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2814: 2808: 2802:. Archived from 2801: 2795:Bridge, Robert. 2792: 2775: 2774: 2762: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2732: 2726: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2654:(January 2001). 2648: 2617: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2598: 2592: 2582: 2576: 2566: 2560: 2559: 2548: 2539: 2529: 2494:Electronic tuner 2477:Floating Falling 2466:Concerto Fantasy 2382:progressive rock 2318:. In the 1970s, 2274: 2273: 2266: 2265: 2260: 2259: 2241: 2159:(1830), and his 2083:wrote a secular 2004:King Charles VII 2002:to the court of 1996:King Ladislaus V 1979: 1978: 1974: 1971: 1786:Benjamin Britten 1742:Concerto Fantasy 1627: 1620: 1616: 1613: 1607: 1584: 1576: 1501: 1500: 1481: 1471: 1470: 1407:This segment of 1404: 1403: 1384: 1314: 1278:Friedheim Awards 1203: 1202: 1179: 1145: 1144: 1125: 825:Viennese timpani 719:ratchet and pawl 641: 640: 495: 463: 457: 451: 445: 419: 408: 402: 401: 396: 390: 384: 383: 375:), which is the 374: 368: 357: 315: 220: 215: 211: 210: 207: 206: 203: 200: 197: 194: 191: 188: 185: 164: 125: 118: 100: 55: 48: 21: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4491: 4490: 4426: 4425: 4424: 4419: 4368: 4322: 4313:Electronic drum 4294: 4167: 4134: 4067: 4063: 4054: 4049: 4011: 4009: 3996: 3972: 3932: 3931: 3920: 3914: 3912: 3909:This audio file 3906: 3899: 3890: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3876: 3873: 3863: 3841: 3730:Adler, Samuel. 3727: 3725:Further reading 3722: 3711: 3707: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3683: 3681: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3653: 3651: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3631:Beating Retreat 3629: 3625: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3595: 3594: 3588: 3584: 3576: 3575: 3569: 3565: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3541: 3539: 3521: 3520: 3516: 3498: 3497: 3493: 3480: 3479: 3475: 3466: 3464: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3439: 3426: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3402:Wayback Machine 3392: 3388: 3381: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3338: 3334: 3321: 3317: 3304: 3300: 3291: 3289: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3267: 3265: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3242: 3240: 3230: 3229: 3222: 3213:Wayback Machine 3204: 3200: 3191: 3189: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3162: 3160: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3137: 3135: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3096: 3069: 3068: 3055: 3045: 3043: 3029: 3028: 3024: 3016: 3012: 3002: 3000: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2934: 2930: 2922: 2918: 2908: 2906: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2860: 2858: 2850: 2849: 2845: 2836: 2834: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2799: 2794: 2793: 2778: 2753: 2750:Natural History 2748: 2744: 2734: 2733: 2729: 2717: 2713: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2672: 2650: 2649: 2620: 2610: 2608: 2606:Merriam-Webster 2600: 2599: 2595: 2583: 2579: 2567: 2563: 2550: 2549: 2542: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2485: 2405:Permanent Waves 2310:with a timpano. 2285: 2271: 2270: 2263: 2262: 2257: 2256: 2236: 2128:Violin Concerto 2065: 2059: 1976: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1937:Gerald of Wales 1883: 1878: 1856: 1836:. In his piece 1798:Robert W. Smith 1728:(with mute) or 1692:George Gershwin 1676:, for example, 1664:El Salón México 1652:Johannes Brahms 1628: 1617: 1611: 1608: 1597: 1585: 1574: 1536: 1531: 1530: 1522: 1520: 1519: 1518: 1517: 1502: 1495: 1492: 1485: 1479: 1468: 1467: 1445:Richard Strauss 1426: 1425: 1417: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1405: 1398: 1395: 1388: 1382: 1341: 1308: 1301: 1296: 1269:, composed his 1236: 1231: 1230: 1222: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1204: 1197: 1194: 1192:suite (excerpt) 1188:"Jupiter" from 1183: 1177: 1172: 1171: 1163: 1161: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1149:Richard Strauss 1146: 1139: 1136: 1129: 1123: 1090: 1068:system), while 1048: 1042:youth orchestra 1027: 1023: 1012:piccolo timpano 1008:Igor Stravinsky 1004: 1000: 992: 979: 957: 881: 845: 806: 774: 746:post and clutch 742:friction clutch 727:balanced action 675: 667:machine timpani 662: 660:Machine timpani 644: 638: 637: 613: 608:piccoli timpani 577:. For example, 554:(also called a 532: 527: 519:Pliny the Elder 417: 350: 213: 182: 178: 159: 84: 58: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4499: 4497: 4489: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4428: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4376: 4374: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4344:Front ensemble 4341: 4336: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4304: 4302: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4181: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4139: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4086: 4084: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4059: 4056: 4055: 4050: 4048: 4047: 4040: 4033: 4025: 4019: 4018: 3994: 3984:Chisholm, Hugh 3970: 3965: 3959: 3947: 3921: 3907: 3900: 3888: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3871:External links 3869: 3868: 3867: 3861: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3805: 3791: 3777: 3763: 3756: 3742: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3720: 3705: 3700:"Philip Glass" 3691: 3661: 3635: 3623: 3601: 3582: 3563: 3548: 3528:COSMOS Journal 3514: 3491: 3473: 3452: 3437: 3419: 3410: 3386: 3379: 3349: 3332: 3315: 3298: 3274: 3250: 3220: 3198: 3170: 3144: 3119: 3101: 3094: 3053: 3022: 3010: 2985: 2971: 2943: 2928: 2916: 2890: 2867: 2843: 2819: 2776: 2765:Chisholm, Hugh 2742: 2727: 2711: 2697: 2677: 2670: 2618: 2593: 2577: 2561: 2540: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2484: 2481: 2431:A Love Supreme 2374:The Beach Boys 2328:front ensemble 2320:marching bands 2284: 2281: 2222:Timpani in D–A 2217:perfect fourth 2196:was demanding 2147:Hector Berlioz 2136:Ninth Symphony 2058: 2055: 2043:definite pitch 1887:Moon of Pejeng 1882: 1879: 1855: 1852: 1844:Tōru Takemitsu 1834:Raise The Roof 1750:Raise The Roof 1716:Elliott Carter 1678:Hector Berlioz 1656:German Requiem 1648:Ninth Symphony 1630: 1629: 1588: 1586: 1579: 1573: 1570: 1535: 1532: 1521: 1503: 1493: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1416: 1406: 1396: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1380: 1379: 1378: 1350:relative pitch 1346:dynamic levels 1340: 1337: 1325:Symphony No. 7 1321:Anton Bruckner 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1275:Kennedy Center 1247:Johann Fischer 1235: 1232: 1221: 1205: 1195: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1162: 1147: 1137: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1107:Norman Del Mar 1089: 1086: 1054:North American 1046: 1025: 1021: 1002: 998: 991: 988: 978: 975: 956: 953: 905:timpani mallet 880: 877: 844: 841: 805: 802: 773: 770: 750: 749: 738: 735:floating pedal 723: 717:system uses a 715:ratchet clutch 674: 671: 661: 658: 642: 624:Darius Milhaud 611: 548:membranophones 531: 528: 526: 523: 349: 346: 294:marching bands 275:military drums 271:timpani mallet 170: 169: 155: 154: 150: 149: 148: 147: 142: 134: 133: 127: 126: 110: 109: 103: 102: 101:6th century AD 95: 91: 90: 81: 75: 74: 71: 67: 66: 60: 59: 56: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4498: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4371: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4275:Temple blocks 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4140: 4137: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4120:Tubular bells 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4110:Tubular bells 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4046: 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3440: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3420: 3414: 3411: 3408:(06/06/2002). 3407: 3403: 3399: 3396: 3390: 3387: 3382: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3362: 3353: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3336: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3319: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3302: 3299: 3288: 3284: 3278: 3275: 3264: 3260: 3254: 3251: 3238: 3234: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3207: 3202: 3199: 3187: 3186: 3181: 3174: 3171: 3159: 3155: 3152:Atwood, Jim. 3148: 3145: 3134:on 2015-06-18 3133: 3129: 3123: 3120: 3115: 3111: 3105: 3102: 3097: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3071:Goodman, Saul 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3026: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3011: 2999: 2995: 2989: 2986: 2974: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2959: 2954: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2917: 2909:September 23, 2905: 2901: 2894: 2891: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2871: 2868: 2857: 2853: 2847: 2844: 2833: 2829: 2823: 2820: 2809:on 2016-05-29 2805: 2798: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2743: 2738: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2715: 2712: 2700: 2698:9780275966829 2694: 2690: 2689: 2681: 2678: 2673: 2667: 2663: 2662: 2657: 2656:Stanley Sadie 2653: 2652:Grove, George 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2607: 2603: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2538: 2537:0-9744721-0-7 2534: 2528: 2525: 2519: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2457:Jonathan Haas 2454: 2452: 2451:Samuel Barber 2448: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2432: 2427: 2426:John Coltrane 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2406: 2401: 2400: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2357:rock and roll 2353: 2351: 2347: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2316:concert bands 2309: 2305: 2301: 2294: 2289: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2268: 2252: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2164: 2163: 2158: 2157: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2106: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2091: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2064: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1990: 1986: 1983: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1933:Cambro-Norman 1927: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1880: 1877: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1840: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1793: 1792: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1778: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1706: 1701: 1699: 1698: 1693: 1687: 1685: 1684: 1679: 1675: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1660:Aaron Copland 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1626: 1623: 1615: 1605: 1601: 1595: 1594: 1589:This section 1587: 1583: 1578: 1577: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1550: 1545: 1541: 1533: 1529: 1527: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1491: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1441:Samuel Barber 1438: 1434: 1430: 1424: 1422: 1410: 1394: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1366: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1317:three slashes 1313: 1312: 1306: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1289: 1288: 1283: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1263:William Kraft 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1241: 1233: 1229: 1227: 1215: 1214: 1209: 1193: 1191: 1170: 1168: 1156: 1155: 1150: 1135: 1118: 1116: 1111: 1108: 1104: 1094: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1043: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1009: 1005: 989: 983: 976: 974: 971: 966: 962: 955:Popular grips 954: 952: 948: 944: 942: 941:Baroque music 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 901:timpani stick 898: 890: 885: 878: 876: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 842: 840: 838: 834: 830: 829:Wiener Pauken 826: 822: 817: 815: 811: 803: 801: 799: 795: 791: 787: 786:chain timpani 778: 772:Chain timpani 771: 769: 766: 761: 759: 755: 747: 743: 739: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 711: 710: 703: 696: 693:A pedal on a 691: 687: 685: 681: 673:Pedal timpani 672: 670: 668: 659: 657: 655: 651: 650:perfect fifth 646: 635: 634: 629: 625: 621: 617: 609: 601: 597: 594: 590: 586: 584: 580: 576: 571: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 530:Basic timpani 529: 524: 522: 520: 514: 512: 508: 504: 497: 496: 494: 486: 484: 480: 479: 473: 471: 467: 462: 456: 450: 444: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 416: 412: 407: 395: 389: 378: 373: 367: 366: 361: 356: 347: 345: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 314: 309: 305: 303: 299: 295: 291: 290:concert bands 287: 283: 280: 276: 272: 268: 267:timpani stick 264: 260: 259:pedal timpani 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 219: 209: 176: 156: 151: 146: 143: 141: 138: 137: 135: 132: 128: 124: 119: 117: 111: 108: 107:Playing range 104: 96: 92: 88: 87:membranophone 82: 80: 76: 72: 68: 65: 61: 54: 49: 41: 37: 33: 19: 4466:Bass (sound) 4446:Battle drums 4308:Drum machine 4162: 4100:Glockenspiel 4010:. Retrieved 4006:the original 4001: 3987: 3942: 3851: 3809: 3794: 3780: 3766: 3745: 3731: 3716: 3708: 3694: 3682:. Retrieved 3664: 3652:. Retrieved 3649:The Guardian 3648: 3638: 3626: 3613: 3604: 3585: 3566: 3557: 3551: 3540:. Retrieved 3536:the original 3527: 3517: 3504: 3500: 3494: 3485: 3476: 3465:. Retrieved 3455: 3428: 3422: 3413: 3405: 3389: 3360: 3352: 3340: 3335: 3323: 3318: 3306: 3301: 3290:. Retrieved 3286: 3277: 3266:. Retrieved 3262: 3253: 3241:. Retrieved 3236: 3216: 3201: 3192:December 14, 3190:, retrieved 3185:The Guardian 3183: 3173: 3161:. Retrieved 3157: 3147: 3136:. Retrieved 3132:the original 3122: 3113: 3104: 3074: 3044:. Retrieved 3040:the original 3035: 3025: 3013: 3001:. Retrieved 2997: 2988: 2976:. Retrieved 2957: 2946: 2939: 2931: 2919: 2907:. Retrieved 2903: 2893: 2880: 2876: 2870: 2859:. Retrieved 2855: 2846: 2835:. Retrieved 2831: 2822: 2811:. Retrieved 2804:the original 2768: 2749: 2745: 2736: 2730: 2719: 2714: 2702:. Retrieved 2687: 2680: 2660: 2609:. Retrieved 2605: 2596: 2591:, on Perseus 2588: 2580: 2575:, on Perseus 2572: 2564: 2555: 2527: 2476: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2455: 2446: 2444: 2436:Butch Trucks 2429: 2403: 2397: 2370:Led Zeppelin 2354: 2344: 2340:Mounted Band 2336:British Army 2313: 2308:Led Zeppelin 2292: 2277:acciaccatura 2254: 2247: 2221: 2206: 2194:Carl Nielsen 2191: 2181: 2173: 2169: 2167: 2160: 2154: 2144: 2121: 2111: 2088: 2066: 2035: 2024:British Army 1945: 1940: 1930: 1890: 1884: 1837: 1833: 1821: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1789: 1775: 1772:Edward Elgar 1765: 1761: 1749: 1741: 1738:Philip Glass 1734: 1729: 1725: 1719: 1709: 1702: 1695: 1688: 1681: 1671: 1642:vocabulary. 1633: 1618: 1612:January 2021 1609: 1598:Please help 1593:verification 1590: 1563: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1543: 1539: 1537: 1508:movement of 1505: 1458:movement of 1455: 1432: 1428: 1427: 1370:Carl Nielsen 1363: 1358: 1354: 1342: 1333: 1309: 1305:timpani roll 1302: 1285: 1282:Philip Glass 1270: 1237: 1211: 1189: 1152: 1115:Saul Goodman 1112: 1102: 1099: 1081: 1065: 1051: 1040:schools and 1030: 1020:, tuned to B 1015: 1011: 993: 990:Standard set 958: 949: 945: 921:carbon fiber 904: 900: 894: 846: 832: 828: 824: 818: 807: 790:roller chain 785: 783: 762: 757: 753: 751: 745: 741: 734: 726: 714: 708: 694: 683: 676: 666: 663: 647: 631: 607: 605: 593:Walter Light 572: 568:tension rods 567: 560:counter hoop 559: 555: 533: 525:Construction 516: 506: 500: 489: 488: 476: 474: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 414: 410: 377:latinisation 351: 341: 337: 333: 330:temple drums 329: 325: 321: 317: 307: 306: 288:, including 270: 266: 258: 255:kettle drums 254: 237:. A type of 226: 222: 174: 173: 153:Sound sample 113: 4364:Drum circle 3614:youtube.com 3532:Cosmos Club 3369:. pp. 3243:October 12, 3003:October 31, 2978:October 31, 2720:Etymologiae 2704:October 28, 2611:October 28, 2422:Elvin Jones 2402:(1978) and 2399:Hemispheres 2362:The Beatles 2350:French Army 2338:and of the 2304:John Bonham 2202:Béla Bartók 2012:Middle East 1935:chronicler 1899:kettle drum 1891:Pejeng Moon 1791:War Requiem 1764:and in his 1726:con sordino 1636:double stop 1437:Béla Bartók 1238:A few solo 1213:The Planets 1190:The Planets 867:(typically 855:(typically 798:steel cable 652:, or seven 620:treble clef 579:hemispheric 493:percutitur. 478:Etymologiae 438:kettledrums 322:kettledrums 223:kettledrums 70:Other names 57:A timpanist 4430:Categories 4385:Drum stick 4290:Wood block 4265:Tambourine 4255:Snare drum 4125:Vibraphone 4012:January 4, 3924:Audio help 3915:2008-06-12 3840:"Timpani" 3542:2008-02-19 3467:2016-05-21 3463:. Remo Inc 3292:2021-01-02 3268:2022-07-09 3138:2015-06-18 3083:California 2861:2018-05-13 2837:2018-05-13 2813:2008-02-18 2520:References 2394:Neil Peart 2198:glissandos 1985:ceremonies 1903:Bronze Age 1846:calls for 1782:snare drum 1756:calls for 1526:media help 1421:media help 1360:Portamento 1329:snare drum 1226:media help 1167:media help 1033:Luigi Nono 897:drum stick 847:Like most 765:university 680:cast metal 556:flesh hoop 536:fiberglass 302:rock bands 298:orchestras 263:drum stick 83:211.11-922 18:Kettledrum 4245:Mark tree 4210:Castanets 4185:Bass drum 4130:Xylophone 4115:Tubaphone 3461:"Company" 3073:(1988) . 3046:August 9, 2998:Vic Firth 2994:"T5 Wood" 2552:"timpani" 2220:example, 2071:'s opera 2031:orchestra 2028:classical 2000:horseback 1989:Hungarian 1956:Crusaders 1931:In 1188, 1922:Rajasthan 1909:temple." 1826:Carl Orff 1668:marimbist 1565:see below 1365:glissando 1240:concertos 1234:Concertos 899:called a 849:drumheads 654:semitones 616:bass clef 583:parabolic 542:. 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