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660:, Key deer was among the animal species mentioned in the press that might have no other option for escaping extinction in its historical range. A November 2023 news article about the 50th anniversary of the Endangered Species Act summed up the problem for Key deer this way: "Rising seas created the Key deer. Rapidly rising seas, a symptom of human-caused climate change, are challenging its continued existence and raising tough questions for the people trying to keep the nation's more than 1,300 other threatened and endangered species alive."
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gruesome death. The female fly mates once in her life, so the infestation can be battled by introducing sterile male flies to the population, causing the females to die out without laying fertile eggs. Other steps to battle the outbreak included injecting deer with antiparasitic drugs, fencing off healthy sections of the population, and tracking a portion of deer with radio collars. The pest was declared as eradicated in April 2017. The outbreak killed 135 deer, roughly an eighth of the herd.
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purchase these private habitat lands for protection in the refuge, about 5,000 acres (20 km) currently remain in private ownership and can potentially be developed. About 1,000 acres (4.0 km) of this privately developable land is on Big Pine Key and No Name Key, which are the central population areas for the deer. In 2006, a
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plan was enacted by Monroe County and the US Fish and
Wildlife Service, which will limit development in primary habitat and provide for additional habitat purchases over the next 15 years. At the end of this period, however, most of the 1,000 acres (4.0 km) of privately owned habitat land on Big
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However, the population has made an encouraging rise since 1955, when population estimates ranged as low as 25, and appears to have stabilized in recent years. Still, recent human encroachment into the fragile habitat and the deer's relatively low rate of reproduction point to an uncertain future for
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This deer can be recognized by its characteristic size, smaller than all other white-tailed deer. Adult males (known as bucks) usually weigh 25–34 kg (55–75 lb) and stand about 76 cm (30 in) tall at the shoulder. Adult females (does) usually weigh between 20 and 29 kg (44 and
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The
National Key Deer Refuge encourages people to help keep the Key deer wild by not feeding them. Feeding acclimates them to humans and vehicles, and makes them more likely to be hit and killed by vehicles. Also, hanging around people and developed areas in higher than normal densities makes them
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Conservation efforts include the establishment of the
National Key Deer Refuge, which consists of about 8,500 acres (34 km) on Big Pine, No Name Key, and several smaller uninhabited islands. Not all of the refuge lands are protected as public lands; despite extensive efforts of the refuge to
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was discovered (the first infestation of its kind in the U.S. since 1982) to be affecting the Key deer population, necessitating the euthanasia of affected animals. The screw worm is a fly larva that enters an open wound of a live animal and eats the flesh of the animal from within, leading to a
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Breeding occurs all year, but peaks in
October and December. Territorial activity is limited to defending a receptive doe from other bucks. Longevity records are 9 years for males and 7 years for females. Adult females form loose matriarchal groups with one or two generations of offspring, while
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The population has been impacted by the fragmentation, destruction and degradation of its habitat, generally due to urbanization. Human feeding of deer has also proven problematic, as the animals become dependent on this food source. Fences have become an obstacle to migration and dispersal.
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428:). The deer are often found in residents' yards and along roadsides where plants and flowers grow. This often results in car-to-deer collisions, as the deer are more active (and harder to avoid) at night. Seeing them at dusk and dawn is not unusual.
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are grown by males and shed between
February and March and regrown by June. When the antlers are growing, they have a white velvet coating. The subspecies otherwise generally resembles other white-tailed deer in appearance.
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recommended that the Key deer be "delisted due to recovery". The species remained listed, but its recovery plan was amended in 2022 to specify the conditions in which delisting or downlisting would be appropriate.
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when drinking water is more generally available, retreating to islands with a perennial supply of fresh water in dry months. By August 2019, most individuals were living on only one of the
Florida Key islands,
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make up the most important parts of their diets. Pine rockland habitat is important, as well, because it is often the only reliable source of fresh drinking water (Key deer can tolerate drinking only mildly
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was also elevated in 2003 to allow the deer to pass safely beneath the roadway, in an attempt to lessen the chance of road kills. However, no decrease in total traffic deaths has been seen.
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Pine and No Name Keys will still be open for further development. Thus, while the short term promises some cushion from extinction, the long-term prospects for the deer remain in doubt.
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Parker, Israel; Lopez, Roel; Silvy, Nova; Davis, Donald; Owen, Catherine (September 2011). "Long-Term
Effectiveness of US 1 Crossing Project in Reducing Florida Key Deer Mortality".
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The range of the Key deer originally encompassed all of the lower
Florida Keys (where standing water pools exist), but is now limited to a stretch of the Florida Keys from about
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Due to proximity, most Key deer have lost their fear of humans. This, besides habitat loss, is the main reason why they have become endangered.
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Recent population estimates put the population between 700 and 800, putting it on the list of endangered species. Road kills from drivers on
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Key deer were hunted as a food supply by native tribes, passing sailors, and early settlers. Hunting them was banned in 1939, but widespread
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424:. Living close to humans, they have little of the natural fear of humans shown by most of their larger mainland relatives (an example of
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64 lb) and have an average height of 66 cm (26 in) at the shoulders. The deer is a reddish-brown to grey-brown in color.
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more susceptible to diseases, dog attacks, and entanglements in human trash, all of which can lead to increased injuries or death.
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The Key deer is a subspecies of white-tailed deer which migrated to the
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1046:"Deadly fly larvae infests federally endangered Key deer population, more than 40 are euthanized"
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Authorities: Habitat
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1032:"A tiny deer and rising seas: How far should people go to save an endangered species?"
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860:"Trump Administration Opens Door To Dropping Florida's Key Deer From Endangered List"
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761:"Key Deer Information - National Key Deer Refuge - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service"
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998:"How one of Florida's most beloved animals may be close to climate extinction"
546:. The earliest known written reference to Key deer comes from the writings of
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785:"Key Deer - National Key Deer Refuge - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service"
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caused the subspecies to plummet to near-extinction by the 1950s. The
975:"Key Deer Recovery Plan Amendment (2022): Frequently Asked Questions"
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1071:"Attack of the flesh-eating screwworm pushes up Key deer death toll"
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due to human encroachment causes many deer to feed on non-native
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bucks feed and bed together only outside the breeding season.
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1013:"Assisted Migration Helps Animals Adapt to Climate Change"
398:. It is the smallest extant North American deer species.
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490:The species feeds on over 150 types of plants, but
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1262:National Fish and Wildlife Service species account
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961:Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission
1096:"Healthy Key deer may be corralled to save herd"
1030:Rott, Nathan; Kellman, Ryan (12 November 2023).
816:(5th ed.). Boston : McGraw-Hill. p.
656:was newly authorized as a recovery option for
27:Subspecies of deer endemic to the Florida Keys
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840:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
808:Harley, Stephen A. Miller, John P. (2002).
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1989:Great White Heron National Wildlife Refuge
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120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2314:NatureServe critically imperiled species
648:The ongoing rise in sea level, owing to
1994:Crocodile Lake National Wildlife Refuge
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1959:Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
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453:. Key deer use all islands during the
588:A juvenile Key deer is called a fawn.
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2349:Endemic mammals of the United States
1969:John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park
1011:Thompson, Joanna (12 October 2023).
853:
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554:in the Florida Keys and captured by
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1289:Key Deer at floridaconservation.org
1221:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1214:Odocoileus virginianus ssp. clavium
640:the subspecies. In August 2019 the
2354:Taxa named by Glover Morrill Allen
1187:. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
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1984:Key West National Wildlife Refuge
1248:Listed as Endangered (EN D v2.3)
977:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
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548:Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda
45:needs additional citations for
2150:Odocoileus virginianus clavium
2120:Odocoileus virginianus clavium
1210:Deer Specialist Group (1996).
858:Allen, Greg (28 August 2019).
466:within their range, including
462:. Key deer inhabit nearly all
384:Odocoileus virginianus clavium
344:Odocoileus virginianus clavium
1:
1274:National Key Deer Refuge site
420:Key deer easily swim between
996:Tobias, Jimmy (March 2022).
741:National Wildlife Federation
625:, was established in 1957.
617:, a federally administered
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1954:Dry Tortugas National Park
716:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0"
2329:Mammals described in 1922
1279:Key Deer Research Project
1167:wildsocibull2011.35.3.296
1147:Wildlife Society Bulletin
913:Friends of the Everglades
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211:Scientific classification
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2344:Endemic fauna of Florida
2065:1935 Labor Day hurricane
1964:National Key Deer Refuge
1185:National Key Deer Refuge
619:National Wildlife Refuge
615:National Key Deer Refuge
441:Distribution and habitat
2050:Bahia Honda Rail Bridge
1671:Scout (West Summerland)
937:Encyclopedia Britannica
394:that lives only in the
2339:Monroe County, Florida
2319:ESA endangered species
1979:Biscayne National Park
1340:Biscayne National Park
1181:"Key Deer Information"
884:"What do Key Deer Eat"
670:screw worm infestation
664:Screw worm infestation
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668:In September 2016, a
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577:A female Key deer on
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175:Critically Imperiled
2040:Jewfish Creek Bridge
1284:Key Deer Information
684:habitat conservation
677:Conservation efforts
544:Wisconsin glaciation
54:improve this article
933:"Key deer | mammal"
611:habitat destruction
565:A male Key Deer on
550:, a Spanish sailor
524:Habitat destruction
480:freshwater wetlands
312:O. virginianus
161:Conservation status
2060:Theater of the Sea
1294:2009-02-01 at the
1267:2007-06-08 at the
1242:}}: old-form url (
658:endangered species
654:assisted migration
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326:O. v. clavium
2324:White-tailed deer
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2035:Card Sound Bridge
2030:Overseas Railroad
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888:Save Our Key Deer
601:Endangered status
569:in the lower Keys
528:ornamental plants
472:hardwood hammocks
392:white-tailed deer
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71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2334:Florida Keys
2119:
2085:Key lime pie
2008:Other topics
1999:Florida Reef
1974:Biscayne Bay
1918:Dry Tortugas
1793:Stock Island
1332:Florida Keys
1229:. Retrieved
1225:
1219:
1213:
1189:. Retrieved
1184:
1175:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1129:. Retrieved
1127:. 2017-04-12
1125:Miami Herald
1115:
1104:. Retrieved
1102:. 2016-10-31
1100:Miami Herald
1090:
1079:. Retrieved
1077:. 2016-10-19
1075:Miami Herald
1065:
1054:. Retrieved
1052:. 2016-10-03
1040:
1025:
1016:
1006:
991:
979:. Retrieved
969:
960:
951:
940:. Retrieved
936:
927:
916:. Retrieved
912:
903:
892:. Retrieved
890:. 2017-08-28
887:
878:
867:. Retrieved
863:
811:
803:
792:. Retrieved
788:
779:
768:. Retrieved
764:
755:
744:. Retrieved
740:
731:
719:. Retrieved
710:
696:
692:U.S. Route 1
689:
680:
667:
647:
638:
634:
627:
604:
579:Big Pine Key
537:
489:
460:Big Pine Key
444:
435:
419:
405:
396:Florida Keys
383:
379:
377:
343:
341:
325:
324:
320:Subspecies:
310:
298:
268:Artiodactyla
153:Big Pine Key
151:A female on
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2260:NatureServe
2208:iNaturalist
2144:Wikispecies
1949:Florida Bay
1933:(submerged)
1906:Boca Grande
1756:Big Coppitt
1741:Saddlebunch
1716:Knockemdown
1661:Bahia Honda
1641:Little Duck
1512:Middle keys
1493:Lignumvitae
1191:February 5,
789:www.fws.gov
765:www.fws.gov
567:No Name Key
552:shipwrecked
542:during the
540:land bridge
512:thatch palm
508:silver palm
402:Description
355:G. M. Allen
288:Capreolinae
284:Subfamily:
179:NatureServe
2359:Subspecies
2308:Categories
1876:Barracouta
1871:Big Mullet
1866:Joe Ingram
1783:Boca Chica
1711:Summerland
1624:Lower keys
1585:Long Point
1503:Islamorada
1466:former CDP
1456:Plantation
1422:Upper keys
1408:Old Rhodes
1358:Boca Chita
1131:2017-06-23
1106:2016-11-01
1081:2016-11-01
1056:2016-11-01
981:6 November
957:"Key Deer"
942:2021-06-17
918:2021-06-17
909:"Key Deer"
894:2023-08-05
869:2019-08-29
794:2021-06-17
770:2021-06-17
746:2021-06-17
737:"Key Deer"
702:References
510:fruit and
455:wet season
388:endangered
299:Odocoileus
196:Endangered
80:newspapers
69:"Key deer"
1846:Mule Keys
1726:Sugarloaf
1483:Tea Table
1451:Tavernier
1429:Key Largo
1240:cite iucn
836:cite book
492:mangroves
476:mangroves
306:Species:
234:Kingdom:
228:Eukaryota
137:Key deer
110:July 2016
2265:2.101467
2252:14200285
2135:Q2946629
2129:Wikidata
2080:Key Deer
1881:Cottrell
1856:Crawfish
1830:Wisteria
1810:Key West
1778:Rockland
1681:Big Pine
1656:Sunshine
1646:Missouri
1600:Marathon
1590:Fat Deer
1551:Duck Key
1413:Islandia
1292:Archived
1265:Archived
721:28 March
607:poaching
522:water).
520:brackish
464:habitats
432:Breeding
416:Behavior
386:) is an
380:Key deer
278:Cervidae
274:Family:
258:Mammalia
248:Chordata
244:Phylum:
238:Animalia
224:Domain:
18:Key Deer
2278:1844112
2200:6165151
2187:1240158
1896:Ballast
1820:Fleming
1815:Sigsbee
1788:Raccoon
1676:No Name
1615:Knights
1473:Windley
1388:Rubicon
1368:Elliott
1348:Soldier
864:NPR.org
812:Zoology
534:History
515:berries
422:islands
409:Antlers
351:Barbour
294:Genus:
264:Order:
254:Class:
199: (
177: (
94:scholar
2239:202409
2226:110492
2213:120920
2171:ECOS:
1861:Archer
1825:Sunset
1798:Island
1761:Island
1751:Geiger
1721:Cudjoe
1706:Ramrod
1694:Middle
1689:Little
1685:Torch
1631:Pigeon
1578:Little
1568:Grassy
1556:Island
1544:Little
1534:Layton
1524:Fiesta
1488:Indian
1461:Island
1434:Island
1403:Totten
1383:Meig's
1353:Ragged
1231:11 May
1165:
1034:. NPR.
824:
502:, and
478:, and
357:, 1922
353:&
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2291:80515
2164:7KG7C
1942:Areas
1901:Woman
1746:Shark
1636:Money
1573:Crawl
1539:Conch
1519:Craig
1444:North
1398:Porgy
1373:Adams
1363:Sands
1163:JSTOR
642:USFWS
504:black
500:white
101:JSTOR
87:books
2273:NCBI
2234:ITIS
2195:GBIF
2174:6326
1851:Mule
1731:Park
1651:Ohio
1610:Boot
1595:Vaca
1529:Long
1393:Reid
1244:help
1233:2006
1226:1996
1193:2019
983:2023
842:link
822:ISBN
723:2022
630:US 1
609:and
486:Diet
378:The
73:news
2247:MSW
2221:ISC
2182:EoL
2159:CoL
1886:Man
1803:CDP
1766:CDP
1699:Big
1561:CDP
1439:CDP
1155:doi
506:),
496:red
482:.
449:to
201:ESA
56:by
2310::
2288::
2275::
2262::
2249::
2236::
2223::
2210::
2197::
2184::
2161::
2146::
2131::
1238:{{
1224:.
1218:.
1183:.
1161:.
1151:35
1149:.
1123:.
1098:.
1073:.
1048:.
1015:.
959:.
935:.
911:.
886:.
862:.
850:^
838:}}
834:{{
820:.
818:28
787:.
763:.
739:.
498:,
474:,
470:,
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1317:t
1310:v
1246:)
1235:.
1216:"
1212:"
1195:.
1169:.
1157::
1134:.
1109:.
1084:.
1059:.
1019:.
985:.
963:.
945:.
921:.
897:.
872:.
844:)
830:.
797:.
773:.
749:.
725:.
494:(
382:(
203:)
181:)
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
