1292:
3522:
3442:
3561:
3481:
3401:
3333:
3265:
3197:
410:
3368:
3300:
3232:
3170:
3141:
3114:
3053:
455:. This pattern continues, raising the seventh scale degree of each successive key. As the scales become notated in flats, this is shown by eliminating one of the flats. This is strictly a function of notation—the seventh scale degree is still being raised by a semitone compared to the previous key in the sequence. Going counter-clockwise from C results in lowering the fourth scale degree with each successive key (starting on F requires a B
4705:
4695:
1408:
1400:
1392:
1384:
1376:
1315:
1261:
1199:
1173:
1155:
1138:
1120:
1103:
1070:
1037:
641:
1451:
1361:
1350:
1342:
1285:
918:
894:
877:
859:
842:
824:
791:
758:
719:
508:
2724:
2554:
3684:
542:
Traditionally, when the key signature changes from sharps to flats or vice versa, the old key signature is cancelled with the appropriate number of naturals before the new one is inserted. Many more recent publications (newer music or newer editions of older music) dispense with the naturals (unless
237:
With any note as a starting point, a certain series of intervals produces a major scale: whole step, whole, half, whole, whole, whole, half. Starting on C, this yields C-D-E-F-G-A-B-C (a C-major scale). There are no sharps or flats in this scale, so the key signature for C has no sharps or flats in
201:
has an associated key signature, showing up to seven flats or seven sharps, that indicates the notes used in its scale. Music was sometimes notated with a key signature that did not match its key in this way—this can be seen in some
Baroque pieces, or transcriptions of traditional modal folk tunes.
2542:
music can be shown as a key signature at the beginning of a section of music instead of showing accidentals on individual notes. While the key of a piece generally corresponds to the notated key signature, it may not in some cases, such as in pre-Baroque music, which was composed before the modern
562:
If both naturals and a new key signature appear at a key signature change, there are also modern variations about where a barline will be placed. In some scores by
Debussy the barline is placed after the naturals but before the new key signature. Hitherto, it would have been usual to place all the
533:
The key signature may be changed at any time in a piece by providing a new signature. If the new signature has no sharps or flats, a signature of naturals, as shown, is used to cancel the preceding signature. If a change in signature occurs at the start of a new line on the page, where a signature
1219:
does this: in the third movement "Clair de lune" the key shifts from D-flat major to D-flat minor (eight flats) for a few measures but the passage is notated in C-sharp minor (four sharps); the same happens in the final movement, "Passepied", in which a G-sharp major section is written as A-flat
558:
even if it was not otherwise required, but it has become increasingly common to simply retain a single barline. The courtesy signature that appears at the end of a line immediately before a change is usually preceded by an additional barline and the line at the very end of the staff is omitted.
546:
Similarly, when a flat key changes to fewer flats, or a sharp key changes to fewer sharps, the convention was to use naturals to cancel the flats or sharps that are being subtracted before the new signature is written. Again, more modern usage often simply shows the new signature without these
2975:
When signatures with multiple flats first came in, the order of the flats was not standardized, and often a flat appeared in two different octaves, as shown at right. In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, it was common for different voice parts in the same composition to have different
2033:
The major scale with one flat is F major. In all major scales with flat key signatures, the tonic in a major key is a perfect fourth below the last flat. When there is more than one flat, the tonic is the note of the second-to-last flat in the signature. In the major key with four flats
372:
There can be exceptions to this, especially in 20th-century music, if a piece uses an unorthodox or synthetic scale and an invented key signature to reflect that. This may consist of sharps or flats that are not in the usual order, or of sharps combined with flats (e.g.,
2641:
171:
higher (sharp) or lower (flat) than it would otherwise be played. This applies through the end of the piece or until another key signature appears. Each symbol applies to comparable notes in all octaves — for example, a flat on the fourth space of the
401:
parts are sometimes written without a key signature (early timpani parts were sometimes notated with the high drum as "C" and the low drum a fourth lower as "G", with actual pitches indicated at the beginning of the music, e.g., "timpani in D–A"). In
238:
it. Starting on any other note requires that at least one of these notes be changed (raised or lowered) to preserve the major scale pattern. These raised or lowered notes form the key signature. Starting the pattern on D, for example, yields D-E-F
228:
1195:(a common occurrence in Western music), resulting in a new key signature with an additional sharp. If the original key was C-sharp, such a modulation would lead to the theoretical key of G-sharp major (with eight sharps) requiring an F
572:
which is the fifth sharp in the sharp signatures may occasionally be notated on the top line of the bass staff, whereas it is more usually found in the lowest space on that staff. An example of this can be seen in the full score of
437:. Starting the major scale pattern (whole step, whole, half, whole, whole, whole, half) on C requires no sharps or flats. Proceeding clockwise in the diagram starts the scale a fifth higher, on G. Starting on G requires one sharp, F
213:
550:
When a flat key changes to more flats or a sharp key changes to more sharps, the new signature is simply written in without using naturals to cancel the old signature. This convention applies in both traditional and newer styles.
396:
will show a different key signature to reflect their transposition but their music is in the same concert key as the other instruments. Percussion instruments with indeterminate pitch will not show a key signature, and
40:
78:
3667:
2745:
In music from the
Baroque period, it is common to see key signatures in which the notes are annotated in a different order from the modern practice, or with the same note-letter annotated for each octave.
1432:
are not enharmonically equivalent, nor are the corresponding key signatures. These tunings can produce keys with no analogue in 12-tone equal temperament, which can require double sharps, double flats, or
262:. Key signatures indicate that this applies to the section of music that follows, showing the reader which key the music is in, and making it unnecessary to apply accidentals to individual notes.
2653:
2570:
2550:, or changes in key, between contrasting sections. Modulations may or may not be reflected by a corresponding change in key signature. Modulated passages may instead make use of accidentals.
3918:
Bagpipe music nominally uses the key of D Major (even though that isn't really true). However, since that is the only key that can be used, the key signature is normally not written out.
2764:. Other scales are written either with a standard key signature and use accidentals as required, or with a nonstandard key signature. Examples of the latter include the E
3003:
often was written with a key signature with fewer flats than we now associate with their keys; for example, movements in C minor often had only two flats (because the A
596:
may occasionally be seen on the second-top line of the bass staff, whereas it would more usually appear on the space below the staff. An example of this can be seen in
3827:
1243:
While the theoretical keys are sometimes notated with accidentals as in this example, the use of actual theoretical key signatures is very rare. The final pages of
183:
keys of
Western music. These contain either flats or sharps, but not both, and the different key signatures add flats or sharps according to the order shown in the
3802:
357:. Musicians can identify the key by the number of sharps or flats shown, since they always appear in the same order. A key signature with one sharp must show
2557:
1303:(pictured above) writes all single sharps or flats in the circle-of-fifths order before showing the double signs. This is the format used in John Foulds'
4138:
3772:
3725:
4037:
3687:. "In a few cases Petrie has given what is clearly a modal melody a key signature which suggests that it is actually in a minor key. For example,
2972:
period, but signatures with more than one flat did not appear until the 16th century, and signatures with sharps not until the mid-17th century.
1357:
Sometimes the double signs are written at the beginning of the key signature, followed by the single signs. For example, F♭ would be notated as B
1238:
3974:
3861:
2582:
4065:
3613:
1517:
of a piece in a major key is a semitone above the last sharp in the signature. For example, the key of D major has a key signature of F
3521:
534:
would normally appear, the new signature is customarily repeated at the end of the previous line to make the change more conspicuous.
3885:
176:(as in the diagram) indicates that all notes notated as Es are played as E-flats, including those on the bottom line of the staff.
461:
to form a major scale). Each major key has a relative minor key that shares the same key signature. The relative minor is always a
3441:
4604:
3670:. "(…) to determine the key of a Baroque work one must always analyze its tonal structure rather than rely on the key signature."
3764:
2948:
No sharps or flats in a key signature can indicate that the music is in the key of C major / A minor, or that the piece is
3560:
3480:
3400:
3332:
3264:
3196:
3717:
2792:
4131:
406:
music, where different parts are actually in different keys sounding together, instruments may be notated in different keys.
3824:
31:
4639:
4503:
1223:
Such passages may instead be notated with the use of double-sharp or double-flat accidentals, as in this example from
3367:
3299:
3231:
3169:
3140:
3113:
3052:
2683:
scale, key signatures are often omitted from written pipe music, which otherwise would be written with two sharps, F
2669:. This includes folk music, non-Western music, and Western music from before or after the common practice period.
4729:
4708:
4599:
4574:
4365:
4124:
3967:
4609:
4559:
4448:
4355:
3906:
3701:
2957:
152:
at the beginning of a section of music. The initial key signature in a piece is placed immediately after the
4698:
4569:
2815:
2676:
2646:
1209:. This section could be written using the enharmonically equivalent key signature of A-flat major instead.
4248:
4102:
2728:
2680:
2666:
1307:, Op. 60, which uses the key signature of G♯ major as displayed above. The sharps in the key signature of
468:
The key signatures with seven flats and seven sharps are usually notated in their enharmonic equivalents.
393:
180:
358:
4680:
4544:
4243:
4095:
2586:
1229:
1224:
3789:
4375:
4173:
3960:
2984:. This was actually more common than complete signatures in the 15th century. The 16th-century motet
2612:
1444:
2996:) features two voice parts with two flats, one part with three flats, and one part with four flats.
4614:
4594:
4002:
602:
3850:
Music Theory: The
Fundamental Concepts of Tonal Music Including Notation, Terminology, and Harmony
2756:
Anhemitonic scale § Modes of the ancohemitonic heptatonic scales and the key signature system
4266:
4030:
3852:, p.35. Barnes & Noble Outline Series 137. New York City, Hagerstown, San Francisco, London:
2600:
2547:
1323:
433:
The order in which sharps or flats appear in key signatures is illustrated in the diagram of the
3880:, second edition, associate editor, Joyce Bourne. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
1365:, E♭, A♭, D♭, G♭, C♭, F♭. This convention is used by Victor Ewald and by some theoretical works.
4660:
4408:
3902:
3881:
3857:
3853:
2755:
2708:
1215:
574:
386:
163:
In a key signature, a sharp or flat symbol on a line or space of the staff indicates that the
1407:
1399:
1391:
1383:
1375:
1314:
1260:
1198:
1172:
1154:
1137:
1119:
1102:
1069:
1036:
640:
4619:
4423:
4398:
4350:
4223:
4147:
3995:
3898:
2993:
2989:
2904:
2857:
2819:
2712:
1434:
1192:
597:
434:
413:
270:
184:
111:
1450:
1360:
1349:
1341:
1284:
917:
893:
876:
858:
841:
823:
790:
757:
718:
409:
4513:
4508:
4393:
4360:
4276:
4074:
4023:
3831:
3638:
3618:
2783:
1437:
in key signatures. For example, the key of G♯ major, with eight sharps, is equivalent to A
1249:
651:
major, with four flats, is enharmonically equivalent and would generally be used instead.
513:
139:
108:
1237:
269:, the order in which sharps or flats appear in key signatures is uniform, following the
4670:
4644:
4383:
4238:
4009:
3633:
2969:
2531:
2075:
1210:
266:
4723:
4675:
4534:
4453:
4325:
4281:
4218:
4155:
4088:
3643:
3548:
3537:
3468:
3457:
3388:
3320:
3252:
2942:; none in the right hand and five flats in the left hand, with the opposite later on)
2935:; five flats in the right hand and none in the left hand, with the opposite later on)
2511:
2425:
2415:
2339:
2329:
1948:
1890:
1856:
1804:
1770:
1717:
1670:
1536:
1514:
1417:
1308:
1254:
1188:
956:
931:
740:
701:
579:
469:
149:
119:
2921:
no. 1 from the first book (none in the right hand, and five sharps in the left hand)
1335:
1278:
4589:
4579:
4554:
4465:
4428:
4330:
4318:
4308:
4271:
4258:
4208:
4051:
4044:
3628:
3623:
3587:
3576:
3507:
3496:
3427:
3416:
3348:
3280:
3212:
2949:
2619:
2496:
2438:
2404:
2352:
2318:
2272:
2225:
2184:
2149:
1969:
1959:
1877:
1867:
1791:
1781:
1539:
1274:
1266:
1018:
981:
941:
899:
691:
672:
637:
major would have eight sharps, requiring six single sharps and an F double-sharp (F
628:
607:
489:
479:
164:
156:
at the beginning of the first line. If the piece contains a section in a different
129:
57:
1289:
in the key signature). Examples of theoretical key signatures are pictured below:
4665:
4539:
4518:
4495:
4480:
4293:
4228:
4203:
4178:
3983:
3016:
2623:
2590:
2589:
has a key signature with no sharps or flats, indicating that it may be in D, in
1244:
624:
462:
198:
195:
191:
157:
4564:
4438:
4303:
4298:
1295:
There does not appear to be a standard on how to notate these key signatures:
17:
1468:
There can be up to seven sharps in a key signature, appearing in this order:
1420:
where the number of notes per octave is not a multiple of 12, notes such as G
4634:
4624:
4584:
4549:
4433:
4193:
4016:
3000:
2953:
1327:
665:
657:
421:
417:
403:
3834:". Modesto, CA: Capistrano School (K–12) website. (Accessed 17 March 2010).
3737:
1346:
at the end (with a double-flat symbol), going B♭, E♭, A♭, D♭, G♭, C♭, F♭, B
2911:, op. 17 (three sharps in the right hand, and five flats in the left hand)
2665:
Key signatures are also used in music that does not come from the
Western
4485:
4470:
4313:
4288:
4081:
3788:. Translated by John Bernhoff. Leipzig: C. F. Kahnt Nachfolger. pp.
2539:
2535:
1300:
168:
2928:; none in the right hand, and five flats in the left hand in bars 67–87)
2723:
443:, to form a major scale. Starting another fifth higher, on D, requires F
4460:
4443:
4418:
4403:
4388:
4345:
4188:
3383:
3359:
3315:
3291:
3247:
3223:
3190:
3185:
3161:
3156:
3134:
3129:
3065:
3060:
2672:
2553:
2507:
2265:
2218:
2177:
2142:
2126:
2116:
2105:
1730:
1683:
1642:
1635:
1613:
1606:
1590:
1580:
1569:
1178:
1160:
1143:
1125:
1108:
1090:
1075:
1057:
1042:
1003:
966:
923:
882:
864:
847:
829:
812:
796:
779:
763:
724:
682:
584:
555:
543:
the new key signature is C major) and simply insert the new signature.
499:
398:
366:
362:
217:
99:
95:
67:
1338:
key signatures on pp. 42–45. These have a B♭ at the start and also a B
4475:
4413:
4340:
4168:
4163:
2760:
The 15 key signatures that form diatonic scales are sometimes called
3691:
is presented in D minor, although it is clearly in the Dorian mode."
160:, the new key signature is placed at the beginning of that section.
4116:
2899:
There are also examples of conflicting standard signatures, as in:
2741:
appears first, and in two other parts a flat occurs in two octaves.
1542:
of the previous scale has one new sharp, added in the order shown.
4629:
4335:
4233:
4213:
2722:
2552:
408:
2611:
Keys which are associated with the same key signature are called
631:
and beyond, but this is extremely rare. For example, the key of G
179:
Most of this article addresses key signatures that represent the
4183:
173:
153:
4120:
3956:
2707:
so the sharps are not notated.) 20th century composers such as
2566:
major, but has only two flats, not three, in the key signature
1988:
There can be up to seven flats in a key signature, applied as:
3952:
2675:
music uses scales other than diatonic major or minor, such as
583:, in the third section, "Pines of the Janiculum" (which is in
2626:
or Dorian, are written using key signatures, they are called
1233:, which has this passage in G-sharp major in measures 10-12.
554:
At one time it was usual to precede the new signature with a
1326:
at the beginning are sometimes repeated as a courtesy, e.g.
385:). Key signatures of this kind can be found in the music of
2715:(see below) experimented with non-diatonic key signatures.
2956:(does not have a key signature). An example is Bartók's
3681:
The Petrie
Collection of the Ancient Music of Ireland
623:
Key signatures can theoretically be extended through
590:
In the case of seven-flat key signatures, the final F
250:-D, so the key signature for D major has two sharps—F
167:
represented by that line or space is to be played a
4653:
4527:
4494:
4374:
4257:
4154:
2960:, which has no fixed key and is highly chromatic.
1273:is written in B# major, and the third movement of
512:Natural key signature: a key signature with seven
220:scale using accidentals instead of a key signature
2968:The use of a one-flat signature developed in the
4132:
3968:
8:
2058:), for example, the second to last flat is A
3666:. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
1443:major in 12-tone equal temperament, but in
1187:A piece in a major key might modulate up a
606:: first movement, "Evocación", which is in
4694:
4139:
4125:
4117:
3975:
3961:
3953:
3872:
3870:
3009:would frequently have to be sharpened to A
2896:(no. 16 from the same work's third book).
232:B major scale with the usual key signature
3876:Kennedy, Michael. 1994. "Key-Signature".
3773:International Music Score Library Project
3726:International Music Score Library Project
2782:(left hand) used for the С diminished (С
1529:, and the tonic (D) is a semitone above C
3844:
3842:
3840:
3072:
3036:
2530:The sharps or flats needed to produce a
2080:
1544:
653:
587:), in the bass-clef instrumental parts.
3819:
3817:
3655:
2695:. (The pipes are incapable of playing F
3786:Supplement to the Theory of Modulation
2526:Relationship between key and signature
1332:Supplement to the Theory of Modulation
3683:. Cork: Cork University Press, 2005.
2583:Toccata and Fugue in D minor, BWV 538
2070:major. Each new scale starts a fifth
1277:'s Brass Quintet Op. 8 is written in
478:(seven sharps) is usually written as
7:
3713:
3711:
3614:Key signature names and translations
2864:(no. 7 from the second book of the
2679:. Because of the limitations of the
3907:"GNU LilyPond — Notation Reference"
2543:concept of keys had fully emerged.
522:) used to cancel the seven sharps (
25:
3803:"Ewald, Victor: Quintet No 4 in A
3738:"Ewald, Victor: Quintet No 4 in A
2976:signatures, a situation called a
1311:proceed C♯, G♯, D♯, A♯, E♯, B♯, F
1265:in the key signature), No. 18 of
4704:
4703:
4693:
3559:
3520:
3479:
3440:
3399:
3366:
3331:
3298:
3263:
3230:
3195:
3168:
3139:
3112:
3051:
1464:Scales with sharp key signatures
1449:
1406:
1398:
1390:
1382:
1374:
1359:
1348:
1340:
1313:
1283:
1259:
1236:
1197:
1171:
1153:
1136:
1118:
1101:
1068:
1035:
916:
892:
875:
857:
840:
822:
789:
756:
717:
639:
1984:Scales with flat key signatures
1096:12 sharps (no flats or sharps)
465:lower than its relative major.
3848:Jones, George Thaddeus. 1974.
1455:major instead, with 11 flats.
835:12 flats (no flats or sharps)
1:
3017:ascending melodic minor scale
2938:no. 12 from the second book (
2931:no. 11 from the second book (
2924:no. 10 from the second book (
2914:and four numbers of Ligeti's
1535:. Each scale starting on the
30:For use in cryptography, see
3702:"How to Read Key Signatures"
3558:
3519:
3478:
3439:
3398:
3365:
3330:
3297:
3262:
3229:
3194:
3167:
3138:
3111:
3050:
2727:Variant key signatures in a
528:) of the previous signature.
32:Key signature (cryptography)
4504:History of music publishing
3944:Harvard Dictionary of Music
3931:Harvard Dictionary of Music
2603:make the music in D minor.
1372:in B♯ major shows B♯, E♯, A
563:symbols after the barline.
4746:
3878:Oxford Dictionary of Music
2753:
29:
27:Set of musical alterations
4709:Category:Musical notation
4689:
4575:Numbered musical notation
4366:Scientific pitch notation
3990:
2999:Baroque music written in
2120:
2078:above) the previous one.
1584:
1445:19-tone equal temperament
1368:No. 18 of Anton Reicha's
1299:The default behaviour of
4356:Helmholtz pitch notation
3825:All about Key Signatures
2992:(formerly attributed to
2634:Use in other traditions
148:) symbols placed on the
4699:List of musical symbols
4570:Nashville Number System
3823:Bower, Michael. 2007. "
3811:, Hickey's Music Center
2816:Phrygian dominant scale
2762:standard key signatures
2677:Phrygian dominant scale
2560:is almost entirely in E
2064:, indicating a key of A
1447:, it is equivalent to A
619:Double flats and sharps
394:transposing instruments
82:Key signature showing F
44:Key signature showing B
4249:Transposing instrument
4066:Names and translations
2838:(right hand) and the B
2742:
2681:Great Highland Bagpipe
2667:common practice period
2607:Additional terminology
2578:
1435:microtonal alterations
498:is usually written as
425:
3942:"Partial Signature",
2982:conflicting signature
2824:God to a Hungry Child
2754:Further information:
2726:
2556:
1459:Major scale structure
1230:Well-Tempered Clavier
1225:Johann Sebastian Bach
1166:14 sharps (2 sharps)
412:
3720:Practische Beispiele
3664:Music of the Baroque
3662:Schulenberg, David.
2786:) scale in Bartók's
2735:(soprano) part the E
2546:Some pieces feature
1370:Practische Beispiele
1271:Practische Beispiele
1131:13 sharps (1 sharp)
1030:10 sharps (2 flats)
769:10 flats (2 sharps)
424:and their signatures
4595:Percussion notation
3057:no sharps or flats
2770:(right hand), and F
2719:Historical notation
1063:11 sharps (1 flat)
993:9 sharps (3 flats)
953:8 sharps (4 flats)
911:14 flats (2 flats)
802:11 flats (1 sharp)
730:9 flats (3 sharps)
688:8 flats (4 sharps)
3903:Nieuwenhuizen, Jan
3854:Barnes & Noble
3830:2010-03-11 at the
3784:Max Reger (1904).
2926:Der Zauberlehrling
2750:Unusual signatures
2743:
2579:
1513:. The key note or
870:13 flats (1 flat)
426:
361:, which indicates
4717:
4716:
4661:Mensural notation
4114:
4113:
4038:Music in all keys
3929:"Key Signature",
3899:Nienhuys, Han-Wen
3862:978-0-06-460137-5
3689:Banish Misfortune
3605:
3604:
3599:
3598:
3071:
3070:
2978:partial signature
2916:Études pour piano
2866:Études pour piano
2790:(no. 99, vol. 4,
2599:s indicated with
2523:
2522:
1981:
1980:
1334:, which contains
1216:Suite bergamasque
1203:in place of the F
1185:
1184:
575:Ottorino Respighi
488:(five flats) and
16:(Redirected from
4737:
4730:Musical notation
4707:
4706:
4697:
4696:
4560:Graphic notation
4224:Rehearsal letter
4148:Musical notation
4141:
4134:
4127:
4118:
4105:
4098:
4091:
4084:
4077:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3996:Circle of fifths
3977:
3970:
3963:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3934:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3914:
3909:. 2.6.2 Bagpipes
3895:
3889:
3874:
3865:
3846:
3835:
3821:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3781:
3775:
3771:: Scores at the
3762:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3743:
3742:
3734:
3728:
3724:: Scores at the
3715:
3706:
3705:
3698:
3692:
3677:
3671:
3660:
3593:
3592:
3582:
3581:
3573:
3572:
3563:
3554:
3553:
3543:
3542:
3534:
3533:
3524:
3513:
3512:
3502:
3501:
3493:
3492:
3483:
3474:
3473:
3463:
3462:
3454:
3453:
3444:
3433:
3432:
3422:
3421:
3413:
3412:
3403:
3394:
3393:
3380:
3379:
3370:
3354:
3353:
3345:
3344:
3335:
3326:
3325:
3312:
3311:
3302:
3286:
3285:
3277:
3276:
3267:
3258:
3257:
3244:
3243:
3234:
3218:
3217:
3209:
3208:
3199:
3182:
3181:
3172:
3153:
3152:
3143:
3126:
3125:
3116:
3101:
3100:
3084:
3083:
3073:
3055:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3024:
3023:
3019:, as would the B
3014:
3013:
3008:
3007:
2994:Josquin des Prez
2990:Pierre de La Rue
2905:Sergei Prokofiev
2892:(both hands) in
2891:
2890:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2872:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2820:Frederic Rzewski
2813:
2812:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2800:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2740:
2739:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2687:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2628:transposed modes
2598:
2597:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2565:
2564:
2558:Bach Cantata 106
2517:
2516:
2502:
2501:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2444:
2443:
2431:
2430:
2421:
2420:
2410:
2409:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2358:
2357:
2345:
2344:
2335:
2334:
2324:
2323:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2290:
2278:
2277:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2231:
2230:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2190:
2189:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2155:
2154:
2139:
2138:
2081:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1975:
1974:
1965:
1964:
1954:
1953:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1908:
1896:
1895:
1883:
1882:
1873:
1872:
1862:
1861:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1810:
1809:
1797:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1776:
1775:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1723:
1722:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1676:
1675:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1654:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1603:
1602:
1545:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1474:
1454:
1453:
1442:
1441:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1424:
1411:
1410:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1378:
1364:
1363:
1353:
1352:
1345:
1344:
1318:
1317:
1288:
1287:
1264:
1263:
1240:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1176:
1175:
1158:
1157:
1141:
1140:
1123:
1122:
1106:
1105:
1088:
1087:
1073:
1072:
1055:
1054:
1040:
1039:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1015:
1001:
1000:
987:
986:
979:
978:
962:
961:
947:
946:
937:
936:
921:
920:
905:
904:
897:
896:
880:
879:
862:
861:
845:
844:
827:
826:
810:
809:
794:
793:
777:
776:
761:
760:
746:
745:
738:
737:
722:
721:
707:
706:
697:
696:
678:
677:
654:
650:
649:
644:
643:
636:
635:
613:
612:
595:
594:
571:
570:
527:
526:
521:
520:
495:
494:
485:
484:
475:
474:
460:
459:
454:
453:
448:
447:
442:
441:
435:circle of fifths
414:Circle of fifths
384:
383:
378:
377:
356:
355:
350:
349:
344:
343:
338:
337:
332:
331:
326:
325:
320:
319:
314:
313:
308:
307:
302:
301:
296:
295:
290:
289:
284:
283:
278:
277:
271:circle of fifths
261:
260:
255:
254:
249:
248:
243:
242:
185:circle of fifths
147:
146:
137:
136:
127:
126:
112:musical notation
93:
92:
87:
86:
63:
62:
55:
54:
49:
48:
21:
4745:
4744:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4685:
4649:
4523:
4514:Music publisher
4509:Music engraving
4490:
4370:
4361:Letter notation
4253:
4150:
4145:
4115:
4110:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4024:Major and minor
4022:
4015:
4008:
4003:Closely related
4001:
3994:
3986:
3981:
3951:
3950:
3941:
3937:
3928:
3924:
3912:
3910:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3875:
3868:
3847:
3838:
3832:Wayback Machine
3822:
3815:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3767:A World Requiem
3763:
3759:
3749:
3747:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3716:
3709:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3679:Cooper, David.
3678:
3674:
3661:
3657:
3652:
3639:Theoretical key
3619:Major and minor
3610:
3590:
3589:
3579:
3578:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3551:
3550:
3540:
3539:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3510:
3509:
3499:
3498:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3471:
3470:
3460:
3459:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3430:
3429:
3419:
3418:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3391:
3390:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3351:
3350:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3323:
3322:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3283:
3282:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3255:
3254:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3215:
3214:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3098:
3097:
3081:
3080:
3056:
3031:
3021:
3020:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3004:
2986:Absolon fili mi
2966:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2869:
2856:(left hand) in
2852:
2851:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2827:
2814:used for the D
2810:
2809:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2797:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2765:
2758:
2752:
2737:
2736:
2721:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2684:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2643:
2642:
2636:
2609:
2595:
2594:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2561:
2528:
2514:
2513:
2499:
2498:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2441:
2440:
2428:
2427:
2418:
2417:
2407:
2406:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2367:
2355:
2354:
2342:
2341:
2332:
2331:
2321:
2320:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2275:
2274:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2240:
2228:
2227:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2187:
2186:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2164:
2152:
2151:
2136:
2135:
2099:
2088:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1972:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1951:
1950:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1893:
1892:
1880:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1859:
1858:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1807:
1806:
1794:
1793:
1784:
1783:
1773:
1772:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1720:
1719:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1692:
1673:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1600:
1599:
1563:
1552:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1448:
1439:
1438:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1405:
1397:
1389:
1381:
1373:
1358:
1347:
1339:
1312:
1305:A World Requiem
1293:
1282:
1258:
1253:are written in
1250:A World Requiem
1205:
1204:
1196:
1170:
1152:
1135:
1117:
1100:
1085:
1084:
1067:
1052:
1051:
1034:
1021:
1020:
1013:
1012:
998:
997:
984:
983:
976:
975:
959:
958:
944:
943:
934:
933:
915:
902:
901:
891:
874:
856:
839:
821:
807:
806:
788:
774:
773:
755:
743:
742:
735:
734:
716:
704:
703:
694:
693:
675:
674:
647:
646:
645:). The key of A
638:
633:
632:
621:
610:
609:
592:
591:
568:
567:
540:
531:
530:
529:
524:
523:
518:
517:
510:
509:
492:
491:
482:
481:
472:
471:
457:
456:
451:
450:
445:
444:
439:
438:
431:
389:, for example.
381:
380:
375:
374:
353:
352:
347:
346:
341:
340:
335:
334:
329:
328:
323:
322:
317:
316:
311:
310:
305:
304:
299:
298:
293:
292:
287:
286:
281:
280:
275:
274:
258:
257:
252:
251:
246:
245:
240:
239:
235:
234:
233:
230:
229:
223:
222:
221:
215:
214:
208:
144:
143:
134:
133:
124:
123:
105:
104:
103:
90:
89:
84:
83:
80:
79:
73:
72:
71:
60:
59:
52:
51:
46:
45:
42:
41:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4743:
4741:
4733:
4732:
4722:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4701:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4531:
4529:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4500:
4498:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4380:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4263:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4239:Time signature
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4160:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4121:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4013:
4010:Diatonic scale
4006:
3999:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3957:
3949:
3948:
3935:
3922:
3890:
3866:
3836:
3813:
3795:
3776:
3757:
3729:
3718:Anton Reicha:
3707:
3693:
3672:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3634:Time signature
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3585:
3574:
3566:
3557:
3546:
3535:
3527:
3517:
3516:
3505:
3494:
3486:
3477:
3466:
3455:
3447:
3437:
3436:
3425:
3414:
3406:
3397:
3386:
3381:
3373:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3346:
3338:
3329:
3318:
3313:
3305:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3278:
3270:
3261:
3250:
3245:
3237:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3210:
3202:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3175:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3146:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3119:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3094:
3093:Key signature
3091:
3088:
3085:
3077:
3076:Key signature
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3040:Key signature
3030:
3027:
2965:
2962:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2912:
2751:
2748:
2731:motet. In the
2720:
2717:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2608:
2605:
2532:diatonic scale
2527:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2505:
2494:
2450:
2447:
2435:
2434:
2413:
2402:
2364:
2361:
2349:
2348:
2327:
2316:
2284:
2281:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2237:
2234:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2196:
2193:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2161:
2158:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2132:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2085:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1957:
1946:
1902:
1899:
1887:
1886:
1865:
1854:
1816:
1813:
1801:
1800:
1779:
1768:
1736:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1715:
1689:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1668:
1648:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1596:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1549:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1418:tuning systems
1414:
1413:
1366:
1355:
1320:
1291:
1211:Claude Debussy
1183:
1182:
1167:
1164:
1148:
1147:
1132:
1129:
1113:
1112:
1097:
1094:
1080:
1079:
1064:
1061:
1047:
1046:
1031:
1028:
1008:
1007:
994:
991:
971:
970:
954:
951:
928:
927:
912:
909:
887:
886:
871:
868:
852:
851:
836:
833:
817:
816:
803:
800:
784:
783:
770:
767:
751:
750:
731:
728:
712:
711:
689:
686:
669:
668:
663:
662:Key signature
660:
620:
617:
556:double barline
539:
536:
511:
507:
506:
505:
504:
430:
427:
267:music notation
231:
227:
226:
225:
224:
216:
212:
211:
210:
209:
207:
204:
138:), or rarely,
81:
77:
76:
75:
74:
43:
39:
38:
37:
36:
26:
24:
18:Key signatures
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4742:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4710:
4702:
4700:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4682:
4681:Transcription
4679:
4677:
4676:Sight-reading
4674:
4672:
4671:Perfect pitch
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4605:Ancient Greek
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4545:Chord diagram
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4535:Braille music
4533:
4532:
4530:
4528:Other systems
4526:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4259:Musical notes
4256:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4244:Transposition
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4199:Key signature
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4142:
4137:
4135:
4130:
4128:
4123:
4122:
4119:
4104:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3978:
3973:
3971:
3966:
3964:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3945:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3891:
3887:
3886:0-19-869162-9
3883:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3799:
3796:
3791:
3787:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3768:
3765:John Foulds:
3761:
3758:
3745:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3721:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3703:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3656:
3649:
3645:
3644:Universal key
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3586:
3584:
3575:
3567:
3562:
3556:
3547:
3545:
3536:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3515:
3506:
3504:
3495:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3467:
3465:
3456:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3435:
3426:
3424:
3415:
3407:
3402:
3396:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3347:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3279:
3271:
3266:
3260:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3211:
3203:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3018:
3002:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2971:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2867:
2863:
2862:Galamb Borong
2859:
2858:György Ligeti
2825:
2821:
2817:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2788:Crossed Hands
2785:
2763:
2757:
2749:
2747:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2657:
2648:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2620:musical modes
2616:
2614:
2613:relative keys
2606:
2604:
2602:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2574:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2549:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2525:
2519:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2495:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2423:
2414:
2412:
2403:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2337:
2328:
2326:
2317:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2073:
1983:
1977:
1967:
1958:
1956:
1947:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1875:
1866:
1864:
1855:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1789:
1780:
1778:
1769:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1716:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1669:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1516:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1436:
1419:
1409:
1401:
1393:
1385:
1377:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1356:
1351:
1343:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1200:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1010:
1009:
1005:
995:
992:
989:
973:
972:
968:
964:
955:
952:
949:
939:
930:
929:
925:
919:
913:
910:
907:
895:
889:
888:
884:
878:
872:
869:
866:
860:
854:
853:
849:
843:
837:
834:
831:
825:
819:
818:
814:
804:
801:
798:
792:
786:
785:
781:
771:
768:
765:
759:
753:
752:
748:
732:
729:
726:
720:
714:
713:
709:
699:
690:
687:
684:
680:
671:
670:
667:
664:
661:
659:
656:
655:
652:
642:
630:
629:double sharps
626:
618:
616:
614:
605:
604:
599:
598:Isaac Albéniz
588:
586:
582:
581:
580:Pines of Rome
576:
564:
560:
557:
552:
548:
544:
537:
535:
515:
503:
501:
497:
487:
477:
466:
464:
436:
428:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
405:
400:
395:
390:
388:
370:
368:
364:
360:
272:
268:
263:
219:
205:
203:
200:
197:
193:
188:
186:
182:
177:
175:
170:
166:
161:
159:
155:
151:
141:
131:
121:
117:
116:key signature
113:
110:
101:
97:
69:
65:
33:
19:
4580:Klavarskribo
4555:Figured bass
4429:Appoggiatura
4376:Articulation
4198:
4174:Abbreviation
4058:
3943:
3938:
3930:
3925:
3917:
3911:. Retrieved
3893:
3877:
3849:
3798:
3785:
3779:
3769:, pp. 153ff.
3766:
3760:
3748:. Retrieved
3732:
3722:, pp. 52-53.
3719:
3696:
3688:
3680:
3675:
3663:
3658:
3629:Relative key
3624:Parallel key
2998:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2967:
2958:Piano Sonata
2947:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2915:
2908:
2898:
2893:
2865:
2861:
2823:
2791:
2787:
2761:
2759:
2744:
2732:
2671:
2664:
2627:
2617:
2610:
2580:
2545:
2529:
2071:
1987:
1540:scale degree
1467:
1415:
1369:
1331:
1324:single signs
1304:
1294:
1275:Victor Ewald
1270:
1267:Anton Reicha
1248:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1222:
1214:
1186:
625:double flats
622:
601:
589:
578:
565:
561:
553:
549:
545:
541:
532:
467:
432:
392:In a score,
391:
371:
265:In standard
264:
236:
189:
178:
174:treble staff
162:
118:is a set of
115:
106:
94:(the key of
56:(the key of
4666:Music stand
4540:Chord chart
4519:Scorewriter
4496:Sheet music
4294:Dotted note
4229:Repeat sign
4204:Ledger line
4096:Transposing
4075:Theoretical
3984:Musical key
3750:14 February
2826:; and the E
2793:Mikrokosmos
2601:accidentals
2593:, but the B
2591:Dorian mode
2548:modulations
2100:equivalent
1564:equivalent
1556:Sharp notes
1245:John Foulds
463:minor third
429:Conventions
387:Béla Bartók
4640:Shakuhachi
4615:Ekphonetic
4600:Simplified
4565:Lead sheet
4439:Grace note
4304:Note value
4299:Grace note
4267:Accidental
4103:Instrument
4031:Modulation
3913:2010-03-28
3650:References
3107:Minor key
3104:Major key
3090:Minor key
3087:Major key
3046:Minor key
3043:Major key
3001:minor keys
2933:En Suspens
2894:Pour Irina
2622:, such as
2098:Enharmonic
2092:Flat notes
1562:Enharmonic
547:naturals.
538:Variations
422:minor keys
4635:Swaralipi
4625:Kunkunshi
4585:Tablature
4550:Eye music
4434:Glissando
4409:Fingering
4194:Dal segno
4059:Signature
4017:Homotonal
3946:, 2nd ed.
3933:, 2nd ed.
3526:7 sharps
3446:6 sharps
3372:5 sharps
3304:4 sharps
3236:3 sharps
3174:2 sharps
2940:Entrelacs
2903:no. 3 of
2784:octatonic
2095:Minor key
2084:Major key
1559:Minor key
1553:of sharps
1548:Major key
1328:Max Reger
404:polytonal
4724:Category
4645:Znamenny
4486:Tonguing
4471:Staccato
4424:Ornament
4399:Dynamics
4351:Interval
4314:Notehead
4289:Cue note
4082:Tonality
4052:Relative
4045:Parallel
3905:(2009).
3828:Archived
3806:♭
3741:♭
3608:See also
3591:♭
3580:♭
3571:♭
3565:7 flats
3552:♯
3541:♯
3532:♯
3511:♭
3500:♭
3491:♭
3485:6 flats
3472:♯
3461:♯
3452:♯
3431:♭
3420:♭
3411:♭
3405:5 flats
3392:♯
3378:♯
3352:♭
3343:♭
3337:4 flats
3324:♯
3310:♯
3284:♭
3275:♭
3269:3 flats
3256:♯
3242:♯
3216:♭
3207:♭
3201:2 flats
3180:♯
3151:♭
3124:♯
3118:1 sharp
3099:♭
3082:♯
3022:♭
3012:♮
3006:♭
2970:Medieval
2909:Sarcasms
2889:♭
2883:♭
2877:♭
2871:♭
2868:), and B
2853:♭
2847:♭
2841:♭
2835:♭
2829:♭
2811:♯
2805:♭
2799:♭
2796:); the B
2779:♯
2773:♯
2767:♭
2738:♭
2733:superius
2729:Victoria
2704:♮
2698:♮
2692:♯
2686:♯
2647:Freygish
2596:♭
2563:♭
2536:diatonic
2515:♯
2500:♭
2491:♭
2485:♭
2479:♭
2473:♭
2467:♭
2461:♭
2455:♭
2442:♭
2429:♯
2419:♯
2408:♭
2399:♭
2393:♭
2387:♭
2381:♭
2375:♭
2369:♭
2356:♭
2343:♯
2333:♯
2322:♭
2313:♭
2307:♭
2301:♭
2295:♭
2289:♭
2276:♭
2260:♭
2254:♭
2248:♭
2242:♭
2229:♭
2213:♭
2207:♭
2201:♭
2188:♭
2172:♭
2166:♭
2153:♭
2137:♭
2089:of flats
2067:♭
2061:♭
2055:♭
2049:♭
2043:♭
2037:♭
2029:♭
2023:♭
2017:♭
2011:♭
2005:♭
1999:♭
1993:♭
1973:♭
1963:♭
1952:♯
1943:♯
1937:♯
1931:♯
1925:♯
1919:♯
1913:♯
1907:♯
1894:♯
1881:♭
1871:♭
1860:♯
1851:♯
1845:♯
1839:♯
1833:♯
1827:♯
1821:♯
1808:♯
1795:♭
1785:♭
1774:♯
1765:♯
1759:♯
1753:♯
1747:♯
1741:♯
1721:♯
1712:♯
1706:♯
1700:♯
1694:♯
1674:♯
1665:♯
1659:♯
1653:♯
1630:♯
1624:♯
1601:♯
1532:♯
1526:♯
1520:♯
1509:♯
1503:♯
1497:♯
1491:♯
1485:♯
1479:♯
1473:♯
1440:♭
1429:♭
1423:♯
1336:D♭ minor
1309:G♯ major
1301:LilyPond
1279:F♭ major
1255:G♯ major
1206:♯
1193:dominant
1086:♯
1053:♯
1022:♭
1014:♯
999:♯
985:♭
977:♯
960:♯
945:♭
935:♯
903:♭
808:♭
775:♭
744:♯
736:♭
705:♯
695:♭
676:♭
648:♭
634:♯
611:♭
593:♭
569:♯
525:♯
519:♮
514:naturals
493:♭
483:♭
473:♯
458:♭
452:♯
446:♯
440:♯
416:showing
382:♭
376:♯
354:♭
348:♭
342:♭
336:♭
330:♭
324:♭
318:♭
312:♯
306:♯
300:♯
294:♯
288:♯
282:♯
276:♯
259:♯
253:♯
247:♯
244:-G-A-B-C
241:♯
206:Overview
181:diatonic
169:semitone
145:♮
135:♭
125:♯
91:♯
85:♯
61:♭
53:♭
47:♭
4654:Related
4620:Gamelan
4610:Chinese
4590:Parsons
4461:Portato
4444:Mordent
4419:Marcato
4404:Fermata
4394:Damping
4389:Caesura
4346:Tremolo
4277:natural
4189:Da capo
3809:, op 8"
3746:. imslp
3744:, op 8"
3384:B major
3360:F minor
3316:E major
3292:C minor
3248:A major
3224:G minor
3191:B minor
3186:D major
3162:D minor
3157:F major
3145:1 flat
3135:E minor
3130:G major
3066:A minor
3061:C major
3015:in the
2964:History
2713:Rzewski
2673:Klezmer
2508:B major
2266:F minor
2219:C minor
2178:G minor
2143:D minor
2127:F major
2117:A minor
2106:C major
1731:B major
1684:E major
1643:A major
1636:B minor
1614:D major
1607:E minor
1591:G major
1581:A minor
1570:C major
1281:(with B
1257:(with F
1220:major.
1191:to the
1179:B minor
1177:minor (
1161:D major
1159:major (
1144:E minor
1142:minor (
1126:G major
1124:major (
1109:A minor
1107:minor (
1091:C major
1089:major (
1076:D minor
1074:minor (
1058:F major
1056:major (
1043:G minor
1041:minor (
1017:major (
1004:C minor
1002:minor (
980:major (
967:F minor
924:G minor
922:minor (
898:major (
883:D minor
881:minor (
865:F major
863:major (
848:A minor
846:minor (
830:C major
828:major (
813:E minor
811:minor (
797:G major
795:major (
780:B minor
778:minor (
764:D major
762:major (
739:minor (
725:A major
723:major (
683:E major
615:minor.
585:B major
500:B major
399:timpani
367:E minor
363:G major
359:F-sharp
315:, and B
218:B major
140:natural
109:Western
100:B minor
96:D major
68:G minor
4476:Tenuto
4414:Legato
4384:Accent
4341:Tuplet
3884:
3860:
3668:p. 72.
3096:Added
3079:Added
2954:atonal
2709:Bartók
2649:scale
2624:Lydian
2087:Number
2076:fourth
2074:(or a
1551:Number
603:Iberia
4630:Neume
4454:Trill
4449:Slide
4336:Tacet
4326:Pitch
4282:sharp
4234:Tempo
4219:Scale
4214:Ossia
4156:Staff
4089:Tonic
3790:42–45
3685:p. 22
3594:minor
3583:major
3555:minor
3544:major
3514:minor
3503:major
3475:minor
3464:major
3434:minor
3423:major
3395:minor
3355:major
3327:minor
3287:major
3259:minor
3219:major
3029:Table
2950:modal
2832:and D
2808:and F
2776:and G
2701:and C
2689:and C
2618:When
2540:tonal
2518:minor
2503:minor
2445:major
2432:minor
2422:major
2411:minor
2359:major
2346:minor
2336:major
2325:minor
2279:major
2232:major
2191:major
2156:major
2121:None
2072:below
1976:minor
1966:major
1955:minor
1897:major
1884:minor
1874:major
1863:minor
1811:major
1798:minor
1788:major
1777:minor
1724:minor
1677:minor
1585:None
1537:fifth
1523:and C
1515:tonic
1426:and A
1189:fifth
1025:major
988:major
963:minor
948:major
938:major
906:major
747:minor
708:minor
698:minor
679:major
666:Minor
658:Major
566:The A
496:major
486:major
476:major
449:and C
418:major
379:and B
256:and C
196:minor
192:major
190:Each
150:staff
120:sharp
88:and C
64:major
50:and E
4466:Slur
4331:Rest
4319:stem
4309:beam
4272:flat
4209:Mode
4184:Clef
3882:ISBN
3858:ISBN
3752:2023
2711:and
2655:Play
2587:Bach
2581:The
2572:Play
1322:The
420:and
194:and
165:note
154:clef
130:flat
114:, a
4481:Tie
4179:Bar
3025:).
2988:by
2980:or
2952:or
2907:'s
2880:, D
2874:, E
2860:'s
2850:, G
2844:, A
2822:'s
2818:in
2802:, E
2585:by
2538:or
2534:in
2488:, F
2482:, C
2476:, G
2470:, D
2464:, A
2458:, E
2396:, C
2390:, G
2384:, D
2378:, A
2372:, E
2310:, G
2304:, D
2298:, A
2292:, E
2257:, D
2251:, A
2245:, E
2210:, A
2204:, E
2169:, E
1940:, B
1934:, E
1928:, A
1922:, D
1916:, G
1910:, C
1848:, E
1842:, A
1836:, D
1830:, G
1824:, C
1762:, A
1756:, D
1750:, G
1744:, C
1709:, D
1703:, G
1697:, C
1662:, G
1656:, C
1627:, C
1416:In
1404:, F
1396:, C
1388:, G
1380:, D
1330:'s
1269:'s
1227:'s
1213:'s
627:or
600:'s
577:'s
365:or
351:, F
345:, C
339:, G
333:, D
327:, A
321:, E
309:, B
303:, E
297:, A
291:, D
285:, G
279:, C
273:: F
199:key
158:key
128:),
107:In
98:or
66:or
4726::
4169:15
3916:.
3901:;
3869:^
3856:.
3839:^
3816:^
3710:^
2918::
2886:,G
2645:D
2630:.
2615:.
2034:(B
1247:'
1181:)
1163:)
1146:)
1128:)
1111:)
1093:)
1078:)
1060:)
1045:)
1027:)
1006:)
990:)
969:)
950:)
926:)
908:)
885:)
867:)
850:)
832:)
815:)
799:)
782:)
766:)
749:)
727:)
710:)
685:)
502:.
369:.
187:.
4164:8
4140:e
4133:t
4126:v
3976:e
3969:t
3962:v
3888:.
3864:.
3792:.
3754:.
3704:.
3588:A
3577:C
3568:F
3549:A
3538:C
3529:B
3508:E
3497:G
3488:C
3469:D
3458:F
3449:E
3428:B
3417:D
3408:G
3389:G
3375:A
3349:A
3340:D
3321:C
3307:D
3281:E
3272:A
3253:F
3239:G
3213:B
3204:E
3177:C
3148:B
3121:F
2512:G
2510:/
2497:A
2452:B
2449:7
2439:C
2426:D
2424:/
2416:F
2405:E
2366:B
2363:6
2353:G
2340:A
2338:/
2330:C
2319:B
2286:B
2283:5
2273:D
2239:B
2236:4
2226:A
2198:B
2195:3
2185:E
2163:B
2160:2
2150:B
2134:B
2131:1
2113:–
2110:0
2052:D
2046:A
2040:E
2026:F
2020:C
2014:G
2008:D
2002:A
1996:E
1990:B
1970:B
1968:/
1960:D
1949:A
1904:F
1901:7
1891:C
1878:E
1876:/
1868:G
1857:D
1818:F
1815:6
1805:F
1792:A
1790:/
1782:C
1771:G
1738:F
1735:5
1718:C
1691:F
1688:4
1671:F
1650:F
1647:3
1621:F
1618:2
1598:F
1595:1
1577:–
1574:0
1506:B
1500:E
1494:A
1488:D
1482:G
1476:C
1470:F
1412:.
1354:.
1319:.
1169:A
1151:C
1134:D
1116:F
1099:G
1083:B
1066:C
1050:E
1033:F
1019:B
1011:A
996:B
982:E
974:D
965:(
957:E
942:A
940:(
932:G
914:A
900:B
890:C
873:E
855:G
838:B
820:D
805:F
787:A
772:C
754:E
741:F
733:G
715:B
702:C
700:(
692:D
681:(
673:F
608:A
516:(
490:C
480:D
470:C
373:F
142:(
132:(
122:(
102:)
70:)
58:B
34:.
20:)
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