1486:
1001:
38:
1265:
1259:
995:
1271:
1479:
175:
153:
903:
27:
414:
1472:
787:
344:
of the currency is higher than their nominal and market value and that their continued production constitutes a heavy burden both for the French
Indochinese and Nguyễn dynasty governments, but that the government prefers to bear this burden than let the people suffer from the negative consequences of
276:
piastre from 1905 until 1906. Unlike the earlier attempts at producing machine-struck cash coins by the colonial French authorities the Khải Định Thông Bảo proved to be much more successful as the first series had a production of 27,629,000 coins while the second series greatly exceeded this with
231:
Mint, which until that time was producing enough low denomination cast cash coins to meet the market's demands, which caused most, but not all, of the production of cash coins at the mint to cease in 1920. In response a new committee was formed in Hanoi which ordered the creation of
316:, which resulted in the gradual disappearance of older cash coins from circulation causing the low denomination copper-alloy coins to become scarce. The new Khải Định Thông Bảo cash coins were introduced with a hope to reduce the
1485:
2562:
709:
323:
The French government in Annam announced in their official bulletin that they would exchange 1 Khải Định Thông Bảo cash coin for 6 zinc cash coins in order to promote their circulation. According to an ordonnance entitled
1340:
1682:
377:
In Tonkin these coins were welcomed and circulated with small denomination coins of the French
Indochinese piastre, while in Annam the people were more reluctant to adopt the new machine-struck coinage.
174:
152:
1000:
2605:
1971:
1966:
1905:
1170:
2830:
706:
1418:
819:
2815:
957:
1667:
348:
Because the machine-struck Khải Định Thông Bảo cash coins were heavier than the earlier milled 2 sapèques produced by the Paris Mint, they were likely valued at
2598:
1163:
336:, the people of Đại Nam are "warned that cash coins are for their daily life and serve as an article of their very first necessity" and that "there is no worse
2810:
1547:
791:
2276:
2241:
1864:
236:
Khải Định Thông Bảo cash coins, these are the first machine-struck four character Thông Bảo (通寳) coins in
Vietnam with the reigning emperor's name as the
2547:
1624:
328:(Fixant la valeur d'échange de la nouvelle sapèque portant la chiffre de Règne Khai-Dinh) signed on 01-09-Khải Định 5 (12 October 1920) by five of the
2557:
1945:
329:
1156:
1411:
227:
Mint which lead to the demand of the
Vietnamese market for low value denominations to not be met, furthermore, after Hanoi reduced funding for the
1890:
812:
2204:
1258:
994:
2784:
2125:
1619:
1609:
2655:
2572:
1696:
1614:
1226:
1054:
891:
309:
290:
2886:
2681:
1869:
1859:
1248:
1083:
1009:
923:
212:
2216:
2640:
2251:
1211:
1036:
858:
432:
2881:
2434:
2184:
1404:
2891:
950:
805:
1677:
1530:
769:
581:
2671:
2552:
2451:
2379:
2231:
2055:
2050:
1238:
1071:
915:
730:
56:
1264:
2211:
1839:
1812:
1807:
1651:
1917:
2165:
1206:
983:
2825:
2645:
1216:
1042:
864:
437:
2876:
2236:
312:
until an opportune moment would present itself to introduce them into general circulation to combat the negative effects of
285:, and Hanoi. The Khải Định Thông Bảo continued to be produced long after the death of Emperor Khải Định under his successor
605:
2522:
2441:
2281:
2160:
1940:
1849:
1827:
943:
507:. By Sema (Art-Hanoi) Cash coins of Bao Dai were the last cash-style coins produced in the world. Retrieved: 05 March 2018
2308:
2025:
1579:
386:
The inscription "Khải Định Thông Bảo" was also used for non-cash coins produced under the reign of
Emperor Khải Định for
1822:
1452:
677:
367:
305:
255:
2820:
2313:
2120:
2085:
2517:
2409:
2399:
2155:
2130:
2115:
2105:
1705:
1448:
1375:
1270:
734:
601:
297:
220:
2266:
1639:
2384:
2035:
1990:
2702:
2512:
2389:
2323:
2271:
2221:
2065:
1817:
1634:
1574:
1478:
1292:
69:
2588:
2394:
2070:
2040:
1672:
333:
2762:
2756:
2744:
2484:
2338:
2045:
1895:
2150:
2145:
2110:
2060:
1900:
1584:
669:
2489:
2461:
2090:
371:
2359:
2135:
2020:
2750:
2738:
2328:
2000:
1874:
1554:
631:
Ordonnance
Royalle - Fixant la valeur d'échange de la nouvelle sapèque portant la chiffre de Règne Khai-Dinh
2374:
2364:
2855:
2318:
2246:
630:
2835:
2010:
1982:
1779:
1336:
1326:
1310:
634:
216:
2840:
1761:
304:
the Khải Định Thông Bảo was introduced and mass-produced. The new machine-struck were produced in the
2593:
2333:
2286:
2256:
1932:
313:
237:
211:
produced from 1921 until 1933, the design of the coin was round with a square hole that was used for
2676:
2369:
2140:
2095:
1995:
1243:
1077:
919:
300:
cash coins were still being used for virtually all transactions as late as 1921, in order to combat
2805:
2261:
2226:
2080:
1950:
1844:
1785:
1737:
1629:
1287:
717:
655:
538:
521:
427:
286:
241:
2610:
2404:
2075:
1599:
1442:
1427:
1028:
902:
832:
681:
30:
2615:
2296:
2005:
1731:
1725:
1542:
1387:
1188:
2199:
2100:
2015:
2446:
2343:
1922:
1604:
1537:
1458:
1119:
765:
577:
244:
coin that continued under French
Indochina that weighed 2.05 grams and had a nominal value of
1749:
1515:
551:
363:
2779:
2507:
2170:
1912:
1589:
1564:
1279:
685:
609:
43:
2845:
2567:
1767:
1743:
1520:
629:
Government-General of French
Indochina and the imperial government of the Nguyễn dynasty -
2632:
2301:
2291:
1359:
1196:
966:
828:
720:) Xin visa du lịch – Đặt phòng & vé máy bay – Hỗ trợ 24/7 Retrieved: 10 February 2018.
713:
638:
394:(兩) coins made from silver and gold, respectively. Although more commonly the inscription
341:
208:
200:
26:
975:
2030:
196:
1834:
1017:
935:
317:
233:
2850:
1719:
1644:
504:
2870:
1330:
1302:
1594:
1525:
1130:
797:
419:
2789:
2542:
595:
593:
591:
589:
228:
762:
The
Catalog and Guidebook of Southeast Asian Coins and Currency. Volume I: France
672:(in French). l'Effort Indochinois (Journal Autonomiste Paraissant la Vendredi) -
2456:
1755:
1201:
1102:
1773:
409:
263:
552:"Sapeque and Sapeque-Like Coins in Cochinchina and Indochina (交趾支那和印度支那穿孔錢幣)"
495:
French
Southeast Asia Coins & Currency by Howard A. Daniel III (page 97).
1854:
1802:
1471:
326:
Fixing the exchange of the new cash coins bearing the reign era of Khải Định
301:
223:
in 1916 the funding for the production of new cash coins was reduced by the
2686:
1233:
556:
Howard A. Daniel III (The Journal of East Asian Numismatics – Second issue)
387:
786:
2722:
1713:
1124:
282:
1396:
735:"Monnayage de Khải Định 啓定 (1916–1925) – Khải Định currency (1916–1925)"
278:
1351:
1179:
1136:
337:
1148:
332:, the Khải Định Emperor, and the Governor-General of French Indochina
2429:
358:
piastre. A number of the machine-struck cash coins were produced by
576:
Dr. R. Allan Barker. (2004) The historical Cash Coins of Viet Nam.
673:
399:
224:
106:
1683:
Declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
391:
259:
1400:
1152:
939:
801:
1543:
Nguyễn dynasty's persecution of Catholics in the 19th century
340:
than the scarcity of cash coins", while emphasising that the
2831:
Postage stamps and postal history of Annam and Tongking
1913:
Names of the Nguyễn dynasty state (Việt Nam / Đại Nam)
479:
477:
475:
473:
670:"Contre la thésaurisation des pièces divisionnaires"
2798:
2772:
2731:
2715:
2695:
2664:
2631:
2624:
2581:
2535:
2500:
2477:
2470:
2422:
2352:
2192:
2183:
1980:
1959:
1931:
1883:
1795:
1704:
1695:
1660:
1563:
1500:
1493:
1435:
1368:
1350:
1319:
1301:
1278:
1187:
1112:
1093:
1064:
1027:
1008:
974:
637:5 (12 October 1920). Retrieved: 25 April 2023. (in
181:
167:
159:
145:
135:
112:
102:
94:
86:
76:
51:
370:. While the Hanoi-made coins were struck by the
360:Poinsard & Veyret Comptoirs D'Extrême-Orient
2816:Esplanade of Sacrifice to the Heaven and Earth
254:piastre, later the colonial government of the
2599:Confucian court examination system in Vietnam
1412:
1164:
951:
813:
456:Commonly written as "啓定通寶" in modern sources.
8:
16:
606:"Bulletin administratif de l'Annam - N⁰ 23"
2628:
2474:
2189:
1840:House of People's Representatives of Annam
1701:
1497:
1419:
1405:
1397:
1171:
1157:
1149:
958:
944:
936:
820:
806:
798:
173:
151:
15:
2606:Quốc Học – Huế High School for the Gifted
2811:Economy of the Nguyễn dynasty until 1884
1668:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina
258:had unsuccessfully tried to introduce a
2611:Société d’Enseignement Mutuel du Tonkin
652:Tiền cổ Việt Nam, Nhà xuất bản Giáo dục
608:(in French). The government-general of
469:
449:
2563:Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục
483:
308:to be placed into the treasury of the
2785:Imperial Order of the Dragon of Annam
1620:Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League
1610:History of Vietnam during World War I
277:around 200,000,000 coins produced in
7:
520:, Nhà xuất bản Khoa học xã hội (in
398:(啓定年造) was used for silver ingots (
330:six ministers of the Nguyễn dynasty
2277:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845)
2242:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834)
650:Lục Đức Thuận, Võ Quốc Ky (2009),
533:Lục Đức Thuận, Võ Quốc Ky (2009),
14:
2339:Uprising of the Nghệ-Tĩnh soviets
2237:Anouvong's Rebellion against Siam
1531:Six Provinces of Southern Vietnam
505:啟定 Khải Định 1916-1925 cash coins
2573:Woodblocks of the Nguyễn Dynasty
2212:Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia
1813:Court of Imperial Entertainments
1652:French Indochina in World War II
1484:
1477:
1470:
1269:
1263:
1257:
999:
993:
901:
785:
412:
310:government of the Nguyễn dynasty
36:
25:
2773:Orders, decorations, and medals
2217:Cambodian rebellion (1811–1812)
2205:French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh
668:Xuân TIÊU (29 September 1939).
289:until it was phased out by the
262:milled sapèque produced by the
240:had prior tried to introduce a
209:French Indochinese sapèque coin
2423:Special administrative regions
760:Daniel, Howard A. III (2018).
705:Linh, Vietnamese in Vancouver
1:
2282:Bombardment of Tourane (1847)
1850:Imperial Household Department
1828:Office of the National Altars
1548:Tự Đức's Catholic persecution
1449:French protectorates of Annam
306:French protectorate of Tonkin
256:French Protectorate of Tonkin
2353:Prominent military personnel
2309:Ba Dinh uprising / Cần Vương
1823:Court of Imperial Sacrifices
602:French protectorate of Annam
537:, Nhà xuất bản Giáo dục (in
298:French protectorate of Annam
2887:Economic history of Vietnam
2435:Principality of Thuận Thành
1918:Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty
1376:Vietnamese numismatic charm
879:Thành Thái Thông Bảo (成泰通寶)
876:Đồng Khánh Thông Bảo (同慶通寶)
731:François Thierry de Crussol
141:200,000,000 (second series)
82:second series = 2.10 g
2908:
2882:Modern obsolete currencies
2703:French Indochinese piastre
2272:Cambodian rebellion (1840)
2222:Cambodian rebellion (1820)
1818:Court of the Imperial Stud
1635:Communist Party of Vietnam
1575:French conquest of Vietnam
1466:
1293:French Indochinese piastre
870:Kiến Phúc Thông Bảo (建福通寶)
855:Thiệu Trị Thông Bảo (紹治通寶)
852:Minh Mạng Thông Bảo (明命通寶)
163:啓定通寳 (Khải Định Thông Bảo)
70:French Indochinese piastre
2892:Cash coins by inscription
1933:Provincial administration
1796:Ministries & agencies
1673:Vietnamese famine of 1945
1384:
1255:
1010:Fourth Chinese domination
991:
910:
899:
873:Hàm Nghi Thông Bảo (咸宜通寶)
846:Gia Long Thông Bảo (嘉隆通寶)
843:Gia Hưng Thông Bảo (嘉興通寶)
839:
172:
150:
139:27,629,000 (first series)
23:
2471:Palaces & mausoleums
2252:Nông Văn Vân's Rebellion
2232:Phan Bá Vành's Rebellion
1808:Court of Judicial Review
1585:Great Hanoi Rat Massacre
882:Duy Tân Thông Bảo (維新通寶)
737:(in French). TransAsiart
266:with a nominal value of
2826:Long Wall of Quảng Ngãi
2558:Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí
2442:Principality of Hà Tiên
2001:Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau
1615:Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội
242:Cochinchinese 2 sapèque
213:stringing them together
2856:Vietnamese nationalism
2548:Đại Nam nhất thống chí
2319:Pacification of Tonkin
2247:Nduai Kabait rebellion
1625:Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng
1565:French protectorate(s)
849:Gia Long Cự Bảo (嘉隆巨寶)
600:The government of the
2877:Currencies of Vietnam
2589:Imperial Academy, Huế
2536:Society & culture
1960:French administration
1865:Ministry of Education
1678:Abdication of Bảo Đại
1327:South Vietnamese dong
1311:North Vietnamese dong
733:(14 September 2015).
372:Banque de l'Indochine
320:caused by delfation.
80:first series = 2.28 g
2821:House of Nguyễn Phúc
2594:Imperial examination
2485:Imperial City of Huế
2329:Vue Pa Chay's revolt
2324:Thái Nguyên uprising
2314:Yên Thế Insurrection
2287:Cochinchina campaign
969:coins by inscription
794:at Wikimedia Commons
516:Đỗ Văn Ninh (1992),
2806:Domain of the Crown
2696:Colonial currencies
2651:Khải Định Thông Bảo
2508:Thien Tho Mausoleum
2262:Ja Thak Wa uprising
2257:Katip Sumat's Jihad
2227:Ja Lidong rebellion
1845:Imperial Clan Court
1630:Le Travail movement
1501:Sovereign Việt Nam
1303:Democratic Republic
1288:Cochinchina piastre
1222:Khải Định Thông Bảo
1049:Khải Định Thông Bảo
886:Khải Định Thông Bảo
792:Khải Định Thông Bảo
707:Khải Định Thông Bảo
654:. Pages 93–94. (in
633:. Published: 01-09-
604:(1 December 1921).
428:Cash (Chinese coin)
193:Khải Định Thông Bảo
20:
17:Khải Định Thông Bảo
2616:Tonkin Free School
2452:Thủy Xá and Hỏa Xá
2297:Garnier Expedition
2267:Lê Văn Khôi revolt
2026:Michael Hồ Đình Hy
2006:Jean Marie Despiau
1388:Economy of Vietnam
1352:Socialist Republic
1207:Thái Bình Hưng Bảo
1084:mân / cưỡng / quán
1018:Vĩnh Lạc Thông Bảo
984:Thái Bình Hưng Bảo
712:2018-03-26 at the
396:Khải Định Niên Tạo
2864:
2863:
2711:
2710:
2656:Bảo Đại Thông Bảo
2531:
2530:
2447:Sip Song Chau Tai
2418:
2417:
2410:Trương Minh Giảng
2400:Nguyễn Tri Phương
2344:August Revolution
2179:
2178:
2156:Trương Minh Giảng
2106:Nguyễn Tri Phương
1923:Vietnamese dragon
1691:
1690:
1605:Hanoi Poison Plot
1555:Văn Thân movement
1538:Citadel of Saigon
1459:Empire of Vietnam
1394:
1393:
1227:Bảo Đại Thông Bảo
1146:
1145:
1120:Cash coins in art
1094:Manufacturing and
1055:Bảo Đại Thông Bảo
933:
932:
892:Bảo Đại Thông Bảo
790:Media related to
291:Bảo Đại Thông Bảo
238:French government
205:Sapèque Khaï-Dinh
189:
188:
2899:
2641:Tự Đức Thông Bảo
2629:
2553:Đại Nam thực lục
2475:
2385:Nguyễn Văn Thành
2380:Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức
2193:Battles and wars
2190:
2171:Philippe Vannier
2166:Nguyễn Văn Tường
2056:Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức
2051:Nguyễn Trường Tộ
1991:Bạch Xuân Nguyên
1967:Khâm sứ Trung Kỳ
1906:Provincial flags
1702:
1590:Hanoi Exhibition
1568:(Pháp thuộc, 法屬)
1498:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1421:
1414:
1407:
1398:
1280:Colonial Vietnam
1273:
1267:
1261:
1212:Tự Đức Thông Bảo
1189:Imperial Vietnam
1173:
1166:
1159:
1150:
1037:Tự Đức Thông Bảo
1003:
997:
960:
953:
946:
937:
914:Currency units:
905:
859:Tự Đức Thông Bảo
822:
815:
808:
799:
789:
775:
764:(3rd ed.).
747:
746:
744:
742:
727:
721:
703:
697:
696:
694:
692:
686:French Indochina
665:
659:
648:
642:
627:
621:
620:
618:
616:
610:French Indochina
597:
584:
574:
568:
567:
565:
563:
548:
542:
535:Tiền cổ Việt Nam
531:
525:
518:Tiền cổ Việt Nam
514:
508:
502:
496:
493:
487:
481:
457:
454:
433:Tự Đức Thông Bảo
422:
417:
416:
415:
357:
356:
352:
345:their scarcity.
342:production costs
293:(保大通寳) in 1933.
275:
274:
270:
253:
252:
248:
221:Emperor of Annam
177:
155:
131:
129:
123:
121:
113:Years of minting
68:
67:
63:
44:French Indochina
42:
40:
39:
29:
21:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2794:
2768:
2727:
2707:
2691:
2660:
2620:
2577:
2527:
2513:Khiêm Mausoleum
2496:
2466:
2414:
2395:Nguyễn Văn Nhơn
2375:Nguyễn Cư Trinh
2348:
2302:Sino-French War
2292:Tonkin campaign
2175:
2131:Tôn Thất Thuyết
2116:Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ
2101:Phan Thanh Liêm
2096:Phan Thanh Giản
2091:Phan Đình Phùng
2071:Nguyễn Văn Nhơn
1976:
1972:Thống sứ Bắc Kỳ
1955:
1927:
1879:
1791:
1687:
1661:Japanese period
1656:
1567:
1559:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1443:Sovereign state
1431:
1425:
1395:
1390:
1380:
1364:
1346:
1337:Liberation dong
1315:
1297:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1253:
1183:
1177:
1147:
1142:
1108:
1096:casting process
1095:
1089:
1060:
1023:
1004:
998:
989:
970:
967:Vietnamese cash
964:
934:
929:
906:
897:
835:
826:
782:
772:
759:
756:
751:
750:
740:
738:
729:
728:
724:
714:Wayback Machine
704:
700:
690:
688:
667:
666:
662:
649:
645:
628:
624:
614:
612:
599:
598:
587:
575:
571:
561:
559:
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2799:Other topics
2650:
2518:An Mausoleum
2365:Lê Văn Duyệt
2200:Tây Sơn wars
2146:Đặng Huy Trứ
2141:Trần Cao Vân
2041:Ngô Đình Khả
1996:Cao Xuân Dục
1891:Coat of arms
1855:Quốc Tử Giám
1835:Hàn lâm viện
1640:Phú Riềng Đỏ
1516:Nguyễn lords
1505:(Nhà Nguyễn
1221:
1048:
976:Đinh dynasty
885:
761:
739:. Retrieved
725:
701:
689:. Retrieved
663:
651:
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625:
613:. Retrieved
572:
560:. Retrieved
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420:Money portal
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385:
376:
359:
347:
334:Maurice Long
325:
322:
295:
204:
192:
190:
2370:Lê Văn Khôi
2151:Trương Định
1875:Viện cơ mật
1788:(1925–1945)
1782:(1916–1925)
1776:(1907–1916)
1770:(1889–1907)
1764:(1885–1889)
1758:(1884–1885)
1752:(1883–1884)
1734:(1847–1883)
1728:(1841–1847)
1722:(1820–1841)
1716:(1802–1820)
1600:Duy Tân Hội
1455:(1883–1945)
1445:(1802–1883)
1202:Mother coin
1103:Mother coin
484:Daniel 2018
382:Other coins
103:Composition
2871:Categories
2633:Cash coins
2081:Phạm Quỳnh
2016:Hoàng Diệu
1981:Prominent
1768:Thành Thái
1762:Đồng Khánh
1697:Government
1521:Đàng Trong
1386:See also:
1197:Cash coins
1180:Vietnamese
1137:Thiết tiền
1125:Duyên tiền
829:Cash coins
718:Vietnamese
691:20 January
656:Vietnamese
615:20 January
539:Vietnamese
522:Vietnamese
464:References
264:Paris Mint
90:22 mm
2851:Việt gian
2790:Kim Khánh
2723:Hương ước
2582:Education
2457:Trấn Ninh
1983:mandarins
1951:Tổng Trấn
1803:Censorate
1780:Khải Định
1750:Kiến Phúc
1726:Thiệu Trị
1720:Minh Mạng
1645:Việt Minh
1580:Cần Vương
1503:/ Đại Nam
922:(陌), and
635:Khải Định
364:Hải Phòng
302:deflation
229:Thanh Hóa
217:Khải Định
98:1 mm
95:Thickness
2846:Tôn Thất
2732:Treaties
2625:Currency
2568:Khăn vấn
2185:Military
1946:Tuần phủ
1756:Hàm Nghi
1744:Hiệp Hòa
1714:Gia Long
1706:Emperors
1526:Nam tiến
1436:Overview
1369:Exonumia
1331:Republic
1182:currency
1113:Concepts
741:24 April
710:Archived
406:See also
390:(錢) and
314:hoarding
283:Haiphong
207:) was a
199:: 啓定通寳;
87:Diameter
2478:Palaces
2031:Lê Chất
1884:Symbols
1870:Nội các
1786:Bảo Đại
1774:Duy Tân
1738:Dục Đức
1595:Đông Du
1509:茹阮𥱯獨立)
1494:History
831:of the
754:Sources
562:4 March
353:⁄
338:malaise
296:In the
287:Bảo Đại
271:⁄
249:⁄
219:became
197:chữ Hán
168:Reverse
146:Obverse
136:Mintage
126: (
118: (
64:⁄
2765:(1884)
2759:(1883)
2753:(1874)
2751:Saigon
2747:(1863)
2741:(1862)
2739:Saigon
2543:Áo dài
2430:Champa
1941:Đề Đốc
1860:Lục bộ
1746:(1883)
1740:(1883)
1732:Tự Đức
1461:(1945)
1453:Tonkin
1430:topics
1057:(保大通寶)
1051:(啓定通寶)
1045:(嗣德寶鈔)
1039:(嗣德通寶)
1020:(永樂通寶)
986:(太平興寶)
894:(保大通寶)
888:(啓定通寶)
867:(嗣德寶鈔)
861:(嗣德通寶)
768:
716:. (in
678:Tonkin
639:French
580:
400:sycees
201:French
182:Design
160:Design
41:
19:(啓定通寳)
2501:Tombs
1901:Flags
1133:(花穿錢)
918:(文),
674:Hanoï
444:Notes
225:Hanoi
185:Blank
124:–1933
107:Brass
52:Value
2716:Laws
2687:Tiền
2682:Quán
2677:Mạch
1451:and
1360:dong
1249:quán
1244:mạch
1234:Tiền
1139:(鐵錢)
1127:(鉛錢)
1105:(母錢)
1078:mạch
924:quán
920:mạch
766:ISBN
743:2020
693:2022
617:2022
578:ISBN
564:2018
392:lạng
388:tiền
260:zinc
191:The
128:1933
120:1921
116:1921
77:Mass
2780:Bai
2763:Huế
2757:Huế
2745:Huế
2672:Văn
1341:PRG
1239:văn
1080:(陌)
1074:(文)
1072:văn
926:(貫)
916:văn
402:).
362:in
355:200
279:Huế
273:600
251:500
66:200
57:văn
2873::
684:,
680:,
676:,
658:).
641:).
588:^
554:.
472:^
374:.
366:,
281:,
215:.
203::
55:6
1420:e
1413:t
1406:v
1343:)
1339:(
1333:)
1329:(
1172:e
1165:t
1158:v
959:e
952:t
945:v
821:e
814:t
807:v
774:.
745:.
695:.
619:.
566:.
541:)
524:)
351:1
269:1
247:1
195:(
130:)
122:)
72:)
62:1
59:(
46:)
34:(
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