551:
Many of the border chiefs, the
Khandayats and the bhunias received estates during 11th century. Raja Ananga Bhima Deva was created 16 sawant Rajas who were posted all round and along the frontier of Orissa in order to defend the kingdom against foreign
126:
The
British conquered Odisha in 1803 and implemented land reforms to increase tax revenue. Khandayats enjoyed tax-free lands in Khurda Kingdom in strictly military tenure. But after their Paika Rebellion, they lost most of the free-hold lands.
153:
Currently, the Odia
Khandayat caste is recognised by the Government of Odisha among the socially and educationally backward classes (SEBC), though they are not entitled to any reservation benefit provided by the central Government of India.
571:
According to K.N. Mohapatra, an eminent historian of Orissa, during the ganga rule in the 11th and 12th centuries
Khandayat strategies were established in the surrounding area of Bhubaneswar to protect the Great Temple of
889:
123:
Mughal chronicler Ain-i-Akbari gave a clear picture of Odisha after the breakdown of the
Gajapati Empire. It mentioned different forts ruled by Khandayat Zamindars along with their King Mukund Dev.
83:, East India. Some of them had earlier served as feudal chiefs as well as zamindars apart from being land holders and agriculturalists. Numerically they are the largest caste of the state.
882:
768:
748:
665:
The Paik
Rebellions of 1804 and 1817-18 against British administration in Orissa left the feudal khandayat militia deprived of both its age-old swords as well as free-hold lands.
875:
113:
During the medieval period, this class of peasant warriors or landed militia acquired good amounts of agricultural land and some of them became local zamindars.
283:
land that had been granted to chiefs ( dalabehera ) , sub - chiefs ( dalai ) , and peasant foot - soldiers ( paik ) - primarily of the
Khandayat caste.
856:
845:
826:
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715:
622:
595:
544:
517:
490:
463:
417:
390:
363:
333:
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276:
340:
As highlighted above, most of the chiefs, zamindars, privileged tenure holders were
Kshatriyas/Khandayats - this marked them out as rulers.
110:
During this time, Khandayat military settlements were established in
Bhubaneswar and nearby areas to protect the Great Lingaraj Temple.
116:
Fakir Mohan
Senapati, while quoting Abul Fazal, mentioned Khandayats as a landowning caste that dominated the politics and military of
1076:
107:
Early mention of Khandayats as feudal chief and military personnel is found during the rule of eastern ganga dynasty in 11th century.
688:
146:
started identifying as Khandayats in order to gain status, distance themselves from their original castes/communities, and exploit
1115:
296:
678:
436:
585:
174:
varna category due to the majority of Khandayats being peasants. Pradhan also attributes this to Brahmin patronage of
731:
507:
480:
453:
424:
These estates were generally held by Khandayat militia chiefs who earlier served the Gajapati Kings.
867:
643:. Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science. Indiana University. 1997. pp. 111–112.
247:
841:
822:
803:
711:
684:
618:
612:
591:
540:
513:
486:
459:
413:
386:
359:
329:
302:
272:
213:
482:
Identity, Hegemony, Resistance: Towards a Social History of Conversions in Orissa, 1800-2000
46:
1003:
117:
236:"Story of the Peasant Militias or the Khandayats or Orissa: A Socio-Historical Approach"
1041:
1011:
926:
92:
79:, is a cultivating caste, as well as a peasant militia or landed militia caste from
42:
1109:
1051:
1016:
196:
139:
1094:
1061:
1056:
1036:
1021:
993:
898:
645:
They (the zamindars) are of the castes Khandait and telinga, Kinsmen of Mukund Dev.
166:
status considering their quasi-martial background, but they were considered by the
705:
658:
638:
564:
534:
407:
380:
353:
323:
266:
1031:
838:
Six Acres and a Third: The Classic Nineteenth-century Novel about Colonial India
441:. Department of Political Science, Guru Nanak Dev University. 1986. p. 88.
162:
Traditionally, they are a peasant militia caste who claim themselves to be of
1066:
983:
902:
753:
163:
936:
769:"Why did Naveen Patnaik government pass the OBC Bill in a hurry |Opinion"
147:
32:
509:
A Haunting Tragedy: Gender, Caste and Class in the 1866 Famine of Orissa
251:
235:
1086:
1071:
1046:
954:
944:
918:
167:
143:
131:
1026:
988:
962:
910:
640:
Mughal India According to European Travel Accounts: Texts and Studies
175:
171:
135:
80:
56:
906:
130:
During British rule, some wealthy people from communities such as
840:. Mishra, Rabi Shankar (trans.). University of California Press.
587:
Culture, Gender and Gender Discrimination: Caste Hindu and Tribal
569:. Superintendent, Research and Museum, Orissa. 1975. p. 23.
91:
The term Khandayat is believed to have originated from the word "
967:
871:
268:
Gender and Modernity: Perspectives from Asia and the Pacific
455:
Legends of Origin of the Castes and Tribes of Eastern India
95:" meaning sword. Khandayat means swordsman or headman of a
265:
Hayami, YĹŤko; Tanabe, Akio; Tokita-Tanabe, Yumiko (2003).
800:
India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism
707:
India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism
680:
India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism
325:
India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism
584:
Mohanty, Ramesh P.; Biswal, Durgesh Nandini (2007).
1085:
1002:
976:
953:
935:
917:
704:Ernst, Waltraud; Pati, Biswamoy (18 October 2007).
322:Ernst, Waltraud; Pati, Biswamoy (18 October 2007).
62:
52:
38:
28:
23:
857:"Khandayats moving into political gear in Orissa"
798:Ernst, Waltraud; Pati, Biswamoy, eds. (2007).
229:
227:
225:
218:. University of California Press. p. 132.
178:, who also claimed to be of Kshatriya status.
883:
8:
677:Waltraud Ernst; Biswamoy Pati, eds. (2007).
614:Six Acres And A Third: Chaa Mana Atha Guntha
201:. Vol. 7. Part II, Tables. p. 138.
819:Situating Social History: Orissa, 1800-1997
358:. Discovery Publishing House. p. 179.
890:
876:
868:
539:. Himalaya Publishing House. p. 103.
240:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
611:Senapati, Fakir Mohan (1 February 2006).
198:Bihar and Orissa – Census Of India 1931
187:
566:The Orissa Historical Research Journal
271:. Kyoto University Press. p. 68.
20:
385:. Mittal Publications. pp. Vii.
382:Economic History of Orissa, 1866-1912
7:
506:Mohanty, Bidyut (9 November 2021).
1077:List of Scheduled Tribes in Odisha
16:Cultivating caste of Odisha, India
14:
412:. Indus Publishing. p. 157.
355:British Economic Policy in Orissa
212:Bailey, Frederick George (1970).
234:Pradhan, Prasanta Kumar (1996).
663:. Sahitya Akademi. p. 61.
352:Bhola, Sudhira Chandra (1990).
836:Senapati, Fakir Mohan (2005).
406:Patnaik, Nihar Ranjan (1997).
1:
533:Miśra, Kr̥shṇacandra (1990).
977:Agriculturalists/cultivators
536:Land System and Land Reforms
295:Pati, Rabindra Nath (2008).
657:Mansinha, Mayadhar (1976).
485:. Three Essays Collective.
1132:
438:Punjab Journal of Politics
409:Economic History of Orissa
215:Politics and Social Change
710:. Routledge. p. 89.
617:. Penguin Books Limited.
328:. Routledge. p. 89.
170:and others to be in the
1116:Social groups of Odisha
817:Pati, Biswamoy (2001).
590:. Mittal Publications.
479:Pati, Biswamoy (2003).
66:1,010,146 (1931 census)
855:Roy, Bhaskar (2004).
452:Ghosh, G. K. (2000).
379:Samal, J. K. (1990).
821:. Orient Blackswan.
195:Lacey, W. g (1932).
660:Fakirmohan Senapati
775:. 21 February 2020
301:. APH Publishing.
254:– via JSTOR.
1103:
1102:
847:978-0-52022-883-2
828:978-8-12502-007-3
809:978-1-13411-988-2
717:978-1-134-11988-2
624:978-93-5118-251-1
597:978-81-8324-199-1
546:978-81-7040-132-2
519:978-1-000-50683-9
492:978-81-88789-04-7
465:978-81-7102-046-1
419:978-81-7387-075-0
392:978-81-7099-218-9
365:978-81-7141-075-0
335:978-1-134-11988-2
308:978-81-313-0352-8
278:978-4-87698-451-0
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903:Communities
749:"The Hindu"
732:"SEBC List"
246:: 752–745.
552:agression.
182:References
63:Population
984:Khandayat
754:The Hindu
572:Lingaraj.
164:Kshatriya
87:Etymology
73:Khandayat
39:Languages
29:Religions
24:Khandayat
1110:Category
937:Kayastha
919:Brahmins
252:44133394
168:Brahmins
148:Zamindar
144:Agharias
132:Adivasis
77:Khandait
33:Hinduism
1087:Muslims
1072:Bhunjia
1047:Banjara
1012:Santhal
955:Vaishya
176:Rajputs
136:Bhuyans
103:History
47:Bengali
1052:Bhumij
1027:Mahali
1017:Kharia
989:Kuilta
963:Halwai
945:Karana
911:Odisha
907:tribes
905:, and
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779:21 May
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489:
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416:
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332:
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275:
250:
172:Shudra
142:, and
140:Chasas
93:Khanda
81:Odisha
57:Odisha
1062:Juang
1057:Bonda
1037:Lodha
1032:Sauro
1022:Munda
735:(PDF)
248:JSTOR
97:Khand
968:Teli
842:ISBN
823:ISBN
804:ISBN
781:2023
712:ISBN
685:ISBN
619:ISBN
592:ISBN
541:ISBN
514:ISBN
487:ISBN
460:ISBN
414:ISBN
387:ISBN
360:ISBN
330:ISBN
303:ISBN
273:ISBN
43:Odia
909:of
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1067:Ho
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