567:. There, she fell in love with the god Khandoba. Khandoba also fell in love with her. Khandoba accepted a self-exile for 12 years by intentionally losing a game of chess (Saripat) to his wife Mhalsa. He took disguise as a shepherd and started serving Banai's father. One day, Khandoba killed all the sheep and goats of Banai's father and promised to make them alive again if he was married to Banai. The reluctant Banai was married to Khandoba, the shepherd in disguise at Naldurg. Khandoba revealed his real form to Banai on their way back to Jejuri.
1381:) – an epithet of Rudra, who is considered a rival to deity Prajapati. According to Stanley, Khandoba originated as a mountain-top god, solar deity and a regional guardian and then assimilated into himself gods of various regions and communities. According to Stanley, Khandoba inherits traits from both the sun-god Surya as well as Shiva, who is identified with the moon. Stanley describes Khandoba as "a moon god, who has become a sun god", emphasizing on how the moon imagery of Shiva transforms into the solar iconography of Khandoba in the
602:
644:(Skanda) with Khandoba. The hypotheses of the theory rests upon the similarities between Skanda and Khandoba, namely their association with mountains and war, similarity of their names and weapons (the lance of Skanda and the sword of Khandoba) and both having two principal wives. Also the festivals for both deities, Champa Sashthi and Skanda Sashthi respectively for Khandoba and Skanda fall on the same day. Other symbols associated with Khandoba are the dog and horse.
653:
1280:
517:
1061:
335:
540:(shepherd caste). Mhalsa has had a regular ritualistic marriage with Khandoba. Banai, on the other hand, has a love marriage by capture with the god. Mhalsa is described as jealous and a good cook; Banai is erotic, resolute, but does not even know how to cook. Often folk songs tell of their quarrels. Mhalsa represents "culture" and Banai "nature". The god king Khandoba stands between them.
433:
2926:
1417:
a display of his valour, was later named as
Mailara. By the 13th century, wide worship of Malhari or Mailara is observed by kings, Brahmins, simple folk and warriors. With the rise of the Muslim empire, classical Hindu temples fell into ruin, giving rise to the folk religion such as of Khandoba. A remark of Chakradhara mentioned in his biography
1073:
1493:, the god from Karnataka. The cult possibly was spread by Lingayat, Jain and other merchants, associated with Mailara-Khandoba, to other parts of the Deccan. Besides Mailara, Khandoba is identified with other deities of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, and is called as Mallanna, Mairala, and Mallu Khan. Other traditions like
851:
570:
On reaching Jejuri, Khandoba was greeted by Mhalsa's fury and her strong protest of his second marriage. To avoid the quarrels of his wives, Khandoba gave the upper half of the hill to Mhalsa and the lower half to Banai. The idol of Mhalsa is placed with
Khandoba in the main shrine at top of the hill
503:
respectively. Other myth variants narrate that
Khandoba defeats a single demon named Manimalla, who offers his white horse, sometimes called Mani, to the god. Other legends depict Mhalsa (or Parvati) and Banai or Banu (or Ganga) as futilely helping Khandoba in the battle to collect the blood of Mani,
1416:
Sontheimer suggests that
Khandoba was primarily a god of herdsmen, and that the cult of Khandoba is at least older than 12th century, which can be determined by references in Jain and Lingayat texts and inscriptions. A 12th-century Jain author Brahmashiva claims that a Jain, who died in battle after
350:
representation of
Khandoba, Mhalsa is seated in front of Khandoba on his white horse. Mhalsa is piercing a demon's chest with a spear, while a dog is biting his thigh and the horse is hitting his head. The other demon is grabbing the reins of the horse and attacking Khandoba with a club as Khandoba
580:
and is sometimes identified with Banai. She is a prototype of the
Muralis — the girls "married" to Khandoba. Rambhai is worshipped as a goddess whom Khandoba visits after his hunt. She is also localised, being said to come from the village from Dhalewadi, near Jejuri. The fourth wife Phulai Malin,
468:
bull, leading an army of the gods. Martanda
Bhairava is described as shining like the gold and sun, covered in turmeric also known as Haridra, three-eyed, with a crescent moon on his forehead. The demon army was slaughtered by the gods and finally Khandoba killed Malla and Mani. While dying, Mani
1388:
As per R. C. Dhere, two stone inscriptions in 1063 C.E. and 1148 C.E mentioning the folk deities
Mailara and his consort Malavva which suggests that Mailara gained popularity in Karnataka in this period. Soon, royals of this region started erecting temples to this folk deity, upsetting the elite
636:
and Shiva, who is associated with the moon. Martanda ("blazing orb") is a name of Surya, while
Bhairava is a form of Shiva. Sundays, gold and turmeric, which are culturally associated with the sun, form an important part of the rituals of Khandoba. Sontheimer associates the worship of the Sun as
473:. Malla, when asked by the deity if he asked for a boon, asks for the destruction of the world and human-flesh. Angered by the demon's request, Khandoba decapitates him, and his head falls at the temple stairs where it was trampled by the devotees feet. The legend further describes how two
905:(shaman). Another ritual in the cult is an act of chain-breaking in fulfilment of a vow or an annual family rite; the chain is identified with the snake around Shiva's neck, which was cut by the demons in the fight. Another rite associated with the family duties to please Khandoba is the
900:
s (heroes) in the cult. According to legend, an "untouchable" Mang (Matanga) sacrificed himself for the foundation of the temple at Jejuri to persuade
Khandoba to stay at Jejuri forever. Other practices in the cult include the belief that Khandoba possesses the body of a Vaghya or
1346:
469:
offers his white horse to Khandoba as an act of repentance and asks for a boon. The boon is that he be present in every shrine of Khandoba, that human-kind is bettered and that he be given an offering of goat flesh. The boon was granted, and thus he was transformed into a
1316:
Deshasth Brahmans and Marathas also observe the annual Champa-Shashthi festival. The images of Khandoba and Malla are cleaned and worshipped. For six days, a fast is observed. On the seventh day, the devotees break their fast by a feast known as
816:(offering of food) is offered to Khandoba in the temples, although he is regarded by many devotees as a non-vegetarian. Goat flesh is also offered to the deity, although this is done outside the temple as meat is forbidden inside the temple.
507:
The legends portray Khandoba as a king who rules from his fortress of Jejuri and holds court where he distributes gold. Also, king Khandoba goes on hunting expeditions, which often turn into "erotic adventures", and subsequent marriages.
264:
The name "Khandoba" comes from the words "khadga" (sword), the weapon used by Khandoba to kill the demons, and "ba" (father). "Khanderaya" means "king Khandoba". Another variant is "Khanderao", where the suffix "rao" (king) is used.
486:
of Khandoba — his elevation from a folk deity to Shiva, a deity of the classical Hindu pantheon — that was initiated by the texts. Khandoba's wives Mhalsa and Banai are also identified with Shiva's classical Hindu wife,
1119:, where the deity is to be called awake or "jagrut", are recognized; six of them in Maharashtra and the rest in northern Karnataka. Khandoba's temples resemble forts, the capital of his kingdom being Jejuri. The priests here are
947:
Khandoba is considered as the giver of fertility. Maharashtrian Hindu couples are expected to visit a Khandoba temple to obtain Khandoba's blessing on consummation of marriage. Traditional Maharashtrian families also organize a
1027:
on horseback, one of his wives being a Muslim, and that his horse-keeper is a Muslim in Jejuri. The Mārtaṇḍa Vijaya expressly states that his devotees are mainly Muslims. The worship of Khandoba had received royal patronage by
43:
1324:
In Pali-Pember, the ritual of the marriage of Khandoba with Mhalsa is annually performed. Turmeric is offered to the deities. Two festivals are celebrated in honour of Mailara, as Khandoba is known in Karnataka. These are the
495:. Hegadi Pradhan, the minister and brother-in-law of Khandoba and brother of Lingavat Vani Mhalsa, the faithful dog that helps Khandoba kill the demons, the horse given by Mani and the demon brothers are considered avatars of
504:
every drop of which was creating a new demon. Finally, the dog of Khandoba swallows all the blood. Sometimes, Mhalsa, or rarely Banai, is described as seated behind Khandoba on the horse and fighting with a sword or spear.
351:
is dismounting the horse and attacking the demon with his sword. In other representations, Khandoba is seen seated on a horse with the heads of demons trod under the horse's hooves or their heads under Khandoba's knees.
1504:(hymn) dedicated to Khandoba calls him "an illustrious king with rich clothes and a horse with a saddle studded with jewels", who was once "an ascetic beggar who ride an old bull and carried an ant-bitten club (
1481:, then went to Naldurg, Pali and finally to Jejuri. Sontheimer suggests that the cult of Mailara may have originated in Pember and then spread to Maharashtra, merging with the cult of Khandaka — the patron
952:
as part of the marriage ceremony, inviting the god to the marriage. Copper figurines of Khandoba riding on a horse (sometimes with Mhalsa) are worshipped by devotees on a daily basis in the household shrine.
1441:
dynasty (1083–1323 AD); a text from their rule records the self-torture rituals of Mailara-devotees and describes the deity. Throughout his development, Mailara is looked upon as a lower manifestation of
551:
Pournima (the full moon day of Hindu calendar month of Paush) in Pali (Pembar). Two shivlingas appeared on this occasion. An annual festival marking this event is celebrated in Pali every Paush Pournima.
664:
Though Shiva is worshipped across Maharashtra in his original form, some Maharashtrian communities prefer to worship him in form of his avatars, Khandoba being the most popular. He is the most popular
338:
The sanctum of Khandoba's older temple Kadepathar, Jejuri. Khandoba is worshipped in three forms: stone icon with the consorts (top), metal icon with Mhalsa (mid, covered with garlands) and two
1524:
and whose priests are non-Brahmin Guravs. The Marathi term "khel-khandoba", which is taken to mean "devastation" in general usage, refers to the possession of devotee by the god in his sect.
593:, a member of the oilpresser caste. She is recognised as a Muslim by the Muslims. Apart from these, Muralis — girls offered to Khandoba — are considered as wives or concubines of the god.
1299:, in honour of Khandoba is celebrated at Jejuri, to commemorate the fight with demons Mani-Malla. On the sixth day (Champa-Shashthi), Khandoba is believed to have slew the demons. A
1413:
also wrote "disparagingly" about Khandoba's cult worship, but after him, the "open" criticism of Khandoba stopped, but the "barbaric" practices of his cult were still targeted.
547:. Mhalsa was born as the daughter of a rich merchant in Newase called Tirmarsheth. On the divine orders of Khandoba in a dream to Tirmarsheth, she was married to Khandoba on
637:
termite mounds for fertility and his role as a healer to Khandoba's role as granter of fertility in marriages and to the healing powers of turmeric, which the latter holds.
288:
records Martanda Bhairava, pleased with the bravery of Malla, takes the name "Mallari" (the enemy of Malla). Other variants include Malanna (Mallanna) and Mailara (Mailar).
377:. Often, Khandoba is depicted as a warrior seated on horseback with one or both of his wives and accompanied with one or more dogs. He is also worshipped as the aniconic
2772:
609:
Mallana (Mallikaarjuna) of Andhra Pradesh and Mailara of Karnataka are sometimes identified with Khandoba (Mallari, Malhari, Mairala). Khandoba is also associated with
1337:
Purnima (full-moon day) is also considered auspicious. In general, Sundays, associated with the sun-god, are considered as considered auspicious for Khandoba worship.
684:)". He is worshipped by the vast majority of Marathi Hindu people from all strata of that society. He is the patron deity of warrior, farming, herding as well as some
1019:
by Muslim devotees, and is many times portrayed as being a Muslim himself in this context. The latter is believed to conferred upon by the Mughal invader king
917:) and Bel leaves. Then, a coconut is placed on a pot filled with water and the pot is worshipped as an embodiment of Khandoba. Then, five persons lift the
2270:
381:, the symbol of Shiva. Often in Khandoba temples, both representations of Khandoba — the aniconic linga and the anthropomorphic horseback form.
2284:
1313:(palanquin) procession of Khandoba and Mhalsa's images is carried from the Gad-kot temple to the Karha river, where the images are ritually bathed.
524:
Khandoba has two wives who are women from different communities, who serve as cultural links between the god and the communities. He has two wives,
1023:, who was forced to flee from Jejuri by Khandoba's power. Some of these distinguishing Muslim features include his usual appearance as that of a
212:
as well as several of the hunter/gatherer tribes that are native to the hills and forests of this region. The sect of Khandoba has linkages with
389:
Legends of Khandoba generally tell about the battle between the deity and demons Malla and Mani. The principle written source of the legend is
228:. The form of Khandoba developed during the 9th and 10th centuries from a folk deity into a composite god possessing the attributes of Shiva,
2765:
2551:
2029:
1846:
1333:
month (February–March) in Mailar, Bellary district. Both festivals have enactments of the battle between Mailar and the demons Mani-Malla.
1303:(temple festival and fair) is held in Pember on Champa-shasthi, and the festival continues until the day of the new moon. Another festival
692:, the hunters and gatherers of the hills and forests, merchants and kings. The devotees of Khandoba in the Deccan principally consists of
632:
s being found in termite mounds or "made of earth". According to Sontheimer, Martanda Bhairava (Khandoba) is a combination of the sun god
605:
A painting depicts Khandoba riding a white horse with Mhalsa, accompanied with a dog and attendants including a Waghya dancing before him.
960:
suggests offerings of incense, lights, betel and animals to Khandoba. The Marathi version mentions offerings of meat and the worship by
2562:
2724:
2701:
2632:
2605:
2582:
2521:
2454:
1896:
991:(demonic worship) by animal sacrifice and self — torture. Possession by Khandoba, in form of a wind, is lower demonic worship (
823:, a vow to perform service to the god in return for a boon of good harvest, male child, financial success etc. On fulfilment of the
1497:
sects of folk goddesses were assimilated into the Khandoba sect, identifying the goddesses with Khandoba's wives Mhalsa or Banai.
2758:
1253:
827:, Khandoba was offered children or some devotees would afflict pain by hook-swinging or fire-walking. This type of worship using
1970:
1943:
617:(murder of a Brahmin). Devotees emphasize that Khandoba is a full avatar of Shiva, and not a partial avatar like Bhairava or
2444:
1469:
Malhari Mahatmya states that Khandoba first appeared on Champashasti, which was a Sunday, at Premapur, which identified as
1389:
class of established religion who vilified Mailara. Initially exalted by an incarnation of Shiva, Mailara was denounced by
874:
were formerly dedicated to Khandoba, but now the practice of marrying girls to Khandoba is illegal. The Vaghyas act as the
2491:
1871:
759:
3283:
2693:
2624:
2574:
1627:
For worship of Khandoba in the form of a lingam and possible identification with Shiva based on that, see: Mate, p. 176.
585:, She was a particular Murali and is thus a deified devotee of Khandoba. She is visited by him at "Davna Mal" (field of
24:
2070:
3288:
3109:
790:(fierce) deity, who causes troubles if not propitiated properly as per the family duties. Khandoba is worshipped with
758:
Brahmins - in Nashik and Satara - do worship Khandoba, some imitating the Deshastha Brahmins. The Deshastha Brahmins,
1365:
sects. Khandoba may be a product of the Vedic Rudra, who like Khandoba was associated with robbers, horses and dogs.
888:). The Vaghyas and their female counterparts Muralis sing and dance in honour of Khandoba and narrate his stories on
366:(trident), Bhandara-patra (turmeric powder-filled bowl) and khadga (sword). Khandoba's images are often dressed as a
2716:
709:
1886:
1260:
284:. The name "Mallari" or "Malhari" is split as "Malla" and "ari" (enemy), thus meaning "enemy of the demon Malla".
1218:
2541:
2309:
835:– worship done with an expectation of return and is considered "to be of a lower esteem". But the most faithful
3229:
3065:
2642:
Stanley, John M. (Nov 1977). "Special Time, Special Power: The Fluidity of Power in a Popular Hindu Festival".
1242:
440:
The legend tell of the demon Malla and his younger brother Mani, who had gained the boon of invincibility from
2616:
2593:
2049:
3278:
1139:
563:. Banai was found by Dhangar shepherd. When Banai grew up, it was predicted that she would get her match at
245:
1425:, temples of Vishnu and Shiva will be destroyed, but those of Mairala will stay'. A 1369 AD inscription at
1321:. An invitation to this feast is regarded as an invitation from Khandoba himself and is harder to refuse.
1166:
921:, place it repeatedly on the pot thrice, saying "Elkot" or "Khande rayaca Elkot". Then the coconut in the
2288:
2021:
Five Indian English Poets: Nissim Ezekiel, A.K. Ramanujan, Arun Kolatkar, Dilip Chitre, R. Parthasarathy
938:
1291:. Khandoba is depicted with the traditional attributes of Shiva like the Trishula, damaru and the deer.
256:
and also narrated in folk songs, revolve around his victory over demons Mani-malla and his marriages.
244:, or as an image of a warrior riding on a bull or a horse. The foremost centre of Khandoba worship is
3236:
3044:
1029:
839:
s (devotees) are considered to be greedy only for the company of their Lord, Khandoba is also called
2671:
Stanley, John. M. (1988). "Gods, Ghosts and Possession". In Eleanor Zelliot, Maxine Berntsen (ed.).
1295:
A six-day festival, from the first to sixth lunar day of the bright fortnight of the Hindu month of
878:
of Khandoba and identify themselves with the dogs of Khandoba, while Muralis act as his courtesans (
3159:
2914:
2684:
Stanley, John. M. (1989). "The Captulation of Mani: A Conversion Myth in the Cult of Khandoba". In
1236:
601:
652:
2659:
2500:
1865:
1508:)" – a humorous take on the Puranic Shiva. In another instance (1855), he is called a ghost by a
1374:
1180:
413:
and Sontheimer suggests that the Sanskrit Mahatmya was composed around 1460–1510 AD, mostly by a
1437:
kill the demon Malla, thus acquiring the title of Mallari. Mailara was the family deity of the
3097:
2720:
2697:
2628:
2601:
2578:
2547:
2517:
2489:
Burman, J. J. Roy (Apr 14–20, 2001). "Shivaji's Myth and Maharashtra's Syncretic Traditions".
2450:
2025:
1892:
1517:
1433:
tells an account of Mallari different from Malhari Mahatmya — Shiva helped the epic hero
1267:
1246:
999:
worship, the purest form of worship, is believed to be feeding Khandoba in form of a Brahmin.
751:
657:
414:
2215:
2019:
1426:
3029:
2651:
1394:
1304:
1197:
1187:
1077:
621:. He accepts the attributes of the demon king — his horse, weapons and royal insignia.
614:
418:
406:
1520:. Another Brahmin remarks with scorn about the impurity of the Khandoba temple, visited by
1500:
Marathi literature has a mixed reaction to the sect of Khandoba. Naranjanamadhva (1790) in
1068:. Notice devotees showering turmeric powder (bhandara) on each other, in a temple festival.
334:
3255:
2984:
2969:
2793:
2685:
2566:
1402:
1393:, the founder of the Shiva-worshipping Lingayat sect – who would later promote the deity.
1345:
1288:
1212:
1160:
767:
529:
492:
482:
193:
144:
532:(Banu, Banubai) being the most important. While Khandoba's first wife Mhalsa is from the
326:. Other names include Khandu Gavda, Mhalsa-kant ("husband of Mhalsa") and Jejurica Vani.
1996:
2883:
1463:
1451:
1418:
1109:
1085:
1024:
799:
730:
713:
673:
374:
311:
303:
181:
2406:
1477:. Marathi traditions tell that Khandoba came originally from Premapuri, now Pember in
1279:
574:
Khandoba's third wife, Rambhai Shimpin, is a tailor woman who was a heavenly nymph or
516:
204:. He is also the patron deity of some warrior, farming castes, shepherd community and
3272:
3220:
2781:
2673:
1326:
1284:
1229:
560:
500:
1489:
giving it its distinct Maharashtrain characteristics. Maharashtrains call the god –
1060:
1296:
721:
586:
465:
1951:
1349:
Khandoba with his wives at Mailar Mallanna temple, Khanapur near Bidar, Karnataka.
680:(wish-granting devotion) and one of the most powerful deities responsive to vows (
3213:
3188:
3129:
2925:
2903:
2785:
1398:
1204:
1138:. Kadepathar is difficult to climb. The second one is the newer and more famous
1093:
925:
is broken and mixed with sugar or jaggery and given to friends and relatives. A
669:
533:
201:
189:
17:
3195:
3124:
2838:
1950:(April–June and July–September, 2000). DNT Rights Action Group. Archived from
1705:
For a detailed synopsis of Malhari Mahtmya, see Sontheimer in Bakker pp.116–26
1509:
1208:
1156:
1134:, Maharashtra. There are two temples: the first is an ancient temple known as
1052:. In Jejuri, a Muslim family traditionally looks after the horses of the god.
804:
755:
725:
665:
618:
582:
432:
410:
296:
197:
72:
2690:
Criminal Gods and Demon Devotees: Essays on the Guardians of Popular Hinduism
2571:
Criminal Gods and Demon Devotees: Essays on the Guardians of Popular Hinduism
1307:, which is a new-moon day that falls on a Monday, is celebrated in Jejuri. A
1130:: The foremost center of worship of Khandoba. It is situated 48 km from
589:, a herb said to be dear to Khandoba). The fifth wife, Candai Bhagavin, is a
3183:
3114:
3004:
2947:
2863:
2598:
The History of Sacred Places in India as Reflected in Traditional Literature
1831:
For use of the name Khandoba as a name for Karttikeya in Maharashtra, Gupta
1513:
1505:
1478:
1422:
1378:
1193:
1101:
1097:
1020:
1011:, and this affiliation is visible in the style of his temples. He is called
986:
641:
429:
by Gangadhara (1821) and the oral stories of the Vaghyas, bards of the god.
347:
323:
237:
52:
2750:
964:– "causing themselves to be cut", hook-swinging and self-mortification by
3250:
3206:
3178:
3148:
3134:
3054:
3014:
2999:
2858:
2801:
2407:"FOLK GOD OF THE SOUTH: KHANDOBA – Chapter 1: "Mailar', that is Khandoba"
1438:
1430:
1362:
885:
791:
775:
610:
571:
at Jejuri. A separate shrine to Banai is situated halfway down the hill.
525:
445:
402:
363:
358:(icons), Khandoba or Mailara is depicted as having four arms, carrying a
281:
277:
269:
229:
213:
140:
119:
61:
1450:
saints. By the 18th century, Khandoba had become the clan deity of the
3200:
3173:
3034:
3009:
2989:
2957:
2952:
2942:
2868:
2848:
2843:
2833:
2828:
2663:
2504:
1486:
1455:
1443:
1406:
1334:
1309:
1222:
1176:
1115:
1008:
913:(dish) is filled with coconuts, fruits, betel nuts, saffron, turmeric (
763:
743:
705:
701:
693:
685:
625:
544:
537:
488:
470:
417:, to whom Khandoba is the family deity. A version is also available in
367:
205:
2745:
421:
by Siddhapal Kesasri (1585). Other sources include the later texts of
3144:
3139:
3104:
3092:
3082:
3049:
3039:
2974:
2893:
2873:
2811:
2806:
2202:
See Stanley in Zelliot pp. 40–53: for details of possession beliefs:
1521:
1501:
1494:
1482:
1470:
1459:
1447:
1434:
1410:
1390:
1366:
1330:
1127:
1105:
1065:
996:
969:
880:
747:
697:
689:
576:
564:
556:
548:
496:
474:
457:
453:
441:
370:
359:
249:
225:
209:
127:
106:
99:
85:
48:
2655:
2594:"God as King for All: The Sanskrit Malhari Mahatmya and its context"
1357:, the Puranic Shiva worshipped as Linga in Brahmanical religion and
1353:
The sect of Khandoba, a folk religion, reflects the effect of Vedic
1112:
in the east. The eleven principal centres of worship of Khandoba or
1072:
1036:
and the right of pilgrims to perform rituals at the Naldurg temple.
42:
3168:
3087:
3019:
2979:
2964:
2888:
2853:
2816:
2180:
2178:
1474:
1354:
1344:
1278:
1170:
1120:
1089:
1071:
1059:
1033:
850:
849:
717:
651:
633:
515:
449:
431:
378:
355:
333:
273:
241:
233:
221:
185:
177:
173:
89:
220:
traditions, and also assimilates all communities irrespective of
3119:
3059:
3024:
2994:
2934:
2908:
2898:
2878:
2823:
1948:
The Denotified and Nomatic Tribes Rights Action Group Newsletter
1358:
1131:
875:
802:
fruit-leaves, onions and other vegetables. The deity is offered
771:
590:
444:, creating chaos on the earth and harassing the sages. When the
217:
157:
2754:
2446:
Inside-outside : two views of social change in rural India
2260:
For Jejuri as the foremost center of worship see: Mate, p. 162.
2216:"Ratnagiri District Gazetteer : People: RELIGIOUS BELIEFS"
1145:, which is easy to climb. This temple has about 450 steps, 18
770:
worship Khandoba as their Kuladevata. He is also worshipped by
2746:
Khandoba temples of Maharashtra, Karnatak & Andhra Pradesh
2050:"Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Ratnagiri and Savantvadi"
624:
Sontheimer stresses the association of Khandoba with clay and
477:
appeared at Prempuri, the place where the demons were killed.
892:
s — all night song-festivals, which are sometimes held after
2338:
See Stanley (Nov. 1977) pp. 34–38 for a detailed description
252:
in Maharashtra. The legends of Khandoba, found in the text
409:, but is not included in standard editions of the Purana.
1458:
chose Khandoba's Jejuri temple to seal her pact with the
16:"Mallanna" redirects here. For the 2009 Telugu film, see
2621:
Images of Women in Maharashtrian Literature and Religion
1084:
There are over 600 temples dedicated to Khandoba in the
436:
Mani is seen worshipped in the Jejuri temple of Khandoba
1329:
festival at Devaragudda, and an eleven-day festival in
676:
plateau, Khandoba is considered as "the premier god of
1153:(lamp-pillars). Both temples are fort-like structures.
536:
merchant (Vani) community, his second wife Banai is a
456:
confessed their incapability, Shiva assumed the form (
1032:, which consisted of the reinstatement of the annual
1007:
Khandoba is also a figure of respect and worship to
750:. Although Brahmin presence is nominal in his sect,
520:
Khandoba with his two chief wives: Mhalsa and Banai.
3157:
3075:
2933:
2792:
2740:
1044:) as the god's bhaktas (devotees), who call him as
136:
126:
115:
105:
95:
81:
71:
60:
35:
2672:
2235:
2233:
909:, which is to be performed every full moon day. A
2741:Website with full information about Lord Khandoba
2563:"Between Ghost and God: Folk Deity of the Deccan"
2247:
2245:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
1910:
1908:
1740:
1738:
1653:
1651:
937:is a ritualistic folk art in which the performer
896:fulfilment. Another custom was ritual-suicide by
272:texts, Khandoba is known as Martanda Bhairava or
240:(Skanda). He is depicted either in the form of a
23:"Malhari" redirects here. For the 2015 song, see
2168:
2166:
1853:. Archived from the original on February 3, 2009
1665:
1663:
1591:
1589:
1377:, Malhari is explained as enemy (ari) of Malha (
1123:, not Brahmins. His most important temples are:
672:. One of the most widely worshipped gods of the
2024:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 107.
1891:. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan. pp. 190–192.
1786:
1784:
2388:
2386:
1944:"Denotified and Nomadic Tribes in Maharashtra"
656:Khandoba in a household shrine (devghar) of a
543:Mhalsa is believed to be a combined avatar of
2766:
2400:
2398:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2140:
2138:
1982:
1980:
1888:Indian Sociology Through Ghurye, a Dictionary
778:. He is viewed as a "king" of his followers.
464:, as the Mahatmya calls Khandoba, riding the
8:
2119:
2117:
2115:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1570:
1568:
1566:
2650:(1). Association for Asian Studies: 27–43.
2287:. Satara District Gazetteer. Archived from
2073:. Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency. 2006
1614:
1612:
1610:
51:killing demons Mani-Malla — a popular
2773:
2759:
2751:
819:An important part of the Khandoba-sect is
812:of onion and brinjal. A strict vegetarian
41:
2540:Singh, Kumar Suresh; B. V. Bhanu (2004).
2516:. Bombay: Somaiya Publications Pvt. Ltd.
628:mounds. Oral legends tell of Khandoba's
600:
555:Banai is believed to be the daughter of
2043:
2041:
1997:"Ahmadnagar District Gazetteer: People"
1532:
870:, literally "tigers") and girls called
397:), which claims to be from the chapter
2443:Baviskar, B.S.; Attwood, D.W. (2013).
1863:
968:s. Marathi version calls this form of
597:Other associations and identifications
448:approached Shiva for protection after
291:Khandoba is sometimes identified with
176:deity worshiped as a manifestation of
32:
1454:. In 1752, the Maratha dowager queen
1108:, Maharashtra in the west to western
1076:Mylara Lingeshwara Temple at Mylara,
762:, as well as the royal families like
480:Oral stories continue the process of
7:
2239:Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel pp. 325–7
1999:. Maharashtra State Gazetteer. 2006
1446:(God) by Lingayat and Maharashtrian
742:), though it also includes of a few
2546:. Anthropological Survey of India.
2218:. Maharashtra State Gazetteer. 1962
2204:Angat Yene:Possession by the Divine
1538:
1536:
1266:Mailapur Mailarlingeshwara Temple,
808:– a sweet or a simpler dish called
276:, a combination of the solar deity
166:Malhari,Mylaralinga,Bandarada Odeya
2615:Sontheimer, Günther-Dietz (1996).
2592:Sontheimer, Günther-Dietz (1990).
2561:Sontheimer, Günther-Dietz (1989).
2533:Temples and Legends of Maharashtra
2449:. Los Angeles: SAGE. p. 250.
2428:Sontheimer, Günther-Dietz (1989).
2380:Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel pp.301–2
2109:Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel pp.332–3
1678:Stanley in Hiltebeitel pp. 272,293
14:
2711:Underhill, Muriel Marion (1991).
2535:. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
2430:Pastoral deities in western India
1942:Rathod, Motiraj (November 2000).
111:Om Shri Martanda Bhairavaya Namah
2924:
1790:Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p. 300
1696:Stanley in Hiltebeitel pp.272–77
2273:. Maharashtra Gazetteer. 2006 .
2193:Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.302
2184:Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.308
2172:Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.313
1971:Anthropological Survey of India
1845:Khokar, Mohan (June 25, 2000).
1799:Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.332
1732:Stanley in Hiltebeitel pp.280–4
1714:Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.328
1669:Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.330
1604:Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.323
1595:Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.303
1551:Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.314
2392:Sontheimer in Bakker pp. 106–7
1753:Sontheimer in Feldhaus p.117-8
760:Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus
704:, village guards and watchmen
559:, the creator, incarnation of
342:s, symbolizing him and Mhalsa.
1:
2492:Economic and Political Weekly
2476:Sontheimer in Bakker pp.108–9
2362:See Stanley (Nov. 1977) p. 39
2071:"Nashik District: Population"
1762:Sontheimer in Feldhaus p. 118
1645:Sontheimer in Bakker pp.105–6
1473:(Adimailar, Mailarapur) near
1405:also criticized the god. The
1270:, Yadgiri District, Karnataka
1203:Maltesh or Mailara temple at
786:Khandoba is believed to be a
188:, especially in the state of
2644:The Journal of Asian Studies
2514:Karttikeya: The Son of Shiva
2409:. official site of R C Dhere
2353:Stanley in Hiltebeitel p.314
2144:Stanley in Hiltebeitel p.293
2132:Stanley in Hiltebeitel p.296
1986:Stanley in Hiltebeitel p.271
1967:People of India: Maharashtra
1744:Sontheimer in Feldhaus p.116
1723:Stanley in Hiltebeitel p.278
1583:Stanley in Hiltebeitel p.288
1574:Stanley in Hiltebeitel p.284
1560:Sontheimer in Feldhaus p.115
1169:(Pember or Mailkarpur) near
929:is performed along with the
782:Rituals and modes of worship
25:Bajirao Mastani (soundtrack)
2048:Government of Maharashtra.
1466:, in the deity's presence.
1088:. His temples stretch from
1064:Khandoba's newer Temple in
160:: Khaṇḍobā), also known as
3305:
2717:Asian Educational Services
2675:The Experience of Hinduism
2619:. In Anne Feldhaus (ed.).
2432:. Oxford University Press.
2329:Sontheimer in Bakker p.127
2320:Sontheimer in Bakker p.108
2251:Sontheimer in Bakker p.116
2091:Sontheimer in Bakker p.104
2018:Shirish Chindhade (1996).
1914:Sontheimer in Bakker p.114
1885:Pillai, S Devadas (1997).
1847:"In recognition of valour"
1822:Sontheimer in Bakker p.113
1808:Sontheimer in Bakker p.110
1687:Sontheimer in Bakker p.118
1657:Sontheimer in Bakker p.105
1636:Sontheimer in Bakker p.103
1159:(Rajapur) or Pali-Pember,
640:Another theory identifies
22:
15:
3246:
2922:
2512:Gupta, Shakti M. (1988).
2371:Stanley (Nov. 1977) p. 30
1932:Stanley (Nov. 1977) p. 31
1870:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1778:Stanley (Nov. 1977) p. 33
1618:Stanley (Nov. 1977) p. 32
260:Etymology and other names
196:. He is the most popular
40:
3230:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
2713:The Hindu Religious Year
2596:. In Hans Bakker (ed.).
1969:. Popular Prakashan and
1401:sect), Vidyaranyaswami,
1283:Khandoba with Mhalsa, a
613:, who is connected with
280:and Shiva's fierce form
1421:is, 'by the end of the
1341:Development of the cult
1319:Champasashtliiche parne
843:– hungry for such true
734:castes like gardeners (
499:, Nandi and the demons
1350:
1292:
1167:Adi-mailar or Khanapur
1081:
1069:
1040:even records Muslims (
859:
858:, the bard of Khandoba
847:s in Martanda Vijaya.
661:
606:
521:
437:
343:
2617:"All the God's wives"
2405:Dhere, R. C. (2009).
1348:
1282:
1219:Mannamailar or Mailar
1075:
1063:
853:
655:
604:
581:from the gardener or
519:
435:
337:
2531:Mate, M. S. (1988).
2499:(14/15): 1226–1234.
1516:in a debate against
1397:(c.1270, founder of
1249:district, Telangana.
1017:Ajmat Khan (Rautray)
944:invoke the deities.
3284:Regional Hindu gods
1965:Singh, K S (2004).
1254:Aurangabad district
1237:Ahmednagar district
976:(violent, demonic)
246:the Khandoba temple
3289:Hindu folk deities
1491:Kanadya Khanderaya
1375:Taittiriya Samhita
1351:
1293:
1181:Osmanabad district
1082:
1070:
860:
752:Deshastha Brahmins
668:(family deity) in
662:
607:
522:
438:
344:
200:(family deity) in
162:Martanda Bhairava,
3264:
3263:
2553:978-81-7991-101-3
2031:978-81-7156-585-6
1518:Deshastha Brahmin
1514:Koknastha Brahmin
1268:Mailapura, Yadgir
1149:(arches) and 350
1003:Muslim veneration
754:, as well as the
658:Deshastha Brahmin
462:Martanda Bhairava
415:Deshastha Brahmin
308:MallikarjunaSwamy
151:
150:
3296:
2928:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2752:
2730:
2707:
2680:
2678:
2667:
2638:
2611:
2588:
2557:
2536:
2527:
2508:
2477:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2402:
2393:
2390:
2381:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2291:on 18 April 2011
2285:"PAL OR RAJAPUR"
2281:
2275:
2274:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2240:
2237:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2173:
2170:
2161:
2158:
2145:
2142:
2133:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2110:
2107:
2092:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2045:
2036:
2035:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1975:
1974:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1915:
1912:
1903:
1902:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1869:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1842:
1836:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1809:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1779:
1776:
1763:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1733:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1706:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1658:
1655:
1646:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1605:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1584:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1561:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1395:Chakradhar Swami
1383:Malhari Mahatmya
1369:traces the name
1305:Somvati Amavasya
1228:Nimgaon Dawadi,
1198:Belgaum district
1188:Dharwad district
1096:in the north to
1078:Bellary District
1038:Malhari Mahatmya
993:pishachi worship
958:Malhari Mahatmya
710:Denotified tribe
423:Jayadri Mahatmya
407:Brahmanda Purana
395:Mallari Mahatmya
391:Malhari Mahatmya
286:Malhari Mahatmya
254:Malhari Mahatmya
147:(chief consorts)
45:
33:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3260:
3256:Hindu mythology
3242:
3153:
3071:
2929:
2920:
2788:
2779:
2737:
2727:
2710:
2704:
2686:Alf Hiltebeitel
2683:
2670:
2656:10.2307/2053326
2641:
2635:
2614:
2608:
2591:
2585:
2567:Alf Hiltebeitel
2560:
2554:
2543:People of India
2539:
2530:
2524:
2511:
2488:
2485:
2483:Further reading
2480:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2412:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2396:
2391:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2304:
2294:
2292:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2243:
2238:
2231:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2176:
2171:
2164:
2159:
2148:
2143:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:Underhill p.111
2122:
2113:
2108:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1978:
1973:. p. 1768.
1964:
1963:
1959:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1918:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1862:
1856:
1854:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1782:
1777:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1661:
1656:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1534:
1530:
1512:missionary and
1403:Sheikh Muhammad
1343:
1289:Tiruchirappalli
1277:
1261:Nanded district
1213:Haveri district
1186:Mailara Linga,
1161:Satara district
1058:
1005:
984:narrates about
982:Martanda vijaya
784:
738:) and tailors (
712:", the former "
650:
599:
514:
483:Sanskritization
427:Martanda Vijaya
387:
332:
262:
194:North Karnataka
64:transliteration
56:
31:
28:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3302:
3300:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3279:Forms of Shiva
3271:
3270:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3210:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3165:
3163:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3085:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2939:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2798:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2736:
2735:External links
2733:
2732:
2731:
2725:
2708:
2702:
2681:
2668:
2639:
2633:
2612:
2606:
2589:
2583:
2558:
2552:
2537:
2528:
2522:
2509:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2469:
2455:
2435:
2420:
2394:
2382:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2346:
2340:
2331:
2322:
2313:
2302:
2276:
2262:
2253:
2241:
2229:
2207:
2195:
2186:
2174:
2162:
2146:
2134:
2125:
2111:
2093:
2084:
2062:
2037:
2030:
2010:
1988:
1976:
1957:
1954:on 2009-02-05.
1934:
1916:
1904:
1897:
1877:
1837:
1824:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1780:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1734:
1725:
1716:
1707:
1698:
1689:
1680:
1671:
1659:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1606:
1597:
1585:
1576:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1485:(demi-god) of
1464:Balaji Bajirao
1452:Maratha Empire
1342:
1339:
1287:painting from
1276:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1264:
1263:, Maharashtra.
1257:
1256:, Maharashtra.
1250:
1240:
1239:, Maharashtra.
1233:
1232:, Maharashtra.
1226:
1216:
1201:
1191:
1184:
1183:, Maharashtra.
1174:
1164:
1163:, Maharashtra.
1154:
1110:Andhra Pradesh
1104:in the south,
1057:
1054:
1046:Malluka Pathan
1004:
1001:
972:(devotion) as
884:s — nymphs or
783:
780:
746:and even some
724:, fisher-folk
649:
646:
598:
595:
513:
510:
501:Madhu-Kaitabha
386:
383:
373:, or a Muslim
331:
328:
261:
258:
180:mainly in the
149:
148:
138:
134:
133:
130:
124:
123:
117:
113:
112:
109:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
83:
79:
78:
75:
69:
68:
65:
58:
57:
46:
38:
37:
29:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3301:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3267:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3221:Bhagavad Gita
3218:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3156:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:Other deities
3074:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2782:Hindu deities
2776:
2771:
2769:
2764:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2726:81-206-0523-3
2722:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2703:0-88706-981-9
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2634:0-7914-2837-0
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2607:90-04-09318-4
2603:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2584:0-88706-981-9
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2523:81-7039-186-5
2519:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2473:
2470:
2458:
2456:9788132113508
2452:
2448:
2447:
2439:
2436:
2431:
2424:
2421:
2408:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2306:
2303:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2160:Burman p.1227
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2051:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2014:
2011:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1898:81-7154-807-5
1894:
1890:
1889:
1881:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1347:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1285:company style
1281:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1230:Pune district
1227:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1074:
1067:
1062:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1002:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
988:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
956:The Sanskrit
954:
951:
945:
943:
941:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
882:
877:
873:
869:
865:
857:
852:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
833:Sakama Bhakti
830:
826:
822:
817:
815:
811:
807:
806:
801:
797:
793:
789:
781:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
732:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
678:Sakama bhakti
675:
671:
667:
659:
654:
647:
645:
643:
638:
635:
631:
627:
622:
620:
616:
615:Brāhmanahatya
612:
603:
596:
594:
592:
588:
584:
579:
578:
572:
568:
566:
562:
561:Goddess Ganga
558:
553:
550:
546:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
518:
511:
509:
505:
502:
498:
494:
490:
485:
484:
478:
476:
472:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
434:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
399:Kshetra-kanda
396:
392:
384:
382:
380:
376:
372:
369:
365:
361:
357:
352:
349:
346:In a popular
341:
336:
329:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
312:Andhrapradesh
309:
305:
301:
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
266:
259:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
146:
142:
139:
135:
131:
129:
125:
121:
118:
114:
110:
108:
104:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
76:
74:
70:
66:
63:
59:
54:
50:
47:Khandoba and
44:
39:
34:
26:
19:
3266:
3235:
3228:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3130:Gramadevatas
3064:
2913:
2712:
2689:
2674:
2647:
2643:
2620:
2597:
2570:
2542:
2532:
2513:
2496:
2490:
2472:
2460:. Retrieved
2445:
2438:
2429:
2423:
2411:. Retrieved
2376:
2367:
2358:
2349:
2343:
2334:
2325:
2316:
2305:
2293:. Retrieved
2289:the original
2279:
2265:
2256:
2222:11 September
2220:. Retrieved
2210:
2203:
2198:
2189:
2128:
2087:
2077:11 September
2075:. Retrieved
2065:
2053:. Retrieved
2020:
2013:
2003:11 September
2001:. Retrieved
1991:
1966:
1960:
1952:the original
1947:
1937:
1887:
1880:
1855:. Retrieved
1850:
1840:
1835:, and p. 40.
1832:
1827:
1804:
1795:
1758:
1749:
1728:
1719:
1710:
1701:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1641:
1632:
1623:
1600:
1579:
1556:
1547:
1499:
1490:
1468:
1419:Lilacharitra
1415:
1387:
1382:
1370:
1352:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1308:
1300:
1297:Margashirsha
1294:
1225:, Karnataka.
1215:, Karnataka.
1200:, Karnataka.
1190:, Karnataka.
1150:
1146:
1140:
1135:
1113:
1083:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1016:
1012:
1006:
992:
985:
981:
977:
973:
965:
961:
957:
955:
949:
946:
939:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
897:
893:
889:
879:
871:
867:
863:
862:Boys called
861:
855:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
818:
813:
810:bharit rodga
809:
803:
795:
787:
785:
739:
735:
729:
681:
677:
663:
639:
629:
623:
608:
587:southernwood
575:
573:
569:
554:
542:
523:
506:
481:
479:
461:
439:
426:
422:
398:
394:
390:
388:
353:
345:
339:
319:
315:
307:
299:
292:
290:
285:
267:
263:
253:
224:, including
169:
165:
161:
153:
152:
3214:Mahabharata
3125:Kuladevatas
2904:Vishvakarma
2462:10 December
1409:poet-saint
1399:Mahanubhava
1243:Komuravelli
1205:Devaragudda
1173:, Karnataka
1094:Maharashtra
1080:, Karnataka
962:chedapatadi
931:tali bharne
907:tali bharne
714:untouchable
708: — a "
700:, shepherd
670:Maharashtra
446:seven sages
330:Iconography
293:Muneeshwara
208:(priestly)
202:Maharashtra
190:Maharashtra
184:plateau of
82:Affiliation
18:Kanthaswamy
3273:Categories
3196:Upanishads
3115:Gandharvas
2839:Dattatreya
2055:August 26,
1857:2008-10-13
1542:Singh p.ix
1528:References
1259:Malegaon,
1221:(Mylara),
1209:Ranebennur
1136:Kadepathar
1050:Mallu Khan
1030:Ibrahim II
831:is called
805:puran poli
756:Kokanastha
666:Kuladevata
619:Virabhadra
583:Mali caste
411:R.C. Dhere
297:Dharmapuri
198:Kuladevata
73:Devanagari
3135:Rakshasas
3005:Mahavidya
2948:Saraswati
2935:Goddesses
2864:Kartikeya
2600:. BRILL.
1866:cite news
1851:The Hindu
1510:Christian
1506:khatvanga
1479:Karnataka
1423:Kali Yuga
1379:Prajapati
1275:Festivals
1194:Mangasuli
1102:Karnataka
1098:Davangere
1021:Aurangzeb
987:Rakshashi
886:devadasis
881:devangana
776:Lingayats
731:balutedar
688:(priest)
642:Kartikeya
577:devangana
348:oleograph
324:Karnataka
304:Telangana
238:Kartikeya
55:, c.1880.
53:oleograph
30:Hindu god
3251:Hinduism
3207:Ramayana
3149:Yakshini
3055:Shashthi
3015:Matrikas
3000:Mahadevi
2802:Trimurti
2271:"Jejuri"
1439:Kakatiya
1431:Warangal
1363:Lingayat
1252:Satare,
1247:Siddipet
1235:Shegud,
1151:Dipmalas
1116:kshetras
940:Gondhali
814:naivedya
792:Turmeric
764:Gaikwads
744:Brahmins
706:Ramoshis
702:Dhangars
694:Marathas
611:Bhairava
534:Lingayat
403:Sanskrit
364:Trishula
362:(drum),
320:Mallayya
300:Mallanna
282:Bhairava
278:Martanda
270:Sanskrit
230:Bhairava
154:Khandoba
120:Trishula
67:Khaṇḍobā
62:Sanskrit
36:Khandoba
3201:Puranas
3189:Atharva
3158:Texts (
3145:Yakshas
3140:Vahanas
3110:Dikpāla
3083:Apsaras
3035:Rukmini
3010:Matangi
2958:Parvati
2953:Lakshmi
2943:Tridevi
2869:Krishna
2849:Hanuman
2844:Ganesha
2834:Chandra
2829:Ashvins
2696:Press.
2688:(ed.).
2664:2053326
2627:Press.
2577:Press.
2569:(ed.).
2505:4410485
2413:12 July
2310:Nimgaon
1833:Preface
1522:Shudras
1487:Paithan
1462:ruler,
1456:Tarabai
1444:Ishvara
1427:Inavolu
1407:Varkari
1371:Malhari
1335:Chaitra
1310:palakhi
1223:Bellary
1211:Taluk,
1177:Naldurg
1141:Gad-kot
1114:jagrut
1056:Temples
1042:mleccha
1009:Muslims
997:Sattvic
950:jagaran
935:gondhal
927:gondhal
915:Bhandar
890:jagaran
841:bhukela
796:Bhandār
768:Holkars
748:Muslims
698:Kunabis
686:Brahmin
648:Worship
626:termite
545:Parvati
538:Dhangar
489:Parvati
471:demigod
419:Marathi
401:of the
385:Legends
368:Maratha
316:Mailara
226:Muslims
206:Brahmin
172:, is a
137:Consort
122:, Sword
3105:Devata
3098:Danava
3093:Daitya
3088:Asuras
3050:Shakti
3040:Sanjna
3030:Rohini
2990:Shachi
2975:Chhaya
2894:Varuna
2884:Shasta
2874:Kubera
2812:Vishnu
2807:Brahma
2723:
2700:
2662:
2631:
2604:
2581:
2550:
2520:
2503:
2453:
2295:5 July
2028:
1895:
1502:stotra
1495:Shakta
1483:yaksha
1471:Pember
1460:Peshwa
1448:bhakti
1435:Arjuna
1411:Eknath
1391:Basava
1367:Sayana
1327:Dasara
1147:Kamani
1143:temple
1128:Jejuri
1121:Guravs
1106:Konkan
1086:Deccan
1066:Jejuri
1025:Paṭhān
989:bhakti
978:bhakti
970:bhakti
903:devrsi
872:Muraḹi
868:Waghya
864:Vāghyā
856:Vaghya
845:bhakta
837:bhakta
740:Shimpi
718:Mahars
690:castes
674:Deccan
660:family
565:Jejuri
557:Brahma
549:Pausha
526:Mhalsa
497:Vishnu
491:, and
475:Lingas
458:Avatar
454:Vishnu
442:Brahma
375:pathan
371:sardar
360:damaru
356:murtis
250:Jejuri
210:castes
182:Deccan
170:Malhar
141:Mhalsa
116:Weapon
107:Mantra
100:Jejuri
86:Avatar
77:खंडोबा
49:Mhalsa
3184:Yajur
3169:Vedas
3020:Radha
2985:Ganga
2980:Durga
2970:Bhumi
2965:Aditi
2889:Surya
2854:Indra
2817:Shiva
2786:texts
2660:JSTOR
2565:. In
2501:JSTOR
1475:Bidar
1429:near
1355:Rudra
1331:Magha
1301:jatra
1171:Bidar
1090:Nasik
1034:jatra
1013:Mallu
894:navas
876:bards
829:navas
825:navas
821:navas
788:kadak
772:Jains
726:Kolis
722:Mangs
682:navas
634:Surya
630:murti
591:Telin
530:Banai
512:Wives
493:Ganga
466:Nandi
460:) of
450:Indra
405:text
379:linga
340:linga
274:Surya
242:linga
234:Surya
222:caste
214:Hindu
186:India
178:Shiva
174:Hindu
145:Banai
132:Horse
128:Mount
96:Abode
90:Shiva
3237:more
3179:Sama
3160:list
3120:Gana
3066:more
3060:Sita
3045:Sati
3025:Rati
2995:Kali
2915:more
2909:Yama
2899:Vayu
2879:Rama
2859:Kama
2824:Agni
2794:Gods
2784:and
2721:ISBN
2698:ISBN
2694:SUNY
2629:ISBN
2625:SUNY
2602:ISBN
2579:ISBN
2575:SUNY
2548:ISBN
2518:ISBN
2464:2016
2451:ISBN
2415:2011
2297:2011
2224:2010
2079:2010
2057:2010
2026:ISBN
2005:2010
1893:ISBN
1872:link
1361:and
1359:Nath
1157:Pali
1132:Pune
974:ugra
966:vira
933:. A
923:tali
919:tali
911:tali
898:Vira
866:(or
774:and
766:and
736:Mali
720:and
696:and
528:and
452:and
425:and
314:and
236:and
218:Jain
216:and
192:and
168:and
158:IAST
143:and
3174:Rig
2652:doi
1373:to
1048:or
1015:or
995:).
800:Bel
798:),
354:In
322:of
310:of
302:of
295:of
268:In
248:of
88:of
3275::
3147:/
2719:.
2715:.
2692:.
2658:.
2648:37
2646:.
2623:.
2573:.
2497:36
2495:.
2397:^
2385:^
2244:^
2232:^
2177:^
2165:^
2149:^
2137:^
2114:^
2096:^
2040:^
1979:^
1946:.
1919:^
1907:^
1868:}}
1864:{{
1849:.
1813:^
1783:^
1767:^
1737:^
1662:^
1650:^
1609:^
1588:^
1565:^
1535:^
1385:.
1245:,
1207:,
1196:,
1179:,
1100:,
1092:,
980:.
854:A
728:,
716:"
306:,
232:,
164:,
3162:)
2774:e
2767:t
2760:v
2729:.
2706:.
2679:.
2666:.
2654::
2637:.
2610:.
2587:.
2556:.
2526:.
2507:.
2466:.
2417:.
2299:.
2226:.
2081:.
2059:.
2034:.
2007:.
1901:.
1874:)
1860:.
942:s
794:(
393:(
318:/
156:(
27:.
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
