578:. There, she fell in love with the god Khandoba. Khandoba also fell in love with her. Khandoba accepted a self-exile for 12 years by intentionally losing a game of chess (Saripat) to his wife Mhalsa. He took disguise as a shepherd and started serving Banai's father. One day, Khandoba killed all the sheep and goats of Banai's father and promised to make them alive again if he was married to Banai. The reluctant Banai was married to Khandoba, the shepherd in disguise at Naldurg. Khandoba revealed his real form to Banai on their way back to Jejuri.
1392:) – an epithet of Rudra, who is considered a rival to deity Prajapati. According to Stanley, Khandoba originated as a mountain-top god, solar deity and a regional guardian and then assimilated into himself gods of various regions and communities. According to Stanley, Khandoba inherits traits from both the sun-god Surya as well as Shiva, who is identified with the moon. Stanley describes Khandoba as "a moon god, who has become a sun god", emphasizing on how the moon imagery of Shiva transforms into the solar iconography of Khandoba in the
613:
655:(Skanda) with Khandoba. The hypotheses of the theory rests upon the similarities between Skanda and Khandoba, namely their association with mountains and war, similarity of their names and weapons (the lance of Skanda and the sword of Khandoba) and both having two principal wives. Also the festivals for both deities, Champa Sashthi and Skanda Sashthi respectively for Khandoba and Skanda fall on the same day. Other symbols associated with Khandoba are the dog and horse.
664:
1291:
528:
1072:
346:
551:(shepherd caste). Mhalsa has had a regular ritualistic marriage with Khandoba. Banai, on the other hand, has a love marriage by capture with the god. Mhalsa is described as jealous and a good cook; Banai is erotic, resolute, but does not even know how to cook. Often folk songs tell of their quarrels. Mhalsa represents "culture" and Banai "nature". The god king Khandoba stands between them.
444:
2937:
1428:
a display of his valour, was later named as
Mailara. By the 13th century, wide worship of Malhari or Mailara is observed by kings, Brahmins, simple folk and warriors. With the rise of the Muslim empire, classical Hindu temples fell into ruin, giving rise to the folk religion such as of Khandoba. A remark of Chakradhara mentioned in his biography
1084:
1504:, the god from Karnataka. The cult possibly was spread by Lingayat, Jain and other merchants, associated with Mailara-Khandoba, to other parts of the Deccan. Besides Mailara, Khandoba is identified with other deities of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, and is called as Mallanna, Mairala, and Mallu Khan. Other traditions like
862:
581:
On reaching Jejuri, Khandoba was greeted by Mhalsa's fury and her strong protest of his second marriage. To avoid the quarrels of his wives, Khandoba gave the upper half of the hill to Mhalsa and the lower half to Banai. The idol of Mhalsa is placed with
Khandoba in the main shrine at top of the hill
514:
respectively. Other myth variants narrate that
Khandoba defeats a single demon named Manimalla, who offers his white horse, sometimes called Mani, to the god. Other legends depict Mhalsa (or Parvati) and Banai or Banu (or Ganga) as futilely helping Khandoba in the battle to collect the blood of Mani,
1427:
Sontheimer suggests that
Khandoba was primarily a god of herdsmen, and that the cult of Khandoba is at least older than 12th century, which can be determined by references in Jain and Lingayat texts and inscriptions. A 12th-century Jain author Brahmashiva claims that a Jain, who died in battle after
361:
representation of
Khandoba, Mhalsa is seated in front of Khandoba on his white horse. Mhalsa is piercing a demon's chest with a spear, while a dog is biting his thigh and the horse is hitting his head. The other demon is grabbing the reins of the horse and attacking Khandoba with a club as Khandoba
591:
and is sometimes identified with Banai. She is a prototype of the
Muralis — the girls "married" to Khandoba. Rambhai is worshipped as a goddess whom Khandoba visits after his hunt. She is also localised, being said to come from the village from Dhalewadi, near Jejuri. The fourth wife Phulai Malin,
479:
bull, leading an army of the gods. Martanda
Bhairava is described as shining like the gold and sun, covered in turmeric also known as Haridra, three-eyed, with a crescent moon on his forehead. The demon army was slaughtered by the gods and finally Khandoba killed Malla and Mani. While dying, Mani
1399:
As per R. C. Dhere, two stone inscriptions in 1063 C.E. and 1148 C.E mentioning the folk deities
Mailara and his consort Malavva which suggests that Mailara gained popularity in Karnataka in this period. Soon, royals of this region started erecting temples to this folk deity, upsetting the elite
647:
and Shiva, who is associated with the moon. Martanda ("blazing orb") is a name of Surya, while
Bhairava is a form of Shiva. Sundays, gold and turmeric, which are culturally associated with the sun, form an important part of the rituals of Khandoba. Sontheimer associates the worship of the Sun as
484:. Malla, when asked by the deity if he asked for a boon, asks for the destruction of the world and human-flesh. Angered by the demon's request, Khandoba decapitates him, and his head falls at the temple stairs where it was trampled by the devotees feet. The legend further describes how two
916:(shaman). Another ritual in the cult is an act of chain-breaking in fulfilment of a vow or an annual family rite; the chain is identified with the snake around Shiva's neck, which was cut by the demons in the fight. Another rite associated with the family duties to please Khandoba is the
911:
s (heroes) in the cult. According to legend, an "untouchable" Mang (Matanga) sacrificed himself for the foundation of the temple at Jejuri to persuade
Khandoba to stay at Jejuri forever. Other practices in the cult include the belief that Khandoba possesses the body of a Vaghya or
1357:
480:
offers his white horse to Khandoba as an act of repentance and asks for a boon. The boon is that he be present in every shrine of Khandoba, that human-kind is bettered and that he be given an offering of goat flesh. The boon was granted, and thus he was transformed into a
1327:
Deshasth Brahmans and Marathas also observe the annual Champa-Shashthi festival. The images of Khandoba and Malla are cleaned and worshipped. For six days, a fast is observed. On the seventh day, the devotees break their fast by a feast known as
827:(offering of food) is offered to Khandoba in the temples, although he is regarded by many devotees as a non-vegetarian. Goat flesh is also offered to the deity, although this is done outside the temple as meat is forbidden inside the temple.
518:
The legends portray Khandoba as a king who rules from his fortress of Jejuri and holds court where he distributes gold. Also, king Khandoba goes on hunting expeditions, which often turn into "erotic adventures", and subsequent marriages.
275:
The name "Khandoba" comes from the words "khadga" (sword), the weapon used by Khandoba to kill the demons, and "ba" (father). "Khanderaya" means "king Khandoba". Another variant is "Khanderao", where the suffix "rao" (king) is used.
497:
of Khandoba — his elevation from a folk deity to Shiva, a deity of the classical Hindu pantheon — that was initiated by the texts. Khandoba's wives Mhalsa and Banai are also identified with Shiva's classical Hindu wife,
1130:, where the deity is to be called awake or "jagrut", are recognized; six of them in Maharashtra and the rest in northern Karnataka. Khandoba's temples resemble forts, the capital of his kingdom being Jejuri. The priests here are
958:
Khandoba is considered as the giver of fertility. Maharashtrian Hindu couples are expected to visit a Khandoba temple to obtain Khandoba's blessing on consummation of marriage. Traditional Maharashtrian families also organize a
1038:
on horseback, one of his wives being a Muslim, and that his horse-keeper is a Muslim in Jejuri. The Mārtaṇḍa Vijaya expressly states that his devotees are mainly Muslims. The worship of Khandoba had received royal patronage by
54:
1335:
In Pali-Pember, the ritual of the marriage of Khandoba with Mhalsa is annually performed. Turmeric is offered to the deities. Two festivals are celebrated in honour of Mailara, as Khandoba is known in Karnataka. These are the
506:. Hegadi Pradhan, the minister and brother-in-law of Khandoba and brother of Lingavat Vani Mhalsa, the faithful dog that helps Khandoba kill the demons, the horse given by Mani and the demon brothers are considered avatars of
515:
every drop of which was creating a new demon. Finally, the dog of Khandoba swallows all the blood. Sometimes, Mhalsa, or rarely Banai, is described as seated behind Khandoba on the horse and fighting with a sword or spear.
362:
is dismounting the horse and attacking the demon with his sword. In other representations, Khandoba is seen seated on a horse with the heads of demons trod under the horse's hooves or their heads under Khandoba's knees.
1515:(hymn) dedicated to Khandoba calls him "an illustrious king with rich clothes and a horse with a saddle studded with jewels", who was once "an ascetic beggar who ride an old bull and carried an ant-bitten club (
1492:, then went to Naldurg, Pali and finally to Jejuri. Sontheimer suggests that the cult of Mailara may have originated in Pember and then spread to Maharashtra, merging with the cult of Khandaka — the patron
963:
as part of the marriage ceremony, inviting the god to the marriage. Copper figurines of Khandoba riding on a horse (sometimes with Mhalsa) are worshipped by devotees on a daily basis in the household shrine.
1452:
dynasty (1083–1323 AD); a text from their rule records the self-torture rituals of Mailara-devotees and describes the deity. Throughout his development, Mailara is looked upon as a lower manifestation of
562:
Pournima (the full moon day of Hindu calendar month of Paush) in Pali (Pembar). Two shivlingas appeared on this occasion. An annual festival marking this event is celebrated in Pali every Paush Pournima.
675:
Though Shiva is worshipped across Maharashtra in his original form, some Maharashtrian communities prefer to worship him in form of his avatars, Khandoba being the most popular. He is the most popular
349:
The sanctum of Khandoba's older temple Kadepathar, Jejuri. Khandoba is worshipped in three forms: stone icon with the consorts (top), metal icon with Mhalsa (mid, covered with garlands) and two
1535:
and whose priests are non-Brahmin Guravs. The Marathi term "khel-khandoba", which is taken to mean "devastation" in general usage, refers to the possession of devotee by the god in his sect.
604:, a member of the oilpresser caste. She is recognised as a Muslim by the Muslims. Apart from these, Muralis — girls offered to Khandoba — are considered as wives or concubines of the god.
1310:, in honour of Khandoba is celebrated at Jejuri, to commemorate the fight with demons Mani-Malla. On the sixth day (Champa-Shashthi), Khandoba is believed to have slew the demons. A
1424:
also wrote "disparagingly" about Khandoba's cult worship, but after him, the "open" criticism of Khandoba stopped, but the "barbaric" practices of his cult were still targeted.
558:. Mhalsa was born as the daughter of a rich merchant in Newase called Tirmarsheth. On the divine orders of Khandoba in a dream to Tirmarsheth, she was married to Khandoba on
648:
termite mounds for fertility and his role as a healer to Khandoba's role as granter of fertility in marriages and to the healing powers of turmeric, which the latter holds.
299:
records Martanda Bhairava, pleased with the bravery of Malla, takes the name "Mallari" (the enemy of Malla). Other variants include Malanna (Mallanna) and Mailara (Mailar).
388:. Often, Khandoba is depicted as a warrior seated on horseback with one or both of his wives and accompanied with one or more dogs. He is also worshipped as the aniconic
2783:
620:
Mallana (Mallikaarjuna) of Andhra Pradesh and Mailara of Karnataka are sometimes identified with Khandoba (Mallari, Malhari, Mairala). Khandoba is also associated with
1348:
Purnima (full-moon day) is also considered auspicious. In general, Sundays, associated with the sun-god, are considered as considered auspicious for Khandoba worship.
695:)". He is worshipped by the vast majority of Marathi Hindu people from all strata of that society. He is the patron deity of warrior, farming, herding as well as some
1030:
by Muslim devotees, and is many times portrayed as being a Muslim himself in this context. The latter is believed to conferred upon by the Mughal invader king
928:) and Bel leaves. Then, a coconut is placed on a pot filled with water and the pot is worshipped as an embodiment of Khandoba. Then, five persons lift the
2281:
392:, the symbol of Shiva. Often in Khandoba temples, both representations of Khandoba — the aniconic linga and the anthropomorphic horseback form.
2295:
1324:(palanquin) procession of Khandoba and Mhalsa's images is carried from the Gad-kot temple to the Karha river, where the images are ritually bathed.
535:
Khandoba has two wives who are women from different communities, who serve as cultural links between the god and the communities. He has two wives,
1034:, who was forced to flee from Jejuri by Khandoba's power. Some of these distinguishing Muslim features include his usual appearance as that of a
223:
as well as several of the hunter/gatherer tribes that are native to the hills and forests of this region. The sect of Khandoba has linkages with
400:
Legends of Khandoba generally tell about the battle between the deity and demons Malla and Mani. The principle written source of the legend is
239:. The form of Khandoba developed during the 9th and 10th centuries from a folk deity into a composite god possessing the attributes of Shiva,
2776:
2562:
2040:
1857:
1344:
month (February–March) in Mailar, Bellary district. Both festivals have enactments of the battle between Mailar and the demons Mani-Malla.
1314:(temple festival and fair) is held in Pember on Champa-shasthi, and the festival continues until the day of the new moon. Another festival
703:, the hunters and gatherers of the hills and forests, merchants and kings. The devotees of Khandoba in the Deccan principally consists of
643:
s being found in termite mounds or "made of earth". According to Sontheimer, Martanda Bhairava (Khandoba) is a combination of the sun god
616:
A painting depicts Khandoba riding a white horse with Mhalsa, accompanied with a dog and attendants including a Waghya dancing before him.
971:
suggests offerings of incense, lights, betel and animals to Khandoba. The Marathi version mentions offerings of meat and the worship by
2573:
2735:
2712:
2643:
2616:
2593:
2532:
2465:
1907:
1002:(demonic worship) by animal sacrifice and self — torture. Possession by Khandoba, in form of a wind, is lower demonic worship (
834:, a vow to perform service to the god in return for a boon of good harvest, male child, financial success etc. On fulfilment of the
1508:
sects of folk goddesses were assimilated into the Khandoba sect, identifying the goddesses with Khandoba's wives Mhalsa or Banai.
2769:
1264:
838:, Khandoba was offered children or some devotees would afflict pain by hook-swinging or fire-walking. This type of worship using
1981:
1954:
628:(murder of a Brahmin). Devotees emphasize that Khandoba is a full avatar of Shiva, and not a partial avatar like Bhairava or
2455:
1480:
Malhari Mahatmya states that Khandoba first appeared on Champashasti, which was a Sunday, at Premapur, which identified as
1400:
class of established religion who vilified Mailara. Initially exalted by an incarnation of Shiva, Mailara was denounced by
885:
were formerly dedicated to Khandoba, but now the practice of marrying girls to Khandoba is illegal. The Vaghyas act as the
2502:
1882:
770:
3294:
2704:
2635:
2585:
1638:
For worship of Khandoba in the form of a lingam and possible identification with Shiva based on that, see: Mate, p. 176.
596:, She was a particular Murali and is thus a deified devotee of Khandoba. She is visited by him at "Davna Mal" (field of
35:
2081:
3299:
3120:
801:(fierce) deity, who causes troubles if not propitiated properly as per the family duties. Khandoba is worshipped with
769:
Brahmins - in Nashik and Satara - do worship Khandoba, some imitating the Deshastha Brahmins. The Deshastha Brahmins,
1376:
sects. Khandoba may be a product of the Vedic Rudra, who like Khandoba was associated with robbers, horses and dogs.
899:). The Vaghyas and their female counterparts Muralis sing and dance in honour of Khandoba and narrate his stories on
377:(trident), Bhandara-patra (turmeric powder-filled bowl) and khadga (sword). Khandoba's images are often dressed as a
2727:
720:
1897:
1271:
295:. The name "Mallari" or "Malhari" is split as "Malla" and "ari" (enemy), thus meaning "enemy of the demon Malla".
1229:
2552:
2320:
846:– worship done with an expectation of return and is considered "to be of a lower esteem". But the most faithful
3240:
3076:
2653:
Stanley, John M. (Nov 1977). "Special Time, Special Power: The Fluidity of Power in a Popular Hindu Festival".
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The legend tell of the demon Malla and his younger brother Mani, who had gained the boon of invincibility from
2627:
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574:. Banai was found by Dhangar shepherd. When Banai grew up, it was predicted that she would get her match at
256:
1436:, temples of Vishnu and Shiva will be destroyed, but those of Mairala will stay'. A 1369 AD inscription at
1332:. An invitation to this feast is regarded as an invitation from Khandoba himself and is harder to refuse.
1177:
932:, place it repeatedly on the pot thrice, saying "Elkot" or "Khande rayaca Elkot". Then the coconut in the
2299:
2032:
Five Indian English Poets: Nissim Ezekiel, A.K. Ramanujan, Arun Kolatkar, Dilip Chitre, R. Parthasarathy
949:
1302:. Khandoba is depicted with the traditional attributes of Shiva like the Trishula, damaru and the deer.
267:
and also narrated in folk songs, revolve around his victory over demons Mani-malla and his marriages.
255:, or as an image of a warrior riding on a bull or a horse. The foremost centre of Khandoba worship is
3247:
3055:
1040:
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s (devotees) are considered to be greedy only for the company of their Lord, Khandoba is also called
2682:
Stanley, John. M. (1988). "Gods, Ghosts and Possession". In Eleanor Zelliot, Maxine Berntsen (ed.).
1306:
A six-day festival, from the first to sixth lunar day of the bright fortnight of the Hindu month of
889:
of Khandoba and identify themselves with the dogs of Khandoba, while Muralis act as his courtesans (
3170:
2925:
2695:
Stanley, John. M. (1989). "The Captulation of Mani: A Conversion Myth in the Cult of Khandoba". In
1247:
612:
663:
2670:
2511:
1876:
1519:)" – a humorous take on the Puranic Shiva. In another instance (1855), he is called a ghost by a
1385:
1191:
424:
and Sontheimer suggests that the Sanskrit Mahatmya was composed around 1460–1510 AD, mostly by a
1448:
kill the demon Malla, thus acquiring the title of Mallari. Mailara was the family deity of the
3108:
2731:
2708:
2639:
2612:
2589:
2558:
2528:
2500:
Burman, J. J. Roy (Apr 14–20, 2001). "Shivaji's Myth and Maharashtra's Syncretic Traditions".
2461:
2036:
1903:
1528:
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tells an account of Mallari different from Malhari Mahatmya — Shiva helped the epic hero
1278:
1257:
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worship, the purest form of worship, is believed to be feeding Khandoba in form of a Brahmin.
762:
668:
425:
2226:
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1437:
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1405:
1315:
1208:
1198:
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632:. He accepts the attributes of the demon king — his horse, weapons and royal insignia.
625:
429:
417:
1531:. Another Brahmin remarks with scorn about the impurity of the Khandoba temple, visited by
1511:
Marathi literature has a mixed reaction to the sect of Khandoba. Naranjanamadhva (1790) in
1079:. Notice devotees showering turmeric powder (bhandara) on each other, in a temple festival.
345:
3266:
2995:
2980:
2804:
2696:
2577:
1413:
1404:, the founder of the Shiva-worshipping Lingayat sect – who would later promote the deity.
1356:
1299:
1223:
1171:
778:
540:
503:
493:
204:
155:
543:(Banu, Banubai) being the most important. While Khandoba's first wife Mhalsa is from the
337:. Other names include Khandu Gavda, Mhalsa-kant ("husband of Mhalsa") and Jejurica Vani.
2007:
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1096:
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724:
684:
385:
322:
314:
192:
2417:
1488:. Marathi traditions tell that Khandoba came originally from Premapuri, now Pember in
1290:
585:
Khandoba's third wife, Rambhai Shimpin, is a tailor woman who was a heavenly nymph or
527:
215:. He is also the patron deity of some warrior, farming castes, shepherd community and
3283:
3231:
2792:
2684:
1337:
1295:
1240:
571:
511:
1500:
giving it its distinct Maharashtrain characteristics. Maharashtrains call the god –
1071:
1307:
732:
597:
476:
1962:
1360:
Khandoba with his wives at Mailar Mallanna temple, Khanapur near Bidar, Karnataka.
691:(wish-granting devotion) and one of the most powerful deities responsive to vows (
3224:
3199:
3140:
2936:
2914:
2796:
1409:
1215:
1149:. Kadepathar is difficult to climb. The second one is the newer and more famous
1104:
936:
is broken and mixed with sugar or jaggery and given to friends and relatives. A
680:
544:
212:
200:
28:
3206:
3135:
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1961:(April–June and July–September, 2000). DNT Rights Action Group. Archived from
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For a detailed synopsis of Malhari Mahtmya, see Sontheimer in Bakker pp.116–26
1520:
1219:
1167:
1145:, Maharashtra. There are two temples: the first is an ancient temple known as
1063:. In Jejuri, a Muslim family traditionally looks after the horses of the god.
815:
766:
736:
676:
629:
593:
443:
421:
307:
208:
83:
2701:
Criminal Gods and Demon Devotees: Essays on the Guardians of Popular Hinduism
2582:
Criminal Gods and Demon Devotees: Essays on the Guardians of Popular Hinduism
1318:, which is a new-moon day that falls on a Monday, is celebrated in Jejuri. A
1141:: The foremost center of worship of Khandoba. It is situated 48 km from
600:, a herb said to be dear to Khandoba). The fifth wife, Candai Bhagavin, is a
3194:
3125:
3015:
2958:
2874:
2609:
The History of Sacred Places in India as Reflected in Traditional Literature
1842:
For use of the name Khandoba as a name for Karttikeya in Maharashtra, Gupta
1524:
1516:
1489:
1433:
1389:
1204:
1112:
1108:
1031:
1022:, and this affiliation is visible in the style of his temples. He is called
997:
652:
440:
by Gangadhara (1821) and the oral stories of the Vaghyas, bards of the god.
358:
334:
248:
63:
2761:
975:– "causing themselves to be cut", hook-swinging and self-mortification by
3261:
3217:
3189:
3159:
3145:
3065:
3025:
3010:
2869:
2812:
2418:"FOLK GOD OF THE SOUTH: KHANDOBA – Chapter 1: "Mailar', that is Khandoba"
1449:
1441:
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896:
802:
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621:
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at Jejuri. A separate shrine to Banai is situated halfway down the hill.
536:
456:
413:
374:
369:(icons), Khandoba or Mailara is depicted as having four arms, carrying a
292:
288:
280:
240:
224:
151:
130:
72:
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saints. By the 18th century, Khandoba had become the clan deity of the
3211:
3184:
3045:
3020:
3000:
2968:
2963:
2953:
2879:
2859:
2854:
2844:
2839:
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2515:
1497:
1466:
1454:
1417:
1345:
1320:
1233:
1187:
1126:
1019:
924:(dish) is filled with coconuts, fruits, betel nuts, saffron, turmeric (
774:
754:
716:
712:
704:
696:
636:
555:
548:
499:
481:
428:, to whom Khandoba is the family deity. A version is also available in
378:
216:
17:
2756:
432:
by Siddhapal Kesasri (1585). Other sources include the later texts of
3155:
3150:
3115:
3103:
3093:
3060:
3050:
2985:
2904:
2884:
2822:
2817:
2213:
See Stanley in Zelliot pp. 40–53: for details of possession beliefs:
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1512:
1505:
1493:
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1470:
1458:
1445:
1421:
1401:
1377:
1341:
1138:
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1076:
1007:
980:
891:
758:
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587:
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559:
507:
485:
468:
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381:
370:
260:
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220:
138:
117:
110:
96:
59:
2666:
2605:"God as King for All: The Sanskrit Malhari Mahatmya and its context"
1368:, the Puranic Shiva worshipped as Linga in Brahmanical religion and
1364:
The sect of Khandoba, a folk religion, reflects the effect of Vedic
1123:
in the east. The eleven principal centres of worship of Khandoba or
1083:
1047:
and the right of pilgrims to perform rituals at the Naldurg temple.
53:
3179:
3098:
3030:
2990:
2975:
2899:
2864:
2827:
2191:
2189:
1485:
1365:
1355:
1289:
1181:
1131:
1100:
1082:
1070:
1044:
861:
860:
728:
662:
644:
526:
460:
442:
389:
366:
344:
284:
252:
244:
232:
196:
188:
184:
100:
231:
traditions, and also assimilates all communities irrespective of
3130:
3070:
3035:
3005:
2945:
2919:
2909:
2889:
2834:
1959:
The Denotified and Nomatic Tribes Rights Action Group Newsletter
1369:
1142:
886:
813:
fruit-leaves, onions and other vegetables. The deity is offered
782:
601:
455:, creating chaos on the earth and harassing the sages. When the
228:
168:
2765:
2457:
Inside-outside : two views of social change in rural India
2271:
For Jejuri as the foremost center of worship see: Mate, p. 162.
2227:"Ratnagiri District Gazetteer : People: RELIGIOUS BELIEFS"
1156:, which is easy to climb. This temple has about 450 steps, 18
781:
worship Khandoba as their Kuladevata. He is also worshipped by
2757:
Khandoba temples of Maharashtra, Karnatak & Andhra Pradesh
2061:"Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Ratnagiri and Savantvadi"
635:
Sontheimer stresses the association of Khandoba with clay and
488:
appeared at Prempuri, the place where the demons were killed.
903:
s — all night song-festivals, which are sometimes held after
2349:
See Stanley (Nov. 1977) pp. 34–38 for a detailed description
263:
in Maharashtra. The legends of Khandoba, found in the text
420:, but is not included in standard editions of the Purana.
1469:
chose Khandoba's Jejuri temple to seal her pact with the
27:"Mallanna" redirects here. For the 2009 Telugu film, see
2632:
Images of Women in Maharashtrian Literature and Religion
1095:
There are over 600 temples dedicated to Khandoba in the
447:
Mani is seen worshipped in the Jejuri temple of Khandoba
1340:
festival at Devaragudda, and an eleven-day festival in
687:
plateau, Khandoba is considered as "the premier god of
1164:(lamp-pillars). Both temples are fort-like structures.
547:
merchant (Vani) community, his second wife Banai is a
467:
confessed their incapability, Shiva assumed the form (
1043:, which consisted of the reinstatement of the annual
1018:
Khandoba is also a figure of respect and worship to
761:. Although Brahmin presence is nominal in his sect,
531:
Khandoba with his two chief wives: Mhalsa and Banai.
3168:
3086:
2944:
2803:
2751:
1055:) as the god's bhaktas (devotees), who call him as
147:
137:
126:
116:
106:
92:
82:
71:
46:
2683:
2246:
2244:
920:, which is to be performed every full moon day. A
2752:Website with full information about Lord Khandoba
2574:"Between Ghost and God: Folk Deity of the Deccan"
2258:
2256:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
1921:
1919:
1751:
1749:
1664:
1662:
948:is a ritualistic folk art in which the performer
907:fulfilment. Another custom was ritual-suicide by
283:texts, Khandoba is known as Martanda Bhairava or
251:(Skanda). He is depicted either in the form of a
34:"Malhari" redirects here. For the 2015 song, see
2179:
2177:
1864:. Archived from the original on February 3, 2009
1676:
1674:
1602:
1600:
1388:, Malhari is explained as enemy (ari) of Malha (
1134:, not Brahmins. His most important temples are:
683:. One of the most widely worshipped gods of the
2035:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 107.
1902:. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan. pp. 190–192.
1797:
1795:
2399:
2397:
1955:"Denotified and Nomadic Tribes in Maharashtra"
667:Khandoba in a household shrine (devghar) of a
554:Mhalsa is believed to be a combined avatar of
2777:
2411:
2409:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2151:
2149:
1993:
1991:
1899:Indian Sociology Through Ghurye, a Dictionary
789:. He is viewed as a "king" of his followers.
475:, as the Mahatmya calls Khandoba, riding the
8:
2130:
2128:
2126:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1581:
1579:
1577:
2661:(1). Association for Asian Studies: 27–43.
2298:. Satara District Gazetteer. Archived from
2084:. Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency. 2006
1625:
1623:
1621:
62:killing demons Mani-Malla — a popular
2784:
2770:
2762:
830:An important part of the Khandoba-sect is
823:of onion and brinjal. A strict vegetarian
52:
2551:Singh, Kumar Suresh; B. V. Bhanu (2004).
2527:. Bombay: Somaiya Publications Pvt. Ltd.
639:mounds. Oral legends tell of Khandoba's
611:
566:Banai is believed to be the daughter of
2054:
2052:
2008:"Ahmadnagar District Gazetteer: People"
1543:
881:, literally "tigers") and girls called
408:), which claims to be from the chapter
2454:Baviskar, B.S.; Attwood, D.W. (2013).
1874:
979:s. Marathi version calls this form of
608:Other associations and identifications
459:approached Shiva for protection after
302:Khandoba is sometimes identified with
187:deity worshiped as a manifestation of
43:
1465:. In 1752, the Maratha dowager queen
1119:, Maharashtra in the west to western
1087:Mylara Lingeshwara Temple at Mylara,
773:, as well as the royal families like
491:Oral stories continue the process of
7:
2250:Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel pp. 325–7
2010:. Maharashtra State Gazetteer. 2006
1457:(God) by Lingayat and Maharashtrian
753:), though it also includes of a few
2557:. Anthropological Survey of India.
2229:. Maharashtra State Gazetteer. 1962
2215:Angat Yene:Possession by the Divine
1549:
1547:
1277:Mailapur Mailarlingeshwara Temple,
819:– a sweet or a simpler dish called
287:, a combination of the solar deity
177:Malhari,Mylaralinga,Bandarada Odeya
2626:Sontheimer, Günther-Dietz (1996).
2603:Sontheimer, Günther-Dietz (1990).
2572:Sontheimer, Günther-Dietz (1989).
2544:Temples and Legends of Maharashtra
2460:. Los Angeles: SAGE. p. 250.
2439:Sontheimer, Günther-Dietz (1989).
2391:Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel pp.301–2
2120:Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel pp.332–3
1689:Stanley in Hiltebeitel pp. 272,293
25:
2722:Underhill, Muriel Marion (1991).
2546:. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
2441:Pastoral deities in western India
1953:Rathod, Motiraj (November 2000).
122:Om Shri Martanda Bhairavaya Namah
2935:
1801:Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p. 300
1707:Stanley in Hiltebeitel pp.272–77
2284:. Maharashtra Gazetteer. 2006 .
2204:Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.302
2195:Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.308
2183:Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.313
1982:Anthropological Survey of India
1856:Khokar, Mohan (June 25, 2000).
1810:Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.332
1743:Stanley in Hiltebeitel pp.280–4
1725:Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.328
1680:Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.330
1615:Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.323
1606:Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.303
1562:Sontheimer in Hiltebeitel p.314
2403:Sontheimer in Bakker pp. 106–7
1764:Sontheimer in Feldhaus p.117-8
771:Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus
715:, village guards and watchmen
570:, the creator, incarnation of
353:s, symbolizing him and Mhalsa.
1:
2503:Economic and Political Weekly
2487:Sontheimer in Bakker pp.108–9
2373:See Stanley (Nov. 1977) p. 39
2082:"Nashik District: Population"
1773:Sontheimer in Feldhaus p. 118
1656:Sontheimer in Bakker pp.105–6
1484:(Adimailar, Mailarapur) near
1416:also criticized the god. The
1281:, Yadgiri District, Karnataka
1214:Maltesh or Mailara temple at
797:Khandoba is believed to be a
199:, especially in the state of
2655:The Journal of Asian Studies
2525:Karttikeya: The Son of Shiva
2420:. official site of R C Dhere
2364:Stanley in Hiltebeitel p.314
2155:Stanley in Hiltebeitel p.293
2143:Stanley in Hiltebeitel p.296
1997:Stanley in Hiltebeitel p.271
1978:People of India: Maharashtra
1755:Sontheimer in Feldhaus p.116
1734:Stanley in Hiltebeitel p.278
1594:Stanley in Hiltebeitel p.288
1585:Stanley in Hiltebeitel p.284
1571:Sontheimer in Feldhaus p.115
1180:(Pember or Mailkarpur) near
940:is performed along with the
793:Rituals and modes of worship
36:Bajirao Mastani (soundtrack)
2059:Government of Maharashtra.
1477:, in the deity's presence.
1099:. His temples stretch from
1075:Khandoba's newer Temple in
171:: Khaṇḍobā), also known as
3316:
2728:Asian Educational Services
2686:The Experience of Hinduism
2630:. In Anne Feldhaus (ed.).
2443:. Oxford University Press.
2340:Sontheimer in Bakker p.127
2331:Sontheimer in Bakker p.108
2262:Sontheimer in Bakker p.116
2102:Sontheimer in Bakker p.104
2029:Shirish Chindhade (1996).
1925:Sontheimer in Bakker p.114
1896:Pillai, S Devadas (1997).
1858:"In recognition of valour"
1833:Sontheimer in Bakker p.113
1819:Sontheimer in Bakker p.110
1698:Sontheimer in Bakker p.118
1668:Sontheimer in Bakker p.105
1647:Sontheimer in Bakker p.103
1170:(Rajapur) or Pali-Pember,
651:Another theory identifies
33:
26:
3257:
2933:
2523:Gupta, Shakti M. (1988).
2382:Stanley (Nov. 1977) p. 30
1943:Stanley (Nov. 1977) p. 31
1881:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1789:Stanley (Nov. 1977) p. 33
1629:Stanley (Nov. 1977) p. 32
271:Etymology and other names
207:. He is the most popular
51:
3241:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
2724:The Hindu Religious Year
2607:. In Hans Bakker (ed.).
1980:. Popular Prakashan and
1412:sect), Vidyaranyaswami,
1294:Khandoba with Mhalsa, a
624:, who is connected with
291:and Shiva's fierce form
1432:is, 'by the end of the
1352:Development of the cult
1330:Champasashtliiche parne
854:– hungry for such true
745:castes like gardeners (
510:, Nandi and the demons
1361:
1303:
1178:Adi-mailar or Khanapur
1092:
1080:
1051:even records Muslims (
870:
869:, the bard of Khandoba
858:s in Martanda Vijaya.
672:
617:
532:
448:
354:
2628:"All the God's wives"
2416:Dhere, R. C. (2009).
1359:
1293:
1230:Mannamailar or Mailar
1086:
1074:
864:
666:
615:
592:from the gardener or
530:
446:
348:
2542:Mate, M. S. (1988).
2510:(14/15): 1226–1234.
1527:in a debate against
1408:(c.1270, founder of
1260:district, Telangana.
1028:Ajmat Khan (Rautray)
955:invoke the deities.
3295:Regional Hindu gods
1976:Singh, K S (2004).
1265:Aurangabad district
1248:Ahmednagar district
987:(violent, demonic)
257:the Khandoba temple
3300:Hindu folk deities
1502:Kanadya Khanderaya
1386:Taittiriya Samhita
1362:
1304:
1192:Osmanabad district
1093:
1081:
871:
763:Deshastha Brahmins
679:(family deity) in
673:
618:
533:
449:
355:
211:(family deity) in
173:Martanda Bhairava,
3275:
3274:
2564:978-81-7991-101-3
2042:978-81-7156-585-6
1529:Deshastha Brahmin
1525:Koknastha Brahmin
1279:Mailapura, Yadgir
1160:(arches) and 350
1014:Muslim veneration
765:, as well as the
669:Deshastha Brahmin
473:Martanda Bhairava
426:Deshastha Brahmin
319:MallikarjunaSwamy
162:
161:
16:(Redirected from
3307:
2939:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2763:
2741:
2718:
2691:
2689:
2678:
2649:
2622:
2599:
2568:
2547:
2538:
2519:
2488:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2413:
2404:
2401:
2392:
2389:
2383:
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2371:
2365:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2302:on 18 April 2011
2296:"PAL OR RAJAPUR"
2292:
2286:
2285:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2251:
2248:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
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2202:
2196:
2193:
2184:
2181:
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2093:
2091:
2089:
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2047:
2046:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1926:
1923:
1914:
1913:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1853:
1847:
1840:
1834:
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1811:
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1802:
1799:
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1595:
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1583:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1406:Chakradhar Swami
1394:Malhari Mahatmya
1380:traces the name
1316:Somvati Amavasya
1239:Nimgaon Dawadi,
1209:Belgaum district
1199:Dharwad district
1107:in the north to
1089:Bellary District
1049:Malhari Mahatmya
1004:pishachi worship
969:Malhari Mahatmya
721:Denotified tribe
434:Jayadri Mahatmya
418:Brahmanda Purana
406:Mallari Mahatmya
402:Malhari Mahatmya
297:Malhari Mahatmya
265:Malhari Mahatmya
158:(chief consorts)
56:
44:
21:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3271:
3267:Hindu mythology
3253:
3164:
3082:
2940:
2931:
2799:
2790:
2748:
2738:
2721:
2715:
2697:Alf Hiltebeitel
2694:
2681:
2667:10.2307/2053326
2652:
2646:
2625:
2619:
2602:
2596:
2578:Alf Hiltebeitel
2571:
2565:
2554:People of India
2550:
2541:
2535:
2522:
2499:
2496:
2494:Further reading
2491:
2486:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2423:
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2407:
2402:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2353:
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2344:
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2330:
2326:
2319:
2315:
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2294:
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2261:
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2230:
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2224:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2187:
2182:
2175:
2170:
2159:
2154:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2134:Underhill p.111
2133:
2124:
2119:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2011:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1989:
1984:. p. 1768.
1975:
1974:
1970:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1929:
1924:
1917:
1910:
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1894:
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1557:
1552:
1545:
1541:
1523:missionary and
1414:Sheikh Muhammad
1354:
1300:Tiruchirappalli
1288:
1272:Nanded district
1224:Haveri district
1197:Mailara Linga,
1172:Satara district
1069:
1016:
995:narrates about
993:Martanda vijaya
795:
749:) and tailors (
723:", the former "
661:
610:
525:
494:Sanskritization
438:Martanda Vijaya
398:
343:
273:
205:North Karnataka
75:transliteration
67:
42:
39:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3313:
3311:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3290:Forms of Shiva
3282:
3281:
3273:
3272:
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3269:
3264:
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3251:
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2747:
2746:External links
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1987:
1968:
1965:on 2009-02-05.
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1537:
1496:(demi-god) of
1475:Balaji Bajirao
1463:Maratha Empire
1353:
1350:
1298:painting from
1287:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1274:, Maharashtra.
1268:
1267:, Maharashtra.
1261:
1251:
1250:, Maharashtra.
1244:
1243:, Maharashtra.
1237:
1227:
1212:
1202:
1195:
1194:, Maharashtra.
1185:
1175:
1174:, Maharashtra.
1165:
1121:Andhra Pradesh
1115:in the south,
1068:
1065:
1057:Malluka Pathan
1015:
1012:
983:(devotion) as
895:s — nymphs or
794:
791:
757:and even some
735:, fisher-folk
660:
657:
609:
606:
524:
521:
512:Madhu-Kaitabha
397:
394:
384:, or a Muslim
342:
339:
272:
269:
191:mainly in the
160:
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3232:Bhagavad Gita
3229:
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3087:Other deities
3085:
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2793:Hindu deities
2787:
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2750:
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2737:81-206-0523-3
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2714:0-88706-981-9
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2645:0-7914-2837-0
2641:
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2618:90-04-09318-4
2614:
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2595:0-88706-981-9
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2171:Burman p.1227
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2009:
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1994:
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1909:81-7154-807-5
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1296:company style
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967:The Sanskrit
965:
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844:Sakama Bhakti
841:
837:
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689:Sakama bhakti
686:
682:
678:
670:
665:
658:
656:
654:
649:
646:
642:
638:
633:
631:
627:
626:Brāhmanahatya
623:
614:
607:
605:
603:
599:
595:
590:
589:
583:
579:
577:
573:
572:Goddess Ganga
569:
564:
561:
557:
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410:Kshetra-kanda
407:
403:
395:
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391:
387:
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380:
376:
372:
368:
363:
360:
357:In a popular
352:
347:
340:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
323:Andhrapradesh
320:
316:
312:
309:
305:
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58:Khandoba and
55:
50:
45:
37:
30:
19:
3277:
3246:
3239:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3141:Gramadevatas
3075:
2924:
2723:
2700:
2685:
2658:
2654:
2631:
2608:
2581:
2553:
2543:
2524:
2507:
2501:
2483:
2471:. Retrieved
2456:
2449:
2440:
2434:
2422:. Retrieved
2387:
2378:
2369:
2360:
2354:
2345:
2336:
2327:
2316:
2304:. Retrieved
2300:the original
2290:
2276:
2267:
2233:11 September
2231:. Retrieved
2221:
2214:
2209:
2200:
2139:
2098:
2088:11 September
2086:. Retrieved
2076:
2064:. Retrieved
2031:
2024:
2014:11 September
2012:. Retrieved
2002:
1977:
1971:
1963:the original
1958:
1948:
1898:
1891:
1866:. Retrieved
1861:
1851:
1846:, and p. 40.
1843:
1838:
1815:
1806:
1769:
1760:
1739:
1730:
1721:
1712:
1703:
1694:
1685:
1652:
1643:
1634:
1611:
1590:
1567:
1558:
1510:
1501:
1479:
1430:Lilacharitra
1426:
1398:
1393:
1381:
1363:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1319:
1311:
1308:Margashirsha
1305:
1236:, Karnataka.
1226:, Karnataka.
1211:, Karnataka.
1201:, Karnataka.
1161:
1157:
1151:
1146:
1124:
1094:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1003:
996:
992:
988:
984:
976:
972:
968:
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945:
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933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
908:
904:
900:
890:
882:
878:
874:
873:Boys called
872:
866:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
829:
824:
821:bharit rodga
820:
814:
806:
798:
796:
750:
746:
740:
692:
688:
674:
650:
640:
634:
619:
598:southernwood
586:
584:
580:
565:
553:
534:
517:
492:
490:
472:
450:
437:
433:
409:
405:
401:
399:
364:
356:
350:
330:
326:
318:
310:
303:
301:
296:
278:
274:
264:
235:, including
180:
176:
172:
164:
163:
3225:Mahabharata
3136:Kuladevatas
2915:Vishvakarma
2473:10 December
1420:poet-saint
1410:Mahanubhava
1254:Komuravelli
1216:Devaragudda
1184:, Karnataka
1105:Maharashtra
1091:, Karnataka
973:chedapatadi
942:tali bharne
918:tali bharne
725:untouchable
719: — a "
711:, shepherd
681:Maharashtra
457:seven sages
341:Iconography
304:Muneeshwara
219:(priestly)
213:Maharashtra
201:Maharashtra
195:plateau of
93:Affiliation
29:Kanthaswamy
3284:Categories
3207:Upanishads
3126:Gandharvas
2850:Dattatreya
2066:August 26,
1868:2008-10-13
1553:Singh p.ix
1539:References
1270:Malegaon,
1232:(Mylara),
1220:Ranebennur
1147:Kadepathar
1061:Mallu Khan
1041:Ibrahim II
842:is called
816:puran poli
767:Kokanastha
677:Kuladevata
630:Virabhadra
594:Mali caste
422:R.C. Dhere
308:Dharmapuri
209:Kuladevata
84:Devanagari
3146:Rakshasas
3016:Mahavidya
2959:Saraswati
2946:Goddesses
2875:Kartikeya
2611:. BRILL.
1877:cite news
1862:The Hindu
1521:Christian
1517:khatvanga
1490:Karnataka
1434:Kali Yuga
1390:Prajapati
1286:Festivals
1205:Mangasuli
1113:Karnataka
1109:Davangere
1032:Aurangzeb
998:Rakshashi
897:devadasis
892:devangana
787:Lingayats
742:balutedar
699:(priest)
653:Kartikeya
588:devangana
359:oleograph
335:Karnataka
315:Telangana
249:Kartikeya
66:, c.1880.
64:oleograph
41:Hindu god
3262:Hinduism
3218:Ramayana
3160:Yakshini
3066:Shashthi
3026:Matrikas
3011:Mahadevi
2813:Trimurti
2282:"Jejuri"
1450:Kakatiya
1442:Warangal
1374:Lingayat
1263:Satare,
1258:Siddipet
1246:Shegud,
1162:Dipmalas
1127:kshetras
951:Gondhali
825:naivedya
803:Turmeric
775:Gaikwads
755:Brahmins
717:Ramoshis
713:Dhangars
705:Marathas
622:Bhairava
545:Lingayat
414:Sanskrit
375:Trishula
373:(drum),
331:Mallayya
311:Mallanna
293:Bhairava
289:Martanda
281:Sanskrit
241:Bhairava
165:Khandoba
131:Trishula
78:Khaṇḍobā
73:Sanskrit
47:Khandoba
3212:Puranas
3200:Atharva
3169:Texts (
3156:Yakshas
3151:Vahanas
3121:Dikpāla
3094:Apsaras
3046:Rukmini
3021:Matangi
2969:Parvati
2964:Lakshmi
2954:Tridevi
2880:Krishna
2860:Hanuman
2855:Ganesha
2845:Chandra
2840:Ashvins
2707:Press.
2699:(ed.).
2675:2053326
2638:Press.
2588:Press.
2580:(ed.).
2516:4410485
2424:12 July
2321:Nimgaon
1844:Preface
1533:Shudras
1498:Paithan
1473:ruler,
1467:Tarabai
1455:Ishvara
1438:Inavolu
1418:Varkari
1382:Malhari
1346:Chaitra
1321:palakhi
1234:Bellary
1222:Taluk,
1188:Naldurg
1152:Gad-kot
1125:jagrut
1067:Temples
1053:mleccha
1020:Muslims
1008:Sattvic
961:jagaran
946:gondhal
938:gondhal
926:Bhandar
901:jagaran
852:bhukela
807:Bhandār
779:Holkars
759:Muslims
709:Kunabis
697:Brahmin
659:Worship
637:termite
556:Parvati
549:Dhangar
500:Parvati
482:demigod
430:Marathi
412:of the
396:Legends
379:Maratha
327:Mailara
237:Muslims
217:Brahmin
183:, is a
148:Consort
133:, Sword
18:Mailara
3116:Devata
3109:Danava
3104:Daitya
3099:Asuras
3061:Shakti
3051:Sanjna
3041:Rohini
3001:Shachi
2986:Chhaya
2905:Varuna
2895:Shasta
2885:Kubera
2823:Vishnu
2818:Brahma
2734:
2711:
2673:
2642:
2615:
2592:
2561:
2531:
2514:
2464:
2306:5 July
2039:
1906:
1513:stotra
1506:Shakta
1494:yaksha
1482:Pember
1471:Peshwa
1459:bhakti
1446:Arjuna
1422:Eknath
1402:Basava
1378:Sayana
1338:Dasara
1158:Kamani
1154:temple
1139:Jejuri
1132:Guravs
1117:Konkan
1097:Deccan
1077:Jejuri
1036:Paṭhān
1000:bhakti
989:bhakti
981:bhakti
914:devrsi
883:Muraḹi
879:Waghya
875:Vāghyā
867:Vaghya
856:bhakta
848:bhakta
751:Shimpi
729:Mahars
701:castes
685:Deccan
671:family
576:Jejuri
568:Brahma
560:Pausha
537:Mhalsa
508:Vishnu
502:, and
486:Lingas
469:Avatar
465:Vishnu
453:Brahma
386:pathan
382:sardar
371:damaru
367:murtis
261:Jejuri
221:castes
193:Deccan
181:Malhar
152:Mhalsa
127:Weapon
118:Mantra
111:Jejuri
97:Avatar
88:खंडोबा
60:Mhalsa
3195:Yajur
3180:Vedas
3031:Radha
2996:Ganga
2991:Durga
2981:Bhumi
2976:Aditi
2900:Surya
2865:Indra
2828:Shiva
2797:texts
2671:JSTOR
2576:. In
2512:JSTOR
1486:Bidar
1440:near
1366:Rudra
1342:Magha
1312:jatra
1182:Bidar
1101:Nasik
1045:jatra
1024:Mallu
905:navas
887:bards
840:navas
836:navas
832:navas
799:kadak
783:Jains
737:Kolis
733:Mangs
693:navas
645:Surya
641:murti
602:Telin
541:Banai
523:Wives
504:Ganga
477:Nandi
471:) of
461:Indra
416:text
390:linga
351:linga
285:Surya
253:linga
245:Surya
233:caste
225:Hindu
197:India
189:Shiva
185:Hindu
156:Banai
143:Horse
139:Mount
107:Abode
101:Shiva
3248:more
3190:Sama
3171:list
3131:Gana
3077:more
3071:Sita
3056:Sati
3036:Rati
3006:Kali
2926:more
2920:Yama
2910:Vayu
2890:Rama
2870:Kama
2835:Agni
2805:Gods
2795:and
2732:ISBN
2709:ISBN
2705:SUNY
2640:ISBN
2636:SUNY
2613:ISBN
2590:ISBN
2586:SUNY
2559:ISBN
2529:ISBN
2475:2016
2462:ISBN
2426:2011
2308:2011
2235:2010
2090:2010
2068:2010
2037:ISBN
2016:2010
1904:ISBN
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