1183:
755:
his orders, translations were made from Greek, Syriac, and
Persian. The Syriac and Persian books themselves were translations from Greek or Sanskrit. A legacy of the 6th century King of Persia, Anushirvan (Chosroes I) the Just was the introduction of many Greek ideas into his kingdom. Aided by this knowledge and the juxtaposition of beliefs, the Abbasids considered it valuable to look at Islam with Greek eyes, and to look at the Greeks with Islamic eyes. Abbasid philosophers also advanced the idea that Islam had, from the very beginning, stressed the gathering of knowledge as a key part of the religion. These new ideas enabled the amassing and translation of Greek concepts to disseminate like never before.
1131:
1119:
1143:
1095:
1159:
361:
1171:
1107:
98:
1786:
638:
751:
rather than religious ones. Until
Abbasid rule in the 8th century, however, there was little work in translation. Most knowledge of Greek during Umayyad rule was gained from scholars of Greek who remained from the Byzantine period, rather than through widespread translation and dissemination of texts. A few scholars argue that translation was more widespread than is thought during this period, but this remains the minority view.
86:
336:
113:
726:. During his reign, Alfonso VII managed to annex parts of the weaker kingdoms of Navarre and Aragón which fought to secede after the death of Alfonso I of Aragon. Alfonso VII refused his right to conquer the Mediterranean coast for the new union of Aragón with the County of Barcelona (Petronila and Ramón Berenguer IV).
697:, and drove his brother into exile, thereby reuniting the three kingdoms. Urraca permitted the greater part of the Leonese army to take refuge in the town of Zamora. Sancho laid siege to the town, but the Castilian king was assassinated in 1072 by Bellido Dolfos, a Galician nobleman. The Castilian troops then withdrew.
754:
The main period of translation was during
Abbasid rule. The 2nd Abbasid Caliph Al-Mansur moved the capital from Damascus to Baghdad. Here he founded a great library, containing Greek Classical texts. Al-Mansur ordered this collection of world literature translated into Arabic. Under al-Mansur, and by
721:
was replaced by the Roman one. Upon his death, Alfonso VI was succeeded by his daughter, the widowed Urraca, who then married
Alfonso I of Aragon, but they almost immediately fell out. Alfonso tried unsuccessfully to conquer Urraca's lands, before he repudiated her in 1114. Urraca also had to contend
1061:
were celebrated in whichever city the king chose to stay. In the earliest
Leonese and Castilian Cortes, the inhabitants of the cities (known as "laboratores") formed a small group of the representatives and had no legislative powers, but they were a link between the king and the general population,
593:
A mix of settlers from the
Cantabrian and Basque coastal areas, which were recently swelled with refugees, was led under the protection of Abbot Vitulus and his brother, Count Herwig, as registered in the local charters they signed around the first years of the 800s. The areas that they settled did
750:
in the 7th century. It was at this point they first encountered Greek ideas, though from the beginning, many Arabs were hostile to classical learning. Because of this hostility, the religious
Caliphs could not support scientific translations. Translators had to seek out wealthy business patrons
959:
King of
Castile in 1474. When Ferdinand succeeded his father as King of Aragon in 1479, the Crown of Castile and the various territories of the Crown of Aragon were united in a personal union, creating for the first time since the 8th century a single political unit, referred to as
973:(General Courts) to the point where they became rubber-stamps for the monarch's acts. They also brought the nobility to their side. In 1492, the Kingdom of Castile conquered the last Moorish state of Granada, thereby ending Muslim rule in Iberia and completing the Reconquista.
880:
471:. During the 10th century, the Castilian counts increased their autonomy, but it was not until 1065 that it was separated from León and became a kingdom in its own right. Between 1072 and 1157, it was again united with León, and after 1230, the union became permanent.
734:
The centuries of
Moorish rule had occupied and imposed on Castile's high central plateau as a vast sheep pasturage; the fact that the greater part of Spanish sheep-rearing terminology was derived from Arabic underscores the brutality of absentee Islamic rule.
993:
was proclaimed as king of
Castile and of Aragon (in authority) jointly with his mother Joanna I as the Queen of Castile (in name). As the first monarch to reign over Castile and Aragon, Charles I may be considered as the first operational
621:, passing by, south of the Cantabrian ridge all the way to Leon. Subsequently, the region was subdivided, separate counts being named to Alava, Burgos, Cerezo & Lantarón, and a reduced Castile. In 931 the county was reunified by Count
1014:", as the legal formula explained. Nevertheless, rural and urban communities began to form assemblies to issue regulations to deal with everyday problems. Over time, these assemblies evolved into municipal councils, known as variously as
700:
As a result, Alfonso VI recovered all his original territory of León, and became the king of Castile and Galicia. This was the second union of León and Castile, although the two kingdoms remained distinct entities joined only in a
590:; some of those settlers had abandoned those exposed areas of the Meseta a few decades earlier, and taken refuge in the much denser and more intractable woods of the Atlantic valleys, so they were not that foreign to them.
569:
From the first half of the 9th century until the middle of the century, in which it came to be paid more attention, it was administered and defended by the monarchs of Leon, due to the increased incursions from the
1062:
something that was pioneered by the kingdoms of Castile and León. Eventually the representatives of the cities gained the right to vote in the Cortes, often allying with the monarchs against the great noble lords.
657:
as Count of Castile, marrying him to his uncle's intended bride, Sancha of León. Following Sancho's death in 1035, Castile returned to the nominal control of León, but Ferdinand, allying himself with his brother
666:
Vermudo was killed, leaving no surviving heirs. In right of his wife, Ferdinand then assumed the royal title as king of León and Castile, for the first time associating the royal title with the rule of Castile.
712:
During the first years of the 12th century, Sancho, the only son of Alfonso VI, died, leaving only his daughter. Because of this, Alfonso VI took a different approach from other European kingdoms, including
2423:
1130:
717:. He gave his daughters, Elvira, Urraca, and Theresa in marriage to Raymond of Toulouse, Raymond of Burgundy, and Henry of Burgundy respectively. In the Council of Burgos in 1080 the traditional
1118:
849:
The Courts from León and Castile merged, an event considered as the foundation of the Crown of Castile, consisting of the kingdoms of Castile, León, taifas and other domains conquered from the
1182:
1158:
1142:
989:
as King (in authority). After his death Joanna's father was regent, due to her perceived mental illness, as her son Charles I was only six years old. On Ferdinand II's death in 1516,
2433:
766:, called the "School of Toledo", translated many philosophical and scientific works from the Classical Greek and the Islamic worlds into Latin. Many European scholars, including
1094:
629:, successor state to Asturias, and achieved an autonomous status, allowing the county to be inherited by his family instead of being subject to appointment by the Leonese king.
2428:
2403:
1170:
758:
During the 12th century, Europe enjoyed great advances in intellectual achievements, sparked in part by the kingdom of Castile's conquest of the great cultural center of
693:
Sancho II allied himself with Alfonso VI of León and together they conquered, then divided, Galicia. Sancho later attacked Alfonso VI and invaded León with the help of
1106:
617:, west and south of the Ebro river, which offered an easier defense from the Muslim military expeditions and command of the main highway, still functional from the
762:(1085). There Arabic classics were discovered, and contacts established with the knowledge and works of Muslim scientists. In the first half of the century a
2408:
1731:
722:
with attempts by her son from her first marriage, the king of Galicia, to assert his rights. When Urraca died, this son became king of León and Castile as
1997:
1678:
967:. "Los Reyes Católicos" started policies that diminished the power of the bourgeoisie and nobility in Castile, and greatly reduced the powers of the
97:
2438:
1057:
in 1188, and in Castile in 1250. Unlike other kingdoms, Castile didn't have a permanent capital (neither did Spain until the 16th century), so the
1034:), represented the rest. By the 14th century these councils had gained more powers, such as the right to elect municipal magistrates and officers (
649:, married to the sister of Count García, as feudal overlord. García was assassinated in 1028 while in León to marry the princess Sancha, sister of
2443:
763:
1645:
1523:
1477:
1422:
574:. Its first repopulation settlements were led by small abbots and local counts from the other side of the Cantabrian ridge neighbor valleys,
2418:
2212:
679:
709:
before Alfonso VI in Santa Gadea de Burgos regarding the innocence of Alfonso in the matter of the murder of his brother is well known.
659:
2398:
1802:
1392:
1332:
723:
299:
1770:
1765:
1724:
231:
1990:
1926:
1775:
1379:
990:
1676:
Estudio documental de la Moneda Castilian de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517); José María de Francisco Olmos
2393:
2388:
2352:
1717:
935:
2362:
2357:
2332:
2317:
1740:
1281:
1214:
212:
1785:
2453:
2448:
2337:
2322:
2227:
1983:
1224:
1049:
Due to the increasing power of the municipal councils and the need for communication between these and the King,
714:
85:
499:, the first reference to the name "Castile" (Castilla) can be found in a document written during AD 800. In the
2413:
2347:
2006:
1827:
1229:
906:, of the Mercedes, before coming to the throne in 1369, during the civil war with his legitimate brother, King
823:
246:
478:. The Kingdoms of Castile and of León, with their southern acquisitions, came to be known collectively as the
474:
Throughout that period, the Castilian kings made extensive conquests in southern Iberia at the expense of the
1675:
2367:
2109:
1842:
1812:
1353:
816:
610:
606:
504:
496:
2312:
1899:
1862:
1760:
1384:
931:
919:
892:
874:
654:
650:
2251:
1895:
1847:
1822:
1807:
939:
831:
812:
781:
further enhanced the cultural exchange between the kingdoms of Castile and León and the rest of Europe.
675:
646:
594:
not extend far from the Cantabrian southeastern ridges, and not beyond the southern reaches of the high
2104:
827:
789:
622:
571:
784:
The 12th century saw the establishment of many new religious orders, like the rest of Europe, such as
2049:
1880:
1837:
1832:
1149:
911:
839:
671:
663:
542:
mountain system, was just north of modern-day Madrid province. It was re-populated by inhabitants of
2302:
2283:
2232:
2223:
2177:
1946:
1936:
1908:
1890:
1870:
1209:
1071:
1011:
986:
903:
854:
520:
468:
341:
2327:
2278:
2241:
2236:
2186:
2145:
2061:
2037:
1941:
1931:
1885:
1817:
1576:
1305:
1199:
1025:
915:
785:
602:
176:
2181:
1752:
1539:
1054:
637:
626:
507:, the oldest sources refer to it as Al-Qila, or "the castled" high plains past the territory of
286:
579:
2269:
2246:
2191:
2133:
2121:
2099:
2066:
2020:
1964:
1918:
1904:
1875:
1641:
1519:
1473:
1418:
1388:
1328:
1019:
999:
982:
947:
793:
771:
739:
563:
516:
440:
180:
2256:
2265:
2219:
2202:
1956:
1852:
1568:
1559:
Brickman, William W. (October 1961). "The Meeting of East and West in Educational History".
1297:
1219:
1204:
1042:
969:
907:
884:
862:
858:
778:
767:
479:
452:
424:
394:
168:
143:
52:
28:
2307:
2273:
1698:
1682:
843:
539:
204:
190:
172:
1663:
Legitimizing the Queen : Propaganda and Ideology in the Reign of Isabel I of Castile
1348:
2342:
879:
718:
702:
683:
614:
460:
432:
66:
1010:
As with all medieval kingdoms, supreme power was understood to reside in the monarch "
2382:
1580:
1309:
1256:
1085:
995:
759:
653:. Sancho III, acting as feudal overlord, appointed his younger son (García's nephew)
583:
538:
The County of Castile, bordered in the south by the northern reaches of the Spanish
1077:
687:
618:
17:
902:
Its name was taken from the Count (or Duke) of Trastámara. This title was used by
678:, King of León and García, King of Galicia, while his daughters were given towns:
1608:
The Queen's Hand : Power and Authority in the Reign of Berenguela of Castile
1543:
1513:
1467:
1412:
1301:
2165:
1699:
The Kingdom of Castile (1157–1212): Towards a Geography of the Southern Frontier
1282:"A kingdom without a capital? Itineration and spaces of royal power in Castile,
955:
808:
797:
670:
When Ferdinand I died in 1065, the territories were divided among his children.
444:
263:
112:
2086:
1259:
were centres of royal authority of the Kingdom and the later Crown of Castile.
1252:
1088:, which were gules, a three towered castle or masoned sable and ajouré azure.
943:
500:
475:
2032:
1794:
899:
from 1412 to 1516, Navarre from 1425 to 1479, and Naples from 1442 to 1501.
575:
555:
511:, further south than it and the first encountered in their expeditions from
1975:
896:
953:. Isabella succeeded her brother as Queen of Castile and Ferdinand became
1452:
H.C. Darby, "The face of Europe on the eve of the great discoveries", in
811:
restored the royal tradition of dividing his kingdom among his children.
551:
543:
532:
512:
742:
conquests, as Arabs took control of previously Hellenized areas such as
1036:
835:
559:
547:
194:
1709:
914:
ruled from 1458 to 1479 and upon his death, his daughter became Queen
2056:
1248:
1081:
1030:
706:
694:
633:
11th and 12th centuries: expansion and union with the Kingdom of León
587:
528:
830:, having previously received the Kingdom of Castile from his mother
1572:
946:
began the familial union of the two kingdoms. They became known as
582:
and smaller ones, from the contiguous maritime valleys of Mena and
2139:
2127:
2115:
2044:
1704:
1040:, speakers, clerks, etc.) and representatives to the parliaments (
962:
850:
747:
743:
524:
508:
379:
354:
149:
139:
1024:, in which some of the inhabitants, the property-owning heads of
595:
1979:
1713:
613:. He settled and fortified the ancient Cantabrian hill town of
834:
in 1217. In addition, he took advantage of the decline of the
412:
1164:
Arms of the King of Castile and León (design of 15th century)
1076:
During the reign of Alfonso VIII, the king began to use the
822:
The rivalry between both kingdoms continued until 1230 when
1640:. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. p. 78.
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1325:
Orientation: A Journey: Trip Through Europe Asia And Africa
645:
The minority of Count García Sánchez led Castile to accept
1705:
History of the County of Castile – The origins of Castile
1623:
The learned king : the reign of Alfonso X of Castile
838:
empire to conquer the Guadalquivir Valley whilst his son
482:, a term that also came to encompass overseas expansion.
400:
1136:
Coat of Arms of the King of Castile and León (1284–1390)
1625:. Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press.
804:
13th century: definitive union with the Kingdom of León
601:
The first count of a wider and more united Castile was
1436:
1434:
1387:: American Council of Learned Societies. p. 128.
1124:
Coat of Arms of the King of Castile and León (1230–84)
738:
The 8th and 9th centuries was preceded by a period of
662:, began a war with his brother-in-law Vermudo. At the
1610:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 209–210.
406:
397:
895:
was a lineage that ruled Castile from 1369 to 1504,
415:
409:
1955:
1917:
1861:
1793:
1751:
1414:
The Contest of Christian and Muslim Spain 1031–1157
730:
12th century: a link between Christianity and Islam
403:
375:
296:
283:
273:
259:
240:
225:
211:
200:
186:
164:
156:
133:
39:
2424:11th-century establishments in the Kingdom of León
774:, travelled to Toledo to gain further knowledge.
869:14th and 15th centuries: the House of Trastámara
1327:. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 428.
1100:Coat of Arms of the King of Castile, 1171–1214
1006:Government: municipal councils and parliaments
2434:States and territories disestablished in 1833
1991:
1725:
1472:. University of California Press. p. 2.
826:received the Kingdom of León from his father
44:
8:
1112:Coat of arms of the King of Castile, 1214–30
1518:. University of Chicago Press. p. 55.
1406:
1404:
447:. It traces its origins to the 9th-century
58:
2429:States and territories established in 1065
2159:
2080:
2014:
1998:
1984:
1976:
1732:
1718:
1710:
985:, became Queen (in name) with her husband
981:On Isabella's death in 1504 her daughter,
467:), as an eastern frontier lordship of the
111:
36:
2404:Former countries on the Iberian Peninsula
1593:
1499:
998:. Charles I also became Charles V of the
926:Union of the Crowns of Castile and Aragon
878:
636:
1545:Arabic Thought and its Place in History
1272:
1241:
1090:
34:Christian kingdom in Iberia (1065–1833)
1661:Guardiola-Griffiths, Cristina (2010).
1638:Spain's Centuries of Crisis: 1300–1474
1440:
1188:Coat of arms with supporters (1406–74)
285:• Permanent union of Castile and
1417:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 27.
1176:Arms with the Royal Crest (1366–1406)
295:
282:
272:
268:
239:
224:
220:
210:
124: The Kingdom of Castile in 1210.
7:
1372:
1370:
641:County of Castile (Castilla) in 1037
625:, who rose in rebellion against the
515:. The name reflects its origin as a
2409:Former countries in Spanish history
2057:(Eastern) Roman Province of Spania
300:1833 territorial division of Spain
25:
2100:Province of the Umayyad Caliphate
1080:of Castile as its emblem, in its
531:, in a territory formerly called
491:9th to 11th centuries: beginnings
1784:
1512:Lindberg, David C., ed. (1978).
1454:The New Cambridge Modern History
1280:Arias Guillén, Fernando (2013).
1181:
1169:
1157:
1141:
1129:
1117:
1105:
1093:
598:river valleys and canyon gores.
393:
359:
334:
96:
84:
2439:1833 disestablishments in Spain
2328:Monarchs of Barcelona/Catalonia
1469:The Classical Heritage in Islam
519:on the eastern frontier of the
495:According to the chronicles of
137:Independent kingdom (1065–1230)
2444:1060s establishments in Europe
1466:Rosenthal, Franz, ed. (1975).
1377:Strayer, Joseph Reese (1983).
1066:Arms of the Kingdom of Castile
1:
1380:Dictionary of the Middle Ages
796:; and the foundation of many
660:García Sánchez III of Navarre
1665:. Bucknell University Press.
1621:O'Callaghan, Joseph (1993).
1561:Comparative Education Review
1323:B. Collins, Wallace (2004).
1302:10.1080/03044181.2013.830981
566:dialect and customary laws.
2419:Former monarchies of Europe
1411:Reilly, Bernard F. (1996).
1290:Journal of Medieval History
815:became King of Castile and
2470:
1515:Science in the Middle Ages
1215:List of Castilian monarchs
1069:
872:
26:
2399:Medieval history of Spain
2298:
2228:Principality of Catalonia
2173:
2162:
2158:
2095:
2083:
2079:
2028:
2017:
2013:
1782:
1636:Ruiz, Teofilo F. (2007).
1606:Bianchini, Janna (2014).
1225:List of Castilian battles
313:
309:
269:
255:
221:
110:
80:
75:
2007:Spain in the Middle Ages
1230:List of Castilian counts
1053:were established in the
918:and his son became King
824:Ferdinand III of Castile
674:became King of Castile,
562:origins. It had its own
523:, protected by castles,
27:Not to be confused with
2166:Feudal Christian realms
1354:Encyclopedia Britannica
611:Alfonso III of Asturias
497:Alfonso III of Asturias
2313:Monarchs of al-Andalus
1385:University of Michigan
932:Ferdinand II of Aragon
920:Ferdinand II of Aragon
888:
682:was given Zamora, and
642:
476:Islamic principalities
464:
456:
439:) was a polity in the
436:
428:
59:
45:
1148:Coat of Arms of King
951:(los Reyes Católicos)
948:the Catholic Monarchs
940:Palacio de los Vivero
936:Isabella I of Castile
882:
832:Berenguela of Castile
647:Sancho III of Navarre
640:
165:Common languages
2363:Monarchs of Valencia
2323:Monarchs of Asturias
2110:Caliphate of Córdoba
2050:Kingdom of the Suebi
1150:Henry III of Castile
707:oath taken by El Cid
607:Ordoño I of Asturias
503:chronicles from the
2358:Monarchs of Navarre
2353:Monarchs of Majorca
2343:Monarchs of Granada
2338:Monarchs of Galicia
2333:Monarchs of Castile
2303:Visigothic monarchs
2284:Kingdom of Valencia
2252:Kingdom of Artajona
2233:Kingdom of Pamplona
2224:County of Barcelona
2178:Kingdom of Asturias
1863:House of Trastámara
1210:Heraldry of Castile
1072:Heraldry of Castile
1012:by the grace of God
904:Henry II of Castile
893:House of Trastámara
875:Trastámaran Castile
857:, taifa of Murcia,
764:translation program
651:Bermudo III of León
521:Kingdom of Asturias
469:Kingdom of Asturias
457:Condado de Castilla
342:Kingdom of Asturias
275:• Established
18:Kingdom of Castille
2394:History of Castile
2389:Kingdom of Castile
2318:Monarchs of Aragon
2279:Kingdom of Majorca
2242:Kingdom of Viguera
2237:Kingdom of Navarre
2199:Kingdom of Castile
2187:Kingdom of Galicia
2146:Emirate of Granada
2105:Emirate of Córdoba
2062:Duchy of Cantabria
2038:Visigothic Kingdom
1681:2006-05-26 at the
1200:Council of Castile
916:Eleanor of Navarre
889:
643:
572:Emirate of Córdoba
505:Cordoban Caliphate
465:Comitatus Castellæ
389:Kingdom of Castile
193:(state religion),
160:No settled capital
41:Kingdom of Castile
2376:
2375:
2294:
2293:
2270:Kingdom of Aragon
2247:Kingdom of Najera
2213:Kingdom of Toledo
2192:County of Castile
2154:
2153:
2134:Almohad Caliphate
2122:Almoravid Emirate
2075:
2074:
2067:Duchy of Vasconia
2021:Early Middle Ages
1973:
1972:
1919:House of Habsburg
1795:House of Burgundy
1647:978-1-4051-2789-9
1525:978-0-226-48233-0
1479:978-0-520-01997-3
1424:978-0-631-19964-9
1000:Holy Roman Empire
938:, in 1469 at the
912:John II of Aragón
887:through the years
883:Evolution of the
798:Cistercian abbeys
772:Gerard of Cremona
664:Battle of Tamarón
449:County of Castile
441:Iberian Peninsula
429:Reino de Castilla
385:
384:
371:
370:
367:
366:
347:
346:
292:23 September 1230
251:
242:• 1217–1230
236:
227:• 1065–1072
191:Roman Catholicism
181:Andalusian Arabic
46:Reino de Castilla
16:(Redirected from
2461:
2454:Former countries
2449:Christian states
2348:Monarchs of León
2266:County of Aragon
2260:
2220:Catalan counties
2203:Crown of Castile
2160:
2081:
2015:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1977:
1957:House of Bourbon
1788:
1753:House of Jiménez
1734:
1727:
1720:
1711:
1686:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
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1594:Rosenthal 1975
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1573:10.1086/444875
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1548:. p. 107.
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1843:Ferdinand IV
1813:Alfonso VIII
1744:
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1596:, p. 5.
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1507:
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1413:
1378:
1358:. Retrieved
1352:
1343:
1324:
1318:
1293:
1289:
1286:. 1252–1350"
1283:
1275:
1244:
1078:canting arms
1075:
1058:
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619:Roman Empire
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386:
324:Succeeded by
323:
318:
103:Coat of arms
2255: [
2140:Third Taifa
2116:First Taifa
1900:Ferdinand V
1803:Alfonso VII
1761:Ferdinand I
1441:Reilly 1996
1152:(1390–1406)
956:jure uxoris
809:Alfonso VII
724:Alfonso VII
445:Middle Ages
443:during the
319:Preceded by
264:Middle Ages
207:(1065–1230)
152:(1715–1833)
146:(1230–1715)
2383:Categories
2090:(711-1492)
2087:Al-Andalus
1947:Charles II
1937:Philip III
1896:Isabella I
1848:Alfonso XI
1823:Berengaria
1808:Sancho III
1771:Alfonso VI
1360:2020-11-26
1267:References
1253:Valladolid
1026:households
944:Valladolid
828:Alfonso IX
813:Sancho III
686:was given
676:Alfonso VI
586:in nearby
556:Visigothic
501:Al-Andalus
201:Government
2033:Visigoths
1942:Philip IV
1932:Philip II
1927:Charles I
1881:Henry III
1838:Sancho IV
1833:Alfonso X
1766:Sancho II
1581:144961089
1567:(2): 85.
1349:"Castile"
1310:219564625
1002:in 1519.
991:Charles I
842:took the
840:Alfonso X
790:Alcántara
786:Calatrava
672:Sancho II
655:Ferdinand
580:Primorias
576:Trasmiera
544:Cantabria
232:Sancho II
187:Religion
177:Mozarabic
148:Realm of
76:1065–1833
1965:Philip V
1909:Philip I
1891:Henry IV
1871:Henry II
1741:Monarchs
1679:Archived
1542:(1922).
1194:See also
1037:alcaldes
1021:cabildos
987:Philip I
983:Joanna I
794:Santiago
552:Vasconia
548:Asturias
533:Bardulia
513:Zaragoza
1886:John II
1818:Henry I
1745:Castile
1086:banners
1082:blazons
1031:vecinos
965:(Spain)
836:Almohad
740:Umayyad
603:Rodrigo
564:Romance
560:Mozarab
486:History
453:Spanish
425:Spanish
298:•
235:(first)
195:Judaism
169:Spanish
157:Capital
142:of the
53:Spanish
1907:&
1905:Joanna
1898:&
1876:John I
1776:Urraca
1644:
1579:
1522:
1476:
1421:
1391:
1331:
1308:
1257:Toledo
1249:Burgos
1059:cortes
1051:cortes
1043:Cortes
970:Cortes
963:España
897:Aragón
760:Toledo
715:France
705:. The
695:El Cid
684:Elvira
680:Urraca
588:Biscay
529:castra
525:towers
250:(last)
217:
173:Basque
134:Status
122:
63:
49:
2259:]
2045:Suebi
1853:Peter
1701:(PDF)
1577:S2CID
1306:S2CID
1236:Notes
851:Moors
748:Syria
744:Egypt
615:Amaya
527:, or
517:march
509:Alava
461:Latin
433:Latin
380:Spain
355:Spain
150:Spain
140:Realm
67:Latin
2226:) →
1642:ISBN
1520:ISBN
1474:ISBN
1419:ISBN
1389:ISBN
1329:ISBN
1255:and
1084:and
934:and
891:The
861:and
792:and
777:The
770:and
746:and
688:Toro
609:and
596:Ebro
578:and
558:and
554:and
387:The
305:1833
287:León
279:1065
213:King
1743:of
1569:doi
1298:doi
1046:).
1018:or
942:in
2385::
2272:→
2268:→
2257:eu
2235:→
2209:)
2201:→
2180:→
1575:.
1563:.
1488:^
1433:^
1403:^
1369:^
1351:.
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