Western concert flute - Knowledge (XXG)

1037:, an advanced form of the ancient holed flute. Patented in 1897, the Giorgi flute was designed without any mechanical keys, though the patent allows for the addition of keys as options. Giorgi enabled the performer to play equally true in all musical keys, as does the Boehm system. Giorgi flutes are now rarities, found in museums and private collections. The underlying principles of both flute patterns are virtually identical, with tone holes spaced as required to produce a fully chromatic scale. The player, by opening and closing holes, adjusts the effective length of the tube, and thus the rate of oscillation, which defines the audible pitch. 632:(from the Italian), it was made in three or four sections or joints (the head, upper-body, lower-body and foot joint). Additionally, the traverso was made with a conical bore from the head joint down. This conical bore design gave the flute a wider range and more penetrating sound without sacrificing the softer, expressive qualities. The head joint of the traverso contains one embouchure hole across which air is blown. Additionally, the two body pieces (upper-body and lower-body) each contain three equally sized finger holes. There is one key on the baroque flute and it is on the foot-joint. This key is usually made out of 1842: 1001: 921:

variations on his key system are common, but the acoustical structure of the tube remains almost exactly as he designed it. Major innovations were the change to metal instead of wood, large straight tube bore, "parabolic" tapered headjoint bore, very large tone holes covered by keys, and the linked key system, which simplified fingering somewhat. The most substantial departures from Boehm's original description are the universal elimination of the "crutch" for the left hand and almost universal adoption of Briccialdi's thumb key mechanism and a closed-standing G

210: 803: 405: 735: 140: 1443: 1095: 989: 1622: 1411: 792: 36: 1013: 2122: 1721:(95.8% silver). It is reported that old Louis Lot French flutes have a particular sound by nature of their specific silver alloy. Gold/silver flutes are even more expensive. They can be either gold on the inside and silver on the outside, or vice versa. All-gold and all-platinum flutes also exist. Flutes can also be made out of wood, with African blackwood (grenadilla or 1087: 613: 1129: 1798:. A recent development is "precision" pads fitted by a factory-trained technician. Student flutes are more likely to have pads bedded in thicker materials like wax or hot-melt glue. Larger-sized closed-hole pads are also held in with screws and washers. Synthetic pads appear more water-resistant but may be susceptible to mechanical failure (cracking). 3104: 1430:. The headjoint is sealed by a cork (or plug that may be made out of various plastics, metals, or less commonly woods). It is possible to make fine adjustments to tuning by adjusting the headjoint cork, but usually it is left in the factory-recommended position around 17.3 mm (0.68 in) from the centre of the 742:

When compared to the modern flute, the Baroque flute requires less airflow, and produces much softer, mellower sounds: often blending in with other instruments in the orchestra. Additionally, when compared to the modern flute, the baroque flute requires the player to adjust with each note in order to

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All of Boehm's original models had offset G keys, which are mechanically simpler, and permit a more relaxed hand position, especially for flautists with small hands. Some players prefer the hand position of the in-line G. For many years there was a misperception that inline G was for "professional"

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Open-hole "French model" flutes have circular holes in the centers of five of the keys. These holes are covered by the fingertips when the keys are depressed. Open-hole flutes are frequently chosen by concert-level flautists, although this preference is less prevalent in Germany, Italy, and Eastern

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The keys can be made of the same or different metals as the tubing, nickel silver keys with silver tubing, for example. Flute key axles (or "steels") are typically made of drill rod or stainless steel. These mechanisms need periodic disassembly, cleaning, and relubrication, typically performed by a

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alloy. The B thumb keys typically have flat springs. Phosphor bronze is by far the most common material for needle springs because it is relatively inexpensive, makes a good spring, and is resistant to corrosion. Unfortunately, it is prone to metal fatigue. Stainless steel also makes a good spring

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hole appears to be the most critical parameter. Critical variables affecting this acoustic impedance include: chimney length (the hole between lip-plate and head tube), chimney diameter, and radiuses or curvature of the ends of the chimney. Generally, the shorter the hole, the more quickly a flute

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The head-joint tube is tapered slightly towards the closed end. Theobald Boehm described the shape of the taper as parabolic. Examination of his flutes did not reveal a true parabolic curve, but the taper is more complex than a truncated cone. The head joint is the most difficult part to construct

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The Meyer flute was a popular flute in the mid 19th century. Including and derived from the instruments built by H.F. Meyer from 1850 to the late 1890s, it could have up to 12 keys and was built with head joints of either metal-lined ivory or wood. The final form was a combination of a traditional

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Tone holes are stopped by pads constructed of fish skin (gold-beater's skin) over felt or silicone rubber on some very low-cost or "ruggedized" flutes. Accurate shimming of pads on professional flutes to ensure pad sealing is very demanding of technician time. In the traditional method, pads are

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began to make flutes. Keys were added to the flute, and the taper was changed to strengthen its lower register. The dimensions and key system of the modern western concert flute and its close relatives are strongly influenced by Boehm's design, which he patented in 1847. Minor additions to and

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in much the same way recorders and other instruments were used in consorts. At this stage, the transverse flute was usually made in one section (or two for the larger sizes) and had a cylindrical bore. As a result, this flute had a rather soft sound and was used primarily in the "soft consort".

1110:(there are typically 16 tone holes). Opening and closing the holes produces higher and lower pitches. Higher pitches can also be achieved through over-blowing, like most other woodwind instruments. The direction and intensity of the airstream also affects the pitch, timbre, and dynamics. 1758:

Professionals tend to play more expensive flutes. However, the idea that different materials can significantly affect sound quality is under some contention, and some argue that different metals make less difference in sound quality than different flautists playing the same flute. Even

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Each of the above instruments has its own range. The piccolo reads music in C (like the standard flute), but sounds one octave higher. The alto flute is in the key of G, and the low register extends to the G below middle C; its highest note is a high G (4

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trained technician, for optimal performance. James Phelan, a flute maker and engineer, recommends single-weight motor oil (SAE 20 or 30) as a key lubricant demonstrating superior performance and reduced wear, in preference to commercial key oils).

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keys. The result was non-rotating shafts, which gave a quieter sound and less friction on moving parts. Also, the modifications allowed for springs to be adjusted individually, and the flute was strengthened. The Brögger flute is only made by the

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was among the first noteworthy flautists in jazz, in the 1940s. Since Theobald Boehm's fingering is used in saxophones as well as in concert flutes, many flute players "double" on saxophone for jazz and small ensembles and vice versa.

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The role of the flute began to change as well. During the Renaissance and Medieval eras, the flute was often only used in ensembles and group performances. With the onset of the Baroque era, the traverso began to take on a role as a

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Tone-holes may be either drawn (by pulling the tube material outwards) or soldered (cutting a hole in the tube and soldering an extra ring of material on). Soldered tone-holes are thought by some to improve tone, but generally cost

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can be played; the longer the hole, the more complex the tone. Finding a particularly good example of a flute is dependent on play-testing. Head joint upgrades are usually suggested as a way to improve the tone of an instrument.

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scale. The flutist can change this pitch through small adjustments in the mouth and by turning the flute towards or away from the player. This need for continued adjustment was alleviated with the creation of more modern flutes.

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was formerly used, but this is hard to obtain today. Wooden flutes were far more common before the early 20th century. The silver flute was introduced by Boehm in 1847, but did not become common until later in the 20th century.

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Europe. Students may use temporary plugs to cover the holes until they can reliably cover the holes with the fingertips. Some flautists claim that open-hole keys permit louder and clearer sound projection in the lower

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used flutes for signalling, and this helped the flute spread to all of Europe. In the late 16th century, flutes began to appear in court and theatre music (predecessors of the orchestra), and the first flute solos.

1880:. Open-hole keys are needed for traditional Celtic music and other ethnic styles and some modern concert pieces that require harmonic overtones or "breathy" sounds. They can also facilitate alternate fingerings, " 858: 822: 840: 1496:

key) is closed when the right middle-finger key is depressed, enabling a clearer third octave E; omitted from many intermediate- and professional flutes, as it can reduce the tonal quality of the third-octave

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hole for best scale. Gross, temporary adjustments of pitch are made by moving the headjoint in and out of the headjoint tenon. The flautist makes fine or rapid adjustments of pitch and timbre by adjusting the

937:, with minor variations, remains regarded as the most effective system of any modern woodwind, allowing trained instrumentalists to perform with facility and extraordinary velocity and brilliance in all keys. 876: 2056:

to all other pitches is set when the tone holes are cut. However, small deviations from the objective 'mechanical' pitch (which is related to acoustic impedance of a given fingering) can be improvised by

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Close-up of part of the body and the C-foot joint. The instrument features plateau keys with Y-arms, trill keys, and soldered tone holes. The image depicts the D-key adjustment screw, and needle springs.

442: 478: 541:, where it migrated to Germany and France. These flutes became known as "German flutes" to distinguish them from others, such as the recorder. The flute became used in court music, along with the 1810:

The keywork is constructed by lost-wax castings and machining, with mounting posts and ribs silver-soldered to the tube. On the best flutes, the castings are forged to increase their strength.

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Less commonly seen flutes include the treble flute in G, pitched one octave higher than the alto flute; soprano flute, between the treble and concert; and tenor flute or flûte d'amour in B

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Head joint geometry appears particularly critical to acoustic performance and tone, but there is no clear consensus on a particular shape amongst manufacturers. Acoustic impedance of the

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because the lip plate and tone hole have critical dimensions, edges, and angles that vary slightly between manufacturers and in individual flutes, especially where they are handmade.

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A Treatise on the Construction, the History and the Practice of the Flute, Including a Sketch of the Elements of Acoustics, and Critical Notices of Sixty Celebrated Flute-Players

848: 549:, although only in France and Germany. It would not spread to the rest of Europe for nearly a century. The first literary appearance of the transverse flute was made in 1285 by 884: 468: 432: 450: 486: 636:. The traverso was made with a variety of materials including various types of wood, most often boxwood, as well as ivory and metal. While very few flutes remain from the 3823: 3669: 2919: 2854: 2526: 2486: 2446: 394:

The flute is one of the oldest and most widely used wind instruments. The precursors of the modern concert flute were keyless wooden transverse flutes similar to

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flute concerto was possibly written around 1713–1716, and would thus have been the first concerto for the instrument, as well as the earliest scoring of a high F

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modified the Boehm flute by fixing two major problems that had existed for nearly 150 years: maladjustment between certain keys and problems between the G and B

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The three standard trill keys permit rapid alternation between two notes with disparate standard fingerings: lowest, middle, and highest trill keys ease C–D

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Trill keys – two small teardrop shaped keys between the right-hand keys on the body; the first enables an easy C–D trill, and the second enables C–D

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above the treble staff). The bass flute is an octave lower than the concert flute, and the contrabass flute is an octave lower than the bass flute.

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Pointed arms – arms connecting the keys to the rods, which are pointed and extend to the keys' centers. These are found on more expensive flutes.

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Head joint – the top section of the flute, it has the tone hole/lip plate where the player initiates the sound by blowing air across the opening.

715:. Aside from the composition of new music, several books were published during this time that dove into the study of the Baroque flute. In 1707, 1451:

Crown – the cap at the end of the head joint that unscrews to expose the cork and helps keep the head joint cork positioned at the proper depth.

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The flute is a transverse (or side-blown) woodwind instrument that is closed at the blown end. It is played by blowing a stream of air over the

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fingering, can be made by moving the headjoint in and out of the headjoint tenon, but the point here is that the mechanical relationship of A

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trill, but it also allows some trills and tremolos that are otherwise very difficult, such as high G to high A. Another way of trilling G

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that in 1905 he made one silver flute to every 100 wooden flutes, but in the 1930s, he made one wooden flute to every 100 silver flutes.

2274: 3365: 1892:, and multiphonics. Closed holes (plateau keys) permit a more relaxed hand position for some flautists, which can help their playing. 1770:

Most metal flutes are made of alloys that contain significant amounts of copper or silver. These alloys are biostatic because of the

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French model – a flute with pointed French-style arms and open-hole keys, as distinguished from the plateau style with closed holes.

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Second Edition, London: Rudall, Carte and Co., Ltd., 1928. Reprint of the second edition, in four volumes, Buren: Frits Knuf, 1986.

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Lip plate – the part of the head joint that contacts the player's lower lip, allowing positioning and direction of the air stream.

72: 3129: 2727:"Principes de la flute traversiere ou flute d'Allemagne, de la flute a bec ou flute douce, et du haut-bois, divisez par traitez" 4329: 3809: 3718: 1398:(pitched in C, one octave below the contrabass). The flute sizes other than the concert flute and piccolo are sometimes called 507:"Six-finger" D is the most common pitch for keyless wooden transverse flutes, which continue to be used today, particularly in 723:. The 1730s brought an increase in operatic and chamber music feature of flutes. The end of this era found the publication of 4242: 2976: 2071: 592:

During the 16th and early 17th centuries in Europe, the transverse flute was available in several sizes, in effect forming a

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in a list of instruments he played. After this, a period of 70 years follows in which few references to the flute are found.

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trill key is an increasingly popular option available on many flutes. It is named after one of its uses, to ease the B to C

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entitled “Pièces pour la flute traversiere avec la basse-continue” in 1702. Other notable baroque flute composers include,

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Cheaper student models may be purchased with a curved head to allow younger children with shorter arms to play them.

2040: = 440 Hz, many manufacturers optimize the tone hole size/spacings for higher pitch options such as A 2032:

The standard pitch has varied widely over history, and this has affected how flutes are made. Although the standard

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Quite at the opposite end of the spectrum, in terms of the complexity of the key system developed by Boehm, was the

1030:. This form had 12 keys, a body of wood, a head joint of metal and ivory, and was common at the end of the century. 4319: 4288: 3941: 3742: 2229: 1539:

is sometimes found on intermediate- and professional flutes. The two trill keys are also used in playing the high B

763:. However, the 21st century has brought a rise in the popularity of the Baroque flute, most notably led by flutist 589:(used by singers and other musicians since their introduction in the 11th century) to transpose music more easily. 68: 46: 4021: 716: 704: 680: 606: 1841: 1478:

Inline G – the standard position of the left-hand G (third-finger) key – in line with the first and second keys.

1000: 519:. During the Baroque era the traditional transverse flute was redesigned and eventually developed as the modern 4179: 3605: 3692: 3192: 2322: 2243: 2125: 1395: 1342: 297: 3780:, an essay including a collection of normal speed and slowed down audio clip of various vibrato techniques. 4334: 4324: 3976: 2242:

is probably the best-known rock group to make regular use of the flute, which is played by its frontman,

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and is resistant to corrosion. Gold springs are found mostly in high-end flutes because of gold's cost.

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Throughout the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries, transverse flutes were very uncommon in Europe, with the

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modified the Boehm flute to make playing modern music easier. The flute was tuned to A440, and the

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is also well known for playing the flute. Her instrument is named Sasha Flute, which has its own

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and most fourth-octave notes) also require use of the two lower trill keys. A fourth so-called C

1737: 1709:). Flutes that are more expensive are usually made of more precious metals, most commonly solid 1527:

lever or "trill" key is located in line directly above the right first-finger key. An optional C

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Offset G – a G key extended to the side of the other two left-hand finger keys (along with the G

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and, while such extremes are not commonly used, the modern flute can produce even higher notes.

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Contains fingering charts, performance articles, free sheet music and other musical information

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Flutes pitched lower than the bass flute were developed in the 20th century. These include the

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Barker, Naomi Joy (2003). Mozart; Handel; Telemann; Bach; Bach, Carl Phillip Emmanuel (eds.).

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flutes while offset G was for "student" models, but this stereotype has been largely debunked.

1866: 1733: 1387: 1312: 780: 734: 395: 282: 139: 3783: 3186: 3020: 2687:"Bach's chorus revisited: historically informed performance practice as 'bounded creativity'" 2622: 2550: 4268: 4184: 4159: 4006: 3888: 2794: 2698: 2659: 2628: 2590: 2556: 2282: 2278: 2221: 1877: 1718: 1318: 1094: 1075: 768: 764: 756: 562: 538: 377: 334: 318: 287: 2369: 1621: 4046: 3966: 3898: 3441: 3133: 2501: 2306: 2262: 2233: 2100: 1818: 1814: 1710: 1654: 1442: 1356: 783:

that travel the world playing music using Baroque instruments and performance techniques.

649: 330: 302: 3727:, wide range of flute related information contributed by many professional flute players 2829: 2579:"The Development of the Flute as a Solo Instrument from the Medieval to the Baroque Era" 2180:) used flutes in big band contexts. In small band contexts, notable performers included 4222: 4217: 4111: 4091: 4066: 4016: 3981: 3951: 3578: 2461: 2421: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2266: 2086: 1410: 988: 917: 776: 760: 752: 743:

make sure it is in tune. More adjustments are needed when playing notes outside of the

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In the nineteenth century, the great flautist, composer, acoustician, and silversmith

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keyed flute and the Viennese flute, and became the most common throughout Europe and

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and/or position of the flute in relation to himself or herself, i.e., side and out.

4263: 4237: 4227: 4081: 4076: 4061: 4001: 3991: 3986: 3946: 3926: 3921: 3853: 3644: 3583: 3268: 2350: 2318: 2314: 2286: 2189: 2173: 2094: 1909:) easier to play for some flautists. A less expensive option is the "low G insert". 1885: 1748: 1713:(92.5% silver), and other alloys including French silver (95% silver, 5% copper), " 1365: 1259: 934: 911: 772: 341: 252: 3712: 2894: 3263: 2395: 883: 865: 847: 829: 485: 467: 449: 431: 4174: 4071: 4056: 4051: 3777: 3391: 2798: 2302: 2270: 2247: 2225: 2213: 2209: 2197: 2185: 2161: 2075: 1744: 1714: 738:

Various Baroque Flutes and Recorders in the Berlin Museum of Musical Instruments

637: 357: 35: 3466: 3314: 3289: 1929:": a device that allows closure of the B tone hole independently of the C and C 1548:

Foot joint – the last section of the flute (played farthest towards the right).

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In the Baroque era, composers began to write more music for the flute, such as

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being more prominent. The transverse flute arrived in Europe from Asia via the

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keys, that ease motion of the right little finger on, for example, low C to D

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Split E mechanism – a system whereby the second G key (positioned below the G

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Riser – the metal section that raises the lip plate from the head joint tube.

17: 4278: 3730: 3063: 2961: 2767: 2647: 2595: 2578: 2333: 2181: 2121: 1926: 1889: 1822: 1752: 1728: 1662: 1605: 1107: 586: 353: 213: 3765: 3417: 2663: 3715:, many pictures of flutes through the ages, among other useful information 3585:

The Flute and Flute-Playing in Acoustical, Technical, and Artistic Aspects

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hole. The pitch is changed by opening or closing keys that cover circular

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Montagu, Jeremy; Brown, Howard Mayer; Frank, Jaap; Powell, Ardal (2001).

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are difficult to produce. Modern flutes may have a longer foot joint, a

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was among the first to use flutes in jazz, beginning in the late 1930s.

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instruments made of metal or wood. It is the most common variant of the

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Labelled parts of a French model (open-hole) flute with a B-foot joint.

1248: 1114: 941: 744: 700: 625: 365: 247: 3759: 3551:"Lizzo's Flute, Sasha Flute, Is the Most Legendary Flute of All Time" 2726: 2152:

Since 1950, a number of notable performers have used flutes in jazz.

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Body – the middle section of the flute with the majority of the keys.

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Other groups that have used the flute in pop and rock songs include

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roller option, or even an optional pair of parallel rollers on the D

3392:"Flute and Piccolo Fingering Charts - The Woodwind Fingering Guide" 3148:"Finding Your Flute (How to Choose, Rent, Buy a New or Used Flute)" 1006:

Carlo Tommaso Giorgi and his Giorgi flute. The flute was end-blown.

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voice. However, flutes varied greatly in size and range. This made

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PDF of Thesis for Doctor of Musical Arts by Horng-Jiun Lin, M.Mus.

2329: 1840: 1650: 1441: 1409: 1127: 1093: 1085: 790: 755:, flutes began to lose favor: symphony orchestras rather featured 733: 656: 633: 628:

period, the transverse flute was redesigned. Now often called the

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Following the 16th-century court music, flutes began appearing in

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A comprehensive history of the transverse flute in Western music

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The B foot extends the range of the flute down one semitone to B

1829: 1702: 1690: 1678: 688: 542: 3805: 3771: 3648: 1562:), which is an option for intermediate and professional flutes. 1558:

B foot – a foot joint with a lowest note of B below middle C (B

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An early keyed H.F. Meyer all-wood construction flute in case

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The Flute Book: A Complete Guide for Students and Performers

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The flute book: a complete guide for students and performers

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The Flute Book: A Complete Guide for Students and Performers

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key on the foot joint, facilitating the transition between E

801: 403: 3753: 3589:. Dayton C. Miller (trans.). New York: Dover Publications. 3491:

Powell, Ardal. "Vivaldi's Flutes: Federico Maria Sardelli,

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Higbee, Dale (1974). "Needed: A Gold Flute or a Gold Lip".

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The flute book: a complete guide for students and performer

2396:"Wind instrument - The history of Western wind instruments" 2113:, a problematic note for the Baroque flute of that period. 961:

in the fourth octave. Many modern composers used the high D

329:. A musician who plays the flute is called a “flautist” in 3784:

An Illustrated Basic Flute Repair Manual for Professionals

3733:, extensive list of articles on hard-to-find flute topics 3290:"What kind of flute option is best, open or closed hole?" 1957:–A, respectively. Some higher notes (third-octave B and B 1608:" – an optional key on the B foot joint that helps play C 3495:, trans. by Michael Talbot (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007)". 3339: 340:

This type of flute is used in many ensembles, including

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C foot – a foot joint with a lowest note of middle C (C

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is also commonly used in Western orchestras and bands.

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Public domain sheet music – Scores featuring the Flute

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Good quality flutes are designed to prevent or reduce

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key), making it easier to reach and cover effectively.

1216:. More experienced flautists are able to reach up to F 3762:, large, easy-to-navigate listing of flute fingerings 1905:

The split E modification makes the third octave E (E

1394:(pitched in G, two octaves below the alto), and the 420:

performed on an 18th-century traverso by Alex Murray

4251: 4208: 4150: 3907: 3839: 3137:. Eldredspellflutes.com. Retrieved 25 February 2011 1244:of the concert flute family include the following: 232: 200: 188: 176: 153: 146: 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3582: 3340:"Miyazawa Flutes - Experience The Colors of Sound" 1469:Open-hole – a finger key with a perforated center. 1208:). The flute's highest pitch is usually given as C 719:wrote the first method book on playing the flute: 3271:, page 56. New York: Oxford University Press US. 1649:Less expensive flutes are usually constructed of 1414:A closed hole beginner Yamaha FL211 flute in case 1121:, pitched a fourth below the standard flute, and 725:Essay of a Method of Playing the Transverse Flute 2627:. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. 2555:. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. 1533:trill key that facilitates the trill from B to C 795:A 1911 illustration of a Western Classical Flute 585:necessary, which led flautists to use Guidonian 2648:"Variations pour flûte sur la fin des lumières" 1390:(pitched in G, one octave below the alto), the 1125:, an octave below, are also used occasionally. 644:eras, many Baroque flutes have been preserved. 605:"Traverso" redirects here. For other uses, see 2652:Annales historiques de la Révolution française 1098:A craftsman takes a break and plays his flute. 3817: 3768:, a scientific explanation of flute acoustics 2966:Brannenflutes.com. Retrieved 25 February 2011 2931: 2929: 2224:performers have utilized the flute including 565:in Europe led to a revival in the flute. The 8: 3668:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2918:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2853:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2525:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2485:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2445:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 779:. These baroque flutists perform in popular 132: 3627:The Complete Guide to the Flute and Piccolo 1845:Comparison of a C foot and a B foot (right) 1571:roller – an optional feature added to the E 3824: 3810: 3802: 3792:Database of free sheet music for the flute 3750:, teaching tips, performances, vlogs, etc. 2980:. Miyazawa.com. Retrieved 25 February 2011 1090:A flautist playing a Western concert flute 364:. Other flutes in this family include the 3105:"Curved Head Student Flute by Gear4music" 2702: 2685:Vervliet, S.; Van Looy, B. (1 May 2010). 2594: 2370:"Flutist or Flautist – Which is Correct?" 1466:Closed-hole – a fully covered finger key. 818:performed on a modern flute by Scott Goff 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 2120: 1620: 1184:The standard concert flute, also called 616:A modern copy of an 18th-century French 196:(open side-blown flute with fingerholes) 3607:German flute art in XVIII-XIX centuries 3315:"Which is better, Offset or In-Line G?" 3220:. Vol. 13, no. 3. p. 22; 2633:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.28275 2561:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40569 2361: 1774:and thus suppress growth of unpleasant 3661: 3493:Vivaldi's Music for Flute and Recorder 3467:"redirector: Larry Krantz Flute Pages" 2937:"redirector: Larry Krantz Flute Pages" 2911: 2846: 2518: 2478: 2438: 1813:Most keys have needle springs made of 1383:pitched between the concert and alto. 1212:or (in more modern flute literature) D 895: 577:. These flutes were often used as the 497: 131: 3713:The Dayton C. Miller Flute Collection 3691:(second ed.). Oxford; New York: 3681:. London: Rudall, Carte and Co., Ltd. 3001:from the original on 17 November 2021 2751: 2749: 2747: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 1865:thumb key (invented and pioneered by 1418:Concert flutes have three parts: the 7: 2616: 2614: 2572: 2570: 2275:King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard 2246:. An alto flute is briefly heard in 1785:between the tube and key mechanism. 216:of the standard C concert flute is C 58:adding citations to reliable sources 3677:Rockstro, Richard Shepherd (1890). 3549:Schwartz, Danny (8 February 2019). 3511:Scott Yanow: Frank Wess – Biography 3442:"Sankyo Flutes, mechanical options" 3175:. Carl Fischer Inc. New York. p. 33 2305:(although its flautist/saxophonist 1895:Offset G versus in-line G keys 1765:Needed: A Gold Flute or a Gold Lip? 1276:Concert flute in C, described above 1056:was cut in a new way to change the 3525:"Ian Anderson's equipment, flutes" 3499:36, no. 1 (February 2008): 120–22. 3027:from the original on 25 March 2016 1983:is a dedicated high G–A trill key. 1925:Some flutes with a B foot have a " 1872:Open hole keys versus plateau keys 1794:seated on paper shims sealed with 896:Problems playing these files? See 513:historically informed performances 498:Problems playing these files? See 360:, and occasionally jazz bands and 25: 3087:"Acoustic impedance of the flute" 2252:You've Got to Hide Your Love Away 2136:Flutes were rarely used in early 1743:Unusual tubing materials include 812:Partita for solo flute (BWV 1013) 721:Principes de la flûte traversière 414:Partita for solo flute (BWV 1013) 3721:Moderated flute discussion forum 3091:Flute acoustics: an introduction 1011: 999: 987: 881: 863: 845: 827: 483: 465: 447: 429: 138: 34: 2756:Quantz, Johann Joachim (1966). 1869:) is considered standard today. 1727:) being the most common today. 190:Hornbostel–Sachs classification 45:needs additional citations for 3604:Kachmarchyk, Vladimir (2008). 3171:Goldman, Edwin Franko (1934). 2072:List of compositions for flute 1763:, a flute-maker, admitted (in 1233:, with an extra key to reach B 27:Transverse woodwind instrument 1: 3738:Introducing the Baroque Flute 3731:Jennifer Cluff Flute Articles 3719:Sir James Galway's Flute Chat 3023:. studentinstruments.com.au. 2076:Flute choir § Repertoire 2044: = 442 Hz or A 1555:); typical on student flutes. 520: 380:has been composed for flute. 3796:IMSLP/Petrucci Music Library 3760:The Woodwind Fingering Guide 3748:Nina Perlove YouTube Channel 1919:(the B below middle C). 620:, by flute-maker Boaz Berney 2577:Reisenweaver, Anna (2011). 1935:keys. The gizmo key makes C 1734:William S. Haynes 1657:and then silver-plated and 940:The modern flute has three 557:Renaissance to 17th century 529:Medieval flutes (1000–1400) 224:. Some have a key for low B 4351: 4289:National Flute Association 2178:Akiyoshi/Tabackin big band 2084: 2069: 1406:Construction and materials 909: 604: 561:Beginning in the 1470s, a 515:of early music, including 387: 4022:Jacques-Martin Hotteterre 2799:10.1093/earlyj/XXXI.3.466 2293:, and the British groups 2140:. Drummer and bandleader 717:Jacques Martin Hotteterre 607:Traverso (disambiguation) 239: 207: 137: 4315:Concert band instruments 4180:Jupiter Band Instruments 3725:Larry Krantz Flute Pages 3610:. Donetsk: Yugo-Vostok. 3132:16 November 2007 at the 3048:"Anatomy of a Headjoint" 2646:Vovelle, Michel (2007). 1333:double contra-alto flute 927:key over an additional G 3693:Oxford University Press 3629:. Burkart-Phelan, Inc. 3193:Oxford University Press 3021:"How to fix your flute" 2991:"How It's Made - Flute" 2596:10.15385/jmo.2011.2.1.2 2400:Encyclopedia Britannica 2323:Van der Graaf Generator 1778:, fungi, and bacteria. 1396:double contrabass flute 1343:Double contrabass flute 1337:double contrabass flute 981:Meyer and Giorgi flutes 509:Irish traditional music 69:"Western concert flute" 4330:Orchestral instruments 3833:Western concert flutes 3625:Phelan, James (2001). 3046:Spell, Eldred (1983). 2664:10.3406/ahrf.2007.3099 2621:Powell, Ardal (2001). 2133: 1846: 1626: 1447: 1415: 1240:From high to low, the 1152: 1099: 1091: 806: 796: 751:With the onset of the 739: 621: 408: 4102:Johann Joachim Quantz 2895:"19th Century flutes" 2124: 1995:Some models offer a D 1844: 1724:Dalbergia melanoxylon 1624: 1445: 1413: 1131: 1097: 1089: 1078:and Miyazawa Flutes. 974:19th-century variants 816:Johann Sebastian Bach 805: 794: 767:, and others such as 737: 615: 418:Johann Sebastian Bach 407: 333:, and a “flutist” in 315:Western concert flute 4243:List of compositions 4195:Sankyo Flute Company 3687:Toff, Nancy (1996). 3261:Toff, Nancy (1996). 3224:Toff, Nancy (1996). 3185:Toff, Nancy (1996). 2759:On playing the flute 2502:"Renaissance flutes" 2346:List of flute makers 2269:, Australian groups 2170:Jones/Lewis big band 2099:An early version of 1347:octocontrabass flute 1335:) or C (also called 1041:Modified Boehm flute 183:Edge-blown aerophone 54:improve this article 4294:Simple system flute 4274:French Flute School 4032:Rahsaan Roland Kirk 4012:Severino Gazzelloni 3972:Leonardo De Lorenzo 3894:Subcontrabass flute 3364:Nancy Toff (1996). 3066:on 16 November 2007 2893:Powell, Ardal, Dr. 2828:Powell, Ardal, Dr. 2731:Library of Congress 2500:Powell, Ardal, Dr. 2460:Powell, Ardal, Dr. 2420:Powell, Ardal, Dr. 2202:Rahsaan Roland Kirk 2117:Pop, jazz, and rock 2106:La tempesta di mare 2022:Soldered tone holes 1882:extended techniques 1772:oligodynamic effect 1717:" (90% silver), or 1665:, or silver-plated 1392:subcontrabass flute 1351:subcontrabass flute 1329:Subcontrabass flute 1225:, but notes above D 933:tone hole. Boehm's 713:Frederick the Great 669:Michael de la Barre 234:Related instruments 148:Woodwind instrument 134: 4200:Yamaha Corporation 4107:Jean-Pierre Rampal 3649:"FluteHistory.com" 3252:Phelan 2001, p. 58 3232:. pp. 89–90. 3127:Louis Lot Analysis 3107:. Gear4music. 2016 2830:"Classical flutes" 2762:. Schirmer Books. 2134: 1847: 1837:Mechanical options 1783:galvanic corrosion 1627: 1448: 1416: 1345:in C (also called 1331:in G (also called 1321:in C (also called 1153: 1100: 1092: 807: 797: 781:Baroque orchestras 740: 622: 545:, and was used in 409: 378:repertory of works 4320:Side-blown flutes 4302: 4301: 4122:Karl-Heinz Schütz 4087:Charles Nicholson 3957:Giulio Briccialdi 3917:List of flautists 3884:Contra-alto flute 3772:The Virtual Flute 3645:Powell, Ardal, Dr 3617:978-966-7271-44-2 3514:(at allmusic.com) 3428:Brannenflutes.com 3377:978-0-19-510502-5 3226:"Chapter 7: Tone" 3202:978-0-19-510502-5 2704:10.1093/em/caq021 2583:Musical Offerings 2462:"Military flutes" 2422:"Medieval flutes" 2374:Writing Explained 2194:Mélanie De Biasio 2166:Jerome Richardson 1388:contra-alto flute 1313:Contra-alto flute 886: 868: 850: 832: 575:chamber ensembles 488: 470: 452: 434: 311: 310: 298:Double Contrabass 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 4342: 4269:Flute beatboxing 4185:Muramatsu Flutes 4160:Brannen Brothers 4142:Karlheinz Zöller 4007:Philippe Gaubert 3889:Contrabass flute 3826: 3819: 3812: 3803: 3739: 3707:FluteHistory.com 3696: 3682: 3673: 3667: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3640: 3621: 3600: 3588: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3521: 3515: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3446:Sankyoflutes.com 3438: 3432: 3431: 3423: 3422: 3416:Edward Johnson. 3413: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3396:Wfg.woodwind.org 3388: 3382: 3381: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3286: 3280: 3259: 3253: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3221: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3182: 3176: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3144: 3138: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3062:. Archived from 3052:The Flute Worker 3043: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3017: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2987: 2981: 2973: 2967: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2933: 2924: 2923: 2917: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2899:FluteHistory.com 2890: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2852: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2834:FluteHistory.com 2825: 2819: 2818: 2783:"Baroque Flutes" 2778: 2772: 2771: 2753: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2706: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2624:Transverse flute 2618: 2609: 2608: 2598: 2574: 2565: 2564: 2546: 2531: 2530: 2524: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2506:FluteHistory.com 2497: 2491: 2490: 2484: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2466:FluteHistory.com 2457: 2451: 2450: 2444: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2426:FluteHistory.com 2417: 2411: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2366: 2328:American singer 2279:progressive rock 2222:avant-garde jazz 2018: 2017: 2012: 2011: 2006: 2005: 2000: 1999: 1991: 1990: 1974: 1973: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1961: 1956: 1955: 1950: 1949: 1934: 1933: 1864: 1863: 1855: 1854: 1719:Britannia silver 1645:Tubing materials 1617:Head joint shape 1600: 1599: 1594: 1593: 1588: 1587: 1582: 1581: 1576: 1575: 1570: 1569: 1544: 1543: 1538: 1537: 1532: 1531: 1526: 1525: 1520: 1519: 1508: 1507: 1502: 1501: 1495: 1494: 1486: 1485: 1382: 1381: 1376: 1375: 1319:Contrabass flute 1297: 1296: 1291: 1290: 1273: 1272: 1256: 1255: 1221: 1220: 1176: 1175: 1076:Brannen Brothers 1072: 1071: 1015: 1003: 991: 966: 965: 953: 952: 932: 931: 926: 925: 888: 887: 870: 869: 852: 851: 834: 833: 804: 765:Barthold Kuijken 563:military revival 539:Byzantine Empire 490: 489: 472: 471: 454: 453: 436: 435: 406: 335:American English 160:Transverse flute 142: 135: 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 4350: 4349: 4345: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4340: 4339: 4305: 4304: 4303: 4298: 4247: 4210: 4204: 4146: 4047:Robert Langevin 4027:Sébastian Jacot 3967:Carmine Coppola 3942:William Bennett 3932:Georges Barrère 3903: 3899:Hyperbass flute 3835: 3830: 3766:Flute Acoustics 3737: 3703: 3686: 3676: 3660: 3653: 3651: 3643: 3637: 3624: 3618: 3603: 3597: 3579:Boehm, Theobald 3577: 3574: 3569: 3559: 3557: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3533: 3531: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3508: 3504: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3475: 3473: 3471:Larrykrantz.com 3465: 3464: 3460: 3450: 3448: 3440: 3439: 3435: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3400: 3398: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3378: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3348: 3346: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3323: 3321: 3319:Larrykrantz.com 3313: 3312: 3308: 3298: 3296: 3294:Larrykrantz.com 3288: 3287: 3283: 3260: 3256: 3251: 3247: 3240: 3223: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3203: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3173:Band Betterment 3170: 3166: 3156: 3154: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3134:Wayback Machine 3124: 3120: 3110: 3108: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3084: 3083: 3079: 3069: 3067: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3030: 3028: 3019: 3018: 3014: 3004: 3002: 2989: 2988: 2984: 2974: 2970: 2959: 2955: 2945: 2943: 2941:Larrykrantz.com 2935: 2934: 2927: 2910: 2903: 2901: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2877: 2875: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2845: 2838: 2836: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2755: 2754: 2745: 2735: 2733: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2620: 2619: 2612: 2576: 2575: 2568: 2548: 2547: 2534: 2517: 2510: 2508: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2477: 2470: 2468: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2437: 2430: 2428: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2404: 2402: 2394: 2393: 2389: 2379: 2377: 2376:. 23 March 2018 2368: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2342: 2307:Didier Malherbe 2277:, the Canadian 2263:The Moody Blues 2234:James Spaulding 2132:playing a flute 2119: 2112: 2101:Antonio Vivaldi 2097: 2083: 2081:Classical music 2078: 2070:Main articles: 2068: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2029:Scale and pitch 2015: 2014: 2009: 2008: 2003: 2002: 1997: 1996: 1988: 1987: 1982: 1978: 1971: 1970: 1965: 1964: 1959: 1958: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1946: 1939:easier to play. 1938: 1931: 1930: 1918: 1908: 1861: 1860: 1852: 1851: 1839: 1819:stainless steel 1815:phosphor bronze 1804: 1791: 1761:Verne Q. 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