376:
1254:
45:
252:
The province allegedly functioned as some kind of vassal kingdom, being mostly ruled by princes from the royal family, who bore the title of
Kirmanshah ("King of Kirman"). The non-royal governors of the province bore the title of
439:, which would serve as the capital of the province for the remainder of the Sasanian period. The town played an important economic role, as it served as a mint city and had a great agricultural importance to the province.
352:
mentions a “Carmana mother of all ”, but they give no additional information about the province. One of
Ardashir I's sons, also named Ardashir, was appointed as the governor of Kirman and given the title of
1287:
504:
area, who had seemingly occupied many parts of the province just before the arrival of Arabs. As a result of the Arab conquest, many inhabitants of the province fled to the adjacent provinces of
548:
and the southern route of the province. Jiroft was also connected with a central Kirman route through the mountains to
Bahramabad, then through a south-eastern route from Kirmanshah and
1282:
454:, where many large qanats were built. According to a legend, extensive planting of trees was also made. He also divided his empire into four military districts, known as
496:
that led the conquest of Kirman, capturing some towns by force while others surrendered without any form of major resistance. The Arabs also dealt with newly arrived
456:
1028:
1292:
604:, while Arabs lived in some parts of Kirman's coast. The Kofchi, a nomadic people of obscure origins that spoke an Iranian language, inhabited the
1059:
973:
840:
1297:
885:
450:) had a large part of the turbulent Pariz tribe massacred and deported. Furthermore, during his reign Kirman was brought under a huge
861:
875:
1021:
1253:
172:
147:
577:, and was constantly receiving Iranian immigrants from the west, while the provinces to the farther east was slowly becoming
1137:
1218:
950:
505:
405:
230:
312:, Ardashir I overthrew a local king in Kirman named Balash, who was either a member of the Arsacid royal family or the
1302:
1014:
493:
1101:
561:(chief fiscal officer) was assigned to the whole province of Kirman, which meant that the person who served as the
1238:
1178:
468:
242:
102:
592:
who lived in the western mountains. There were also indigenous, non-Iranian nomads in the province, such as the
1208:
1121:
222:
984:
853:
The
Decline of Iranshahr: Irrigation and Environments in the History of the Middle East, 500 B.C. to A.D. 1500
1095:
581:
in language and culture. The language and customs of the
Iranian population of Kirman was very close to the
416:, resettled some of them in different parts of his empire, such as Kirman, where he settled some Arabs in
349:
313:
829:
Brunner, Christopher (1983). "Geographical and
Administrative divisions: Settlements and Economy".
808:
375:
372:
was also a
Sasanian foundation, being founded by another Sasanian governor of Kirman, Adhar Mahan.
940:
578:
165:
807:
Bosworth, C. Edmund (2013). "KERMAN v. From the
Islamic Conquest to the Coming of the Mongols".
1228:
1152:
969:
881:
857:
836:
597:
413:
275:
238:
851:
830:
1116:
1069:
605:
541:
324:. The town was a small but heavily protected town encircled by gardens and watered by many
1126:
1038:
574:
294:
218:
210:
152:
31:
995:
929:
332:, a caravan town which was constructed close to a little river near the ancient town of
1243:
1203:
1183:
1089:
871:
601:
582:
521:
214:
202:
1276:
589:
497:
482:) fled to Kirman in 649/50, but shortly left the province after having alienated the
472:
552:
to the well-fortified city of Veh-Ardashir, which might have served as a mint-city.
1006:
537:
525:
488:
of the province. The Arabs soon entered Kirman, where they defeated and killed the
451:
321:
274:; the etymology of the name is debated, a popular theory is that it is related to
963:
939:
Planhol, Xavier de; Hourcade, Bernard (2014). "KERMAN ii. Historical
Geography".
891:
1147:
1054:
962:
Zarrinkub, Abd al-Husain (1975). "The Arab conquest of Iran and its aftermath".
918:
907:
501:
369:
268:
832:
The
Cambridge History of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian periods (2)
1163:
1131:
1064:
965:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
421:
417:
298:
44:
819:
1079:
1074:
1049:
623:
440:
432:
394:
380:
357:, which he would continue to rule during the reign of Ardashir's successor,
333:
329:
309:
226:
994:
Elfenbein, J. (1988). "BALUCHISTAN iii. Baluchi Language and Literature".
1233:
1193:
1173:
1111:
1106:
358:
297:, but was in the early 3rd-century conquered by the first Sasanian king
1213:
1198:
557:
533:
529:
484:
341:
317:
255:
234:
1223:
1188:
1168:
1157:
545:
509:
436:
344:, who lived during the late Parthian era, mentions an Alexandria and
337:
246:
63:
957:. Vol. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
588:
A part of the Iranian population of Kirman was nomadic, such as the
492:, and had all of Kirman conquered. It was the Arab military leader
1084:
596:, who were descendants of the Yutiya (Outii), who lived under the
409:
374:
325:
316:. Right after having the province conquered, he found the town of
593:
549:
190:
1010:
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
727:
725:
723:
698:
696:
683:
681:
679:
835:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 747–778.
217:, which almost corresponded to the present-day province of
520:
In terms of commerce, Kirman was oriented toward Pars and
336:. The capital of the province at this time is unknown—the
1288:
States and territories disestablished in the 7th century
968:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–57.
917:
Morony, M. (1986). "ʿARAB ii. Arab conquest of Iran".
906:
MacKenzie, D. N.; Chaumont, M. L. (1989). "ĀMĀRGAR".
186:
99:
89:
77:
53:
21:
600:. The Pariz tribe lived in the mountains north to
791:
460:—Kirman became part of the Nemroz (southeastern)
670:
617:Ardashir Kirmanshah (ca. 224 - mid 3rd-century)
328:, wells, and cisterns. Ardashir I also founded
308:). According to the medieval Iranian historian
1283:States and territories established in the 220s
714:
245:in the south. The capital of the province was
1022:
8:
435:governed Kirman, where he built the town of
880:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–432.
856:. Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 1–351.
702:
687:
1029:
1015:
1007:
43:
18:
767:
267:The name of the province is derived from
997:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 6
951:Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir
565:of the province was of high importance.
293:The province was originally part of the
986:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 7
931:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 1
928:Morony, Michael (1989). "BEH-ARDAŠĪR".
920:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 2
779:
755:
731:
649:
642:
52:
877:The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History
743:
368:). According to a legend, the town of
983:Schmitt, Rüdiger (1990). "CARMANIA".
953:(1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.).
348:as the towns of the province, whilst
119:
115:
98:
88:
84:
72:
7:
818:Bosworth, C. Edmund (2011). "QOFṢ".
528:or its roads to the major cities of
516:Geography, trade and administration
1264:* indicates short living provinces
14:
540:was able to send its imports via
1293:Provinces of the Sasanian Empire
1252:
170:
145:
573:Kirman was mostly inhabited by
477:
445:
426:
399:
385:
363:
303:
16:Province of the Sasanian Empire
608:and its western surroundings.
1:
792:MacKenzie & Chaumont 1989
494:Mujashi ibn Mas'ud al-Sulami
850:Christensen, Peter (1993).
671:Planhol & Hourcade 2014
1319:
1298:History of Kerman province
1102:Garamig ud Nodardashiragan
500:migrants from the eastern
1261:
1250:
1045:
471:, the last Sasanian king
124:
120:
116:
112:
85:
73:
42:
37:
29:
955:The History of Al-Ṭabarī
221:. The province bordered
1096:Eran-Khwarrah-Yazdegerd
612:List of known governors
524:, whether through the
420:. During the reign of
391:
942:Encyclopaedia Iranica
909:Encyclopaedia Iranica
821:Encyclopaedia Iranica
810:Encyclopaedia Iranica
620:Adhar Mahan (???-???)
469:Arab conquest of Iran
378:
350:Ammianus Marcellinus
314:seven Parthian clans
1000:. pp. 633–644.
989:. pp. 822–823.
923:. pp. 203–210.
912:. pp. 925–926.
794:, pp. 925–926.
782:, pp. 771–773.
770:, pp. 633–644.
746:, pp. 203–210.
734:, pp. 771–772.
715:Al-Tabari 1985–2007
652:, pp. 822–823.
406:successful campaign
390:) minted in Kirman.
281:and Middle Persian
91:• Established
1303:224 establishments
392:
346:Kármana mētrópolis
241:in the north, and
233:in the northeast,
166:Rashidun Caliphate
1270:
1269:
1037:Provinces of the
975:978-0-521-20093-6
934:. pp. 93–94.
842:978-0-521-24693-4
624:Bahram Kirmanshah
598:Achaemenid Empire
196:
195:
182:
181:
178:
177:
158:
157:
69:
61:
1310:
1265:
1256:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1008:
1001:
990:
979:
958:
946:
935:
924:
913:
902:
900:
899:
890:. Archived from
867:
846:
825:
814:
795:
789:
783:
777:
771:
765:
759:
753:
747:
741:
735:
729:
718:
712:
706:
703:Christensen 1993
700:
691:
688:Christensen 1993
685:
674:
668:
653:
647:
481:
479:
449:
447:
430:
428:
408:against several
403:
401:
389:
387:
367:
365:
307:
305:
174:
173:
162:
161:
149:
148:
142:
141:
126:
125:
67:
59:
47:
30:Province of the
19:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1257:
1248:
1194:Nodardashiragan
1041:
1039:Sasanian Empire
1035:
993:
982:
976:
961:
949:
938:
927:
916:
905:
897:
895:
888:
872:Daryaee, Touraj
870:
864:
849:
843:
828:
817:
806:
803:
798:
790:
786:
778:
774:
766:
762:
754:
750:
742:
738:
730:
721:
713:
709:
701:
694:
686:
677:
669:
656:
648:
644:
640:
614:
606:Bashagird range
571:
518:
476:
444:
425:
398:
384:
362:
302:
295:Parthian Empire
291:
265:
171:
153:Parthian Empire
146:
105:
103:Muslim conquest
92:
66:
62:
58:
48:
32:Sasanian Empire
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1316:
1314:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1275:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1204:Padishkhwargar
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1011:
1003:
1002:
991:
980:
974:
959:
947:
936:
925:
914:
903:
887:978-0199875757
886:
868:
862:
847:
841:
826:
815:
802:
799:
797:
796:
784:
772:
768:Elfenbein 1988
760:
758:, p. 214.
748:
736:
719:
717:, v. 5: p. 69.
707:
705:, p. 182.
692:
690:, p. 179.
675:
654:
641:
639:
636:
635:
634:
627:
621:
618:
613:
610:
570:
567:
536:. The port of
517:
514:
480: 632–651
448: 531–579
429: 383–388
402: 309–379
388: 531–579
366: 240–270
306: 224–242
290:
287:
264:
261:
215:Late Antiquity
203:Middle Persian
194:
193:
188:
184:
183:
180:
179:
176:
175:
168:
159:
156:
155:
150:
138:
137:
132:
122:
121:
118:
117:
114:
113:
110:
109:
106:
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
83:
82:
81:Late Antiquity
79:
78:Historical era
75:
74:
71:
70:
55:
51:
50:
40:
39:
35:
34:
27:
26:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1315:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1260:
1255:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1005:
999:
998:
992:
988:
987:
981:
977:
971:
967:
966:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
943:
937:
933:
932:
926:
922:
921:
915:
911:
910:
904:
894:on 2019-01-01
893:
889:
883:
879:
878:
873:
869:
865:
863:9788772892597
859:
855:
854:
848:
844:
838:
834:
833:
827:
823:
822:
816:
812:
811:
805:
804:
800:
793:
788:
785:
781:
776:
773:
769:
764:
761:
757:
752:
749:
745:
740:
737:
733:
728:
726:
724:
720:
716:
711:
708:
704:
699:
697:
693:
689:
684:
682:
680:
676:
672:
667:
665:
663:
661:
659:
655:
651:
646:
643:
637:
632:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
615:
611:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
586:
585:and Medians.
584:
580:
576:
568:
566:
564:
560:
559:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
515:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
486:
474:
473:Yazdegerd III
470:
465:
463:
459:
458:
453:
442:
438:
434:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
396:
382:
377:
373:
371:
360:
356:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
320:close to the
319:
315:
311:
300:
296:
288:
286:
284:
280:
277:
273:
270:
262:
260:
258:
257:
250:
248:
244:
240:
237:in the east,
236:
232:
228:
225:in the west,
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
192:
189:
187:Today part of
185:
169:
167:
164:
163:
160:
154:
151:
144:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
131:
128:
127:
123:
111:
107:
104:
94:
80:
76:
65:
56:
49:Map of Kirman
46:
41:
36:
33:
28:
20:
1142:
1004:
996:
985:
964:
954:
941:
930:
919:
908:
896:. Retrieved
892:the original
876:
852:
831:
820:
809:
787:
780:Brunner 1983
775:
763:
756:Daryaee 2011
751:
739:
732:Brunner 1983
710:
650:Schmitt 1990
645:
630:
587:
572:
562:
556:
554:
526:Persian Gulf
519:
489:
483:
466:
461:
455:
393:
354:
345:
322:Dasht-e Loot
318:Veh-Ardashir
292:
282:
278:
271:
266:
254:
251:
213:province in
206:
198:
197:
135:Succeeded by
134:
129:
1148:Kushanshahr
1055:Adurbadagan
744:Morony 1986
467:During the
452:cultivation
431:), his son
404:), after a
276:Old Iranian
269:Old Persian
130:Preceded by
1277:Categories
1164:Machelonia
1132:Kadagistan
1065:Arbayistan
898:2017-01-29
638:References
569:Population
542:Valashgird
422:Shapur III
412:tribes in
355:Kirmanshah
299:Ardashir I
285:("worm").
68:(480s–650)
60:(224–480s)
1138:Khuzistan
1080:Balasagan
1075:Asoristan
1050:Abarshahr
633:(???-650)
626:(???-388)
555:A single
441:Khosrow I
433:Bahram IV
395:Shapur II
381:Khosrow I
330:Narmashir
310:al-Tabari
227:Abarshahr
38:224 – 650
1234:Suristan
1219:Sakastan
1153:Khwarazm
1107:Garmekan
1085:Dihistan
874:(2011).
629:Unnamed
583:Persians
575:Iranians
506:Sakastan
437:Shiragan
379:Coin of
359:Shapur I
247:Shiragan
231:Sakastan
211:Sasanian
209:) was a
64:Shiragan
1214:Parthia
1199:Paradan
1169:Makuran
1070:Armenia
1060:Albania
801:Sources
631:marzban
563:āmārgar
558:āmārgar
538:Hormazd
534:Hamadan
530:Istakhr
502:Caspian
490:marzban
485:marzban
342:Ptolemy
340:writer
289:History
272:Karmāna
256:marzban
235:Paradan
101:•
57:Kármana
54:Capital
1229:Spahan
1224:Sogdia
1189:Meshan
1158:Lazica
1143:Kirman
1127:Iberia
1112:Gurgan
972:
884:
860:
839:
602:Rudbar
590:Baloch
579:Indian
546:Jiroft
510:Makran
498:Baloch
414:Arabia
326:qanats
279:*kṛma-
239:Spahan
219:Kerman
207:Kirmān
199:Kirman
24:Kirmān
22:Kirman
1244:Yemen
1239:Turan
1184:Media
1179:Mazun
1117:Harev
1090:Egypt
522:Media
457:kusts
370:Mahan
338:Greek
243:Mazun
1209:Pars
1174:Marw
1122:Hind
970:ISBN
882:ISBN
858:ISBN
837:ISBN
550:Yazd
532:and
508:and
462:kust
418:Aban
410:Arab
283:kerm
263:Name
229:and
223:Pars
191:Iran
594:Jut
544:to
334:Bam
108:650
95:224
1279::
722:^
695:^
678:^
657:^
512:.
478:r.
464:.
446:r.
427:r.
400:r.
386:r.
364:r.
304:r.
259:.
249:.
205::
1160:*
1134:*
1098:*
1092:*
1030:e
1023:t
1016:v
978:.
945:.
901:.
866:.
845:.
824:.
813:.
673:.
475:(
443:(
424:(
397:(
383:(
361:(
301:(
201:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
