408:. At its base, the Kirkwood Formation includes a significant deposit of fine-to-medium grained, poorly-sorted (often quartzitic) estuarine sandstone with subordinate dark grey to brow shale layers. This deposit was described as the Swartkops Member. The lower portion of the remainder of the Formation is composed predominantly of siltstones, but includes a smaller sandstone layer (described as part of the Bethelsdorp Member). The upper portion of the Formation is composed predominantly of fine, clay-rich mudstones, with multiple smaller layers of estuarine sandstone.
339:
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3580:
1059:
Rozadilla, Sebastián; AgnolĂn, Federico; Manabe, Makoto; Tsuihiji, Takanobu; Novas, Fernando E. (September 2021). "Ornithischian remains from the
Chorrillo Formation (Upper Cretaceous), southern Patagonia, Argentina, and their implications on ornithischian paleobiogeography in the Southern
361:
of the Algoa Basin – its type locality – and in the neighbouring
Gamtoos Basin. Outcrops of the Kirkwood are also found along the Worcester-Pletmos, Herbertsdale-Riversdale, Heidelberg-Mossel Bay, and Oudtshoorn-Gamtoos basin lines. At these basins the Kirkwood Formation underlies the
427:
have been described within it: the
Swartkops Member which contains estuarine sandstone deposits and lacks fossils. The Colchester Member is the most fossil-rich containing terrestrial and lacustrine fossils and is composed of dark grey
436:
and sandstones. The third, the
Bethelsdorp Member, resembles the Colchester in containing dark-grey shales and sandstone, and contains marine microfossils. The upper section of the member is overlain by mudstone and siltstone.
1314:
Muir, R.A.; Bordy, E.M.; Reddering, J.S.V.; Viljoen, J.H.A. (2017-06-01). "Lithostratigraphy of the
Kirkwood Formation (Uitenhage Group), including the Bethelsdorp, Colchester and Swartkops Members, South Africa".
934:
Muir, R.A.; Bordy, E.M.; Reddering, J.S.V.; Viljoen, J.H.A. (2017-06-01). "Lithostratigraphy of the
Kirkwood Formation (Uitenhage Group), including the Bethelsdorp, Colchester and Swartkops Members, South Africa".
850:
Muir, R.A.; Bordy, E.M.; Reddering, J.S.V.; Viljoen, J.H.A. (2017-06-01). "Lithostratigraphy of the
Kirkwood Formation (Uitenhage Group), including the Bethelsdorp, Colchester and Swartkops Members, South Africa".
593:
Muir, R.A.; Bordy, E.M.; Reddering, J.S.V.; Viljoen, J.H.A. (2017-06-01). "Lithostratigraphy of the
Kirkwood Formation (Uitenhage Group), including the Bethelsdorp, Colchester and Swartkops Members, South Africa".
1394:
Muir, Robert A.; Bordy, Emese M.; Prevec, Rose (2015-09-01). "Lower
Cretaceous deposit reveals first evidence of a post-wildfire debris flow in the Kirkwood Formation, Algoa Basin, Eastern Cape, South Africa".
636:
John Pether (April 2014) Extension of quarrying on
Portion 12 of Farm Hartenbosch 217 (Maandagskop Crusher), Mossel Bay, Western Cape. Brief Palaeontological Assessment (Desktop Study). Link:
2160:
1487:
382:. Dating it has proven tricky, with some regarding it as a Late Jurassic (~145 Ma) or Early Cretaceous deposit (~135 Ma). However, dating the Kirkwood's abundant volcanic ash layers by
1870:
1456:
703:
3349:
2127:
445:
The Kirkwood Formation is the most fossil-rich formation of Late Jurassic - Early Cretaceous age known in South Africa. It has yielded disarticulated remains of
2165:
1003:"High diversity in the sauropod dinosaur fauna of the Lower Cretaceous Kirkwood Formation of South Africa: Implications for the Jurassic–Cretaceous transition"
803:"High diversity in the sauropod dinosaur fauna of the Lower Cretaceous Kirkwood Formation of South Africa: Implications for the Jurassic–Cretaceous transition"
3608:
3613:
2132:
717:
McMillan, I.K.; Brink, G.I.; Broad, D.S.; Maier, J.J. (1997-01-01). "Chapter 13 Late Mesozoic Sedimentary Basins Off the South Coast of South Africa".
1449:
1971:
497:
ornithopod were unearthed in three expeditions between 1995 and 1999. In 2022, these remains were described as a new genus and species,
3354:
529:. Fragmentary remains of various reptile, frog, insect, and mammal fossils have also been found, including fish scales and freshwater
651:"Microfaunal biostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy and history of Mesozoic and Cenozoic deposits on the coastal margin of South Africa"
1906:
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2025:
2015:
1989:
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found in the Eastern and Western Cape provinces in South Africa. It is one of the four formations found within the
258:
219:
980:"NEW DINOSAUR MATERIAL AND PALEOENVIRONMENT OF THE EARLY CRETACEOUS KIRKWOOD FORMATION, ALGOA BASIN, SOUTH AFRICA"
3658:
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896:"Fossil vertebrates from the Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous Kirkwood Formation, Algoa Basin, southern Africa"
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1984:
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416:
367:
145:
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De Klerk, William; Forster, Catherine; Sampson, Scott; Chinsamy-Turan, Anusuya; Ross, Callum (2000-06-27).
3411:
3339:
3302:
1994:
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1638:
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is primarily known from remains belonging to hatchling and juvenile individuals. Indeterminate members of
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1360:"Aspects of the palaeoflora of the Kirkwood and Sundays River Formations, Algoa Basin, South Africa"
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674:"Micropalaeontological study of the Cretaceous beds at Mbotyi and Mngazana, Transkei, South Africa"
378:
The Kirwood Formation was formed along the southern section of South Africa during the break up of
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1107:, a new iguanodontian dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous Kirkwood Formation, South Africa".
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species in which the Kirkwood is particularly rich, and includes indeterminate members of
358:
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has also been recovered from the Kirkwood. The most well-known find from the Kirkwood is
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1001:
W. McPhee, Blair; Mannion, Philip; De Klerk, William; Choiniere, Jonah (2016-04-01).
979:
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W. McPhee, Blair; Mannion, Philip; De Klerk, William; Choiniere, Jonah (2016-04-01).
763:
650:
575:
550:
74:
27:
1359:
1277:"Lepidosaurian remains from the Lower Cretaceous Kirkwood Formation of South Africa"
1152:"Lepidosaurian remains from the Lower Cretaceous Kirkwood Formation of South Africa"
1151:
343:
Map showing extent of the Kirkwood Formation (green) in the Algoa and Gamtoos Basins
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Forster CA, de Klerk WJ, Poole KE, Chinsamy-Turan A, Roberts EM, Ross CF (2022). "
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fossil tree trunks in the sandstone sections which show evidence of being burned.
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1199:"Lower Cretaceous plant cuticles and amber (Kirkwood Formation, South Africa)"
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764:"Lower Cretaceous plant cuticles and amber (Kirkwood Formation, South Africa)"
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638:
http://www.phsconsulting.co.za/uploads/7593872PIA%20Brief%20Maandagskop.pdf
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1238:"A new coelurosaurian dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of South Africa"
530:
512:
394:
379:
196:
89:
84:
69:
64:
54:
389:
The Kirkwood Formation is composed of sedimentary rocks deposited under
3521:
2831:
1150:
Ross, Callum F.; Sues, Hans-Dieter; De Klerk, William J. (1999-03-15).
390:
104:
79:
3122:
1120:
479:
of uncertain affinities. A partial skull and teeth of a stegosaur,
672:
Brenner, P.W. McLachlan, I.R., McMillan, I.K. & (1976-09-01).
546:
516:
429:
137:
Swartkops Member, Colchester Member, Bethelsdorp Member, Wood beds
1275:
Ross, Callum; Sues, Hans-Dieter; De Klerk, William (1999-03-15).
538:
3500:
3472:
3328:
2149:
2062:
1824:
1476:
1438:
1197:
Gomez, Bernard; Bamford, Marion; Delclòs, Xavier (2002-03-01).
762:
Gomez, Bernard; Bamford, Marion; Delclòs, Xavier (2002-03-01).
894:
Rich, Tom; Molnar, R.E.; Vickers Rich, Patricia (1983-01-01).
1254:
10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0324:ANCDFT]2.0.CO;2
2161:
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa
1488:
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa
493:
vertebra has also been described. Fossils belonging to a
415:
of the Uitenhage Group, positioned between the overlying
655:
Geological Society of South Africa, Special Publication
16:
Cretaceous geological formation in the Uitenhage Group
1049:"Table 16.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 345
978:
A. Fcrster, C; Frost, S; Ross, Callum (1995-01-01).
393:
conditions at or near sea level, such as variegated
3379:
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3228:
3212:
3161:
3015:
2990:
2759:
2714:
2483:
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2003:
1970:
1899:
1871:
Tectonic evolution of the Barberton greenstone belt
1796:
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192:
178:
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113:
21:
3350:Geological Commission of the Cape of Good Hope
2128:Department of Mineral Resources (South Africa)
649:McLachlan, I.R.; McMillan, I.K. (1979-01-01).
2166:Archean life in the Barberton Greenstone Belt
1450:
8:
702:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
533:. In addition several plant species such as
485:, has also been discovered. In addition to
3579:
3497:
3469:
3360:
3325:
2987:
2711:
2176:
2146:
2133:Department of Mineral Resources and Energy
2059:
1896:
1821:
1493:
1473:
1457:
1443:
1435:
404:(often being charcoal-rich), and sporadic
337:
18:
1034:
834:
515:have also been discovered. Mesozoic-aged
566:
1376:
1365:
916:
905:
695:
576:"Onshore post-Karoo Mesozoic deposits"
7:
397:(an iconic feature), medium-grained
3609:Geologic formations of South Africa
3355:Geological Society of South Africa
1281:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1242:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1156:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
984:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
169:up to 2,210 m (7,250 ft)
14:
3614:Lower Cretaceous Series of Africa
1907:List of volcanoes in South Africa
3578:
3567:
3566:
3554:
3540:
3452:Eduard Meine van Zinderen-Bakker
1317:South African Journal of Geology
937:South African Journal of Geology
853:South African Journal of Geology
678:South African Journal of Geology
596:South African Journal of Geology
553:have been discovered, including
308:
2737:Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone
719:Sedimentary Basins of the World
386:methods is currently underway.
3345:Evolutionary Studies Institute
2742:Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone
1358:Bamford, Marion (1986-01-01).
1301:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011119
1176:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011119
1:
2727:Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone
2722:Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone
2123:Minerals Council South Africa
1980:1620 Robben Island earthquake
1417:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.04.005
1223:10.1016/S1631-0683(02)00014-3
1082:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104881
1027:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.11.006
827:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.11.006
788:10.1016/S1631-0683(02)00014-3
731:10.1016/S1874-5997(97)80016-0
3330:Research and administration‎
3003:Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone
2747:Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone
252:Approximate paleocoordinates
2998:Cynognathus Assemblage Zone
2732:Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone
580:The Geology of South Africa
411:The Kirkwood is the second
3675:
2026:Vredefort impact structure
2016:Morokweng impact structure
1990:2006 Mozambique earthquake
574:Shone, R.W. (2006-01-01).
3534:
3507:
3496:
3479:
3468:
3427:Daniel Rossouw Kannemeyer
3335:
3324:
3308:Waterloo Farm lagerstätte
2171:Waterloo Farm lagerstätte
2156:
2145:
2069:
2058:
1952:Barberton Greenstone Belt
1831:
1820:
1483:
1472:
1337:10.25131/gssajg.120.2.281
957:10.25131/gssajg.120.2.281
873:10.25131/gssajg.120.2.281
616:10.25131/gssajg.120.2.281
336:
26:
3048:Coelophysis rhodesiensis
1917:Pilanesberg Game Reserve
1568:Table Mountain Sandstone
1504:Bushveld Igneous Complex
423:. Only three geological
3619:Cretaceous South Africa
3561:South Africa portal
3397:Charles Kimberlin Brain
1985:1969 Tulbagh earthquake
1700:Abrahamskraal Formation
1654:Sundays River Formation
1578:Abrahamskraal Formation
1466:Geology of South Africa
453:dinosaurs, and several
417:Sundays River Formation
368:Sundays River Formation
146:Sundays River Formation
3412:Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan
3340:Council for Geoscience
3303:West Coast Fossil Park
1995:2014 Orkney earthquake
1876:Terra Australis Orogen
1826:‎Tectonics and orogeny
1639:Buffelskloof Formation
1375:Cite journal requires
1203:Comptes Rendus Palevol
915:Cite journal requires
768:Comptes Rendus Palevol
364:Buffelskloof Formation
331:Kirkwood, Eastern Cape
150:Buffelskloof Formation
1922:Prince Edward Islands
1478:Geological formations
1109:The Anatomical Record
3654:Siltstone formations
3639:Sandstone formations
3484:Geology of Cape Town
3442:John Talbot Robinson
3392:Lieuwe Dirk Boonstra
2098:Coal in South Africa
2089:Banket (mining term)
1786:Normandien Formation
1529:Transvaal Supergroup
118:Geological formation
3649:Mudstone formations
3447:George William Stow
3288:Cradle of Humankind
2042:Bellsbank meteorite
1935:Finsch diamond mine
1891:Witwatersrand Basin
1866:Makhonjwa Mountains
1737:Whitehill Formation
1715:Middleton Formation
1603:Whitehill Formation
1593:Ganigobis Formation
1553:Ganigobis Formation
1409:2015CrRes..56..161M
1397:Cretaceous Research
1329:2017SAJG..120..281M
1293:1999JVPal..19...21R
1215:2002CRPal...1...83G
1168:1999JVPal..19...21R
1074:2021CrRes.12504881R
1062:Cretaceous Research
1019:2016CrRes..59..228M
1007:Cretaceous Research
949:2017SAJG..120..281M
865:2017SAJG..120..281M
819:2016CrRes..59..228M
807:Cretaceous Research
780:2002CRPal...1...83G
608:2017SAJG..120..281M
419:and the underlying
270: /
231: /
28:Stratigraphic range
3547:Geology portal
3422:Alfred W. Crompton
3387:Andrew Geddes Bain
2671:Pristerognathoides
2111:Titanium in Africa
2106:Platinum in Africa
2102:Iron ore in Africa
1945:Koffiefontein mine
1940:Jagersfontein Mine
1851:Gondwanide orogeny
1749:Bushveld Sandstone
1720:Teekloof Formation
1649:Kirkwood Formation
1598:Teekloof Formation
1509:Fig Tree Formation
351:Kirkwood Formation
22:Kirkwood Formation
3634:Valanginian Stage
3629:Hauterivian Stage
3596:
3595:
3530:
3529:
3512:Pothole (geology)
3492:
3491:
3474:Regional articles
3464:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3417:H. Basil S. Cooke
3320:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3093:Heterodontosaurus
3011:
3010:
2755:
2754:
2686:Promoschorhynchus
2141:
2140:
2116:Uranium in Africa
2064:‎Mineral deposits
2054:
2053:
2050:
2049:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1781:Molteno Formation
1776:Katberg Formation
1754:Clarens Formation
1710:Katberg Formation
1705:Balfour Formation
1673:Drakensberg Group
1661:Kalahari Deposits
1583:Balfour Formation
1514:Komatii Formation
347:
346:
3666:
3659:Fluvial deposits
3644:Shale formations
3624:Berriasian Stage
3582:
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3569:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3545:
3544:
3498:
3470:
3361:
3326:
2988:
2712:
2641:Macroscelesaurus
2521:Cistecephaloides
2506:Blattoidealestes
2330:Cistecephaloides
2233:Deltacephalaspis
2177:
2147:
2060:
1897:
1822:
1771:Elliot Formation
1759:Elliot Formation
1690:Karoo Supergroup
1524:Onverwacht Group
1494:
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1227:
1226:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1121:10.1002/ar.25038
1115:(7): 1762–1803.
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662:
646:
640:
634:
628:
627:
590:
584:
583:
571:
353:is a geological
341:
314:
312:
311:
285:
284:
282:
281:
280:
275:
271:
268:
267:
266:
263:
246:
245:
243:
242:
241:
236:
232:
229:
228:
227:
224:
109:
46:
19:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3555:
3553:
3539:
3526:
3517:Steep structure
3503:
3488:
3475:
3456:
3380:Paleontologists
3375:
3359:
3331:
3312:
3276:
3272:Vulpes skinneri
3245:
3224:
3208:
3204:Ptychoceratodus
3169:Acanthohoplites
3157:
3133:Ptychoceratodus
3007:
2986:
2937:Ptychoceratodus
2912:Platycraniellus
2837:Ictidosuchoides
2751:
2710:
2691:Scalopocephalus
2676:Pristerognathus
2591:Homodontosaurus
2479:
2405:Ictidosuchoides
2345:Dicynodontoides
2325:Charassognathus
2288:
2267:
2243:Gondwanascorpio
2206:
2175:
2152:
2137:
2065:
2046:
2030:
1999:
1966:
1895:
1881:Transvaal Basin
1861:Kalahari Craton
1856:Kaapvaal Craton
1827:
1808:
1792:
1744:Stormberg Group
1683:Uitenhage Group
1634:Uitenhage Group
1619:
1563:Bokkeveld Group
1533:
1492:
1479:
1468:
1463:
1433:
1432:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1374:
1364:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1000:
999:
995:
977:
976:
972:
933:
932:
928:
914:
904:
893:
892:
888:
849:
848:
844:
800:
799:
795:
761:
760:
756:
741:
716:
715:
711:
694:
671:
670:
666:
648:
647:
643:
635:
631:
592:
591:
587:
573:
572:
568:
563:
551:bennettitaleans
527:ornithomimosaur
509:Rhynchocephalia
467:Brachiosauridae
463:Dicraeosauridae
443:
376:
359:Uitenhage Group
342:
309:
307:
278:
276:
272:
269:
264:
261:
259:
257:
256:
239:
237:
233:
230:
225:
222:
220:
218:
217:
128:Uitenhage Group
108:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
41:
40:
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3672:
3670:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3601:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3564:
3550:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3437:James Kitching
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3267:Panthera shawi
3264:
3259:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3189:Macroscaphites
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3143:Sefapanosaurus
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3118:Massospondylus
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3063:Erythrotherium
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2985:
2984:
2982:Zorillodontops
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2907:Plateosauravus
2904:
2899:
2894:
2892:Olivierosuchus
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2872:Microgomphodon
2869:
2864:
2862:Melanorosaurus
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2812:Erythrotherium
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2767:Batrachosuchus
2763:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2709:
2708:
2706:Uranocentrodon
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2621:Lanthanostegus
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2551:Cynariognathus
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2511:Brachyprosopus
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2484:Beaufort Group
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2305:Alopecognathus
2302:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2192:Onychopterella
2189:
2183:
2181:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2021:Tswaing crater
2018:
2013:
2011:Kalkkop crater
2007:
2005:
2004:Impact craters
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1903:
1901:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1846:Ellisras Basin
1843:
1841:Cape Fold Belt
1838:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1695:Beaufort Group
1687:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1678:Enon Formation
1675:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1644:Enon Formation
1641:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1544:Carboniferous
1541:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1500:
1498:
1497:Palaeoarchaean
1491:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1439:
1431:
1430:
1386:
1377:|journal=
1350:
1323:(2): 281–293.
1306:
1267:
1248:(2): 324–332.
1228:
1189:
1142:
1095:
1051:
1042:
993:
970:
943:(2): 281–293.
926:
917:|journal=
886:
859:(2): 281–293.
842:
793:
754:
739:
709:
664:
641:
629:
602:(2): 281–293.
585:
565:
564:
562:
559:
442:
439:
421:Enon Formation
375:
372:
345:
344:
334:
333:
328:
324:
323:
319:
318:
305:
301:
300:
291:
287:
286:
254:
248:
247:
215:
209:
208:
204:
203:
194:
190:
189:
180:
176:
175:
171:
170:
167:
163:
162:
160:Enon Formation
157:
153:
152:
143:
139:
138:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
47:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3671:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3499:
3495:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3471:
3467:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3371:Hans Merensky
3369:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3327:
3323:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3298:Scylacorhinus
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3236:Africanacetus
3234:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3108:Litargosuchus
3106:
3104:
3103:Lesothosaurus
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3078:Gigantoscelus
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3028:Abrictosaurus
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2947:Scaloposaurus
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2932:Proterosuchus
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2922:Progalesaurus
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2847:Lepidodendron
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2822:Euskelosaurus
2820:
2818:
2817:Eucnemesaurus
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2807:Erythrosuchus
2805:
2803:
2802:Ericiolacerta
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2772:Blikanasaurus
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2656:Pelictosuchus
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2631:Lepidodendron
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2601:Ictidochampsa
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2546:Cryptocynodon
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2496:Anomocephalus
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2465:Thliptosaurus
2463:
2461:
2460:Theriognathus
2458:
2456:
2455:Stereosternum
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2440:Scylacosaurus
2438:
2436:
2435:Procynosuchus
2433:
2431:
2430:Odontocyclops
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2410:Lepidodendron
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2400:Ictidognathus
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2365:Dwykaselachus
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2335:Crapartinella
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2310:Anomocephalus
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2284:Lepidodendron
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:Carboniferous
2270:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2223:Antarctilamna
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2151:Paleontology‎
2148:
2144:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2084:Witwatersrand
2082:
2080:
2079:Merensky Reef
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2061:
2057:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
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1519:Moodies Group
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1067:
1063:
1060:Hemisphere".
1055:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1037:
1036:10044/1/27470
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
997:
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989:
985:
981:
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836:10044/1/27470
832:
828:
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797:
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740:9780444825711
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621:
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586:
581:
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510:
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478:
474:
473:
469:, as well as
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
440:
438:
435:
431:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
406:conglomerates
403:
400:
396:
392:
387:
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373:
371:
369:
365:
360:
356:
352:
340:
335:
332:
329:
325:
320:
317:
306:
302:
299:
295:
292:
288:
283:
274:45.0°S 11.5°W
255:
253:
249:
244:
235:33.4°S 25.5°E
216:
214:
210:
205:
202:
198:
195:
191:
188:
184:
181:
177:
172:
168:
164:
161:
158:
154:
151:
147:
144:
140:
136:
132:
129:
126:
122:
119:
116:
112:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
45:
42:140–125
37:
33:
29:
25:
20:
3585:
3571:
3552:
3538:
3432:Andre Keyser
3407:Alfred Brown
3402:Robert Broom
3194:Nqwebasaurus
3184:Kangnasaurus
3148:Sphenosuchus
3073:Geranosaurus
3053:Dracovenator
3033:Antetonitrus
2977:Ufudocyclops
2962:Tetracynodon
2952:Scymnosaurus
2857:Lystrosaurus
2842:Kannemeyeria
2797:Elliotherium
2696:Silpholestes
2646:Moschorhinus
2626:Leontosaurus
2596:Icticephalus
2586:Euchambersia
2536:Colobodectes
2526:Choerosaurus
2491:Aelurosaurus
2470:Trochosaurus
2450:Simorhinella
2445:Scymnosaurus
2390:Glossopteris
2375:Eunotosaurus
2253:Serenichthys
2238:Diplacanthus
2218:Africanaspis
1962:Karoo-Ferrar
1648:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1368:cite journal
1353:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1287:(1): 21–27.
1284:
1280:
1270:
1245:
1241:
1231:
1209:(2): 83–87.
1206:
1202:
1192:
1162:(1): 21–27.
1159:
1155:
1145:
1112:
1108:
1105:Iyuku raathi
1104:
1098:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1045:
1010:
1006:
996:
987:
983:
973:
940:
936:
929:
908:cite journal
899:
889:
856:
852:
845:
810:
806:
796:
774:(2): 83–87.
771:
767:
757:
722:
718:
712:
698:cite journal
681:
677:
667:
658:
654:
644:
632:
599:
595:
588:
579:
569:
522:Nqwebasaurus
520:
504:
500:Iyuku raathi
498:
486:
480:
470:
459:Diplodocidae
444:
441:Paleontology
410:
388:
377:
366:and not the
350:
348:
322:Type section
316:South Africa
298:Eastern Cape
279:-45.0; -11.5
3262:Homo naledi
3250:Pleistocene
3199:Paranthodon
3174:Algoasaurus
3153:Tritheledon
3138:Pulanesaura
3068:Fabrosaurus
3043:Coelophysis
2991:Assemblages
2972:Trirachodon
2967:Thrinaxodon
2917:Procolophon
2902:Pentasaurus
2887:Noteosuchus
2877:Micropholis
2852:Lydekkerina
2792:Dinanomodon
2782:Cynognathus
2715:Assemblages
2681:Procolophon
2666:Pristerodon
2661:Polycynodon
2616:Ictidostoma
2611:Ictidodraco
2576:Eohyosaurus
2571:Eodicynodon
2566:Dinanomodon
2516:Broomistega
2385:Glanosuchus
2370:Endothiodon
2355:Dinanomodon
2320:Bulbasaurus
2248:Priscomyzon
1972:Earthquakes
1957:Drakensberg
1912:Pilanesberg
1836:Algoa Basin
1804:Algoa Group
1727:Dwyka Group
1630:Cretaceous
1609:Ordovician
1588:Dwyka Group
1548:Dwyka Group
1403:: 161–179.
1013:: 228–248.
813:: 228–248.
725:: 319–376.
487:Paranthodon
482:Paranthodon
472:Algoasaurus
277: /
240:-33.4; 25.5
238: /
213:Coordinates
36:Hauterivian
3603:Categories
3364:Geologists
3293:Planolites
3257:Boskop Man
3162:Cretaceous
3128:Pegomastax
3113:Lycorhinus
3098:Ledumahadi
3088:Gyposaurus
3038:Arcusaurus
2957:Shansiodon
2942:Regisaurus
2927:Prolacerta
2867:Mesosuchus
2827:Galesaurus
2787:Diademodon
2777:Bolotridon
2581:Emyduranus
2556:Cynosaurus
2531:Clelandina
2420:Mesosaurus
2415:Lycosuchus
2380:Galechirus
2360:Dinogorgon
2340:Cynosaurus
2187:Notiodella
2180:Ordovician
2074:Kimberlite
2035:Meteorites
1926:Diatremes
1732:Ecca Group
1613:Soom Shale
1068:: 104881.
902:: 281–291.
661:: 161–181.
582:: 541–552.
561:References
555:silicified
535:bryophytes
525:, a basal
495:dryosaurid
491:ankylosaur
477:eusauropod
451:ornithopod
434:siltstones
32:Berriasian
3241:Nummulite
3220:Nummulite
3213:Paleogene
3179:Baculites
2897:Orosaurus
2882:Myosaurus
2701:Tamboeria
2651:Paliguana
2636:Lycideops
2606:Ictidodon
2561:Diictodon
2541:Compsodon
2501:Basilodon
2395:Hofmeyria
2350:Diictodon
2315:Basilodon
2300:Abdalodon
2279:Dadoxylon
2263:Umzantsia
2202:Soomaspis
2197:Promissum
1900:Volcanism
1886:Witteberg
1767:Triassic
1669:Jurassic
1559:Devonian
1538:Paleozoic
1425:0195-6671
1345:1012-0750
1262:128622530
1184:0272-4634
1137:250730794
1090:0195-6671
965:1012-0750
881:1012-0750
749:1874-5997
690:1012-0750
624:1012-0750
413:formation
402:sandstone
355:formation
327:Named for
201:siltstone
187:claystone
183:Sandstone
174:Lithology
166:Thickness
142:Underlies
134:Sub-units
3587:Glossary
3573:Category
3083:Gryponyx
3058:Eocursor
3023:Aardonyx
3016:Jurassic
2760:Triassic
2475:Youngina
2425:Moschops
2258:Tutusius
2228:Bainella
2211:Devonian
1930:Big Hole
1797:Cenozoic
1624:Mesozoic
1574:Permian
1129:35860957
543:conifers
531:bivalves
513:Squamata
455:sauropod
447:theropod
395:mudstone
380:Gondwana
207:Location
197:Mudstone
156:Overlies
3522:Swazian
3229:Neogene
2832:Howesia
2293:Permian
1405:Bibcode
1325:Bibcode
1289:Bibcode
1211:Bibcode
1164:Bibcode
1070:Bibcode
1015:Bibcode
945:Bibcode
861:Bibcode
815:Bibcode
776:Bibcode
604:Bibcode
425:members
391:fluvial
374:Geology
304:Country
294:Western
265:11°30′W
262:45°00′S
226:25°30′E
223:33°24′S
179:Primary
124:Unit of
3123:Ngwevu
1423:
1343:
1260:
1182:
1135:
1127:
1088:
990:: 29A.
963:
879:
747:
737:
688:
622:
549:, and
547:cycads
399:lithic
313:
296:&
290:Region
3502:Other
3281:Other
1258:S2CID
1133:S2CID
684:(3).
539:ferns
517:amber
505:Iyuku
489:, an
430:shale
193:Other
1421:ISSN
1381:help
1341:ISSN
1180:ISSN
1125:PMID
1086:ISSN
961:ISSN
921:help
877:ISSN
745:ISSN
735:ISBN
704:link
686:ISSN
620:ISSN
511:and
475:, a
465:and
449:and
384:U-Pb
349:The
114:Type
50:Preęž’
1413:doi
1333:doi
1321:120
1297:doi
1250:doi
1219:doi
1172:doi
1117:doi
1113:306
1078:doi
1066:125
1031:hdl
1023:doi
953:doi
941:120
869:doi
857:120
831:hdl
823:doi
784:doi
727:doi
612:doi
600:120
3605::
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1411:.
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1021:.
1011:59
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370:.
199:,
185:,
148:,
100:Pg
44:Ma
30::
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1451:t
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1427:.
1415::
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1362:.
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1335::
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1299::
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1221::
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659:6
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614::
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105:N
95:K
90:J
85:T
80:P
75:C
70:D
65:S
60:O
55:ęž’
39:~
34:-
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