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of the stone. Modern hobbyists often use pressure flaking tools with a copper or brass tip, but early knappers could have used antler tines or a pointed wooden punch; traditionalist knappers still use antler tines and copper-tipped tools. The major advantage of using soft metals rather than wood or bone is that the metal punches wear down less and are less likely to break under pressure.
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390:". However, it is unclear how severe the issue may actually have been in prehistoric working conditions, as silicosis is aggravated by a lack of ventilation and the use of metal tools which produce more dust. Ancient knappers, working in the open air and with stone and bone tools, would have had less prolonged exposure to dust than in more modern workshops.
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864:(Excellent illustrations by Valerie Waldorf of processes, techniques, hand tools, ancient and modern knapped artifacts . On front and rear cover are photos of precisely knapped replicas of prehistoric points and within the text are B&W photos including two full-scale "Danish dagger" replicas made by the author.)
401:. It has been claimed silicosis was responsible for the early death of three-quarters of Brandon gun flint makers. In one workshop, seven of the eight workers died of the condition before the age of fifty. The average age of death for knappers was 44 years, compared to 66 for other employed men in the same area.
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There are many different methods of shaping stone into useful tools. Early knappers could have used simple hammers made of wood or antler to shape stone tools. The factors that contribute to the knapping results are varied, but the EPA (exterior platform angle) indeed influences many attributes, such
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involves removing narrow flakes along the edge of a stone tool. This technique is often used to do detailed thinning and shaping of a stone tool. Pressure flaking involves putting a large amount of force across a region on the edge of the tool and (when successful) causing a narrow flake to come off
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techniques are more precise than hard hammer methods of shaping stone. Soft hammer techniques allow a knapper to shape a stone into many different kinds of cutting, scraping, and projectile tools. These "soft hammer" techniques also produce longer, thinner flakes, potentially allowing for material
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techniques are used to remove large flakes of stone. Early knappers and hobbyists replicating their methods often use cobbles of very hard stone, such as quartzite. This technique can be used by flintknappers to remove broad flakes that can be made into smaller tools. This method of manufacture is
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to guard against dust. A 2020 survey of 173 knappers found that 86% used eye protection, 57% wore gloves, and only 5% used a respirator, mask, or fan to control dust (although 68% preferred to knap outdoors). About half of respondents reported being injured at least "often" when knapping, and 23%
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For building work a hammer or pick is used to split chert nodules supported on the lap. Often the chert nodule will be split in half to create two cherts with a flat circular face for use in walls constructed of lime. More sophisticated knapping is employed to produce near-perfect cubes which are
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meant to strike, shape, or work, so it could theoretically have referred equally well to making statues or dice. Modern usage is more specific, referring almost exclusively to the hand-tool pressure-flaking process pictured. It is distinguished from the more general verb "chip" (to break up into
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who lived in the early twentieth century. Ishi taught scholars and academics traditional methods of making stone tools and how to use them for survival in the wild. Early
European explorers to the New world were also exposed to flint knapping techniques. Additionally, several pioneering
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has led to him being a familiar figure in the UK and beyond. Many groups, with members from all walks of life, can now be found across the United States and Europe. These organizations continue to demonstrate and teach various ways of shaping stone tools.
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admitted having to seek professional medical attention at least once. The most commons injuries were cuts and bruises, typically on the fingers and hands, while flakes in the eye were also frequent.
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Flintknapping or knapping is done in a variety of ways depending on the purpose of the final product. For stone tools and flintlock strikers, chert is worked using a fabricator such as a
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In cultures that have not adopted metalworking technologies, the production of stone tools by knappers is common, but in modern cultures the making of such tools is the domain of
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small pieces, or unintentionally break off a piece of something) and is different from "carve" (removing only part of a face), and "cleave" (breaking along a natural plane).
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355:, Brandon was supplying over 400,000 flints a month for use by the British Army and Navy. Brandon knappers made gun flints for export to Africa as late as the 1960s.
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Modern knappers are advised to work in the open air to reduce the dust hazard, and to wear eye and hand protection. Some modern knappers wear a
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Dibble, Harold; Whittaker, John (1981). "New
Experimental Evidence on the Relation Between Percussion Flaking and Flake Variation".
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nineteenth-century
European experimental knappers are also known and in the late 1960s and early 1970s experimental archaeologist
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believed to have been used to make some of the earliest stone tools ever found, some of which date from over 2 million years ago.
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Knapping for building purposes is still a skill that is practiced in the flint-bearing regions of southern
England, such as
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458:. These authors helped to ignite a small craze in knapping among archaeologists and prehistorians.
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628:"The Oldest British Industry: continuity and obsolescence in a flintknapper's sample set"
562:"The Effect of Indentor Type on Flake Attributes: Evidence from a Controlled Experiment"
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218:. Stone tools can then be further refined using wood, bone, and antler tools to perform
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A leather leg guard protects the knapper from being injured by the edges of the flint.
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Gala, Nicholas; Lycett, Stephen J.; Bebber, Michelle R.; Eren, Metin I. (2023).
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usually undertake the task so that they can better understand how prehistoric
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conservation or a lighter lithic tool kit to be carried by mobile societies.
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firearms, or to produce flat-faced stones for building or facing walls, and
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knapping; he experimented with ways to replicate stone tools found across
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Modern
American interest in knapping can be traced back to the study of a
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is another contemporary expert, whose exposure on the television series
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The sustained inhalation of flint dust produced by knapping can cause
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Operative
Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association
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was formerly a major industry in flint-bearing locations, such as
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862:(Paperback) (4th ed.). Mound Builder Books, Branson MO, USA.
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in France. Meusnes has a small museum dedicated to the industry.
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Shaping of conchoidal fracturing stone to manufacture stone tools
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International Union of
Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers
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815:"Knapper's Rot, Silicosis in East Anglian Flint Knappers"
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When gun flint knapping was a large-scale industry in
601:"Basic Tool Production Techniques, Health and Safety"
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A gun-flint mounted in the jaws of a flintlock musket
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
321:Knapping is often learned by outdoor enthusiasts.
808:. Idaho State University Museum. ASIN B0006XPAQU.
235:as length, thickness and termination of flakes.
901:- Interactive 3D models of stone tool artifacts
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386:. This has been called "the world's first
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425:offers modern training in stone knapping.
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1326:Mason Contractors Association of America
1321:Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland
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175:decoration. The original Germanic term
603:. ancientcrafts.co.uk. Archived from
366:, and in northern France, especially
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58:adding citations to reliable sources
340:, England, and the small towns of
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804:Crabtree, Donald (January 1971).
566:Journal of Archaeological Science
535:Journal of Archaeological Science
397:, silicosis was widely known as
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1171:Non-explosive demolition agents
45:needs additional citations for
748:"The Injury Costs of Knapping"
483:Ancient Egyptian flint jewelry
1:
701:"Flintknapping and Silicosis"
159:stone through the process of
1336:Worshipful Company of Masons
547:10.1016/0305-4403(81)90004-2
868:Whittaker, John C. (1994).
806:Experiments in Flintworking
444:Experiments in Flintworking
308:experimental archaeologists
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136:Flintknapping a stone tool
1161:Lewis (lifting appliance)
874:University of Texas Press
860:The Art of Flint Knapping
832:10.1017/s0025727300034359
683:"Architectural flintwork"
647:10.1017/s0003598x00061032
1372:Experimental archaeology
626:Whittaker, John (2001).
442:published texts such as
295:Knapped flint walls and
813:Shaw, A. Batty (1981).
703:. Pudget Sound Knappers
699:Kalin, Jeffery (2010).
560:Peclin, Andrew (1997).
450:was an early writer on
433:Native American called
858:Waldorf, D.C. (1994).
579:10.1006/jasc.1996.0145
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899:Museum of Stone Tools
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157:conchoidal fracturing
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1362:Primitive technology
985:Massive precut stone
980:Post-tensioned stone
607:on 14 September 2015
503:Nap (disambiguation)
421:French prehistorian
351:In 1804, during the
249:Soft hammer knapping
54:improve this article
1181:Stonemason's hammer
1146:Ceramic tile cutter
765:10.1017/aaq.2023.27
752:American Antiquity
427:
413:Contemporary study
388:industrial disease
330:flintlock firearms
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301:Stratford St. Mary
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1217:Polygonal masonry
1041:Decorative stones
498:Lithic technology
299:at the church of
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65:Find sources:
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43:This article
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1232:Tuckpointing
1211:
1186:Straightedge
1120:Stone veneer
936:Stonemasonry
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705:. Retrieved
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609:. Retrieved
605:the original
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463:Phil Harding
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440:Don Crabtree
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1141:Bush hammer
1076:Lime mortar
955:Rustication
318:were made.
316:stone tools
254:Soft hammer
239:Hard hammer
204:hammerstone
165:stone tools
155:, or other
110:August 2012
1351:Categories
1295:Stone wall
1222:Repointing
1195:Techniques
1051:Fieldstone
1036:Cast stone
990:Monumental
668:2015-08-18
520:References
431:California
406:respirator
328:, used by
326:gun flints
216:tool stone
206:to remove
80:newspapers
69:"Knapping"
1290:Sculpture
1279:Footstone
1275:Headstone
1242:Brickwork
1227:Scabbling
1207:Flushwork
1103:Sandstone
1081:Limestone
1056:Flagstone
1019:Materials
1000:Sculpture
965:Dry stone
774:0002-7316
734:Shaw 1981
722:Shaw 1981
707:24 August
655:163235035
635:Antiquity
611:23 August
513:Solutrean
468:Time Team
452:Old World
384:silicosis
324:Knapping
297:flushwork
173:flushwork
169:flintlock
1258:Products
1212:Knapping
1005:Slipform
488:Debitage
476:See also
372:Normandy
368:Brittany
153:obsidian
141:Knapping
1357:Lithics
1202:Flaming
1066:Granite
1010:Snecked
975:Masonry
960:Carving
851:7012479
842:1139012
508:Olduwan
364:Norfolk
342:Meusnes
338:Suffolk
334:Brandon
94:scholar
18:Knapped
1285:Mosaic
1265:Castle
1237:Veneer
1166:Trowel
1151:Chisel
1098:Mortar
1086:Marble
1061:Gabion
995:Rubble
950:Ashlar
880:
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