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The large 2 cm gall growth appears as a mass of green to yellowish-green, ridged, and at first sticky plant tissue on the bud of the oak, that breaks out as the gall between the cup and the acorn. If only a few grubs are developing within, then it may appear only as a group of bland folds. Where
347:
have both the required host species and indeed
Woodway House was one of the first places in Devon to record and send off for research purposes specimens of both life-cycle stages of this invasive species. Long known in western and northern Europe, having spread from southern and eastern Europe over
375:
The abnormal acorns develop during summer and the acorn is either wholly or partially replaced by the gall growth. The knoppers become woody and brown in early autumn, after which they fall from the tree and the adult sexual female gall wasp emerges through a vent in the top of the gall in spring.
226:
L.), introduced into
Britain in 1735, is required for the completion of the life cycle of the gall. The knopper is a recent introduction to the British Isles, first arriving in the 1960s and now found throughout England, Wales and as far north as Scotland; first occurring for example in 2007 at
367:
underwent a population explosion in
England and for a time there was concern that it would seriously affect acorn fertility and thus the future of England's most iconic tree. This has not been the case, and control is regarded as unnecessary. Knopper galls were first noted at
336:
L.). Therefore, as with most oak gall wasps, this species has alternate sexual and parthenogenetic (all female) generations. The sexual generation develops in spring in small conical galls that form on the male catkins of the Turkey oak.
273:
The word knopper derives from the German word 'Knoppe', meaning a kind of felt cap or helmet worn during the 17th century; also a small rounded protuberance, often decorative, such as a stud, a tassel or a knob.
220:
of the oak host, making this gall potentially more of a threat to the reproductive ability of the tree than those that develop on leaves, buds, stems, etc. The Turkey oak (
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in southern
Scotland in 1995 and their distribution is often restricted to old country and urban estates where the Turkey oak has been previously planted.
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appears to have arrived naturally from the continent, probably crossing the
English Channel on high altitude wind currents.
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several grubs are competing for space the shape may become much more contorted, with several tightly bunched galls.
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Although normally distinctive the knopper gall can, under some growth conditions, be mistaken for the
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and observations on other community members of the agamic (knopper) galls of
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318:(Burgsdorf, 1783) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) is a small gall wasp with an
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live harmlessly within the knopper gall and some of these, as well as
789:
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The level of attack by the insect varies greatly from year to year.
830:
672:
British Plant Galls: Identification of Galls on Plants & Fungi
344:
247:
242:
195:
817:
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in the
Bristol area. Cecidology, 2003 (Vol. 18) (No. 2) p.42–50.
444:
213:
755:
356:, the first recorded sightings being in Devon in the 1950s.
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two-phase life-cycle that requires both pedunculate oak (
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develop as a chemically induced distortion of growing
548:
The Spread of
Knopper Gall Wasps into the Clyde area
764:
742:
A photograph of a longitudinal section of the gall.
720:. University of Kentucky Department of Entomology.
674:. AIDGAP. Shrewsbury, UK: Field Studies Council.
550:. Glasgow Naturalist 2004, Vol. 24, pp. 131–132.
670:Redfern, Margaret & Shirley, Peter (2002).
500:Turkey oak introduction & gall distribution
599:(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) on the inquiline
8:
752:
42:
31:
352:came from the continent to Devon via the
617:the first identification of the species.
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307:by insects referred to as parasitoids.
724:from the original on 13 September 2006
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626:
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216:thus produced can greatly reduce the
7:
870:eb04596e-2921-48fb-88e9-a92e598b5eca
737:The UK Safari site on Knopper galls.
631:Royal Horticultural Society website.
253:formed on acorns on the branch of a
208:, which lay eggs in buds with their
239:The physical appearance of the gall
25:
326:L.) (or occasionally sessile oak
311:Life-cycle and arrival in Britain
649:Details of its spread to the UK.
408:
396:
384:
188:species inducing knopper galls.
60:
747:Video footage of Scottish Galls
1:
255:pedunculate (or English) oak
595:Randolph, S. Parasitism by
391:Knopper galls and acorn cup
1022:
693:British Plant Gall Society
636:November 16, 2007, at the
546:Tait, Norman & Pearl.
291:Inquilines and parasitoids
281:, caused by the gall wasp
996:Insects described in 1783
601:Synergus gallaepomiformis
162:
155:
57:Scientific classification
55:
50:
41:
34:
403:Developing knopper galls
958:andricus-quercuscalicis
795:andricus-quercuscalicis
766:Andricus quercuscalicis
703:Infoplease Encyclopedia
654:August 9, 2007, at the
605:Andricus quercuscalicis
560:The origin of the name.
316:Andricus quercuscalicis
263:Andricus quercuscalicis
181:Andricus quercuscalicis
166:Andricus quercuscalicis
36:Andricus quercuscalicis
266:
251:(upper left and right)
148:A. quercuscalicis
991:Hymenoptera of Europe
986:Gall-inducing insects
284:Andricus grossulariae
246:
229:Eglinton Country Park
204:L.) trees, caused by
865:Fauna Europaea (new)
348:the last 400 years,
330:L.) and Turkey oak (
198:on pedunculate oak (
597:Cecidostiba fungosa
415:Turkey oak foliage.
295:A number of insect
51:Mature gall on oak
475:Rose bedeguar gall
460:Oak artichoke gall
267:
968:
967:
943:Open Tree of Life
758:Taxon identifiers
718:"Common oak gall"
428:Alder tongue gall
365:A. quercuscalicis
358:A. quercuscalicis
350:A. quercuscalicis
301:A. quercuscalicis
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172:(Burgsdorf, 1783)
16:(Redirected from
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574:. Archived from
572:"Acorn Cup gall"
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514:. Archived from
512:"Growth details"
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455:Oak marble gall
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354:Channel Islands
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259:parthenogenetic
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27:Species of wasp
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687:External links
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333:Quercus cerris
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279:acorn cup gall
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233:North Ayrshire
223:Quercus cerris
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728:September 11,
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578:on 2010-09-23
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433:Cola-nut gall
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201:Quercus robur
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192:Knopper galls
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157:Binomial name
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726:. Retrieved
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580:. Retrieved
576:the original
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520:. Retrieved
516:the original
506:
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470:Red-pea gall
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18:Knopper gall
891:iNaturalist
708:10 November
343:gardens in
305:parasitised
261:generation
114:Hymenoptera
975:Categories
582:2007-11-16
522:2007-11-16
482:References
380:Developing
297:inquilines
210:ovipositor
206:gall wasps
94:Arthropoda
1001:Oak galls
981:Cynipidae
450:Oak apple
363:In 1979,
328:Q.petraea
218:fecundity
186:gall wasp
142:Species:
124:Cynipidae
80:Kingdom:
74:Eukaryota
802:BioLib:
781:Q4759305
775:Wikidata
722:Archived
652:Archived
634:Archived
421:See also
370:Canonbie
324:Q. robur
320:obligate
135:Andricus
120:Family:
90:Phylum:
84:Animalia
70:Domain:
883:4497124
818:3830178
665:Sources
130:Genus:
110:Order:
104:Insecta
100:Class:
1006:Acorns
948:364136
896:127732
857:197709
844:239912
831:ANDIQU
790:ARKive
699:"Gall"
678:
212:. The
196:acorns
955:PPE:
935:19102
922:75158
839:EUNIS
805:65805
487:Notes
345:Devon
248:Galls
184:is a
917:NCBI
878:GBIF
826:EPPO
730:2006
710:2007
676:ISBN
445:Gall
214:gall
904:NBN
813:EoL
231:in
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701:.
623:^
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287:.
235:.
732:.
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682:.
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265:.
20:)
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