35:
1609:
175:
The komokiacean body consists of a central tube with several branching tubules that contain diffuse protoplasm and numerous waste pellets (stercomata). They often incorporate fine grain material between the tubules. However, in other forms such as that of the genus Lana the body is a loose mass of
372:
Kamenskaya, O.; Gooday, A. J.; Radziejewska, T.; Wawrzyniak-Wydrowska, B. (2012). "Large, enigmatic foraminiferan-like protists in the eastern part of the
Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (abyssal north-eastern subequatorial Pacific): biodiversity and vertical distribution in the sediment".
336:
Gooday, A. J.; Cedhagen, T., T.; Kamenskaya, O.E., O. E.; Cornelius, N., N. (2007). "The biodiversity and biogeography of komokiaceans and other enigmatic foraminiferan-like protists in the deep
Southern Ocean".
180:, fungi and other deep-sea taxa. They are fragile and often get fragmented during analysis in the laboratory, which leads to a large number of tube fragments difficult to identify. They are commonly abundant in
164:, though there have been suggestions that they are a separate group, closely related to foraminifera. Komokiacea are rather large organisms, often exceeding 300 micrometers in maximum dimensions. Along with
309:
Lecroq, B.; Gooday, A. J.; Cedhagen, T.; Sabbatini, A.; Pawlowski, J. (2009). "Molecular analyses reveal high levels of eukaryotic richness associated with enigmatic deep-sea protists (Komokiacea)".
228:
Kamenskaya, O. E.; Melnik, V. F.; Gooday, A. J. (2013). "Giant protists (xenophyophores and komokiaceans) from the
Clarion-Clipperton ferromanganese nodule field (Eastern Pacific)".
279:
Gooday, A. J.; Cook, P. L. (1984). "An association between komokiacean foraminiferans (Protozoa) and paludicelline ctenostomes (Bryozoa) from the abyssal northeast
Atlantic".
196:(50), and the North-east subequatorial Pacific (102), which suggests that they are a significant constituent of benthic foraminiferal diversity in the deep sea.
1650:
260:
Tendal, O. S.; Hessler, R. R. (1977). "An introduction to the biology and systematics of the
Komokiacea (Textulariina, Foraminiferida)".
1669:
418:
1581:
452:
176:
branching tubules with no centre of organization. Komokiacea serve often as a substrate for benthic meiofaunal organisms such as
1643:
447:
531:
521:
504:
184:
areas and, like other soft-walled foramiferal taxa, they become increasingly important with depth, especially below the
185:
1679:
34:
1636:
536:
1508:
411:
1674:
499:
1438:
1357:
1586:
1340:
1163:
346:
1443:
1352:
1346:
1153:
924:
799:
641:
1427:
892:
693:
1386:
1296:
1249:
1158:
809:
804:
585:
143:
516:
494:
482:
457:
29:
646:
139:
688:
590:
1568:
1555:
1196:
912:
907:
867:
763:
526:
489:
477:
467:
404:
1573:
1546:
1474:
1291:
1070:
827:
441:
382:
354:
318:
288:
237:
1478:
1015:
192:
have been described worldwide. High numbers of morphospecies have been described from the
350:
1620:
1433:
1244:
1148:
877:
753:
613:
569:
472:
193:
72:
59:
1663:
1334:
1306:
1122:
919:
819:
633:
618:
165:
1616:
1560:
1457:
1375:
1314:
1286:
1267:
1256:
1238:
1229:
1219:
1055:
1020:
1007:
997:
902:
887:
882:
872:
854:
740:
730:
665:
608:
600:
177:
161:
112:
102:
92:
1540:
1329:
1324:
1191:
1186:
1173:
1065:
1025:
623:
358:
1466:
1276:
1181:
1140:
1130:
1112:
1060:
1035:
1030:
862:
832:
786:
768:
758:
386:
322:
292:
241:
181:
1531:
1608:
1319:
1281:
984:
794:
711:
46:
396:
215:
Order
Komokiida. In: Alimov A. F. (ed) Protista: Manual on Zoology, Part 1
1525:
1486:
1482:
1380:
992:
967:
703:
558:
511:
427:
169:
157:
1470:
1096:
189:
82:
1490:
1502:
1506:
400:
339:
Deep-Sea
Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
1624:
168:
they dominate the macro- and megabenthic fauna in the
255:
253:
251:
1515:
1417:
1366:
1305:
1266:
1228:
1217:
1172:
1139:
1121:
1110:
1093:
1048:
1006:
983:
976:
965:
853:
818:
785:
739:
728:
702:
681:
674:
663:
632:
599:
578:
568:
555:
172:and are commonly referred to as "giants protists".
1644:
412:
8:
304:
302:
1651:
1637:
1503:
1225:
1214:
1118:
1107:
1103:
1090:
980:
973:
962:
850:
815:
782:
746:
736:
725:
678:
671:
660:
575:
565:
552:
419:
405:
397:
217:. Nauka, St. Petersburg. pp. 524–527.
20:
188:. In terms of diversity approximately 40
205:
16:Superfamily of single-celled organisms
7:
1605:
1603:
14:
1607:
33:
1:
1623:. You can help Knowledge by
186:carbonate compensation depth
160:protozoa, considered to be
1696:
1670:Foraminifera superfamilies
1602:
359:10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.07.003
281:Journal of Natural History
213:Kamenskaya, O. E. (2000).
1452:
1213:
1106:
1089:
961:
849:
781:
749:
724:
659:
551:
435:
387:10.1007/s12526-012-0114-7
323:10.1007/s12526-009-0006-7
293:10.1080/00222938400770641
242:10.1134/s2079086413050046
137:
132:
127:Tendal & Hessler 1977
30:Scientific classification
28:
23:
230:Biology Bulletin Reviews
1619:-related article is a
156:are a small group of
345:(16–17): 1691–1719.
1465:organization type:
375:Marine Biodiversity
351:2007DSRII..54.1691G
311:Marine Biodiversity
1680:Foraminifera stubs
1099:
1095:
1632:
1631:
1597:
1596:
1569:Open Tree of Life
1509:Taxon identifiers
1500:
1499:
1483:heliozoan amoebae
1475:amoeboflagellates
1439:Labyrinthomyxidae
1413:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1358:Globigerinitoidea
1209:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1044:
1043:
957:
956:
953:
952:
949:
948:
945:
944:
941:
940:
937:
936:
933:
932:
868:Phaeogymnocellida
845:
844:
841:
840:
777:
776:
764:Paracercomonadida
720:
719:
655:
654:
150:
149:
128:
1687:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1611:
1604:
1590:
1589:
1577:
1576:
1564:
1563:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1504:
1292:Silicoloculinida
1226:
1222:
1215:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1091:
1071:Plasmodiophorida
981:
974:
970:
963:
851:
828:Thaumatomonadida
816:
783:
747:
737:
733:
726:
679:
672:
668:
661:
576:
566:
562:
553:
464:
444:
421:
414:
407:
398:
391:
390:
369:
363:
362:
333:
327:
326:
306:
297:
296:
276:
270:
269:
257:
246:
245:
225:
219:
218:
210:
126:
38:
37:
21:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1600:
1598:
1593:
1585:
1580:
1572:
1567:
1559:
1554:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1511:
1501:
1496:
1479:testate amoebae
1448:
1397:
1362:
1341:Globotruncanida
1301:
1262:
1218:
1201:
1168:
1164:Symphyacanthida
1135:
1111:
1094:
1077:
1040:
1016:Claustrosporida
1002:
966:
929:
837:
814:
773:
729:
716:
698:
664:
651:
628:
595:
556:
547:
546:
462:
440:
431:
425:
395:
394:
371:
370:
366:
335:
334:
330:
308:
307:
300:
278:
277:
273:
262:Galathea Report
259:
258:
249:
227:
226:
222:
212:
211:
207:
202:
142:
125:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1693:
1691:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1612:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1578:
1565:
1552:
1537:
1521:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1487:sporozoan-like
1463:
1460:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1444:Rhizoplasmidae
1441:
1436:
1434:Gymnosphaerida
1431:
1423:
1421:
1419:Incertae sedis
1415:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1383:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1368:Incertae sedis
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1353:Guembelitriida
1349:
1347:Heterohelicida
1343:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1311:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1272:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1253:
1247:
1245:Xenophyophorea
1242:
1235:
1233:
1223:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1178:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1154:Chaunocanthida
1151:
1149:Arthracanthida
1145:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1116:
1101:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1058:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1012:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
995:
989:
987:
978:
971:
959:
958:
955:
954:
951:
950:
947:
946:
943:
942:
939:
938:
935:
934:
931:
930:
928:
927:
925:Ventricleftida
922:
917:
916:
915:
910:
905:
897:
896:
895:
890:
885:
880:
878:Phaeosphaerida
875:
870:
859:
857:
847:
846:
843:
842:
839:
838:
836:
835:
830:
824:
822:
813:
812:
807:
802:
800:Spongomonadida
797:
791:
789:
779:
778:
775:
774:
772:
771:
766:
761:
756:
754:Glissomonadida
750:
744:
734:
722:
721:
718:
717:
715:
714:
708:
706:
700:
699:
697:
696:
691:
685:
683:
676:
669:
657:
656:
653:
652:
650:
649:
644:
642:Chlorarachnida
638:
636:
630:
629:
627:
626:
621:
616:
614:Desmothoracida
611:
605:
603:
597:
596:
594:
593:
588:
582:
580:
573:
570:Reticulofilosa
563:
549:
548:
545:
544:
543:
542:
541:
540:
537:Mesomycetozoea
534:
529:
519:
509:
508:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
486:
485:
473:Diaphoretickes
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
437:
436:
433:
432:
430:classification
426:
424:
423:
416:
409:
401:
393:
392:
381:(3): 311–327.
364:
328:
298:
287:(5): 765–784.
271:
247:
236:(5): 388–398.
220:
204:
203:
201:
198:
194:Southern Ocean
166:Xenophyophores
148:
147:
135:
134:
130:
129:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
70:
63:
62:
60:Diaphoretickes
57:
50:
49:
44:
40:
39:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1692:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1642:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1335:Globigerinida
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1307:Globothalamea
1304:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1123:Sticholonchea
1120:
1117:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1088:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1005:
999:
996:
994:
991:
990:
988:
986:
982:
979:
975:
972:
969:
964:
960:
926:
923:
921:
920:Tectofilosida
918:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
900:
898:
894:
893:Phaeoconchida
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
865:
864:
861:
860:
858:
856:
852:
848:
834:
831:
829:
826:
825:
823:
821:
820:Silicofilosea
817:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
792:
790:
788:
784:
780:
770:
769:Cercomonadida
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
751:
748:
745:
742:
738:
735:
732:
727:
723:
713:
710:
709:
707:
705:
701:
695:
694:Metromonadida
692:
690:
687:
686:
684:
680:
677:
673:
670:
667:
662:
658:
648:
645:
643:
640:
639:
637:
635:
634:Chlorarachnea
631:
625:
622:
620:
619:Leucodictyida
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
606:
604:
602:
598:
592:
589:
587:
584:
583:
581:
577:
574:
571:
567:
564:
560:
554:
550:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
524:
523:
520:
518:
515:
514:
513:
510:
506:
503:
501:
500:Stramenopiles
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
484:
481:
480:
479:
476:
475:
474:
471:
469:
466:
463:(major groups
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
443:
439:
438:
434:
429:
422:
417:
415:
410:
408:
403:
402:
399:
388:
384:
380:
376:
368:
365:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
332:
329:
324:
320:
316:
312:
305:
303:
299:
294:
290:
286:
282:
275:
272:
267:
263:
256:
254:
252:
248:
243:
239:
235:
231:
224:
221:
216:
209:
206:
199:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
146:
145:
141:
136:
131:
124:
121:
119:Superfamily:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
94:
91:
88:
87:
84:
81:
78:
77:
74:
71:
68:
65:
64:
61:
58:
55:
52:
51:
48:
45:
42:
41:
36:
31:
27:
22:
19:
1675:Monothalamea
1625:expanding it
1617:Foraminifera
1614:
1599:
1516:
1458:paraphyletic
1428:Lapot gusevi
1426:
1418:
1392:
1387:Heterogromia
1385:
1376:Involutinida
1367:
1315:Textulariida
1297:Ammodiscidae
1287:Spirillinida
1268:Tubothalamea
1257:Reticulomyxa
1255:
1250:Astrorhizida
1239:Allogromiida
1230:Monothalamea
1220:Foraminifera
1174:Polycystinea
1159:Holocanthida
1056:Vampyrellida
1021:Haplosporida
1008:Ascetosporea
998:Reticulosida
903:Cryomonadida
888:Phaeogromida
883:Phaeocalpida
873:Phaeocystida
855:Thecofilosea
810:Variglissida
805:Marimonadida
741:Sarcomonadea
731:Ventrifilosa
682:Metromonadea
666:Monadofilosa
609:Cryptofilida
601:Granofilosea
586:Aquavolonida
522:Opisthokonta
378:
374:
367:
342:
338:
331:
317:(1): 45–55.
314:
310:
284:
280:
274:
265:
261:
233:
229:
223:
214:
208:
182:oligotrophic
178:foraminifera
174:
162:foraminifera
153:
151:
144:Baculellidae
138:
122:
113:Allogromiida
103:Monothalamea
93:Foraminifera
66:
53:
18:
1547:Komokioidea
1541:Wikispecies
1517:Komokioidea
1491:fungus-like
1467:flagellates
1330:Carterinida
1325:Robertinida
1192:Spumellaria
1187:Nassellaria
1066:Phagomyxida
1049:Proteomyxia
1026:Mikrocytida
624:Limnofilida
579:Skiomonadea
89:Subphylum:
24:Komokiacea
1664:Categories
1393:Komokiacea
1277:Fusulinida
1182:Collodaria
1141:Acantharea
1131:Taxopodida
1113:Radiolaria
1061:Phytomyxea
1036:Paramyxida
1031:Paradinida
863:Phaeodarea
833:Euglyphida
787:Imbricatea
759:Katabiidae
647:Minorisida
268:: 165–194.
200:References
154:Komokiacea
140:Komokiidae
123:Komokiacea
1320:Rotaliida
1282:Miliolida
985:Gromiidea
977:Marimyxia
899:Eothecia
795:Krakenida
712:Helkesida
689:Metopiida
591:Tremulida
517:Amoebozoa
495:Alveolata
483:Cryptista
458:Eukaryota
133:Families
47:Eukaryota
1526:Wikidata
1462:†extinct
1381:Lagenida
1197:Orodaria
993:Gromiida
968:Endomyxa
913:Matazida
908:Ebriacea
704:Helkesea
675:Eoglissa
559:Cercozoa
512:Amorphea
490:Rhizaria
478:Hacrobia
468:Excavata
453:Bacteria
428:Rhizaria
170:deep sea
158:amoeboid
79:Phylum:
43:Domain:
1574:5670960
1532:Q952782
1471:amoebae
1097:Retaria
527:Animals
448:Archaea
347:Bibcode
190:species
109:Order:
99:Class:
83:Retaria
1587:465776
561:
557:
505:Plants
442:Domain
1615:This
1582:WoRMS
1561:7NGPL
532:Fungi
67:Clade
54:Clade
1621:stub
152:The
1556:CoL
383:doi
355:doi
319:doi
289:doi
238:doi
73:SAR
1666::
1584::
1571::
1558::
1543::
1528::
1489:;
1485:;
1481:;
1477:;
1473:;
1469:;
379:42
377:.
353:.
343:54
341:.
315:39
313:.
301:^
285:18
283:.
266:14
264:.
250:^
232:.
69::
56::
1652:e
1645:t
1638:v
1627:.
1493:.
1456:*
1351:†
1345:†
1339:†
1275:†
1252:*
1241:*
1232:*
743:*
572:*
539:)
420:e
413:t
406:v
389:.
385::
361:.
357::
349::
325:.
321::
295:.
291::
244:.
240::
234:3
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