615:
forts in the region. 21 structures have been identified within the fort. Its fortifications built with granite stones comprise huge ramparts, magazines, warehouses, granaries, and wells. There are two entry gates into the forts, called the ‘Kolepalli
Darwaza’ and the ‘Nadella Darwaza’. The entrance gate is three-storied, massive and made of granite stone blocks. A building built with rock pillars and covered with rock slabs, has 110 metres (360 ft) long inscriptions. A defense bunker is also seen. The source of water supply to the inhabitants of the fort was from three sources namely, the Mutyalama Cheruvu, the Puttalamma Cheruvu and the Vedulla Cheruvu (‘Cheruvu’ in
147:
118:
177:
486:
674:
25:
184:
154:
130:
654:) road of 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) length from the eastern side of the hill (the first step to approach the forts to begin restoration works), resetting and providing railing along the rocky pathway, and improving the view-points, bastions, garrison barracks, stables and internal roads with appropriate tourist signages.
697:
The simplest way to reach the fort by one's own vehicle. Reach Guntur or
Chilakaluripet by road. Drive 25 km from Guntur towards Chilakaluripet via NH5 vice verse 13 km from Chilakaluripet and turn towards Bhoyapalem-Pirangipuram Road. In this road we need to travel around 10 km to our
669:
And provided this first phase is carried out successfully, the AP Government promised ISKCON another 150 acres (0.61 km) at the top of the hill to develop. A 3 Crore (30 million rupee) road to the top of the hill is already being completed by Andhra
Pradesh government. Krishnas Idol is very rare
657:
ISKCON South India is also embarking on giving a major face-lift to this historical fort through their
Spiritual Heritage Revival Project. The Andhra Pradesh government has sanctioned a 65-acre (260,000 m) plot at the foot of the hill to build a beautiful temple for the ancient Venna Gopal deity
614:
The three forts on top of the narrow hill range are now in ruins; the earliest-built fort dates to the 12th century. The main fort built by the Reddy dynasty and refurbished by subsequent rulers, located at a height of nearly 320 metres (1,050 ft), was considered then as one of the strongest
566:
and Guntur towns for nearly a hundred years (1328–1428). Their first ruler
Prolaya Vema Reddy (followed by five other rulers till 1428) who ruled till 1353, strengthened the defenses of his kingdom by building a number of forts, which included the Kondaveedu Fort. He shifted his capital from
461:) sections, which form the hill ranges, one is to the north, which provides a very steep but short access to the forts. The preferred access is more circuitous and less tiring and involves 2 miles (3.2 km) of trekking. Kondaveedu and the surrounding forest areas have a large number of
553:
The Reddys of
Kondaveedu were initially feudatories of the kings of Warangal. From inscriptions, it is inferred that their rule overlapped with that of the Korukonda Reddis and that they shifted from their earlier capital at
602:
were found under a dilapidated Hindu temple at
Kondaveedu fort. The remains date back to the later Satavahana period — 1st to 2nd century CE. This discovery pushes back of the history of Kondaveedu to the Satavahana period.
694:, which is 58 kilometres (36 mi) away from Guntur city. After reaching Guntur one should board a Guntur-Chilakaluripet ordinary bus and alight at Bhoyapalem-Pirangipuram Road and can hire an auto rickshaw to the fort.
649:
The department of
Archaeology and Museums (Andhra Pradesh) has decided to carry out major development and restoration works to bring out the past glory of the forts. The works proposed involve construction of hill
623:(known as Puttakota in the past), at the foothill of the fort, an embankment is seen which is inferred as a security ring bund to protect the royal family palaces and houses of the main functionaries of the fort.
690:. It is about 25 kilometres (16 mi) from Guntur city and about 13 km from the side of Chilakaluripet. Guntur is easily accessible by road and rail from all parts of India. The nearest airport is
1548:
641:) lies at the foot of the hill; its bunched stone pillars are carved out of a single rock. Both Hindu and Muslim architectural styles are seen in the forts. A mosque is also located within the fort.
457:
city. They were erected on a high ridge of a small range of hills with average elevation of 1,500 feet (460 m) (highest point on the ridge is 1,700 feet (520 m)). There are two hill (
1533:
946:
1513:
485:
1300:
1409:
146:
1100:
720:
1543:
1523:
1528:
1066:
1003:
1166:
1037:
952:
372:. Apart from this main fort, there are two other forts (names not known) nearby. Efforts are in progress to classify Kondaveedu Fort as a UNESCO
211:
1402:
658:
at the foot of the
Kondaveedu Hills in the first phase. The deity was originally installed 500 years ago by the great South Indian Emperor
493:
The village of
Kondavidu is said to have been established in 1115 CE as a fortified township by Gopanna, a commander of Buddhavarma of the
1268:
775:
634:
are provided, which form part of the façade wall of the fort. A single wall of 30 kilometres (19 mi) length straddles the hills.
1367:
1304:
68:
35:
1518:
1437:
1395:
562:
to Kondaveedu. The founder of the dynasty was Prolaya Vema Reddy, the son of Prola. They ruled in the region around present-day
176:
1482:
1538:
261:
50:
860:
1224:
752:
46:
1145:
807:
429:. Now, the massive fortifications and battlements are seen in ruins only. The interior has extensive ruins of
442:
1007:
1174:
1197:
1048:
1362:, The Director, Oriental Institute, on behalf of the Registrar, M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara,
627:
539:. Their depredations and despotic reign resulted in the formation of a confederation movement by the
430:
809:
Lists of inscriptions, and sketch of the dynasties of Southern India, Archaeological Survey of India
117:
576:
373:
329:
1242:
968:
900:
889:
825:
691:
521:
502:
489:
The Gopinathswami Temple near the Fort. The surviving fortifications can be seen on the hill top.
467:
422:
380:
333:
1383:
Video clip of Kondaveedu-Golden age of Telugu Kingdom(Reddy Kings), Best Tourism place in India
1278:
1492:
1442:
1363:
1108:
1074:
592:
450:
337:
1327:
1472:
1457:
543:
517:
498:
425:
who got control of the fort in 1788 but abandoned it in the early 19th century in favour of
357:
352:
is a historically significant ancient hill fortress located in Kondaveedu, a village in the
100:
1477:
1462:
1254:
980:
912:
837:
659:
616:
532:
396:
325:
883:
1487:
1421:
626:
The fort's ruins on the southwest side of the Kondaveedu village is in the shape of an
407:
361:
353:
341:
307:
104:
92:
673:
670:
in the world. Below is the picture of Krishna located in Cheghizkhan pet (Kondaveedu)
1507:
1418:
663:
584:
494:
462:
446:
384:
321:
294:
630:, and at the turning angles of the triangle at the south west and north east, tower
1432:
638:
392:
1357:
927:
421:
colonists in 1752 when it was extensively fortified. It passed on to the British
687:
580:
369:
311:
1452:
1382:
620:
563:
1112:
1078:
226:
213:
1447:
1273:
885:
A manual of Indian timbers: an account of the growth, distribution, and uses
588:
606:
Three copper plate grants of Prithvi Sri Mularaja were found in Kondavidu.
516:
to Kondaveedu. Later, the fort was under the control of Vijayanagar Kings,
1387:
631:
572:
547:
528:
400:
662:, who also took over the Fort from its previous rulers, the Reddy Kings(
571:
in Guntur to Kondaveedu fort. Subsequently, the region was ruled by the
568:
555:
513:
388:
304:
129:
559:
454:
426:
418:
403:
53:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
672:
599:
540:
536:
365:
271:
108:
651:
473:
458:
246:
1391:
1047:, P.G. Publishers, pp. 173–177 and 180–182, archived from
1101:"'Kondaveedu Buddhist remains date back to Satavahana period'"
18:
387:
between 1328 and 1482, shifting from their former capital at
861:"Kondavid-durg near Guntur. 19 February 1804. Signed 'W.R.'"
484:
1328:"Land sharks back ISKCON bid to 'capture' Kondaveedu fort"
686:
Kondaveedu Fort is situated in Kondaveedu village west of
637:
A temple known as the Gopinathaswami temple (dedicated to
16:
Ancient hill fortress in Kondaveedu, Andhra Pradesh, India
1359:
Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects
1226:
Imperial Gazetteer of India:Volume 17: Provincial Series
531:
and the whole of Andhra Pradesh came under the reign of
1301:"ISKCON South India to Restore Ancient Kondaveedu Fort"
406:
fought for the fort in 1531, 1536 and 1579, and Sultan
42:
1549:
Buildings and structures completed in the 13th century
1006:. Government of Andhra Pradesh on Line. Archived from
721:"Kondaveedu fort likely to get UNESCO heritage status"
951:. Electronic Library. pp. 25–26. Archived from
812:. E. Keys at the Government Press. pp. 187–188
368:. The site is located 16 miles west of the city of
317:
300:
290:
282:
277:
267:
257:
252:
242:
205:
85:
1534:Monuments of National Importance in Andhra Pradesh
1303:. ISKCON SOUTH INDIA. 21 May 2009. Archived from
595:Kings, and finally the British (1766 and 1788).
453:and located 8 miles (13 km) to the west of
1277:. Chennai, India. 8 March 2009. Archived from
1403:
550:, and the Reddys were part of this movement.
8:
445:that was delimited between the south of the
441:The fortresses were once the capital of the
1514:Buildings and structures in Guntur district
1219:
1217:
1067:"Buddhist remains found at Kondaveedu fort"
1410:
1396:
1388:
941:
939:
82:
1229:. Supt. of Govt. Print. 1908. p. 336
1038:"The Reddys of Kondavidu and Rajahmundry"
888:. S. Low, Marston & co. ltd. p.
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
782:. Digital South Asia Library. p. 393
776:"Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 15 1931"
770:
768:
766:
764:
746:
744:
742:
619:means "pond"). On the way to the fort at
524:and lastly under the French and British.
410:finally captured it in 1579, renaming it
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
801:
799:
797:
134:The Fort today from the base of the hill
1269:"Kondaveedu Fort to get major facelift"
1065:Jonathan, P. samuel (21 January 2019).
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
712:
677:Venna Mudda Gopalaswamy near Kondaveedu
417:The fort came under the control of the
183:
153:
1544:Archaeological sites in Andhra Pradesh
1524:Tourist attractions in Guntur district
1250:
1240:
976:
966:
908:
898:
833:
823:
122:Water-colour painting of Kondavid Fort
1202:. Govt. of Andhra Pradesh. p. 12
1099:Rao, G. v r Subba (29 January 2019).
7:
1529:13th-century establishments in India
1132:
383:. It was used as the capital by the
379:Kondaveedu Fort was constructed by
14:
497:dynasty. Later it came under the
591:in 1687, the French (1752), the
182:
175:
152:
145:
128:
116:
23:
1199:Census of India, 1991, Volume 6
512:) who shifted his capital from
507:
1326:Samdani, M N (30 April 2010).
583:, (1531,1537 & 1579), the
546:, who ousted the Muslims from
1:
1356:Vyas, Dr. R. T., ed. (1995),
1196:Singh, Rajinder Pal (1994).
882:Gamble, James Sykes (1902).
598:Early in 2019, remains of a
262:Government of Andhra Pradesh
49:the claims made and adding
1565:
926:Kasipathi, Kapila (1970),
754:Indian antiquary, Volume 1
166:Show map of Andhra Pradesh
1428:
863:. British on line Gallery
139:
127:
115:
98:
90:
1519:Forts in Andhra Pradesh
932:, K. V. Rao, p. 12
806:Sewell, Robert (1884).
751:Burgess, James (1872).
443:Kondavidu Reddi Kingdom
227:16.254459°N 80.263866°E
1045:History of the Andhras
1036:Prasad, Durga (1988),
725:The New Indian Express
678:
490:
391:. It was taken by the
676:
488:
1010:on 23 September 2010
757:. Popular Prakashan.
628:equilateral triangle
232:16.254459; 80.263866
1539:Vijayanagara Empire
948:Godavari (Volume 1)
374:World Heritage Site
334:Sultans of Golconda
330:Vijayanagara Empire
223: /
1473:Konda Reddy Buruju
1307:on 31 October 2010
1177:on 19 October 2013
929:Tryst with Destiny
727:. 11 December 2016
692:Gannavaram Airport
679:
577:Vijayanagara kings
503:Prolaya Vema Reddy
491:
468:Morinda citrifolia
423:East India Company
381:Prolaya Vema Reddy
258:Controlled by
34:possibly contains
1501:
1500:
955:on 9 October 2014
645:Restoration works
451:Gundlakamma River
433:and storehouses.
347:
346:
196:Show map of India
79:
78:
71:
36:original research
1556:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1389:
1372:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1281:on 10 March 2009
1265:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1173:. Archived from
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1146:"Kondavidu fort"
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1054:on 13 March 2007
1053:
1042:
1033:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1000:
985:
984:
978:
974:
972:
964:
962:
960:
943:
934:
933:
923:
917:
916:
910:
906:
904:
896:
879:
873:
872:
870:
868:
857:
842:
841:
835:
831:
829:
821:
819:
817:
803:
792:
791:
789:
787:
772:
759:
758:
748:
737:
736:
734:
732:
717:
522:Golkonda sultans
511:
510: 1325–1353
509:
501:and occupied by
358:Palnadu district
356:constituency of
253:Site information
238:
237:
235:
234:
233:
228:
224:
221:
220:
219:
216:
197:
186:
185:
179:
167:
156:
155:
149:
132:
120:
111:
101:Palnadu district
83:
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
51:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1424:
1416:
1379:
1370:
1355:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1336:
1334:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1308:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1249:
1239:
1232:
1230:
1223:
1222:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1178:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1115:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1023:
1013:
1011:
1004:"Hindu Temples"
1002:
1001:
988:
975:
965:
958:
956:
945:
944:
937:
925:
924:
920:
907:
897:
881:
880:
876:
866:
864:
859:
858:
845:
832:
822:
815:
813:
805:
804:
795:
785:
783:
774:
773:
762:
750:
749:
740:
730:
728:
719:
718:
714:
709:
704:
684:
660:Krishnadevaraya
647:
617:Telugu language
612:
544:Musunuri Nayaks
506:
483:
439:
397:Krishnadevaraya
350:Kondaveedu Fort
326:Gajapati Empire
231:
229:
225:
222:
217:
214:
212:
210:
209:
201:
200:
199:
198:
195:
194:
193:
192:
191:
190:Kondaveedu Fort
187:
170:
169:
168:
165:
164:
163:
162:
161:
160:Kondaveedu Fort
157:
135:
123:
99:
86:Kondaveedu Fort
75:
64:
58:
55:
40:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1562:
1560:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1506:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1422:Andhra Pradesh
1417:
1415:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1377:External links
1375:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1332:Times of India
1318:
1292:
1260:
1213:
1188:
1158:
1137:
1125:
1091:
1057:
1021:
986:
935:
918:
894:Kondavid fort.
874:
843:
793:
760:
738:
711:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
683:
680:
646:
643:
611:
608:
600:Buddhist stupa
482:
479:
438:
435:
408:Quli Qutb Shah
362:Andhra Pradesh
354:Chilakaluripet
345:
344:
319:
315:
314:
302:
298:
297:
292:
288:
287:
284:
280:
279:
275:
274:
269:
265:
264:
259:
255:
254:
250:
249:
244:
240:
239:
207:
203:
202:
189:
188:
181:
180:
174:
173:
172:
171:
159:
158:
151:
150:
144:
143:
142:
141:
140:
137:
136:
133:
125:
124:
121:
113:
112:
105:Andhra Pradesh
96:
95:
93:Andhra Pradesh
88:
87:
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1561:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1369:81-7017-316-7
1365:
1361:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1319:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1256:
1244:
1228:
1227:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1189:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1135:, p. 31.
1134:
1129:
1126:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1092:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1009:
1005:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
987:
982:
970:
954:
950:
949:
942:
940:
936:
931:
930:
922:
919:
914:
902:
895:
891:
887:
886:
878:
875:
862:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
844:
839:
827:
811:
810:
802:
800:
798:
794:
781:
777:
771:
769:
767:
765:
761:
756:
755:
747:
745:
743:
739:
726:
722:
716:
713:
706:
701:
699:
698:destination.
695:
693:
689:
681:
675:
671:
667:
665:
664:Reddy dynasty
661:
655:
653:
644:
642:
640:
635:
633:
629:
624:
622:
618:
609:
607:
604:
601:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
565:
561:
557:
551:
549:
545:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
504:
500:
496:
487:
480:
478:
476:
475:
470:
469:
464:
463:Custard apple
460:
456:
452:
448:
447:Krishna River
444:
436:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
402:
399:in 1516. The
398:
394:
390:
386:
385:Reddy dynasty
382:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
322:Reddy Kingdom
320:
316:
313:
309:
306:
303:
299:
296:
295:Reddy Kingdom
293:
291:Built by
289:
285:
281:
276:
273:
270:
266:
263:
260:
256:
251:
248:
245:
241:
236:
208:
204:
178:
148:
138:
131:
126:
119:
114:
110:
106:
102:
97:
94:
89:
84:
81:
73:
70:
62:
59:November 2019
52:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
1493:Vizianagaram
1467:
1443:Chennampalli
1358:
1335:. Retrieved
1331:
1321:
1309:. Retrieved
1305:the original
1295:
1283:. Retrieved
1279:the original
1272:
1263:
1231:. Retrieved
1225:
1204:. Retrieved
1198:
1191:
1179:. Retrieved
1175:the original
1170:
1161:
1149:. Retrieved
1140:
1128:
1116:. Retrieved
1104:
1094:
1082:. Retrieved
1070:
1060:
1049:the original
1044:
1012:. Retrieved
1008:the original
957:. Retrieved
953:the original
947:
928:
921:
893:
884:
877:
865:. Retrieved
814:. Retrieved
808:
784:. Retrieved
779:
753:
729:. Retrieved
724:
715:
696:
685:
668:
656:
648:
639:Lord Krishna
636:
625:
613:
605:
597:
579:(1516), the
575:(1458), the
552:
526:
495:Telugu Choda
492:
472:
466:
440:
416:
412:Murtazanagar
411:
393:Vijayanagara
378:
349:
348:
318:Battles/wars
286:13th century
278:Site history
80:
65:
56:
33:
1458:Gurramkonda
1438:Chandragiri
1251:|work=
977:|work=
909:|work=
834:|work=
688:Guntur City
581:Qutb Shahis
312:lime mortar
230: /
206:Coordinates
1508:Categories
1478:Madakasira
1468:Kondaveedu
1463:Kondapalli
1285:20 October
1233:20 October
1206:21 October
1181:21 October
1151:21 October
1118:29 January
1014:20 October
959:20 October
867:20 October
816:21 October
786:20 October
780:Kondaveedu
702:References
621:Kothapalem
564:Vijayawada
535:rulers of
477:)) trees.
218:80°15′50″E
215:16°15′16″N
43:improve it
1488:Udayagiri
1483:Ratnagiri
1448:Gandikota
1274:The Hindu
1253:ignored (
1243:cite book
1171:Kondavidu
1133:Vyas 1995
1113:0971-751X
1105:The Hindu
1079:0971-751X
1071:The Hindu
979:ignored (
969:cite book
911:ignored (
901:cite book
836:ignored (
826:cite book
707:Citations
610:Structure
593:Asaf Jahi
589:Aurangzeb
527:In 1323,
518:Gajapatis
499:Kakatiyas
437:Geography
431:magazines
301:Materials
268:Condition
47:verifying
1419:Forts in
1167:"Guntur"
632:bastions
587:army of
573:Bahmanis
548:Warangal
533:Tughlaqs
529:Warangal
449:and the
401:Golconda
395:emperor
340:and the
91:Part of
1433:Bobbili
1350:Sources
1337:26 June
1311:26 June
569:Addanki
556:Addanki
514:Addanki
481:History
404:Sultans
389:Addanki
342:British
305:Granite
41:Please
1366:
1111:
1077:
682:Access
585:Mughal
560:Guntur
455:Guntur
427:Guntur
419:French
370:Guntur
338:French
336:, The
308:Stones
1453:Gooty
1084:6 May
1052:(PDF)
1041:(PDF)
731:6 May
541:Hindu
537:Delhi
366:India
283:Built
272:Ruins
109:India
1364:ISBN
1339:2010
1313:2010
1287:2009
1255:help
1235:2009
1208:2009
1183:2009
1153:2009
1120:2019
1109:ISSN
1086:2019
1075:ISSN
1016:2009
981:help
961:2009
913:help
869:2009
838:help
818:2009
788:2009
733:2019
652:ghat
474:Noni
459:ghat
310:and
247:Fort
243:Type
666:).
558:in
45:by
1510::
1330:.
1271:.
1247::
1245:}}
1241:{{
1216:^
1169:.
1107:.
1103:.
1073:.
1069:.
1043:,
1024:^
989:^
973::
971:}}
967:{{
938:^
905::
903:}}
899:{{
892:.
890:21
846:^
830::
828:}}
824:{{
796:^
778:.
763:^
741:^
723:.
520:,
508:r.
414:.
376:.
364:,
360:,
332:,
328:,
107:,
103:,
1411:e
1404:t
1397:v
1341:.
1315:.
1289:.
1257:)
1237:.
1210:.
1185:.
1155:.
1122:.
1088:.
1018:.
983:)
963:.
915:)
871:.
840:)
820:.
790:.
735:.
650:(
505:(
471:(
465:(
324:,
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.