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extensive library. He listed among his
History of Animals sources more than 80 Greek authors and at least 175 Latin authors, as well as works by German, French, and Italian authors. He even attempted to establish a "universal library" of all books in existence. The project might sound strange to the modern mind, but Gessner invested tremendous energy in the project. He sniffed through remote libraries along with the collections of the Vatican Library and catalogs of printers and booksellers. By assembling this universal library of information, Gessner put together a database centuries before computers would ease such work. He cut relevant passages out of books, grouped the cuttings by general theme, subdivided the groups into more specific categories, and boxed them. He could then retrieve and arrange the cuttings as needed. In the words of science writer Anna Pavord, "He was a one-man search engine, a 16th-century Google with the added bonus of critical evaluation."
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518:
753:, he also included many fictional animals such as the Unicorn and the Basilisk, which he had only heard about from medieval bestiaries. But when Gessner doubted the accuracy of the opinions he relayed in his own writings, or the validity of the illustrations he included, he clearly said so. Besides any plant or animal's potential advantage to people, Gessner was interested in learning about them because of the moral lessons they could teach and the divine truths they might tell. He went into as much detail about some unreal animals as he did about real ones. Later in 1556 he also combined real and fictional creatures in his edition of the works of
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803:. although he died prior to its publication his materials were utilised by many subsequent authors for the next two hundred years. These included some 1,500 engravings of plants and their important flowers and seeds, most of which were original. The scale and scientific rigour of these were unusual for the time, and Gessner was a skilled artist, producing detailed drawings of specific plant parts that illustrated their characteristics, with extensive marginal notation discussing their growth form and habitation. Finally, the work was published in 1754.
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55:
671:, an exhaustive catalogue of all known works in Latin, Greek and Hebrew, of all writers who had ever lived, with the titles of their works, and brief annotations. The work, which included his own bio-bibliography, listed some three thousand authors alphabetically, and was the first modern bibliography published since the invention of printing. Through it, Gessner became known as the "father of bibliography." In all, about twelve thousand titles were included.
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341:(1531), another provided him with three years of board and lodging, while yet another arranged his further education at the upper school in Strasbourg, the Strasbourg Academy. There he broadened his knowledge of ancient languages by studying Hebrew. In 1535, religious unrest drove him back to Zürich, where he made what some considered an imprudent marriage at the age of 19, of a woman from another poor family who had no
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293:. His early life was one of poverty and hardship, but Gessner's father realized his talents, and sent him to live with and be schooled by a great uncle, who grew and collected medicinal herbs for a living. Here the boy became familiar with many plants and their medicinal purposes which led to a lifelong interest in natural history.
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To his contemporaries, Gessner was known as "the Swiss Pliny." According to legend, when he knew his time was near, he asked to be taken to his library where he had spent so much of his life, to die among his favorite books. At the time of his death, Gesner had published 72 books, and written 18 more
1246:
Conrad Gesner. On the
Admiration of Mountains, the Prefatory Letter Addressed to Jacob Avienus, Physician, in Gesner's Pamphlet "On Milk and Substances Prepared from Milk", first Printed at Zürich in 1543. A Description of the Riven Mountain, Commonly Called Mount Pilatus, Addressed to J. Chrysostome
360:
Gessner's approach to research consisted of four main components: observation, dissection, travel to distant lands, and accurate description. This rising observational approach was new to
Renaissance scholars because people usually relied completely upon Classical writers for their research. He died
1273:
Gessner has been described as the father of modern scientific botany and zoology, and the father of modern bibliography. To his contemporaries he was best known as a botanist. Despite his traveling ways and the job of maintaining his own gardens, Gesner probably spent most of his time inside his own
825:
felt that the religious convictions of an author contaminated all his writings. Since
Gessner was a Protestant his works were included in this index of prohibited books. Even though religious tensions were high, Gessner maintained friendships on both sides of the Catholic-Protestant divide. In fact,
743:
Gessner combines data from old sources, such as the Old
Testament, Aristotle, Pliny, folklore, and medieval bestiaries, adding his own observations. He created a new, comprehensive description of the Animal Kingdom. This was the first attempt by anyone to describe many animals accurately. The book
1165:
Conradi
Gesneri philosophi et medici celeberrimi Opera botanica, per duo saecula desiderata, vitam avctoris et operis historiam Cordi librvm qvintvm cvm adnotationibvs Gesneri in totvm opvs vt et Wolphii fragmentvm historiae plantarvm Gesnerianae adivnctis, indicibvs iconvm tam olim editarvm qvam
439:). In addition to his duties there, and apart from a few journeys to foreign countries, and annual summer botanical journeys in his native land, and illnesses, he was able to devote himself to research and writing. His expeditions frequently involved visits to mountainous country, below the
325:, at the age of 15. In school, he impressed his teachers so much that a few of them helped sponsor him so that he could further his education, including arranging a scholarship for him to attend university in France to study theology (1532–1533) at the age of 17. There he attended the
1077:
Ander Theil des
Schatzs Euonymi Erstlich zusammen getragen, durch Herren Doctor Cunrat Geßner, Demnach von Caspar Wolffen der Artzneyen Doctor in Zürich in Latin beschriben und in Truck gefertiget, jetzund aber newlich von Johan. Jacobo Nüscheler Doctorn, in Teütsche Sprach
345:. Although some of his friends again came to his aid, he was appointed to obtaining a teaching position for him, this was in the lowest class and attracted a stipend barely more than a pittance. However, he then obtained a paid leave of absence to study medicine at the
280:
at the age of 49. He is regarded as the father of modern scientific bibliography, zoology and botany. He was frequently the first to describe species of plants or animals in Europe, such as the tulip in 1559. A number of plants and animals have been named after him.
678:, appeared in 1548. Although the title indicated that twenty one parts were intended, only nineteen books were included. Part 20, intended to include his medical work, was never finished and part 21, a theological encyclopaedia, was published separately in 1549.
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includes sketches for many well-known animals, and some fictional ones, including unicorns and mermaids. He accomplished many of his works in a large part due to the web of acquaintances he established with leading naturalists throughout Europe, who included
1166:
nvnc prodevntivm cvm figvris vltra CCCC. minoris formae, partim ligno excisis partim aeri inscvlptis complectentia, qvae ex bibliotheca D. Christophori Iacobi Trew ... nvnc primvm in lvcem edidit et praefatvs est D. Casimirvs
Christophorvs Schmiedel
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Bibliotheca
Universalis, sive Catalogus omnium Scriptoum locupletissimus, in tribus linguis, Latina, Græca, & Hebraica; extantium & non-extantium, veterum et recentiorum in hunc usque diem ... publicatorum et in Bibliothecis latentium,
416:, where he received his doctoral degree (1541) from Basel. He then returned to Zürich to practice medicine, which he continued to do for the rest of his life. There he was also appointed to the post of lecturer of Aristotelean physics at the
1247:
Huber, Originally
Printed with Another Work of Gesner's at Zürich in 1555. Together With: On Conrad Gesner and The Mountaineering of Theuerdank, by J. Monroe Thorington. Bibliographical Notes by W. Dock and J.M. Thorington. With illustrations
451:
on the wonders to be found among the mountains, declaring his love for them, and his firm resolve to climb at least one mountain every year, not only to collect flowers, but in order to exercise his body. In 1555 he issued his narrative
443:. Although primarily for purposes of botanical collection, he also extolled mountain climbing for the sake of exercise and enjoyment of the beauties of nature. In 1541 he prefixed to his treatise on milk and milk products,
258:. Born into a poor family in Zürich, Switzerland, his father and teachers quickly realised his talents and supported him through university, where he studied classical languages, theology and medicine. He became Zürich's
1068:
Der erste Theil, deß köstlichen unnd theuren Schatzes Euonymi Philiatri Erstlich in Latein beschrieben durch Euonymum Philiatrum, und neuwlich verteutscht durch Joannem Rudolphum Landenberger zu Zürych
352:
Throughout his life Gessner was interested in natural history, and collected specimens and descriptions of wildlife through travel and extensive correspondence with other friends and scholars. In 1543
3122:
778:. Not only did they send him their ideas, but also sent him plants, animals and gems. He returned the favor – and kept helpful specimens coming – by naming plants after correspondents and friends.
552:(1545), a landmark in the history of bibliography, in which he set out to catalogue all the writers who had ever lived and their works. In addition to his monumental work on animal life, the
826:
Catholic booksellers in Venice protested the Inquisition's blanket ban on Gessner's books, and some of his work was eventually allowed after it had been "cleaned" of its doctrinal errors.
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337:, but being unable to secure employment, he returned to Zürich. One of his teachers in Zürich acted as a foster father to him after the death of his father at the
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was published in Zürich in 1563. This book was considered to be the first modern zoological work. It built a bridge between ancient, medieval and modern science.
3568:
539:(1537), compiled during his studies in Basel. This was a revision of an original work by the Italian cleric, Varinus Phavorinus or Guarino of Favera (d. 1537),
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1469:
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and illustrator. In 1537, at the age of 21, his publication of a Graecolatin dictionary led to his sponsors obtained for him the professorship of Greek at
1315:(NGZH) in 1746, to promote the study of natural sciences. Today it is one of the oldest Swiss scientific societies. The society's annual publication, the
1791:
Sabba,F. La ‘Bibliotheca Universalis’ di Conrad Gesner: monumento della cultura europea. Conrad Gessner, 127–136. (Rome, 2012), Conrad Gessner, 127–136.
578:. Although he died prior to its completion, his work was utilised by many other authors over the next two centuries, but was finally published in 1754.
1575:: Commissioned by Basel printer Johannes Walder (d. 1542), who omitted Gessner's name. Reprinted 1541, followed by several later editions and revisions
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invited Gessner to Venice. Gessner travelled to Italy that same summer. He encountered Venetian printing and a hidden world of Greek manuscripts.
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Vita clarissimi philosophi et medici excellentissimi Conradi Gesneri Tigurini a Josia Simlero Tigurin. Item epistola Gesneri de libris a se editis
4793:
4788:
4369:
4135:
3196:
Jessop, L. (February 2002). "Moufet, T. . (Edited by G. Thomson.) Privately published by George Thomson, Lockerbie: 2000. Pp 45. Price £ 65".
747:
Even though he sought to distinguish observed facts from myths and popular errors and was known for his accurate depiction of many animals in
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Vogelbuch oder ausführliche beschreibung und lebendige ja auch eygentliche Controfactur und Abmahlung aller und jeder Vögel [...]
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unlike many works of its time was illustrated with hand-colored woodcuts drawn from personal observations by Gessner and his colleagues.
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Nelles, Paul "Conrad Gessner and the Mobility of the Book," pp.39-66. In Bellingradt, Daniel., Paul. Nelles, and Jeroen. Salman, eds.
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509:, in 1551, in 1565 the first to document the pencil, and in 1563 among the first Europeans to write about the effects of tobacco.
409:). Here he had leisure to devote himself to scientific studies, especially botany, and earn money to further his medical studies.
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The Newe Jewell of Health, wherein is contained the most excellent Secretes of Physicke and Philosophie divided into fower bookes
262:, but was able to spend much of his time on collecting, research and writing. Gessner compiled monumental works on bibliography (
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730:, amphibians, birds, and fishes. A fifth folio on snakes was issued in 1587. A German translation of the first 4 volumes titled
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Conrad Geßner: ein Beytrag zur Geschichte des wissenschaftlichen Strebens und der Glaubensverbesserung im 16ten Jahrhundert
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572:(1542) in four languages. It was in the last decade of his life that he began to compile his major botanical work,
35:
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M. Antonini philosophia de seipso seu vita sua libri XII et Marini Neapolitani liber de Procli vita et felicitate
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413:
137:
85:
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Baldi, Diego. "Conrad Gesner, i Loci Communes dello pseudo Massimo Confessore e la Melissa del monaco Antonio".
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Blair, Ann. “The 2016 Josephine Waters Bennett Lecture: Humanism and Printing in the Work of Conrad Gessner.”
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Descriptio Montis Fracti sive Montis Pilati ut vulgo nominant iuxta Lucernam in Helvetia per Conradum Gesnerum
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Over his lifetime, Gessner amassed a considerable collection of plants and seeds and made extensive notes and
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Picturing the Book of Nature: Image, Text, and Argument in Sixteenth-Century Human Anatomy and Medical Botany
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Gessner is credited with a number of the first descriptions of species in Europe, both animals such as the
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497:). He first saw a tulip in April 1559, growing in the garden of the magistrate Johann Heinrich Herwart at
398:
289:
Conrad Gessner was born on 26 March 1516, in Zürich, Switzerland, the son of Ursus Gessner, a poor Zürich
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Aeliani Claudii opera quae extant omnia: graece latinaque ... : his acc. ind. alphabeticus copiosus
326:
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726:, is a 4,500-page encyclopedia of animals that appeared in Zürich in 4 volumes between 1551 and 1558:
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On 16 March 2016 the State Museum in Zürich, in close collaboration with Zurich’s Central Library (
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After three years of teaching at Lausanne, Gessner was able to travel to the medical school at the
346:
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133:
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1436:), dedicated a special exhibition to Gessner in celebration of the 500th anniversary of his birth.
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543:(1523). Over his lifetime he was able to produce some 70 publications on many different subjects.
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Professors, Physicians and Practices in the History of Medicine: Essays in Honor of Nancy Siraisi
2413:"3: Zurich lives in the latter part of the sixteenth century - The biography of Gesner by Simler"
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was devoted to a biography of Gessner in 1966, to celebrate the 400th anniversary of his death.
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High resolution images of works by and/or portraits of Conrad Gessner in .jpg and .tiff format.
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unpublished manuscripts. His work on plants was not published until centuries after his death.
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in twenty-two languages. He also produced edited works of a number of classical authors (
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Fischer, Hans (1966). "Conrad Gessner (1516–1565) as Bibliographer and Encyclopedist".
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Books in Motion in Early Modern Europe Beyond Production, Circulation and Consumption.
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Fischbůch Das ist ein kurtze, doch vollkommne beschreybung aller Fischen [...]
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Life Writing in Reformation Europe: Lives of Reformers by Friends, Disciples and Foes
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Ley, Willy (December 1965). "The Healthfull Aromatick Herbe". For Your Information.
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Thierbůch Das ist ein kurtze beschreybung aller vier füssigen Thieren [...]
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1551–1558) and was working on a major botanical text at the time of his death from
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Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries
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Das Vogelbuch von Conrad Gessner (1516-1565): Ein Archiv für avifaunistische Daten
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Schlangenbůch. Das ist ein grundtliche und vollkommne Beschreybung aller Schlagen
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799:. In the last decade of his life he began to compile his major botanical work,
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church, where Gessner is buried, also houses a herbal garden dedicated to him.
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2547:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 909–910.
17:
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3466:"Moffett, Thomas (1553-1604) Insectorum, sive, Minimorum animalium theatrum"
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Grzimeks Tierleben. Band 11: Säugetiere 2.Schimpansen–Hörnchenverwandtschaft
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1684:. Since the Codex was later destroyed by fire, Gessner's version became the
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Wellisch, Hans (Hanan) (June 1975). "Conrad Gessner: a bio-bibliography".
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Pyle, Cynthia Munro (2000). "Conrad Gessner on the Spelling of his Name".
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De omni rerum fossilium genere, gemmis, lapidibus, metallis, et huiusmod
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Willy Ley, The science writers, and the popular reenchantment of science
1606:: An index of plant names from texts on medical topics, by authors from
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In 1545, after four years of research, Gessner published his remarkable
1401:, is named after him, and there is a bust in the garden in his memory (
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290:
174:
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Too Much to Know: Managing Scholarly Information before the Modern Age
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Conrad Gesner (1516–1565), the Father of Bibliography: An Appreciation
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1221:
771:
448:
170:
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Encyclopedia of the Scientific Revolution: From Copernicus to Newton
1162:(1754) . Schmidel, Casimir Christoph; Trew, Christoph Jacob (eds.).
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Thierbůch Das ist ein kurtze bschreybung aller vierfüssigen Thieren
564:
of plants, but only published two botanical works in his lifetime,
4060:
3704:). Some of Gessner's drawings have been made available on Flickr:
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Strange Science: The rocky road to modern paleontology and biology
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Europe 1450 to 1789: encyclopedia of the early modern world 6 vols
2528:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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A Description of the Riven Mountain, Commonly Called Mount Pilatus
1377:
1347:
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1250:. trans. Henry Douglas Bacon Soulé. San Francisco: Grabhorn Press.
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516:
342:
312:
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published a biography of Gessner. Gessner and others founded the
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HUMI (Humanities Media Interface) Project: Natural History Books
3458:"Animal drawings collected by Felix Platter (1536-1614), part 2"
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The Science of Describing: Natural History in Renaissance Europe
2253:
The Naming of Names: The Search for Order in the World of Plants
1173:: Impensis Io. Mich. Seligmanni, typis Io. Iosephi Fleischmanni.
624:). His work on insects was edited by various authors, including
581:
Not content with scientific works, Gessner was also active as a
406:
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3742:
3250:
Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History
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560:(1551–1558), he amassed a very large collection of notes and
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1st ed. 2017. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017.
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Catalogus plantarum Latinè, Graecè, Germanicè, & Gallicè
2016:
2014:
585:
and bibliographer, putting forth in 1555 his book entitled
217:
447:
a letter addressed to his friend Jacob Avienus (Vogel) of
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McCarthy, Eugene M. "Conrad Gesner.", Macroevolution 2013
2602:; Eisentraut, Martin; Freye, Hans Albrecht, eds. (1977).
1625:: Alphabetical catalogue of plant names in four languages
1317:
Neujahrsblatt der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich
214:
27:
Swiss physician, bibliographer and naturalist (1516–1565)
1587:: For prefatory letter to Jacob Avienus in translation,
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1865:
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1861:
1859:
1857:
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Gessner's first work was a Latin-Greek Dictionary, the
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Springer, Katharina B.; Kinzelbach, Ragnar K. (2008).
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2001:
1999:
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333:. Religious persecution forced him to leave Paris for
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Paper Machines: About Cards & Catalogs, 1548-1929
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Provincial governor and a leader of Swiss protestants
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There was extreme religious tension at the time that
223:
220:
3669:
The Natural History of Horses, with Memoir of Gesner
2682:
Leu, Urs; Keller, Raffael; Weidmann, Sandra (2008).
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
1920:
1918:
1364:
are named after him. A genus of moths is also named
1020:
Mithridates. De differentiis linguarum [...]
858:
Lexicon Graeco-Latinum, ex Phavorini Camertis Lexico
636:(1634), finally appearing in English translation as
589:, an account of about 130 known languages, with the
4691:
4596:
4426:
4274:
4180:
4107:
4098:
3962:
3894:
3781:
3301:(in German). Hochbaudepartement, Stadt Zürich. 2017
3121:Cannon, Barbara; Nedergaard, Jan (21 August 2008).
1479:is used to indicate this person as the author when
1031:
In hoc volumine continentur ....De hortus Germaniae
676:
Pandectarum sive partitionum universalium libri xxi
211:
184:
166:
143:
129:
119:
108:
92:
74:
45:
2948:The Naturalist's Library Volume 20 Mammals: Horses
2770:Manning, Gideon; Klestinec, Cynthia, eds. (2017).
2722:
1716:
1714:
613:A number of other works appeared after his death (
3639:
3700:Library digitised the so-called Gessner albums (
3633:
3627:
3033:
2512:(PhD thesis). Department of History of Science,
1951:
3080:Gessner, Conrad (Also Konrad Gesner, 1516–1565)
2870:The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy
2348:
1963:
1656:: Considered to be the first critical edition (
4864:Converts to Lutheranism from Roman Catholicism
3123:"Developmental biology: Neither fat nor flesh"
2986:The history of four-footed beasts and serpents
1705:
1504:The name has a number of spellings, including
4076:
4002:History of the creation-evolution controversy
3754:
3046:
674:A second part, a thematic index to the work,
8:
3507:Insectorvm Sive Minimorum Animalivm Theatrvm
2336:
2020:
1897:
1151:Insectorvm Sive Minimorum Animalivm Theatrvm
634:Insectorum sive minimorum animalium theatrum
434:
4614:Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom
3375:Parrott-Sheffer, Chelsey (20 August 2008).
3017:The dedication strategies of Conrad Gessner
2222:
1635:Descriptio Montis Fracti sive Montis Pilati
812:
760:
748:
738:
719:
703:
553:
454:Descriptio Montis Fracti sive Montis Pilati
269:
151:
4104:
4083:
4069:
4061:
3761:
3747:
3739:
1670:M. Antonini philosophia de seipso seu vita
1122:Geßner, Conrad; Heußlich, Rudolff (1600).
1114:Geßner, Conrat; Carronus, Jacobus (1589).
983:Piscium & aquatilium animantium natura
919:Pandectarum sive Partitionum ... libri XXI
646:History of Four-Footed Beasts and Serpents
53:
42:
4799:16th-century deaths from plague (disease)
4032:Relationship between religion and science
3151:
3071:
2237:
2143:
2071:
1642:
1592:
4265:Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes
2632:Krajewski, Markus; Krapp, Peter (2011).
2324:
2312:
2032:
1873:
1831:
1819:
1680:, accompanied by a Latin translation by
1540:derives incorrectly from the Latin form
1092:Gäßner, Cůnradt; Forer, Cůnradt (1575).
838:
491:), as well as plants such as the tulip (
242:26 March 1516 – 13 December 1565) was a
4741:
3404:Pettitt, George A. (18 February 2014).
3008:
2276:
2210:
2167:
2119:
2095:
2083:
2059:
2044:
2005:
1990:
1936:
1885:
1848:
1766:
1743:
1698:
1672:: Gessner used a Greek manuscript, the
1565:
1497:
1429:banknotes issued between 1978 and 1994.
890:. Zurich: Apud Christoph. Froschoverum.
868:Libellus de lacte et operibus lactariis
587:Mithridates. De differentiis linguarum
460:(1920 m), the lowest point in the
445:Libellus de lacte et operibus lactariis
3531:
3521:
3086:
2588:Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Zürich
2300:
2288:
2256:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 287.
2131:
2107:
1800:
1654:Claudii Aeliani praenestini pontificis
1312:Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Zürich
1103:Geßner, Cůnrat; Forer, Cůnrat (1583).
1043:Geßner, Cůnrat; Forer, Cůnrat (1563).
3679:Images from Icones Animalium... 1560.
3470:Origins of modernity: Natural history
2963:Springer Science & Business Media
2950:. London: W.H. Lizars. pp. 1–58.
2474:Brummitt, R.K.; Powell, C.E. (1992).
2198:
1924:
1909:
1301:. A year after his death, his friend
1289:of Conrad Gessner under the title of
922:. Zurich: Christophorus Froschoverus.
902:. Zurich: Christophorum Froschouerum.
776:Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
620:
7:
3646:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
2606:(in German). Zürich: Kindler Verlag.
1720:
4854:Academic staff of Carolinum, Zürich
4492:The Naturalist on the River Amazons
3706:fish and other creatures of the sea
3592:North, Michael (23 November 2015).
3543:Gesner, Conrad (25 February 2015).
2895:Gärten: Ordnung, Inspiration, Glück
2799:. Skyhorse Publishing. p. 89.
2797:The Library: An Illustrated History
2179:
2155:
842:
546:His next major work was his unique
3909:Central dogma of molecular biology
3428:"Gesner [Gessner], Konrad"
2611:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
1309:in Zurich, which later became the
25:
3575:. Keio University. Archived from
770:, English court physician to the
598:
526:(wild strawberry), from Gessner's
377:Conrad Gessner was a Renaissance
4756:
4744:
4682:
4045:
4044:
2898:(in German). Frankfurt am Main:
2685:Conrad Gessner's Private Library
2521:
2396:. New York: Garland Publishing.
207:
4724:List of natural history dealers
4392:The Natural History of Selborne
3334:Scott, Michon (26 March 2017).
3058:. Routledge. pp. 265–266.
2390:Applebaum, Wilbur, ed. (2000).
2362:International Plant Names Index
1425:Gessner was featured on the 50
1285:published a translation of the
541:Magnum ac perutile dictionarium
4626:Adaptive Coloration in Animals
3934:One gene–one enzyme hypothesis
3600:. National Library of Medicine
3034:Manning & Klestinec (2017)
3020:. Springer. pp. 169–210.
2552:Dewald, Jonathan, ed. (2004).
1660:) of the works of this author
1589:On the admiration of mountains
34:. For the German cyclist, see
30:For the Episcopal bishop, see
1:
4794:16th-century Swiss physicians
4789:16th-century writers in Latin
3721:– digital facsimile from the
3661:Lexicon on art in Switzerland
3594:"An early look at the Turkey"
3426:Westfall, Richard S. (1993).
3281:Biodiversity Heritage Library
3052:Pyle, CM (16 December 2003).
2892:Schulze, Sabine, ed. (2006).
2795:Murray, Stuart A. P. (2009).
2716:(in German). Münchner Drucke.
2713:Konrad Gesner: Leben und Werk
2438:Bay, Jens Christian (1963) .
830:List of selected publications
632:brought it to publication as
64:
4809:16th-century Swiss botanists
3553:National Library of Medicine
3277:"Gessner, Conrad, 1516–1565"
3189:10.1093/library/s5-XXI.4.269
2867:Schmitt, C. B., ed. (1988).
2444:. Kraus Reprint Corporation.
1952:Cannon & Nedergaard 2008
1604:Historiae plantarum et vires
1399:Old Botanical Garden, Zürich
1384:Old Botanical Garden, Zürich
877:Historiae plantarum et vires
381:, a physician, philosopher,
186:Author abbrev. (botany)
4814:16th-century lexicographers
4382:Bernard Germain de Lacépède
3221:Archives of Natural History
3199:Archives of Natural History
3055:Gessner, Conrad (1516–1565)
2822:University of Chicago Press
2761:. Vol. 1. p. 306.
2665:University of Chicago Press
1293:. Amongst his students was
992:Thesaurus Euonymi Philiatri
566:Historia plantarum et vires
307:seminary. There he studied
296:Gessner first attended the
4880:
4829:Linguists from Switzerland
4804:16th-century Swiss writers
4404:A History of British Birds
3654:"Gessner, Conrad (Konrad)"
3510:. University of Goettingen
3460:. University of Amsterdam.
3315:"Conrad Gessner 1516–2016"
3262:10.3366/jsbnh.1975.7.2.151
3212:10.3366/anh.2002.29.1.119a
3014:Blair, Ann (15 May 2017).
2902:, and Hatje Cantz Verlag.
2875:Cambridge University Press
2814:Ogilvie, Brian W. (2008).
2657:Kusukawa, Sachiko (2012).
2617:Hanhart, Johannes (1824).
2482:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1706:Brummitt & Powell 1992
1637:: For English translation
1307:Physikalische Gesellschaft
788:
688:
658:
29:
4719:Natural History Societies
4680:
4587:The Royal Natural History
4439:Ornithological Dictionary
4348:Johan Christian Fabricius
4040:
1382:Conrad Gessner memorial,
1001:Corpus Venetum de Balneis
429:After 1554 he became the
414:University of Montpellier
399:the newly founded academy
303:, then later entered the
196:
159:
138:University of Montpellier
103:Zürich, Swiss Confederacy
52:
4565:The Naturalist's Library
4468:On the Origin of Species
3728:Conrad Gessner at enotes
3299:"Kreuzgang Grossmünster"
3039:Freye, H.A; Thenius, E.
2758:Species Plantarum vol. 1
2600:Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Irenäus
2580:Conrad Gessner 1516–1565
1898:Freye & Thenius 1977
1434:Zentralbibliothek Zürich
1267:The new Iewell of Health
1243:(1937). Dock, W. (ed.).
456:of his excursion to the
268:1545–1549) and zoology (
4834:Swiss mountain climbers
4699:Natural history museums
4301:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
3411:Encyclopædia Britannica
3382:Encyclopædia Britannica
3362:. University of Chicago
3183:. s5-XXI (4): 269–281.
3117:70, no. 1 (2017): 1–43.
3003:Printing and censorship
2936:Smith, Charles Hamilton
2577:Fischer, Hans (1966a).
2560:Charles Scribner's Sons
2544:Encyclopædia Britannica
2503:Buss, Jared S. (2014).
1447:Bibliotheca universalis
935:Partitiones theologicae
927:Bibliotheca universalis
910:Bibliotheca universalis
668:Bibliotheca universalis
661:Bibliotheca universalis
653:Bibliotheca universalis
422:, the precursor of the
265:Bibliotheca universalis
148:Bibliotheca universalis
36:Konrad Geßner (cyclist)
4849:Renaissance scientists
4824:Scientists from Zürich
4551:William Jackson Hooker
4499:Alexander von Humboldt
4416:Philosophie zoologique
4199:Pinax theatri botanici
3954:Spontaneous generation
3904:Germ theory of disease
3881:Zoology (through 1859)
3715:Gesner, Conrad (1565)
3674:Charles Hamilton Smith
2514:University of Oklahoma
2498:Authors of Plant Names
2477:Authors of Plant Names
2449:Blair, Ann M. (2010).
2411:Backus, Irena (2016).
1978:Galaxy Science Fiction
1676:, of Marcus Aurelius'
1573:Lexicon Graeco-Latinum
1386:
1350:, in his honour. The
1270:
813:
774:and second founder of
761:
749:
739:
720:
711:
704:
638:The Theatre of Insects
554:
537:Lexicon Graeco-Latinum
532:
435:
270:
239:
152:
4637:The Study of Instinct
4576:Kunstformen der Natur
4480:The Malay Archipelago
4475:Alfred Russel Wallace
4411:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
3975:Philosophy of biology
3621: Urs B. Leu:
3545:"Historiae Animalium"
3319:Swiss National Museum
3293:listing of works held
3233:10.3366/anh.2000.0002
3115:Renaissance Quarterly
2850:Bloomsbury Publishing
2586:(in German). Zurich:
2457:Yale University Press
2250:Pavord, Anna (2008).
1381:
1264:
965:Quadrupedes vivipares
953:— (1551–1558).
944:Appendix bibliothecae
698:
520:
369:on 13 December 1565.
365:, the year after his
327:University of Bourges
4556:Joseph Dalton Hooker
4509:The Birds of America
4007:Human Genome Project
3919:Great chain of being
3886:Zoology (since 1859)
3821:Evolutionary thought
3791:Agricultural science
3698:Amsterdam University
3474:University of Sydney
3360:Encyclopaedia Romana
3047:Grzimek et al (1977)
2423:. pp. 157–161.
2349:National Museum 2016
1964:Parrott-Sheffer 2008
1643:Works in translation
1593:Works in translation
1232:Works in translation
971:Quadrupedes ovipares
617:), some long after (
507:brown adipose tissue
424:University of Zürich
4819:Christian Hebraists
4604:Martinus Beijerinck
4147:De Natura Animalium
4012:Humboldtian science
3949:Sequence hypothesis
3856:Molecular evolution
3689:15 May 2018 at the
3432:The Galileo Project
3144:2008Natur.454..947C
3043:. pp. 204–211.
2989:. London: E. Cotes.
2721:Ley, Willy (1968).
1623:Catalogus plantarum
1561:Bibliographic notes
1470:author abbreviation
1299:Historiae animalium
956:Historiae animalium
706:Historiae animalium
570:Catalogus plantarum
556:Historiae animalium
405:(then belonging to
347:University of Basel
331:University of Paris
309:classical languages
134:University of Basel
4709:Parson-naturalists
4541:Philip Henry Gosse
4504:John James Audubon
4487:Henry Walter Bates
4375:Histoire Naturelle
4363:Historia Plantarum
4251:Avium Praecipuarum
4235:Historia animalium
4136:Historia Plantarum
4124:History of Animals
4022:Natural philosophy
3970:History of science
3770:History of biology
3723:Linda Hall Library
2940:"Memoir of Gesner"
2539:Gesner, Konrad von
1457:Historia Plantarum
1452:Historia Animalium
1387:
1271:
1202:. Zurich: Gesneri.
1190:Aelianus, Claudius
1038:: Iosias Rihelius.
814:Historia animalium
801:Historia plantarum
791:Historia plantarum
783:Historia plantarum
762:Historia animalium
750:Historia animalium
740:Historia animalium
722:Historia animalium
712:
691:Historia animalium
683:Historia animalium
575:Historia plantarum
533:
529:Historia plantarum
272:Historia animalium
153:Historia animalium
4839:Swiss naturalists
4732:
4731:
4678:
4677:
4296:Marcello Malpighi
4190:Ulisse Aldrovandi
4170:De Materia Medica
4058:
4057:
3924:Hierarchy of life
3871:Plant systematics
3851:Molecular biology
3567:Gessner, Conrad.
3549:Turning the Pages
3005:. pp. 25–53.
3001:D'Amico, John F.
2972:978-3-540-85284-1
2930:: C Froschoverum.
2909:978-3-7757-1870-7
2884:978-0-521-39748-3
2831:978-0-226-62086-2
2787:978-3-319-56514-9
2765:Species Plantarum
2753:Tulipa gesneriana
2699:978-90-474-3350-7
2674:978-0-226-46529-6
2649:978-0-262-29727-1
2596:Grzimek, Bernhard
2569:978-0-684-31206-4
2466:978-0-300-16849-5
2430:978-1-317-10518-3
2403:978-1-135-58255-5
2337:Stadt Zürich 2017
2021:Gessner 1551–1558
1980:. pp. 88–98.
1585:Libellus de lacte
1542:Conradus Gesnerus
1536:. The single-"s"
1526:Conrad von Gesner
1462:History of botany
1414:Carolinum, Zürich
1334:Tulipa gesneriana
1017:— (1555a).
875:— (1541b).
866:— (1541a).
755:Claudius Aelianus
604:Claudius Aelianus
494:Tulipa gesneriana
473:Rattus norvegicus
395:natural historian
355:Arnoldus Arlenius
240:Conradus Gesnerus
200:
199:
161:Scientific career
124:Carolinum, Zürich
86:Swiss Confederacy
16:(Redirected from
4871:
4844:Swiss zoologists
4761:
4760:
4759:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4740:
4686:
4659:The Dancing Bees
4583:Richard Lydekker
4531:Jean-Henri Fabre
4516:William Buckland
4321:Regnier de Graaf
4215:Andrea Cesalpino
4105:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4062:
4048:
4047:
4027:Natural theology
3763:
3756:
3749:
3740:
3664:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3539:
3533:
3529:
3527:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3461:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3356:"Conrad Gessner"
3350:
3348:
3346:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3265:
3244:
3215:
3192:
3173:
3155:
3127:
3110:
3084:
3072:Applebaum (2000)
3069:
3044:
3031:
3006:
2990:
2976:
2951:
2944:Jardine, William
2931:
2913:
2888:
2863:
2835:
2810:
2791:
2762:
2744:
2728:
2717:
2703:
2678:
2653:
2628:
2607:
2591:
2585:
2573:
2548:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2517:
2511:
2495:
2470:
2445:
2434:
2407:
2384:Books and theses
2372:
2371:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2009:
2003:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1852:
1846:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1783:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1747:
1741:
1724:
1718:
1709:
1703:
1688:
1682:Wilhelm Holtzman
1667:
1661:
1651:
1645:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1601:
1595:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1554:
1551:
1545:
1502:
1488:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1265:Title page from
1251:
1234:
1233:
1225:
1208:Aurelius, Marcus
1203:
1183:
1182:
1174:
1155:
1154:. London: Cotes.
1129:
1118:
1110:
1099:
1056:
1055:
1054:Posthumous works
1047:
1039:
1028:— (1561).
1024:
1013:
1008:— (1555).
1004:
999:— (1553).
995:
990:— (1552).
960:
947:
942:— (1555).
938:
933:— (1549).
923:
916:— (1548).
903:
895:— (1545).
891:
884:— (1542).
880:
871:
862:
861:. Basel: Walder.
817:came out. Under
816:
764:
752:
742:
725:
714:Gessner's great
709:
621:Posthumous works
559:
501:, and called it
438:
339:Battle of Kappel
275:
233:
232:
229:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
155:
99:
96:13 December 1565
69:
66:
57:
43:
32:Conrad H. Gesner
21:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4757:
4755:
4745:
4743:
4735:
4733:
4728:
4687:
4674:
4655:Karl von Frisch
4592:
4561:William Jardine
4451:Le Règne Animal
4422:
4370:Comte de Buffon
4331:Systema Naturae
4270:
4242:Frederik Ruysch
4220:Valerius Cordus
4210:Hieronymus Bock
4176:
4158:Natural History
4153:Pliny the Elder
4110:
4100:
4094:
4092:Natural history
4089:
4059:
4054:
4036:
4017:Natural history
3958:
3896:
3890:
3846:Model organisms
3783:
3777:
3767:
3737:
3691:Wayback Machine
3652:
3617:
3612:
3603:
3601:
3598:Circulating Now
3591:
3582:
3580:
3579:on 6 March 2012
3566:
3557:
3555:
3542:
3530:
3520:
3513:
3511:
3488:
3479:
3477:
3464:
3456:
3440:
3438:
3436:Rice University
3425:
3416:
3414:
3406:"Conrad Gesner"
3403:
3387:
3385:
3374:
3365:
3363:
3353:
3344:
3342:
3336:"Conrad Gesner"
3333:
3324:
3322:
3313:
3304:
3302:
3297:
3285:
3283:
3275:
3272:
3247:
3218:
3195:
3176:
3153:10.1038/454947a
3138:(7207): 947–8.
3125:
3120:
3102:Bibliothecae.it
3098:
3095:
3076:
3066:
3051:
3038:
3028:
3013:
3000:
2997:
2981:Topsell, Edward
2979:
2973:
2954:
2934:
2916:
2910:
2891:
2885:
2866:
2860:
2838:
2832:
2813:
2807:
2794:
2788:
2778:Springer Nature
2769:
2747:
2741:
2725:Dawn of Zoology
2720:
2706:
2700:
2681:
2675:
2656:
2650:
2631:
2616:
2594:
2583:
2576:
2570:
2551:
2537:, ed. (1911). "
2533:
2522:
2520:
2509:
2502:
2492:
2473:
2467:
2448:
2437:
2431:
2410:
2404:
2389:
2386:
2380:
2378:Further reading
2375:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2335:
2331:
2323:
2319:
2311:
2307:
2299:
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2236:
2232:
2221:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2197:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2166:
2162:
2154:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2130:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2058:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2019:
2012:
2004:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1946:
1935:
1931:
1923:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1855:
1847:
1838:
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1826:
1818:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1750:
1742:
1727:
1719:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1686:editio princeps
1674:Codex Palatinus
1668:
1664:
1658:editio princeps
1652:
1648:
1633:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1612:Pliny the Elder
1602:
1598:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1514:Conradi Gesneri
1503:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1443:
1376:
1360:and its family
1352:flowering plant
1325:
1259:
1254:
1241:Gessner, Conrad
1239:
1231:
1230:
1212:Gessner, Conrad
1206:
1194:Gessner, Conrad
1188:
1180:
1179:
1160:Gessner, Conrad
1158:
1132:
1121:
1113:
1102:
1091:
1078:vertolmetschet.
1053:
1052:
1042:
1027:
1023:. Froschoverus.
1016:
1007:
998:
989:
952:
941:
932:
915:
894:
883:
874:
865:
853:Gessner, Conrad
851:
839:Wellisch (1975)
832:
809:
797:wood engravings
793:
787:
693:
687:
663:
657:
608:Marcus Aurelius
568:(1541) and the
562:wood engravings
515:
503:Tulipa turcarum
481:Cavia porcellus
375:
311:, appearing as
287:
210:
206:
130:Alma mater
104:
101:
97:
88:
79:
70:
67:
48:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4877:
4875:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4859:Bibliographers
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
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4771:
4770:
4766:
4765:
4753:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4706:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4688:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4665:Ronald Lockley
4662:
4652:
4640:
4633:Niko Tinbergen
4630:
4618:
4606:
4600:
4598:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4580:
4568:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4501:
4496:
4484:
4472:
4463:Charles Darwin
4460:
4455:
4446:Georges Cuvier
4443:
4434:George Montagu
4430:
4428:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4408:
4396:
4384:
4379:
4367:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4323:
4318:
4316:Jan Swammerdam
4313:
4308:
4306:William Derham
4303:
4298:
4293:
4280:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4258:
4247:William Turner
4244:
4239:
4230:Conrad Gessner
4227:
4225:Leonhart Fuchs
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4195:Gaspard Bauhin
4192:
4186:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4162:
4150:
4140:
4128:
4115:
4113:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4065:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3972:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3900:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3787:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3743:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3713:
3694:
3681:
3676:
3665:
3650:
3643:in the online
3623:Konrad Gessner
3618:
3616:
3615:External links
3613:
3611:
3610:
3589:
3564:
3540:
3532:|website=
3502:Muffet, Thomas
3494:Gesner, Conrad
3490:Wotton, Edward
3486:
3462:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3423:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3372:
3354:Grout, James.
3351:
3331:
3311:
3295:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3256:(2): 151–247.
3245:
3227:(2): 175–186.
3216:
3206:(1): 119–120.
3193:
3174:
3118:
3111:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3074:
3064:
3049:
3036:
3026:
3011:
3009:Schmitt (1988)
2996:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2983:, ed. (1658).
2977:
2971:
2952:
2932:
2918:Simler, Josias
2914:
2908:
2889:
2883:
2864:
2858:
2836:
2830:
2811:
2806:978-1616084530
2805:
2792:
2786:
2767:
2749:Linnaeus, Carl
2745:
2739:
2718:
2704:
2698:
2679:
2673:
2654:
2648:
2629:
2614:
2592:
2574:
2568:
2549:
2535:Chisholm, Hugh
2518:
2500:
2490:
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2435:
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2305:
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2281:
2269:
2262:
2242:
2238:Leu et al 2008
2230:
2215:
2203:
2184:
2172:
2160:
2148:
2144:Modernity 2017
2136:
2124:
2112:
2100:
2088:
2076:
2072:Gesnerus 1555a
2064:
2049:
2037:
2025:
2010:
1995:
1983:
1968:
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1944:
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1577:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1546:
1506:Konrad Gessner
1496:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1485:botanical name
1466:
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1454:
1449:
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1252:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1226:
1224:: F. Gesnerum.
1204:
1185:
1184:
1176:
1175:
1156:
1146:Muffet, Thomas
1138:Gesner, Conrad
1134:Wotton, Edward
1130:
1119:
1111:
1100:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1074:
1062:Schatz Euonymi
1058:
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1049:
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1005:
996:
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913:
892:
881:
872:
863:
848:
847:
846:
831:
828:
808:
805:
789:Main article:
786:
780:
689:Main article:
686:
680:
659:Main article:
656:
650:
642:Edward Topsell
523:Fragaria vesca
514:
511:
431:city physician
383:encyclopaedist
374:
371:
286:
283:
260:city physician
203:Conrad Gessner
198:
197:
194:
193:
188:
182:
181:
168:
164:
163:
157:
156:
145:
144:Known for
141:
140:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
110:
106:
105:
102:
100:(aged 49)
94:
90:
89:
80:
76:
72:
71:
61:Tobias Stimmer
58:
50:
49:
47:Conrad Gessner
46:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4876:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
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4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
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4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4764:
4754:
4752:
4742:
4738:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4710:
4707:
4704:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4690:
4685:
4670:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4648:On Aggression
4644:
4643:Konrad Lorenz
4641:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4609:Abbott Thayer
4607:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4595:
4588:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4571:Ernst Haeckel
4569:
4566:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4536:Louis Agassiz
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4521:Charles Lyell
4519:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4458:William Smith
4456:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4399:Thomas Bewick
4397:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4387:Gilbert White
4385:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4338:Georg Steller
4336:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4326:Carl Linnaeus
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4276:Enlightenment
4273:
4266:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4228:
4226:
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4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4205:Otto Brunfels
4203:
4200:
4196:
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4179:
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4120:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4106:
4103:
4097:
4093:
4086:
4081:
4079:
4074:
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4067:
4066:
4063:
4051:
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4042:
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4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3981:
3978:
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3973:
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3968:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3955:
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3834:
3832:
3829:
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3812:
3809:
3807:
3806:Biotechnology
3804:
3802:
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3792:
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3764:
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3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
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3720:
3719:
3714:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3702:press release
3699:
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3688:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3662:
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3570:
3565:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3541:
3537:
3525:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3498:Penny, Thomas
3495:
3491:
3487:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3413:
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3407:
3402:
3401:
3397:
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3384:
3383:
3378:
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3361:
3357:
3352:
3341:
3337:
3332:
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3316:
3312:
3300:
3296:
3294:
3282:
3278:
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3273:
3269:
3263:
3259:
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3251:
3246:
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3234:
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3226:
3222:
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3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3200:
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3186:
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3175:
3171:
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3159:
3154:
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3145:
3141:
3137:
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3132:
3124:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3087:Dewald (2004)
3082:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3067:
3065:9781135582555
3061:
3057:
3056:
3050:
3048:
3042:
3041:Die Nagetiere
3037:
3035:
3029:
3027:9783319565149
3023:
3019:
3018:
3012:
3010:
3004:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2964:
2961:(in German).
2960:
2959:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2901:
2900:Städel Museum
2897:
2896:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2865:
2861:
2859:0-7475-4296-1
2855:
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2766:
2760:
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2742:
2740:9786000386634
2736:
2732:
2731:Prentice-Hall
2727:
2726:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2691:
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2666:
2662:
2661:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2630:
2626:
2623:(in German).
2622:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2581:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2530:public domain
2519:
2515:
2508:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2493:
2491:1-84246-085-4
2487:
2483:
2479:
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2472:
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2422:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2399:
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2369:
2368:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2325:Linnaeus 1753
2321:
2318:
2314:
2313:Fischer 1966a
2309:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2270:
2265:
2263:9781596919655
2259:
2255:
2254:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2216:
2213:, p. 38.
2212:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2033:Gessner 1541b
2029:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1874:Wellisch 1975
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1832:Gessner 1541a
1828:
1825:
1821:
1820:Chisholm 1911
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1803:, p. 89.
1802:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1522:Conrad Gesner
1519:
1518:Conrad Geßner
1515:
1511:
1510:Konrad Gesner
1507:
1501:
1498:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1471:
1468:The standard
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1395:herbal garden
1393:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1380:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1329:Carl Linnaeus
1322:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1303:Josias Simler
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1142:Penny, Thomas
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1002:
997:
993:
988:
984:
980:
978:
974:
972:
968:
966:
962:
961:
958:
957:
951:
945:
940:
936:
931:
930:
929:
928:
921:
920:
914:
912:
911:
907:
901:
900:
893:
889:
888:
882:
878:
873:
869:
864:
860:
859:
854:
850:
849:
845:
844:
840:
834:
833:
829:
827:
824:
823:Pauline Index
820:
815:
806:
804:
802:
798:
792:
784:
781:
779:
777:
773:
769:
763:
758:
756:
751:
745:
741:
735:
733:
729:
724:
723:
717:
708:
707:
701:
697:
692:
684:
681:
679:
677:
672:
670:
669:
662:
654:
651:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
630:Thomas Muffet
627:
623:
622:
616:
611:
609:
605:
602:), including
601:
600:
594:
593:
592:Lord's Prayer
588:
584:
579:
577:
576:
571:
567:
563:
558:
557:
551:
550:
544:
542:
538:
531:
530:
525:
524:
519:
512:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
462:Pilatus chain
459:
455:
450:
446:
442:
437:
432:
427:
425:
421:
420:
415:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
387:bibliographer
384:
380:
372:
370:
368:
364:
358:
356:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
323:
318:
315:(Poverty) in
314:
310:
306:
302:
300:
294:
292:
284:
282:
279:
274:
273:
267:
266:
261:
257:
253:
252:bibliographer
249:
245:
241:
237:
231:
204:
195:
192:
189:
187:
183:
180:
176:
172:
169:
165:
162:
158:
154:
149:
146:
142:
139:
135:
132:
128:
125:
122:
118:
114:
111:
109:Resting place
107:
95:
91:
87:
83:
78:26 March 1516
77:
73:
62:
56:
51:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Konrad Gesner
4668:
4658:
4646:
4636:
4624:
4621:Hugh B. Cott
4612:
4597:20th century
4586:
4574:
4564:
4507:
4490:
4478:
4466:
4449:
4437:
4427:19th century
4414:
4402:
4390:
4373:
4361:
4353:James Hutton
4343:Joseph Banks
4329:
4289:Micrographia
4287:
4284:Robert Hooke
4264:
4254:
4250:
4233:
4229:
4198:
4168:
4156:
4146:
4134:
4131:Theophrastus
4122:
3861:Paleontology
3801:Biochemistry
3717:
3668:
3657:
3644:
3622:
3602:. Retrieved
3597:
3583:27 September
3581:. Retrieved
3577:the original
3572:
3558:26 September
3556:. Retrieved
3548:
3512:. Retrieved
3506:
3493:
3480:27 September
3478:. Retrieved
3469:
3441:30 September
3439:. Retrieved
3431:
3417:26 September
3415:. Retrieved
3409:
3386:. Retrieved
3380:
3366:28 September
3364:. Retrieved
3359:
3345:27 September
3343:. Retrieved
3339:
3325:27 September
3323:. Retrieved
3305:27 September
3303:. Retrieved
3292:
3284:. Retrieved
3253:
3249:
3224:
3220:
3203:
3197:
3178:
3135:
3129:
3114:
3106:
3100:
3079:
3054:
3040:
3016:
3002:
2985:
2957:
2947:
2926:(in Latin).
2922:
2894:
2869:
2844:
2840:Pavord, Anna
2816:
2796:
2772:
2757:
2752:
2724:
2712:
2684:
2659:
2634:
2619:
2608:
2603:
2579:
2554:
2542:
2505:
2476:
2451:
2440:
2416:
2392:
2367: Gesner
2366:
2356:
2344:
2332:
2320:
2308:
2296:
2284:
2277:Platter 2017
2272:
2252:
2245:
2233:
2223:D'Amico 1988
2218:
2211:Schulze 2006
2206:
2175:
2168:Gessner 1548
2163:
2151:
2139:
2127:
2120:Topsell 1658
2115:
2103:
2096:Gessner 1559
2091:
2084:Gessner 1556
2079:
2067:
2060:Gessner 1754
2045:Gessner 1542
2040:
2028:
2006:Gessner 1545
1991:Gessner 1541
1986:
1977:
1971:
1959:
1947:
1937:Gessner 1561
1932:
1905:
1893:
1886:Gessner 1555
1881:
1849:Gessner 1937
1827:
1796:
1787:
1779:
1774:
1767:Pettitt 2014
1744:Fischer 1966
1701:
1685:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1653:
1649:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1603:
1599:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1427:Swiss francs
1419:Grossmünster
1417:
1402:
1391:
1365:
1362:Gesneriaceae
1355:
1342:
1339:type species
1332:
1326:
1316:
1310:
1306:
1298:
1295:Felix Plater
1290:
1286:
1283:George Baker
1280:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1245:
1240:
1216:
1211:
1198:
1193:
1181:Edited works
1164:
1159:
1150:
1137:
1124:
1115:
1105:
1094:
1076:
1067:
1064:, 1582/1583
1061:
1044:
1030:
1019:
1009:
1000:
991:
982:
977:Avium natura
976:
970:
964:
954:
943:
934:
925:
918:
908:
905:
897:
886:
876:
867:
857:
852:
836:
819:Pope Paul IV
810:
800:
794:
785:(unfinished)
782:
759:
746:
736:
731:
713:
682:
675:
673:
666:
664:
652:
645:
637:
633:
626:Thomas Penny
618:
615:posthumously
612:
599:Edited works
596:
590:
586:
580:
573:
569:
565:
547:
545:
540:
536:
534:
527:
521:
513:Publications
502:
492:
488:
480:
472:
466:
453:
444:
428:
418:
411:
376:
359:
351:
320:
317:Aristophanes
298:
295:
288:
263:
202:
201:
190:
179:bibliography
160:
147:
113:Grossmünster
98:(1565-12-13)
59:Portrait by
40:
4784:1565 deaths
4779:1516 births
4751:Switzerland
4669:Shearwaters
4526:Mary Anning
4311:Hans Sloane
4261:John Gerard
4255:New Herball
4182:Renaissance
4165:Dioscorides
4101:naturalists
3987:Ethnobotany
3876:RNA biology
3784:disciplines
3569:"Thierbuch"
3180:The Library
3109:(1): 19–61.
2301:Simler 1566
2289:Backus 2016
2132:Jessop 2002
2108:Muffet 1634
1941:p. 212
1801:Murray 2009
1678:Meditations
1608:Dioscorides
1370:after him.
1036:Argentorati
924:, see also
685:(1551–1558)
655:(1545–1549)
606:(1556) and
549:Bibliotheca
391:philologist
367:ennoblement
305:Fraumünster
256:philologist
246:physician,
68: 1564
4773:Categories
4099:Pioneering
3929:Lamarckism
3836:Immunology
3077:Pyle, CM.
2848:. London:
2708:Ley, Willy
2627:: Steiner.
2625:Winterthur
2227:p. 46
2199:Scott 2017
1925:Grout 2017
1910:North 2015
1694:References
843:BHL (2017)
807:Censorship
768:John Caius
728:quadrupeds
716:zoological
477:guinea pig
458:Gnepfstein
335:Strasbourg
248:naturalist
4763:Biography
4119:Aristotle
4111:antiquity
4109:Classical
3997:Dysgenics
3980:Teleology
3944:RNA world
3939:Protocell
3914:Darwinism
3895:Theories,
3866:Phycology
3696:In 2012,
3604:1 October
3534:ignored (
3524:cite book
3398:Biography
3388:3 October
3286:2 October
3170:205040511
2845:The Tulip
2763:see also
2751:(1753). "
2640:MIT Press
2609:see also
2496:see also
2421:Routledge
1721:Pyle 2000
1403:see image
1374:Memorials
1192:(1565) .
1171:Nuremberg
855:(1541) .
732:Thierbůch
700:Porcupine
489:Meleagris
469:brown rat
441:snow-line
436:Stadtarzt
419:Carolinum
301:in Zürich
299:Carolinum
120:Education
4546:Asa Gray
4358:John Ray
4050:Category
3992:Eugenics
3897:concepts
3841:Medicine
3826:Genetics
3774:timeline
3687:Archived
3500:(1634).
3377:"Pencil"
3321:, Zurich
3270:Websites
3241:15309750
3162:18719573
3093:Articles
2995:Chapters
2938:(1866).
2920:(1566).
2842:(1999).
2710:(1929).
2180:TTP 2015
2156:GDZ 2017
1441:See also
1410:cloister
1367:Gesneria
1357:Gesneria
1327:In 1753
1287:Evonymus
1281:In 1576
1210:(1559).
1144:(1634).
906:see also
648:(1658).
628:, until
610:(1559).
583:linguist
499:Augsberg
403:Lausanne
379:polymath
349:(1536).
115:, Zürich
4737:Portals
3963:Related
3831:Geology
3816:Ecology
3796:Anatomy
3782:Fields,
3710:mammals
3640:Italian
3514:18 June
3504:(ed.).
3476:Library
3451:Zoology
3140:Bibcode
2946:(ed.).
2532::
1530:Cuonrat
1416:in the
1412:in the
1397:at the
1392:Gessner
1341:of the
1323:Eponomy
1214:(ed.).
1196:(ed.).
1148:(ed.).
1080:, 1583
1070:, 1582
361:of the
291:furrier
175:zoology
4692:Topics
4143:Aelian
3811:Botany
3659:SIKART
3634:French
3628:German
3239:
3168:
3160:
3131:Nature
3062:
3024:
2969:
2928:Tiguri
2906:
2881:
2856:
2828:
2803:
2784:
2737:
2696:
2671:
2646:
2566:
2526:
2488:
2463:
2427:
2400:
2260:
1641:, see
1591:, see
1538:Gesner
1534:Cunrat
1481:citing
1475:Gesner
1354:genus
1344:Tulipa
1337:, the
1331:named
1269:, 1576
1257:Legacy
1222:Tiguri
1085:Band 2
1082:Band 2
1072:Band 1
835:
772:Tudors
718:work,
710:, 1551
485:turkey
483:) and
449:Glarus
363:plague
322:Plutus
278:plague
254:, and
191:Gesner
171:Botany
167:Fields
82:Zürich
3166:S2CID
3126:(PDF)
3085:, in
3070:, in
3045:, in
3032:, in
3007:, in
2942:. In
2690:BRILL
2584:(PDF)
2510:(PDF)
1492:Notes
1348:genus
981:1558
975:1555
969:1554
963:1551
343:dowry
313:Penia
244:Swiss
236:Latin
4713:List
4703:List
3637:and
3625:in
3606:2017
3585:2017
3560:2017
3536:help
3516:2020
3482:2017
3443:2017
3419:2017
3390:2017
3368:2017
3347:2017
3327:2017
3307:2017
3288:2017
3237:PMID
3158:PMID
3060:ISBN
3022:ISBN
2967:ISBN
2904:ISBN
2879:ISBN
2854:ISBN
2826:ISBN
2801:ISBN
2782:ISBN
2735:ISBN
2694:ISBN
2669:ISBN
2644:ISBN
2564:ISBN
2486:ISBN
2461:ISBN
2425:ISBN
2398:ISBN
2258:ISBN
1532:and
1408:The
1390:The
837:see
821:the
619:see
597:see
407:Bern
373:Work
329:and
285:Life
177:and
150:and
93:Died
75:Born
3672:by
3258:doi
3229:doi
3208:doi
3185:doi
3148:doi
3136:454
2755:".
2541:".
1610:to
899:etc
737:In
644:'s
640:in
475:),
401:of
4775::
4253:,
3708:,
3656:.
3631:,
3596:.
3571:.
3551:.
3547:.
3528::
3526:}}
3522:{{
3496:;
3492:;
3472:.
3468:.
3434:.
3430:.
3408:.
3379:.
3358:.
3338:.
3317:.
3279:.
3252:.
3235:.
3225:27
3223:.
3204:29
3202:.
3164:.
3156:.
3146:.
3134:.
3128:.
3105:.
2965:.
2877:.
2873:.
2852:.
2824:.
2820:.
2780:.
2776:.
2733:.
2729:.
2692:.
2688:.
2667:.
2663:.
2642:.
2638:.
2598:;
2562:.
2558:.
2484:.
2480:.
2459:.
2455:.
2419:.
2415:.
2364:.
2225:,
2187:^
2052:^
2013:^
1998:^
1939:,
1917:^
1856:^
1839:^
1808:^
1751:^
1728:^
1713:^
1528:,
1524:,
1520:,
1516:,
1512:,
1508:,
1483:a
1220:.
1169:.
1140:;
1136:;
1034:.
904:,
841:,
757:.
702:,
464:.
426:.
393:,
389:,
385:,
319:'
250:,
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234:;
227:ər
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4739::
4715:)
4711:(
4705:)
4701:(
4671:)
4667:(
4661:)
4657:(
4651:)
4645:(
4639:)
4635:(
4629:)
4623:(
4617:)
4611:(
4589:)
4585:(
4579:)
4573:(
4567:)
4563:(
4512:)
4506:(
4495:)
4489:(
4483:)
4477:(
4471:)
4465:(
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4448:(
4442:)
4436:(
4419:)
4413:(
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4401:(
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4389:(
4378:)
4372:(
4366:)
4360:(
4334:)
4328:(
4292:)
4286:(
4267:)
4263:(
4257:)
4249:(
4238:)
4232:(
4201:)
4197:(
4173:)
4167:(
4161:)
4155:(
4149:)
4145:(
4139:)
4133:(
4127:)
4121:(
4084:e
4077:t
4070:v
3776:)
3772:(
3762:e
3755:t
3748:v
3712:.
3663:.
3649:.
3608:.
3587:.
3562:.
3538:)
3518:.
3484:.
3445:.
3421:.
3392:.
3370:.
3349:.
3329:.
3309:.
3290:.
3264:.
3260::
3254:7
3243:.
3231::
3214:.
3210::
3191:.
3187::
3172:.
3150::
3142::
3107:3
3083:.
3068:.
3030:.
2975:.
2912:.
2887:.
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