62:
570:
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450:
473:. Covering a total area of 124,000 square kilometres (48,000 sq mi), the joint Canadian–American team swept the area on foot and by air in Phase I from 24 January 1978 to 20 April 1978 and Phase II from 21 April 1978 to 15 October 1978. They were ultimately able to recover twelve large pieces of the satellite, ten of which were radioactive. These pieces displayed radioactivity of up to 1.1
273:
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556:
404:
10361, noticed Kosmos 954 making erratic manoeuvres, changing the altitude of its orbit by up to 50 miles, as its Soviet operators struggled to control their failing spacecraft. In secret meetings, Soviet officials warned their US counterparts that they had lost control over the vehicle, and that
416:
At 11:53 GMT on 24 January 1978, Kosmos 954 reentered the Earth's atmosphere while travelling on a northeastward track over western Canada. At first the USSR claimed that the satellite had been completely destroyed during re-entry, but later searches showed debris from the satellite had been
501:
also failed, dropping its reactor into the South
Atlantic in 1983. Subsequent RORSATs were equipped with a backup core ejection mechanism, when the primary mechanism failed on Kosmos 1900 in 1988, this system succeeded in raising the core to a safe disposal orbit.
543:
was released. It was hosted by Dëneze Nakehk'o, a veteran
Yellowknife-based Dené broadcast journalist, and produced by Aliya Pabani, and discussed the impact and aftermath of Kosmos 954 on the land and peoples where the debris fell.
535:
about the radioactive debris from the crashed satellite having created giant, mutant lobsters heading for the U.S. east coast. The story concluded with them invading the television studio at the show's end.
477:
per hour, yet they only comprised an estimated 1% of the fuel. One fragment had a radiation level of 500 R/h, which "is sufficient to kill a person ... remaining in contact with the piece for a few hours."
509:
warming event had been in progress during re-entry. The stratospheric warming was first documented by the US Army
Meteorological Rocket Network station at Poker Flat Research Range near Fairbanks, Alaska.
1012:
984:
497:
Kosmos 954 was not the first nuclear-powered RORSAT to fail; a launch of a similar satellite in 1973 failed, dropping its reactor into the
Pacific Ocean north of Japan. Subsequently,
2169:
1356:
490:, a state which launches an object into space is liable for damages caused by that object. For the recovery efforts, the Canadian government billed the Soviet Union
2199:
522:, the capital of the Northwest Territories. Yellowknife painter Nick MacIntosh has created works of art featuring the satellite and well known local landmarks.
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Search teams did not find re-entry debris at the predicted location until they recalculated where that location would be based upon data indicating a
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programme, a series of reconnaissance satellites which observed ocean traffic, including surface vessels and nuclear submarines, using active
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observation, but by
December 1977 the satellite had deviated from its designed orbit and its flightpath was becoming increasingly erratic.
337:, which obligates states for damages caused by their space objects. The USSR eventually paid 3 million Canadian dollars in compensation.
27:
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6,041,174.70 for expenses and additional compensation for future unpredicted expenses; the USSR eventually paid Can$ 3 million.
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616:"Settlement of Claim between Canada and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics for Damage Caused by Cosmos 954"
377:
of 277 kilometres (172 mi), it orbited the Earth every 89.5 minutes. Powered by a liquid sodium–potassium
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Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in
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Note verbale dated 19 December 1978 from the
Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations
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Space
Systems Failures – Disasters and rescues of satellites, rockets, and space probes
243:
61:
973:– a detailed first-hand account of recovering pieces of Kosmos 954; includes pictures.
905:
Operation
Morning Light : Terror in our Skies : The True Story of Cosmos 954
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nuclear reactor containing around 50 kg of highly-enriched uranium (over 90%
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the Earth's atmosphere the following year, it scattered radioactive debris over
26:
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1979:
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873:"SNL Transcripts: Robert Klein: 01/21/78: Lobsters Take New York / Goodnights"
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deposited on
Canadian territory along a 600-kilometre (370 mi) path from
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number 954 and was launched on 18 September 1977 at 13:55 UTC from the
329:. The Canadian government billed the Soviet Union for over 6 million
1989:
1984:
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346:
2142:. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).
967:
Radiation
Geophysics – Operation Morning Light – A personal account
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350:
271:
223:
213:
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Kosmos 954 has become a well known piece of history and lore in
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This prompted an extensive multiyear cleanup operation known as
302:
in 1977. A malfunction prevented safe separation of its onboard
1338:
1022:
926:. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Praxis Publishing (Springer).
768:
766:
314:, some of the debris landing in the Great Slave Lake next to
539:
In November of 2022, an eight-episode podcast series titled
453:
Using hand-held radiation survey meters to find the debris
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120:
13:55:00, 18 September 1977 (UTC)
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663:"The Cold War near-atrocity that was nobody's fault"
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405:the system which was intended to propel the spent
994:. US Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from
389:), the satellite was intended for long-term on-
636:Reynolds, Glenn H.; Merges, Robert P. (1998).
2170:Reconnaissance satellites of the Soviet Union
2138:. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in
1350:
1034:
979:Description and location of recovered pieces.
772:
345:The satellite was part of the Soviet Union's
8:
848:"The Fall, And Artistic Rise, Of Kosmos 954"
743:
741:
276:Schematic of the Kosmos-954 on-board reactor
19:
1013:1978 Cosmos 954 and Operation Morning Light
922:Harland, David M; Lorenz, Ralph D. (2005).
811:Space debris: legal and policy implications
1357:
1343:
1335:
1041:
1027:
1019:
60:
18:
398:North American Aerospace Defense Command
16:Reconnaissance satellite of Soviet Union
638:Outer Space: Problems of Law and Policy
596:
469:material from the satellite was dubbed
400:, which had assigned the satellite the
2200:Disasters in the Northwest Territories
1064:List of nuclear power systems in space
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7:
640:. Westview Press. pp. 179–189.
373:of 259 kilometres (161 mi) and
709:"Nation: Cosmos 954: An Ugly Death"
2160:Satellites formerly orbiting Earth
907:. New York: Paddington Press Ltd.
753:National Space Science Data Center
661:Weintz, Steve (23 November 2015).
14:
846:Rendell, Mark (10 October 2014).
425:. The area spans portions of the
1049:Nuclear-powered Earth satellites
582:
568:
554:
525:The 28 January 1978, episode of
25:
2195:Nuclear accidents and incidents
1325:Category:Nuclear power in space
943:Space law in the United Nations
985:"Life and death of Cosmos 954"
72:
1:
2175:Canada–Soviet Union relations
461:First Kosmos 954 debris found
99:3,800 kg (8,400 lb)
983:Gus W. Weiss (Spring 1978).
486:Under the terms of the 1972
124:1977-09-18T13:55:00Z
2220:Spacecraft launched in 1977
2246:
488:Space Liability Convention
2210:Disasters in Saskatchewan
2132:
1389:
1320:
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887:"Operation Morning Light"
809:Baker, Howard A. (1989).
773:Harland & Lorenz 2005
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228:277 km (172 mi)
218:259 km (161 mi)
183:
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168:24 January 1978
155:
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36:
24:
2180:1978 in the Soviet Union
971:Natural Resources Canada
941:Benkö, Marietta (1985).
749:"Cosmos 954 (1977-090A)"
402:Satellite Catalog Number
365:carrier rocket. With an
296:reconnaissance satellite
992:Studies in Intelligence
813:. Nijhoff. p. 66.
541:Operation Morning Light
471:Operation Morning Light
333:under the terms of the
327:Operation Morning Light
2230:Nuclear-powered robots
2225:History of Yellowknife
2185:Nuclear power in space
1059:Nuclear power in space
465:The effort to recover
462:
454:
353:. It was assigned the
277:
2215:Environment of Canada
1688:Meteor-Priroda No.2-2
668:The National Interest
460:
452:
427:Northwest Territories
306:; when the satellite
275:
193:Reference system
91:Spacecraft properties
2205:Disasters in Alberta
1373:Orbital launches in
945:. Martinus Nijhoff.
379:thermionic converter
341:Launch and operation
31:Sketch of Kosmos 954
1313:1973 Launch failure
903:Heaps, Leo (1978).
889:. 14 November 2022.
590:Soviet Union portal
528:Saturday Night Live
367:orbital inclination
359:Baikonur Cosmodrome
21:
836:, pp. 50, 78.
562:Spaceflight portal
463:
455:
335:Outer Space Treaty
278:
188:Orbital parameters
2165:Kosmos satellites
2147:
2146:
1332:
1331:
952:978-90-247-3157-2
875:. 8 October 2018.
820:978-0-7923-0166-0
799:, pp. 80–81.
698:, pp. 49–51.
647:978-0-8133-6680-7
270:
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258:18 September 1977
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1957:Intelsat IVA F-5
1608:Intelsat IVA F-4
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618:. April 2, 1981.
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419:Great Slave Lake
396:In mid-December
331:Canadian dollars
298:launched by the
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214:Perigee altitude
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112:Start of mission
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2005:Molniya-3 No.18
1673:Molniya-1 No.45
1558:Molniya-3 No.19
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961:External links
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717:. Feb 6, 1978.
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1399:Meteor-2 No.2
1397:
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1310:Transit 5BN-3
1309:
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1100:Transit 5BN-2
1098:
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1095:Transit 5BN-1
1093:
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1001:on 2010-06-21
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933:0-387-21519-0
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914:0-7092-0323-3
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787:, p. 14.
786:
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735:, p. 13.
734:
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714:Time Magazine
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576:Canada portal
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507:stratospheric
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23:
2139:
2135:
2066:
2029:
1967:
1955:
1926:Ekran No.12L
1915:
1898:
1869:Molniya-1-38
1791:
1784:
1777:
1758:Gran' No.13L
1503:Molniya-1-36
1460:
1441:Molniya-2-17
1428:
1322:
1290:
1174:
1003:. Retrieved
996:the original
991:
942:
923:
904:
897:Bibliography
881:
867:
855:. Retrieved
851:
841:
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810:
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703:
672:. Retrieved
666:
656:
637:
540:
538:
527:
524:
517:
504:
496:
485:
470:
464:
439:Saskatchewan
415:
413:had failed.
409:into a safe
407:reactor core
395:
381:driven by a
344:
326:
324:
300:Soviet Union
280:
279:
204:Eccentricity
41:Mission type
1296:Kosmos 1402
1265:Kosmos 1932
1260:Kosmos 1900
1255:Kosmos 1867
1250:Kosmos 1860
1245:Kosmos 1818
1240:Kosmos 1771
1235:Kosmos 1736
1230:Kosmos 1682
1225:Kosmos 1677
1220:Kosmos 1670
1215:Kosmos 1607
1210:Kosmos 1402
1205:Kosmos 1372
1200:Kosmos 1365
1195:Kosmos 1299
1190:Kosmos 1266
1185:Kosmos 1249
1180:Kosmos 1176
674:23 November
533:running gag
531:featured a
520:Yellowknife
514:Pop culture
499:Kosmos 1402
467:radioactive
387:uranium-235
234:Inclination
142:Launch site
117:Launch date
96:Launch mass
2154:Categories
2124:Kosmos 973
2119:Kosmos 972
2114:Kosmos 971
2109:Kosmos 970
2104:Kosmos 969
2099:Kosmos 968
2084:Kosmos 967
2079:Kosmos 966
2042:Kosmos 965
2037:Kosmos 964
2025:Kosmos 963
2020:Meteosat 1
2015:Kosmos 962
2000:Kosmos 961
1995:Kosmos 960
1980:Kosmos 959
1975:Kosmos 958
1963:Kosmos 957
1941:Kosmos 956
1921:Kosmos 955
1916:Kosmos 954
1911:Kosmos 953
1906:Kosmos 952
1894:Kosmos 951
1889:Kosmos 950
1884:Kosmos 949
1874:Kosmos 948
1864:Kosmos 947
1854:Kosmos 946
1849:Kosmos 945
1844:Kosmos 944
1839:Kosmos 943
1834:Kosmos 942
1829:Kosmos 941
1824:Kosmos 940
1819:Kosmos 939
1814:Kosmos 938
1809:Kosmos 937
1773:Kosmos 936
1768:Kosmos 935
1763:Kosmos 934
1753:Kosmos 933
1748:Kosmos 932
1743:Kosmos 931
1738:Kosmos 930
1733:Kosmos 929
1728:Himawari 1
1723:Kosmos 928
1718:Kosmos 927
1713:Kosmos 926
1708:Kosmos 925
1703:Kosmos 924
1698:Kosmos 923
1693:Kosmos 922
1678:Kosmos 921
1663:Kosmos 920
1658:Kosmos 919
1653:Kosmos 918
1638:Kosmos 917
1633:Kosmos 916
1628:Kosmos 915
1618:Kosmos 914
1613:Kosmos 913
1603:Kosmos 912
1598:Kosmos 911
1588:Kosmos 910
1583:Kosmos 909
1578:Kosmos 908
1563:Kosmos 907
1553:Kosmos 906
1548:Kosmos 905
1538:Kosmos 904
1533:Kosmos 903
1528:Kosmos 902
1523:Kosmos 901
1513:Kosmos 900
1508:Kosmos 899
1498:Kosmos 898
1483:Kosmos 897
1478:Kosmos 896
1473:Kosmos 895
1456:Kosmos 894
1446:Kosmos 893
1436:Kosmos 892
1419:Kosmos 891
1409:Kosmos 890
1404:Kosmos 889
1394:Kosmos 888
1291:Kosmos 954
1284:Re-entered
1175:Kosmos 954
1170:Kosmos 861
1165:Kosmos 860
1160:Kosmos 785
1155:Kosmos 724
1150:Kosmos 723
1145:Kosmos 654
1140:Kosmos 651
1135:Kosmos 626
1130:Kosmos 516
1125:Kosmos 469
1120:Kosmos 402
1115:Kosmos 367
1110:Kosmos 209
1105:Kosmos 198
1090:Transit-4B
1085:Transit-4A
1005:2010-04-08
834:Benkö 1985
797:Heaps 1978
785:Heaps 1978
733:Heaps 1978
696:Benkö 1985
548:References
423:Baker Lake
369:of 65°, a
281:Kosmos 954
197:Geocentric
172:1978-01-24
165:Decay date
20:Kosmos 954
2136:underline
1931:Prognoz 6
1879:Voyager 1
1804:Voyager 2
1488:Palapa A2
1323:See also
482:Aftermath
371:periapsis
363:Tsyklon-2
308:reentered
136:Tsyklon-2
56:1977-090A
50:COSPAR ID
2094:Sakura 1
2074:OPS 4258
2068:Soyuz 26
2047:OPS 8781
1969:Soyuz 25
1951:Salyut 6
1936:OPS 7471
1683:OPS 4800
1623:OPS 5644
1593:OPS 9751
1573:OPS 9438
1568:OPS 9437
1493:OPS 4915
1451:Tansei 3
1430:Soyuz 24
1424:OPS 3151
1306:Nimbus 3
1301:Nimbus-B
1080:SNAP-10A
1073:Examples
475:sieverts
445:Recovery
375:apoapsis
294:) was a
146:Tyuratam
2140:italics
2031:Unnamed
2010:Transat
1859:Sirio 1
1793:Unnamed
1648:Signe 3
1462:Unnamed
1414:NATO 3B
857:30 June
852:EDGE YK
435:Alberta
431:Nunavut
361:, on a
285:Russian
208:0.00135
170: (
122: (
71:SATCAT
1990:ISEE-2
1985:ISEE-1
1799:HEAO-1
1643:GOES 2
1543:GEOS-1
1468:Kiku 2
1382:1978 →
1367:← 1976
949:
930:
911:
817:
644:
437:, and
355:Kosmos
347:RORSAT
290:Космос
244:Period
132:Rocket
1900:OTS-1
1668:NTS-2
1275:LES-9
1270:LES-8
999:(PDF)
988:(PDF)
492:Can$
391:orbit
383:BES-5
351:radar
254:Epoch
78:10361
1375:1977
947:ISBN
928:ISBN
909:ISBN
859:2019
815:ISBN
757:NASA
676:2015
642:ISBN
421:to
320:NWT
292:954
238:65°
73:no.
2156::
990:.
969:,
850:.
765:^
755:,
751:.
740:^
723:^
711:.
684:^
665:.
624:^
599:^
441:.
433:,
322:.
318:,
287::
1358:e
1351:t
1344:v
1042:e
1035:t
1028:v
1008:.
955:.
936:.
917:.
861:.
823:.
759:.
678:.
650:.
283:(
174:)
126:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
