1101:
removed gender discrimination in recruitment and by 2012 had hired 56,000 women employees. However, before 1997 some women did manage to work at
Samsung, and there was discrimination in the patriarchally-ran company. Most of the jobs of the woman who worked at Samsung were low-level workers. When the company tried to offer higher positions to women, many of the top male executives took advantage of the women and gave them menial chores, not unlike how some husbands may expect of their wives at home. However, this all began to change in 1994 when an open personnel reform from Samsung’s chairman, forced top executives to treat and pay men and women equally. Samsung’s newest goal is increasing the percentage of female top executives from 2 percent to 10 percent by 2020. Still today however in South Korea, women are being discriminated against especially in work environments.
909:(lit. "practical learning") posited that Neo-Confucian thought ought be founded more in reform than in maintaining the status quo. Differences among various Confucian and Neo-Confucian schools of thought grew to conflicts as Western countries sought to force open Korean, Chinese and Japanese societies to Western trade, Western technologies and Western institutions. Of particular concern were the growing number of Catholic and Protestant missionary schools which not only taught a Western pedagogy but also Christian religious beliefs. In 1894, Korean Conservatives, nationalists and Neo-Confucians rebelled at what they viewed as the loss of Korean Society and Culture to alien influences by the abandonment of the Chinese classics and Confucian rites.
57:
646:(士), between the aristocracy and the common people. His public life included marriage at the age of 19 that produced a son and a variety of occupations as a farm worker, clerk and book-keeper. In his private life he studied and reflected on righteousness, proper conduct and the nature of government such that by the age of 50 he had established a reputation. This regard, however was insufficient for his success in advocating for a strong central government and the use of diplomacy over warfare as the ideal for international relationships. He is said to have spent his last years teaching an ardent group of followers of the values to be appreciated in a collection of ancient writings loosely identified as the
800:
The state observed a number of
Buddhist holidays during the year where the prosperity and security of the nation were inextricably tied to practices and rites that often mixed Buddhist and indigenous Korean beliefs. As in China, Buddhism divided into the more urban faith rooted religious texts and the more contemplative faith of the rural areas. This emphasis on texts and learning produced a "monk examination" wherein the Buddhist clergy could vie with Confucian scholars for positions in the local and national government. During this time, Confucian thought remained in the shadow of its Buddhist rival, vying for the hearts and minds of Korean culture, but with growing antagonism.
928:) which sought to substitute Japanese culture for that of Korea. During this period, a Japanese administration imposed Japanese language, Japanese education, Japanese practices and even Japanese surnames on the Korean population predominantly in the large cities and surrounding suburban areas. Though, in the isolated areas of Korea, and well into Manchuria, Korean nationals continued to wage a guerrilla war against the Japanese and found sympathy for Neo-Confucian goals of reform and economic parity among the growing Communist movement. With the end of the Japanese occupation, Confucian and Neo-Confucian thought continued to experience neglect if not willful repression during the
968:. All the collected money was then to be split 30/20/50; 30% was to go to the local chapter, 20% to the provincial chapter, and then 50% to the Association. Unfortunately, after the ravaging of factionalism and struggle swept throughout the country after 1945, many local chapters refused to contribute, which further fueled the battle in maintaining Confucianism with the Association. As it was, there was an estimate of 150,000 members in the Association of South Korea’s then population of 26 million. In comparison, Buddhism had over 5,000 monks and roughly 3,500,000 people that actively practiced the religion within South Korea alone.
1097:
equal opportunity legislation was introduced and been improved by reforms since then to improve the rights of working women. As Korean feminist organizations gained more influence the government listened, and in 2000 established the
Department of Gender Equality to allow women to participate in making policy. Even though women are gaining by working right, it has not fully changed the roles when at the house. Working women are still expected to be the primary domestic worker in the family. However, these changes have given women in south Korea more of an option between being a housewife or working outside of the house.
916:—also called the 1894 Peasant War (Nongmin Jeonjaeng)—expanded on the actions of the small groups of the Donghak (lit. Eastern Learning) movement begun in 1892. Uniting into a single peasant guerrilla army (Donghak Peasant Army) the rebels armed themselves, raided government offices and killed rich landlords, traders and foreigners. The defeat of the Dong Hak rebels drove ardent Neo-Confucians out of the cities and into the rural and isolated areas of the country. However, the rebellion had pulled China into the conflict and in direct contention with Japan (
19:
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of what is studied has changed over the years. Confucian teachings were replaced by other topics, such as foreign languages, modern history, economics, science, and mathematics. Like
Confucianism from the past, a lot of emphasis is placed on the ability to study and memorize. Since exams are so important for gaining admission to better schools and jobs, a typical student’s entire life is oriented toward preparing to pass the necessary exams.
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memorial services. It is a way of showing respect for deceased parents, grandparents, and ancestors, and is a way of showing
Confucian filial piety. In some cases, the memorial services have been changed to fit with religious views. This is an example of how Confucianism has melded with religion in South Korea, rather than competing against it.
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But the
Association was also struggling with the problem their rapidly aging followers posed. With the decline in popularity, according to a questionnaire conducted in 1963, the average Confucian followers per local chapter were in their forties. In contrast, the average age of the local chairmen was
799:
Dynasty (918–1392) the position, influence, and status of
Buddhism far exceeded its role as a mere religious faith. Buddhist temples, originally established as acts of faith had grown into influential landholdings replete with extensive infra-structure, cadre, tenants, slaves and commercial ventures.
1096:
Traditionally women in Korea were given the role of housewife due to
Confucian gender roles. Meaning women were not allowed to work outside the house. This started to change and by 2001 the women's participation in the workforce was at 49.7 percent compared to only 34.4 percent in the 1960s. In 1987
1022:
In 1980, the “Guideline for Family
Rituals” was made law. It declared that ancestral ceremonies can only be held for one’s parents and grandparents, simplified the funeral ceremonies, and reduced the allowed mourning period. The law is not strictly enforced, and no one has been charged for violating
1100:
The women who have chosen to work due to the changes in government and legislation had and still have major challenges to face in the workforce. Major companies in South Korea began to change their hiring practices such as
Samsung which was one of the first major companies to do so. In 1997 Samsung
1014:
The traditional Confucian respect for education remains a vital part of South Korean culture. The civil service examinations were the gateway to prestige and power for a follower of Confucianism in the Joseon Dynasty. Today, exams continue to be an important aspect of South Korean life. The content
901:
Having supplanted all other models for the Korean nation-state, by the start of the 17th century, Neo-Confucian thought experienced first a split between Westerners and Easterners and again, between Southerners and Northerners. Central to these divisions was the question of succession in the Korean
699:
Confucianism can first be traced to the splitting of Korea into separate states, after which the development of the Korean writing system marked the period in which Confucianism began to be studied and endorsed by the higher classes. Additionally, artifacts that depict Confucian ideals, such as the
1030:
The Confucian emphasis on the importance of the family and the group over the individual has been extended to South Korean business, as well. Employees are expected to regard the workplace as a family, with the head of the company as the patriarch who enjoys exclusive privileges while the workers
600:
Today the legacy of Confucianism remains a fundamental part of Korean society, shaping the moral system, the way of life, social relations between old and young, high culture, and is the basis for much of the legal system. Confucianism in Korea is sometimes considered a pragmatic way of holding a
1034:
Confucian ethical rhetoric is still used in contemporary South Korea. Other religions will incorporate it into discussions on proper human behavior. It can be found in the government and in the business world being used to encourage people to put the needs of the group above their own individual
1038:
Neo-Confucian philosophy going back to the 15th Century had relegated Korean women to little more than extensions of male dominance and producers of requisite progeny. This traditional view of the social role of women is fading away. There is an increasing number of women students holding good
1018:
Perhaps some of the strongest evidences of continuing Confucian influence can be found in South Korean family life. It is seen not just in South Korea’s emphasis on family and group-oriented ways of living, but also in the Confucian rituals that are still commonly performed today, the ancestor
1001:
families were able to join and follow Confucianism. This was presumably due to the two local chapters–located on remote Korean islands–that had established that only descendents of Confucius were able to join. This was quickly diffused, however, as it contradicts Confucius’ own outlook on the
1010:
With the fall of the Joseon Dynasty in 1910, Neo-Confucianism lost much of its influence. In contemporary South Korea, very few people identify themselves as being Confucian when asked for their religious affiliation. The statistical studies done on this subject can be misleading, however.
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are expected to work harder. The businesses tend to operate on Confucian ethics, such as the importance of harmonious relations among the employees and loyalty to the company. Importance is placed on attributes such as differences in age, kinship status, sex, and sociopolitical status.
850:(ruled 1418–1450), all branches of learning were rooted in Confucian thought. Korean Confucian schools were firmly established, most with foreign educated scholars, large libraries, patronage of artisans and artists, and a curriculum of 13 to 15 major Confucian works. Branches of
1011:
Confucianism there is not an organized religion, making it hard to easily define a person as Confucian or not. Though its prominence as the dominant ideology has faded, there are a lot of Confucian ideas and practices that still saturate South Korean culture and daily life.
820:– an academy with a Neo-Confucian curriculum – and the building of an altar at the palace, where the king would worship his ancestors. Neo-Confucian thought, with its emphasis on Ethics and the government's moral authority provided considerable rationale for land reform and
673:
into Confucianism. In his life Zhu Xi was largely ignored, but not long after his death his ideas became the new orthodox view of what Confucian texts actually meant. Modern historians view Zhu Xi as having created something rather different, and call his way of thinking
56:
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With the fall of Goryeo, the position of the landed aristocracy crumbled to be replaced by the growing power of the Korean illiterati who advocated strenuously for land reform. Interest in Chinese literature during the Goryeo Dynasty had encouraged the spread of
620:, lit. "Master Kong") is generally thought to have been born in 551 BC and raised by his mother following the death of his father when Confucius was three years old. The Latinized name "Confucius" by which most Westerners recognize him is derived from "
1026:
In more recent years, there has been a move away from the traditional Confucian idea of complete respect for and submission to parental authority. It can be seen in how marriage has become less of a family decision, and more of an individual’s choice.
1063:
With Neo-Confucianism taken out of the school curricula and removed from its prominence in the daily life of Koreans, the sense that something essential to Korean history is missing led to a rebirth of Confucianism in South Korea in the late 1990s.
707:
As the Three Kingdoms Period emerged from the Four Commanderies, each Kingdom sought ideologies under which their populations could be consolidated and authority could be validated. From its introduction to the kingdom of
1653:
Baker, Donald. “The Transformation of Confucianism in 20th-century Korea: How it has lost most of its metaphysical underpinnings and survives today primarily as ethical rhetoric and heritage rituals” Unpublished paper. p
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Baker, Donald. “The Transformation of Confucianism in 20th-century Korea: How it has lost most of its metaphysical underpinnings and survives today primarily as ethical rhetoric and heritage rituals” Unpublished paper. p
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Baker, Donald. “The Transformation of Confucianism in 20th-century Korea: How it has lost most of its metaphysical underpinnings and survives today primarily as ethical rhetoric and heritage rituals” Unpublished paper. p
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Baker, Donald. “The Transformation of Confucianism in 20th-century Korea: How it has lost most of its metaphysical underpinnings and survives today primarily as ethical rhetoric and heritage rituals” Unpublished paper. p
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had been an integral part of Korean culture extending back to earliest time, Buddhism was able to strike a balance between the people and their administration by arbitrating the responsibilities of one to the other.
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of manners and comic situations within educational frames fit well into the satires on Confucianism from earlier writings. Loyalty to school and devotion to teachers is still an important genre in popular comedies.
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Baker, Donald. “The Transformation of Confucianism in 20th-century Korea: How it has lost most of its metaphysical underpinnings and survives today primarily as ethical rhetoric and heritage rituals”
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were forced to be ceded to the government for farmland distribution, or given up for education establishments. Slowly, the local chapters no longer had as much income to fund the upkeep for the
704:(located in the modern day city of Pyongyang). These artifacts reflect the influence of Han Chinese and the prevalence of Confucianism among foreigners in Korea, rather than Koreans themselves.
632:(論語; lit."Selected Sayings"), a collection of sayings and ideas attributed to the Chinese philosopher and his contemporaries, is believed to have been written by Confucius' followers during the
816:, and King Seongjong (1083–1094) was a key advocate for Confucianism by establishing the Gukjagam, the highest educational institution of the Goryeo dynasty. This was enhanced, in 1398, by the
812:
and Buddhism. Neo-Confucian adherents could now offer the new Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910) an alternative to the influence of Buddhism. In Goryeo, King Gwangjong (949–975) had created the
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in 1945–shortly after the Japanese influence was gone. The organization was founded with the goal to eradicate and prevent further colonialist influence, and also update the once
517:
920:). With the subsequent defeat of Qing China, Korea was wrested from Chinese influence concerning its administration and development. In 1904, the Japanese defeated Russia (
924:) ending Russian influence in Korea as well. As a result, Japan annexed Korea as a protectorate in 1910, ending the Joseon kingdom and producing a thirty-year occupation (
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63, and there were very few followers in their thirties or twenties. In conjunction, a misconception was arising in Soul at the time that only aristocratic
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follow Confucian principles and a Confucian aesthetic. Scholarly calligraphy and poetry also continue, in much fewer numbers, this heritage. In films,
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824:. Rather than attack Buddhism outright, Neo-Confucian critics simply continued to criticize the system of Temples and the excesses of the clergy.
141:
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866:'s efforts to promulgate Neo-Confucianism among the populace had been followed by the rise of Korea's two most prominent Confucian scholars,
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A growing number of Neo-Confucian scholars had also begun to question particular metaphysical beliefs and practices. A movement known as
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Dynasty (1392–1910) followed suit and also adopted Neo-Confucianism as the primary belief system among scholars and administrators.
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Kim, Andrew Eungi; Park, Gil-sung (1 January 2003). "Nationalism, Confucianism, work ethic and industrialization in South Korea".
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Sung, Sirin (August 2003). "Women Reconciling Paid and Unpaid Work in a Confucian Welfare State: The Case of South Korea".
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It is difficult to find accurate information regarding Confucianism in North Korean religion or practices. However, the
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positions in universities and the work force, as well as in politics. The arts still maintain major traditions:
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famous "Painted Basket" and a roof tile imprinted with a Confucian institution's symbols, have been found in the
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in 1949, the Association began losing another significant amount of money as the land previously owned by the
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Kim, Kwang-ok. “The Reproduction of Confucian Culture in Contemporary Korea: An Anthropological Study,” In
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Kim, Kwang-ok. “The Reproduction of Confucian Culture in Contemporary Korea: An Anthropological Study,” In
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Kim, Kwang-ok. “The Reproduction of Confucian Culture in Contemporary Korea: An Anthropological Study,” In
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Kim, Kwang-ok. “The Reproduction of Confucian Culture in Contemporary Korea: An Anthropological Study,” In
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However, secret Confucian practice and organization still took place, and later took form as the
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1962:
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1215:"An Outline History of Korean Confucianism: Part I: The Early Period and Yi Factionalism"
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nation together without the civil wars and internal dissent that were inherited from the
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were still tolerated outside of the major political centers. In Ming China (1368–1644),
678:. Neo-Confucianism held sway in China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam until the 19th century.
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Confucianism has also inspired experimental art collective in 1960s–70s Korea, such as
1114:
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964:, the following March–came from either membership dues or income from the land of the
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1977:
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2005:
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30:
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does encourage the Confucian virtues of loyalty, reverence, and obedience.
624:", probably first coined by 16th-century Jesuit missionaries to China. The
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spread rapidly to all of the states of the Three Kingdoms Period. Though
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882:. Korean Neo-Confucianist organizations typically did not believe in a
356:
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26:
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In 2006, roughly 1.2% of the South Korean population were Confucian.
906:
859:
813:
809:
796:
709:
666:
662:
657:, Confucian ideas gained even more widespread prominence. During the
650:. Confucius is thought to have died in 479 BC at 71–72 years of age.
602:
318:
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shrines or the activities that occurred throughout the Association.
902:
monarchy and the manner in which opposing factions should be dealt.
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1889:
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1749:"Samsung's Female Executives Shatter South Korea's Glass Ceiling"
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and philosophy had great and deep effects on the Korean culture.
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1826:
1596:, edited by Tu Wei-ming, (Harvard University Press, 1996) p 220
1573:, edited by Tu Wei-ming, (Harvard University Press, 1996) p 195
1518:, edited by Tu Wei-ming, (Harvard University Press, 1996) p 199
1505:, edited by Tu Wei-ming, (Harvard University Press, 1996) p 225
1489:, edited by Tu Wei-ming, (Harvard University Press, 1996) p 204
1476:, edited by Tu Wei-ming, (Harvard University Press, 1996) p 226
1463:, edited by Tu Wei-ming, (Harvard University Press, 1996) p 192
1434:, edited by Tu Wei-ming, (Harvard University Press, 1996) p 193
808:, in which the older teachings of Confucius had been melded to
2786:
883:
728:
1822:
1361:. Seoul, Korea: Chung'ang University Press. pp. 356–378.
1279:. Seoul, Korea: Chung'ang University Press. pp. 112–127.
1264:. Seoul, Korea: Chung'ang University Press. pp. 46–86.
874:(1536–1584), who are often referred to by their pen names
1569:
Koh, Byong-ik. “Confucianism in Contemporary Korea,” In
1514:
Koh, Byong-ik. “Confucianism in Contemporary Korea,” In
1459:
Koh, Byong-ik. “Confucianism in Contemporary Korea,” In
1430:
Koh, Byong-ik. “Confucianism in Contemporary Korea,” In
960:–later transformed into a new Confucian Association, or
932:
as well as the repressive dictatorships which followed.
640:(206 BC – 220 AD). Confucius was born into the class of
1818:
Introduction and translation of Jeong and Gihwa's texts
1397:
Myonggu, Yi; William, Douglas A. (Spring–Summer 1967).
636:(475 BC – 221 BC), achieving its final form during the
1310:
Seth, Michael J. (2020-03-29). "A Confucian society".
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began to dwindle. The once vast land amounts that the
1200:
Dimensions of Asian Spirituality: Korean Spirituality
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The update was funded by the offerings given to the
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581:. One of the most substantial influences in Korean
1213:Yang, Key P.; Henderson, Gregory (November 1958).
1772:; Korean Overseas Information Service, 2003; pgs
858:had been adopted as the state ideology. The new
682:Early developments towards Confucianism in Korea
1800:; Andrew Jackson College Press, 2001; pgs 52–58
1838:
551:
8:
1805:Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions
1786:; Harvard University Press,1984; pgs 163–166
1779:; Harvard University Press,1984; pgs 130–135
1594:Confucian Traditions in East Asian Modernity
1571:Confucian Traditions in East Asian Modernity
1516:Confucian Traditions in East Asian Modernity
1503:Confucian Traditions in East Asian Modernity
1487:Confucian Traditions in East Asian Modernity
1474:Confucian Traditions in East Asian Modernity
1461:Confucian Traditions in East Asian Modernity
1432:Confucian Traditions in East Asian Modernity
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763:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
25:, a Confucian ritual ceremony in autumn in
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1845:
1831:
1823:
1696:(University of Hawai’i Press, 2008). p 150
1526:
1524:
1378:(University of Hawai’i Press, 2008). p 145
1347:(University of Hawai’i Press, 2008). p 138
558:
544:
511:Universal Church of the Way and its Virtue
35:
1565:
1563:
1455:
1453:
1426:
1424:
1300:(University of Hawai’i Press, 2008). p 53
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
783:Learn how and when to remove this message
1604:
1602:
837:
17:
1185:
47:
1807:; University of Washington Press, 1995
1666:The Desk Encyclopedia of World History
828:Neo-Confucianism in the Joseon dynasty
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1557:(Harvard University Press, 1991) p 97
1544:(Harvard University Press, 1991) p 96
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1006:Contemporary society and Confucianism
653:Under the succeeding Han dynasty and
7:
1370:
1368:
1359:Traditional Korea a Cultural History
1339:
1337:
1277:Traditional Korea A Cultural History
1262:Traditional Korea a Cultural History
1193:
1191:
1189:
1139:Article 809 of the Korean Civil Code
761:adding citations to reliable sources
814:national civil service examinations
1793:; Pegasus Books, 2011; pgs 163–165
1316:(Illustrated ed.). New York:
14:
3939:Scholastic Confucianism in Korea
3902:
3901:
3888:
1715:Social Policy and Administration
1313:Korea: A Very Short Introduction
733:
665:(AD 1130–1200) added ideas from
475:Confucian royal ancestral shrine
55:
958:Union of Confucian Associations
937:Union of Confucian Associations
956:shrines, but fundings for the
577:that emerged and developed in
1:
1202:. University of Hawaii Press.
971:After the land reform by the
3374:Ordinary language philosophy
1791:Confucius: A Throneless King
1664:Wright, Edmund, ed. (2006).
1611:Journal of Contemporary Asia
1219:The Journal of Asian Studies
609:Origins of Confucian thought
3424:Contemporary utilitarianism
3339:Internalism and externalism
1747:Lee, B. J. (30 July 2012).
1399:"Korean Confucianism Today"
1357:Joe, Wanne J. (June 1972).
1275:Joe, Wanne J. (June 1972).
1260:Joe, Wanne J. (June 1972).
1198:Baker, Donald (June 2008).
504:Indonesian Confucian Church
3955:
2688:Svatantrika and Prasangika
1108:
1081:
831:
3882:
3597:
3580:
2987:
2333:
2322:
1910:Philosophy of mathematics
1900:Philosophy of information
1871:
1860:
1623:10.1080/00472330380000041
1084:History of women in Korea
1053:Korean flower arrangement
1002:hereditary ruling class.
926:Korea under Japanese rule
834:Neo-Confucianism in Korea
468:Confucian ritual religion
822:redistribution of wealth
585:was the introduction of
366:Spring and Autumn Annals
246:Progressive Confucianism
72:Spring and Autumn period
3379:Postanalytic philosophy
3320:Experimental philosophy
1727:10.1111/1467-9515.00344
1670:Oxford University Press
1555:The Four Little Dragons
1542:The Four Little Dragons
1318:Oxford University Press
946:Seong Gyun-gwan College
918:First Sino-Japanese War
842:Portrait of Jo Gwang-jo
589:thought as part of the
442:Classic of Filial Piety
278:Confucianism by country
3512:Social constructionism
2524:Hellenistic philosophy
1940:Theoretical philosophy
1915:Philosophy of religion
1905:Philosophy of language
1784:A New History of Korea
1777:A New History of Korea
1077:
843:
696:
33:
3895:Philosophy portal
3414:Scientific skepticism
3394:Reformed epistemology
1920:Philosophy of science
1798:Philosophy of Masters
841:
694:
634:Warring States period
497:Holy Confucian Church
86:Warring States period
21:
3315:Critical rationalism
3022:Edo neo-Confucianism
2866:Acintya bheda abheda
2845:Renaissance humanism
2556:School of the Sextii
1930:Practical philosophy
1925:Political philosophy
1120:Korean Confucian art
1105:Korean Confucian art
1092:Women in South Korea
1088:Women in North Korea
941:Myeongnyun Institute
757:improve this section
695:The "Painted Basket"
583:intellectual history
398:Doctrine of the Mean
232:Lingnan Confucianism
129:Fundamental concepts
3929:Korean Confucianism
2886:Nimbarka Sampradaya
2797:Korean Confucianism
2544:Academic Skepticism
1694:Korean Spirituality
1376:Korean Spirituality
1345:Korean Spirituality
1298:Korean Spirituality
1045:Korean Tea Ceremony
795:By the time of the
571:Korean Confucianism
482:Temple of Confucius
254:Hermeneutic schools
3507:Post-structuralism
3409:Scientific realism
3364:Quinean naturalism
3344:Logical positivism
3300:Analytical Marxism
2519:Peripatetic school
2431:Chinese naturalism
1958:Aesthetic response
1885:Applied philosophy
1803:Palais, James B.;
1789:MacArthur, Meher;
1417:– via JSTOR.
922:Russo-Japanese War
844:
697:
591:cultural influence
489:Confucian churches
418:Three Commentaries
34:
3934:Religion in Korea
3916:
3915:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3295:Analytic feminism
3267:
3266:
3229:Kierkegaardianism
3191:Transcendentalism
3151:Neo-scholasticism
2997:Classical Realism
2974:
2973:
2746:
2745:
2561:Neopythagoreanism
2318:
2317:
2314:
2313:
1935:Social philosophy
1770:Handbook of Korea
1679:978-0-7394-7809-7
1327:978-0-19-883077-1
1164:Religion in Korea
1149:Korean philosophy
914:Donghak Rebellion
852:Buddhism in Korea
793:
792:
785:
702:Lelang Commandery
568:
567:
341:Book of Documents
334:Classic of Poetry
3946:
3905:
3904:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3608:
3599:
3582:
3472:Frankfurt School
3419:Transactionalism
3369:Normative ethics
3349:Legal positivism
3325:Falsificationism
3310:Consequentialism
3305:Communitarianism
3278:
3146:New Confucianism
2985:
2792:Neo-Confucianism
2757:
2566:Second Sophistic
2551:Middle Platonism
2394:
2335:
2324:
2167:Epiphenomenalism
2034:Consequentialism
1968:Institutionalism
1873:
1862:
1847:
1840:
1833:
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1796:Kimm, He-young;
1757:
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1210:
1204:
1203:
1195:
1127:The Fourth Group
943:into the larger
894:, or an eternal
870:(1501–1570) and
856:Neo-Confucianism
806:Neo-Confucianism
788:
781:
777:
774:
768:
737:
729:
718:Korean Shamanism
676:Neo-Confucianism
560:
553:
546:
518:Phoenix churches
433:Ceremonial Rites
239:New Confucianism
215:Neo-Confucianism
59:
36:
3954:
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3948:
3947:
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3912:
3889:
3887:
3866:
3830:
3730:
3692:
3639:
3593:
3592:
3564:
3553:Russian cosmism
3526:
3522:Western Marxism
3487:New Historicism
3452:Critical theory
3438:
3434:Wittgensteinian
3330:Foundationalism
3263:
3200:
3181:Social contract
3037:Foundationalism
2970:
2952:
2936:Illuminationism
2921:Aristotelianism
2907:
2896:Vishishtadvaita
2849:
2801:
2742:
2709:
2580:
2509:Megarian school
2504:Eretrian school
2445:
2406:Agriculturalism
2383:
2329:
2310:
2257:
2229:
2186:
2138:
2095:
2079:Incompatibilism
2048:
2020:
1972:
1944:
1867:
1856:
1851:
1814:
1766:
1764:Further reading
1761:
1760:
1746:
1745:
1734:
1712:
1711:
1700:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1672:. p. 356.
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1231:10.2307/2941288
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1135:
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1094:
1080:
1008:
973:Rhee government
846:By the time of
836:
830:
789:
778:
772:
769:
754:
738:
727:
714:Korean Buddhism
689:
684:
611:
573:is the form of
564:
535:
534:
463:
455:
454:
357:Book of Changes
314:
312:Confucian texts
304:
303:
279:
271:
270:
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166:Sangang Wuchang
130:
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3708:
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3700:
3698:Middle Eastern
3694:
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3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3462:Existentialism
3459:
3457:Deconstruction
3454:
3448:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3290:Applied ethics
3286:
3284:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3254:Nietzscheanism
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3214:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3196:Utilitarianism
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3094:Transcendental
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3032:Existentialism
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
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2962:
2960:
2954:
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2873:
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2857:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2820:Augustinianism
2817:
2811:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2733:Zoroastrianism
2730:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
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2576:Church Fathers
2573:
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2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
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2546:
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2131:
2126:
2121:
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2105:
2103:
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2093:
2091:Libertarianism
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2076:
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2074:
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1907:
1902:
1897:
1895:Metaphilosophy
1892:
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1849:
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1813:
1812:External links
1810:
1809:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1782:Lee, Ki-baik;
1780:
1775:Lee, Ki-baik;
1773:
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1732:
1721:(4): 342–360.
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1409:(1/2): 43–59.
1403:Public Affairs
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1144:Korean culture
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1115:Korean pottery
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1078:Women's rights
1076:
1072:Juche ideology
1057:school stories
1049:Korean Gardens
1041:Korean Pottery
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832:Main article:
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3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3531:Miscellaneous
3529:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3517:Structuralism
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3502:Postmodernism
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3492:Phenomenology
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3429:Vienna Circle
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3359:Moral realism
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3161:Phenomenology
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3101:Individualism
3099:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2967:
2966:Judeo-Islamic
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2942:ʿIlm al-Kalām
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2891:Shuddhadvaita
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2825:Scholasticism
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2321:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2276:Conceptualism
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2205:Particularism
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2172:Functionalism
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2157:Eliminativism
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2062:Compatibilism
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
2001:Particularism
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1657:
1650:
1647:
1640:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1553:Vogel, Ezra.
1550:
1547:
1543:
1540:Vogel, Ezra.
1537:
1534:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1271:
1268:
1263:
1256:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1225:(1): 81–101.
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1154:Korean Taoism
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1075:
1073:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
992:
990:
986:
983:owned in the
982:
978:
974:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
954:
949:
947:
942:
938:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
910:
908:
903:
899:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
840:
835:
827:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
801:
798:
787:
784:
776:
766:
762:
758:
752:
751:
747:
742:This section
740:
736:
731:
730:
725:Goryeo period
724:
722:
719:
715:
711:
705:
703:
693:
687:Before Goryeo
686:
681:
679:
677:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
651:
649:
648:Five Classics
645:
644:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
608:
606:
604:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
561:
556:
554:
549:
547:
542:
541:
539:
538:
531:
528:
527:
524:
521:
519:
516:
515:
512:
509:
508:
505:
502:
501:
498:
495:
494:
490:
487:
486:
483:
480:
479:
476:
473:
472:
469:
466:
465:
459:
458:
451:
450:
446:
444:
443:
439:
438:
435:
434:
430:
428:
427:
426:Rites of Zhou
423:
422:
419:
416:
415:
411:
410:
407:
406:
402:
400:
399:
395:
394:
391:
390:
386:
384:
383:
379:
378:
375:
372:
371:
368:
367:
363:
362:
359:
358:
354:
352:
351:
350:Book of Rites
347:
346:
343:
342:
338:
336:
335:
331:
330:
327:
326:Five Classics
324:
323:
320:
317:
316:
313:
308:
307:
300:
299:United States
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
281:
275:
274:
267:
264:
262:
259:
258:
255:
252:
251:
247:
244:
243:
240:
237:
236:
233:
230:
228:
225:
224:
221:
218:
216:
213:
212:
206:
205:
198:
197:
193:
191:
190:
186:
184:
183:
179:
177:
176:
172:
171:
168:
167:
163:
162:
159:
158:
154:
152:
151:
147:
145:
144:
140:
138:
137:
133:
132:
126:
125:
118:
115:
113:
112:Dong Zhongshu
110:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
76:
73:
70:
69:
66:Early history
63:
62:
58:
54:
53:
50:
46:
42:
38:
37:
32:
28:
24:
20:
16:
3900:
3886:
3557:
3548:Postcritique
3538:Kyoto School
3497:Posthumanism
3477:Hermeneutics
3332: /
3273:Contemporary
3249:Newtonianism
3212:Cartesianism
3171:Reductionism
3007:Conservatism
3002:Collectivism
2940:
2796:
2668:Sarvāstivadā
2646:Anekantavada
2571:Neoplatonism
2539:Epicureanism
2472:Pythagoreans
2411:Confucianism
2377:Contemporary
2367:Early modern
2271:Anti-realism
2225:Universalism
2182:Subjectivism
1978:Epistemology
1804:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1752:
1718:
1714:
1693:
1692:Baker, Don.
1688:
1668:. New York:
1665:
1659:
1649:
1639:
1617:(1): 37–49.
1614:
1610:
1593:
1588:
1578:
1570:
1554:
1549:
1541:
1536:
1515:
1510:
1502:
1486:
1481:
1473:
1468:
1460:
1444:
1439:
1431:
1406:
1402:
1375:
1374:Baker, Don.
1358:
1352:
1344:
1343:Baker, Don.
1312:
1305:
1297:
1296:Baker, Don.
1276:
1270:
1261:
1255:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1199:
1124:
1118:
1099:
1095:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
996:
993:
988:
980:
976:
970:
965:
961:
957:
951:
944:
940:
936:
934:
911:
904:
900:
879:
875:
845:
818:Sunggyungwan
802:
794:
779:
770:
755:Please help
743:
706:
698:
659:Song dynasty
655:Tang dynasty
652:
641:
629:
621:
617:
612:
599:
575:Confucianism
570:
569:
462:Organization
447:
440:
431:
424:
403:
396:
387:
380:
364:
355:
348:
339:
332:
283:
253:
227:Taigu school
220:Han Learning
195:
188:
181:
174:
165:
156:
149:
142:
134:
117:Gongsun Hong
49:Confucianism
22:
15:
3543:Objectivism
3482:Neo-Marxism
3444:Continental
3354:Meta-ethics
3334:Coherentism
3239:Hegelianism
3176:Rationalism
3136:Natural law
3116:Materialism
3042:Historicism
3012:Determinism
2903:Navya-Nyāya
2678:Sautrāntika
2673:Pudgalavada
2609:Vaisheshika
2462:Presocratic
2362:Renaissance
2301:Physicalism
2286:Materialism
2192:Normativity
2177:Objectivism
2162:Emergentism
2152:Behaviorism
2101:Metaphysics
2067:Determinism
2006:Rationalism
1445:한국학연구원 학술대회
848:King Sejong
712:in 338 AD,
638:Han dynasty
523:Xuanyuanism
412:Other texts
105:Western Han
31:South Korea
23:Chugyedaeje
3923:Categories
3842:Amerindian
3749:Australian
3688:Vietnamese
3668:Indonesian
3217:Kantianism
3166:Positivism
3156:Pragmatism
3131:Naturalism
3111:Liberalism
3089:Subjective
3027:Empiricism
2931:Avicennism
2876:Bhedabheda
2760:East Asian
2683:Madhyamaka
2663:Abhidharma
2529:Pyrrhonism
2296:Nominalism
2291:Naturalism
2220:Skepticism
2210:Relativism
2200:Absolutism
2129:Naturalism
2039:Deontology
2011:Skepticism
1996:Naturalism
1986:Empiricism
1950:Aesthetics
1854:Philosophy
1180:References
1111:Korean art
1109:See also:
1082:See also:
985:Yi dynasty
930:Korean War
864:Jo Gwangjo
773:March 2014
374:Four Books
3721:Pakistani
3683:Taiwanese
3630:Ethiopian
3603:By region
3589:By region
3404:Scientism
3399:Systemics
3259:Spinozism
3186:Socialism
3121:Modernism
3084:Objective
2992:Anarchism
2926:Averroism
2815:Christian
2767:Neotaoism
2738:Zurvanism
2728:Mithraism
2723:Mazdakism
2494:Cyrenaics
2421:Logicians
2054:Free will
2016:Solipsism
1963:Formalism
1631:143469880
1239:0021-9118
892:afterlife
744:does not
622:Kong Fuzi
618:Kǒng Fūzǐ
614:Confucius
605:dynasty.
587:Confucian
491:and sects
294:Indonesia
150:Zhengming
79:Confucius
3907:Category
3862:Yugoslav
3852:Romanian
3759:Scottish
3744:American
3673:Japanese
3653:Buddhist
3635:Africana
3625:Egyptian
3467:Feminist
3389:Rawlsian
3384:Quietism
3282:Analytic
3234:Krausism
3141:Nihilism
3106:Kokugaku
3069:Absolute
3064:Idealism
3052:Humanism
2840:Occamism
2807:European
2752:Medieval
2698:Yogacara
2658:Buddhist
2651:Syādvāda
2534:Stoicism
2499:Cynicism
2487:Sophists
2482:Atomists
2477:Eleatics
2416:Legalism
2357:Medieval
2281:Idealism
2235:Ontology
2215:Nihilism
2119:Idealism
1877:Branches
1866:Branches
1753:Newsweek
1133:See also
989:hyanggyo
981:hyanggyo
977:hyanggyo
966:hyanggyo
953:hyanggyo
868:Yi Hwang
671:Buddhism
626:Analects
530:Shengdao
382:Analects
266:New Text
261:Old Text
41:a series
39:Part of
3857:Russian
3826:Spanish
3821:Slovene
3811:Maltese
3806:Italian
3786:Finland
3754:British
3736:Western
3726:Turkish
3711:Islamic
3706:Iranian
3658:Chinese
3645:Eastern
3612:African
3559:more...
3244:Marxism
3074:British
3017:Dualism
2913:Islamic
2871:Advaita
2861:Vedanta
2835:Scotism
2830:Thomism
2772:Tiantai
2715:Persian
2703:Tibetan
2693:Śūnyatā
2634:Cārvāka
2624:Ājīvika
2619:Mīmāṃsā
2599:Samkhya
2514:Academy
2467:Ionians
2441:Yangism
2398:Chinese
2389:Ancient
2352:Western
2347:Ancient
2306:Realism
2263:Reality
2253:Process
2134:Realism
2114:Dualism
2109:Atomism
1991:Fideism
1447:. p 107
1415:2754621
1247:2941288
1035:needs.
998:yangban
880:Yul gok
876:Toe gye
765:removed
750:sources
389:Mencius
209:Schools
143:Ganying
93:Mencius
3816:Polish
3796:German
3791:French
3776:Danish
3766:Canada
3716:Jewish
3678:Korean
3663:Indian
3205:People
3126:Monism
3079:German
3047:Holism
2980:Modern
2958:Jewish
2881:Dvaita
2854:Indian
2777:Huayan
2629:Ajñana
2586:Indian
2451:Greco-
2436:Taoism
2426:Mohism
2372:Modern
2339:By era
2328:By era
2243:Action
2124:Monism
2044:Virtue
2026:Ethics
1676:
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1174:Silhak
1169:Seonbi
1159:Munmyo
1090:, and
1051:, and
1043:, the
907:Silhak
860:Joseon
810:Taoism
797:Goryeo
710:Baekje
667:Taoism
663:Zhu Xi
603:Goryeo
319:Ruzang
3847:Aztec
3801:Greek
3781:Dutch
3771:Czech
3620:Bantu
3057:Anti-
2604:Nyaya
2594:Hindu
2454:Roman
2248:Event
1890:Logic
1627:S2CID
1411:JSTOR
1243:JSTOR
962:Yohoe
890:, an
630:Lunyu
628:, or
616:(孔夫子
595:China
593:from
579:Korea
289:Japan
284:Korea
98:Xunzi
2948:Sufi
2782:Chan
2641:Jain
2614:Yoga
2144:Mind
2084:Hard
2072:Hard
1674:ISBN
1322:ISBN
1235:ISSN
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1023:it.
912:The
896:soul
888:gods
878:and
872:Yi I
748:any
746:cite
669:and
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157:Xiao
136:Tian
27:Jeju
3222:Neo
2787:Zen
1723:doi
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1227:doi
886:or
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759:by
643:shi
189:Xin
182:Ren
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