729:
These verbs are given with the -na infinitival suffix, but that is only representative of the
Rawalpindi variety: Awan and Sheeraz report that -anɽ endings are found specifically in the Dera Ghazi Khan variety, attributing it to the fact that Saraiki is more widely spoken there. Another such example
235:
has found indications of its existence from the early 1800s. Hijras enjoyed a high status during the Mughal empire, which may be the reason why the language is named after 'Farsi' despite its dissimilarity with
Persian. With the fall of the Mughal empire and start of British colonial rule, eunuchs
248:
Hijra Farsi began and has continued as a learned, as opposed to a mother, tongue. The language is introduced to newcomers when they enter the hijra community, together with the group’s alternative family structure, cultural norms, and other traditions. Having a language that creates a sense of a
239:
That the language is still in use may have to do with the fact that the community continues to be persecuted in independent India. "Seventy-four percent of the Hijra community has suffered violence and harassment,” says Simran Shaikh, who works with
Alliance India, an NGO that works on AIDS
236:
were pushed into a more marginalized position. Colonial laws criminalized their choice of dress, as well as the public dancing they regularly engaged in. The crackdown caused hijras to become protective of their language, which then evolved into a survival tool.
273:
plosives, nor does it consistently mark a distinction between /ɐ/ and /ɑ/. They do, however, mention that /ɽ/ is a very common sound used in Hijra Farsi, especially compared to its frequency in other languages in contact.
208:, which they associate with the origin of Hijra identity. Hijra Farsi is most similar to Hindi, but is not intelligible to Hindi speakers due to distinctive intonation and a large amount of distinctive vocabulary.
646:, i.e. nouns ending in what is transcribed here as -i are made plural by adding -an (/-i/ becomes /-ijɑ̃/), and nouns ending in -a replace the ending with plural suffix -e (/-ɑ/ becomes /-e/).
249:
community is a necessity for hijras, who typically give up a great deal when they join the community. Hijras see the language as something that is truly theirs, and speak about it with pride.
973:
Sheeraz, Muhammad, and Ayaz Afsar. "Farsi: An
Invisible But Loaded Weapon for the Emerging Hijraism in Pakistan." Kashmir Journal of Language Research 14, no. 2 (2011).
201:, but noticeable distinctions exist. Hijra Farsi is mainly spoken by Muslim Hijras; Hindu Hijras speak the Gupti language and its regional dialects.
921:
642:
Many of these words are completely dissimilar to any of the locally spoken languages, but the pluralization strategies remain identical to those of
1037:
204:
Even though the language is not actually based on
Persian (Farsi), the hijras consider the language to be related to the language of the
930:
1163:
189:, is spoken by the Hijra community throughout Pakistan and North India. Despite what its name suggests, the language is based on
1158:
1013:
257:
The following examples are adapted from Awan & Sheeraz (2011), who researched Hijra Farsi in the communities within
1173:
1153:
801:: unlike surrounding languages, there is no proximal/distal distinction, and unlike surrounding languages, there
1104:
983:
265:. Note that the transcriptions are taken directly from the text, which does not specify a distinction between
185:
community that lives in sequestered groups in many cities of India and
Pakistan. The language, also known as
77:
949:
916:
786:
of these pronouns is unclear in Nagar's thesis. In
Rawalpindi and Dera Ghazi Khan, Awan and Sheeraz found
730:
is given with the feminine singular habitual form of the verb meaning "to do/make": whereas in
Rawalpindi
82:
1069:
Awan, Muhammad Safeer; Sheeraz, Muhammad (2011). "Queer but
Language: A Sociolinguistic Study of Farsi".
829:
Hijra Farsi's counting system, used specifically for counting money, uses lexemes unique to the cant:
1168:
87:
897:
Awan & Sheeraz list this number as one hundred thousand, and
Kundalia lists it as ten thousand.
190:
102:
211:
After the partition of India, the language has come to include words of local languages including
783:
643:
635:
174:
926:
266:
216:
212:
194:
813:
for feminine, both using productive plural morphology such that masculine "these" will be
258:
220:
170:
92:
69:
798:
759:
758:, Hijra Farsi demonstrates innovation (i.e. divergence from related languages) in some
270:
178:
1147:
755:
205:
97:
182:
262:
1134:
232:
152:
133:
17:
50:
763:
231:
Hijra Farsi has no documented history, but linguist and anthropologist
46:
1090:
Language, gender and identity: the case of kotis in Lucknow-India
198:
1038:"Hijra Farsi: Secret language knits community - Times of India"
1014:"The secret language of South Asia's transgender community"
1071:
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science
734:
is used, demonstrating greater influence from Punjabi
181:(also Koti) communities. Hijras are a marginalized
150:
131:
126:
66:
56:
42:
32:
797:In addition to pronouns, there is innovation in
654:Awan & Sheeraz also give examples of verbs:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
778:("he/she", 3rd person), and the augmentative
8:
1136:Hijra/Hijrin: Language and Gender Identity
944:
942:
29:
922:Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
831:
821:(as transcribed by Awan & Sheeraz).
656:
281:
907:
197:. The sentence structure is similar to
529:the hole of a hijra after castration
7:
1092:(Thesis). The Ohio State University.
1007:
1005:
790:to be the 1st person pronoun, with
738:, Dera Ghazi Khan Hijra Farsi uses
766:, Nagar (2008) found the pronouns
25:
950:"Stanford Linguistics Colloquium"
1012:Rehman, Zehra (15 April 2016).
742:, which resembles the Saraiki
1:
817:and feminine "these" will be
1190:
638:of the noun in Hijra Farsi
774:("you", 2nd person), and
394:
391:
388:
37:
27:Argot of the Hijra people
925:(2 ed.). Elsevier.
1164:Transgender in Pakistan
990:. TNN. 30 November 2013
244:Community-building tool
870:panj vadvi/panj vadmi
854:adhi vadvi/adhi vadmi
805:a gender distinction:
173:spoken by South-Asian
1159:Languages of Pakistan
531:similar as a vagina (
223:and other languages.
93:Central Zone (Hindi)
1139:(PhD). UC Berkeley.
1133:Hall, Kira (1995).
1088:Ila, Nagar (2008).
915:Hindustani (2005).
794:as the 2nd person.
770:("I", 1st person),
634:This refers to the
62:unknown (2017)
1174:Hijra (South Asia)
1154:Languages of India
1042:The Times of India
809:for masculine and
636:grammatical gender
1103:Kundalia, Nidhi.
890:
889:
727:
726:
627:
626:
164:
163:
16:(Redirected from
1181:
1140:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1105:"Queer language"
1100:
1094:
1093:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1066:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1044:. 7 October 2013
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1009:
1000:
999:
997:
995:
984:"Queer language"
980:
974:
971:
965:
964:
962:
960:
946:
937:
936:
912:
896:
883:100000 or 10000
832:
657:
633:
294:Hijra Farsi (pl)
291:Hijra Farsi (sg)
282:
145:
136:
72:
30:
21:
1189:
1188:
1184:
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1127:Further reading
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754:In addition to
752:
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280:
259:Dera Ghazi Khan
255:
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229:
171:secret language
143:
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122:
73:
70:Language family
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58:Native speakers
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799:demonstratives
782:("very"). The
760:function words
751:
750:Function words
748:
725:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
708:
707:
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694:to understand
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686:wanjanɽ, avanɽ
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577:uzv-e-tanasul
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127:Language codes
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206:Mughal Empire
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98:Western Hindi
96:
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84:
81:
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78:Indo-European
75:
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1135:
1112:. Retrieved
1108:
1098:
1089:
1083:
1074:
1070:
1046:. Retrieved
1041:
1032:
1021:. Retrieved
1018:Quartz India
1017:
992:. Retrieved
987:
978:
969:
957:. Retrieved
954:stanford.edu
953:
920:
910:
894:
862:vadvi/vadmi
838:Hijra Farsi
828:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
796:
791:
787:
779:
775:
771:
767:
753:
743:
739:
735:
731:
728:
653:
641:
631:
532:
530:
256:
247:
240:prevention.
238:
230:
210:
203:
193:rather than
186:
166:
165:
158:
151:
139:
107:
83:Indo-Iranian
1169:LGBT argots
959:16 February
917:Keith Brown
886:nira patt*
683:janɽa, anɽa
663:Hijra Farsi
183:transgender
167:Hijra Farsi
108:Hijra Farsi
33:Hijra Farsi
1148:Categories
1048:2019-01-26
1023:2019-01-26
994:27 January
902:References
689:jana, ana
414:moustache
263:Rawalpindi
191:Hindustani
187:Koti Farsi
103:Hindustani
88:Indo-Aryan
38:Koti Farsi
18:Koti Farsi
1109:The Hindu
988:The Hindu
706:samajhna
423:choochkey
420:choochkey
409:dambɽian
267:retroflex
233:Kira Hall
153:Glottolog
134:ISO 639-3
703:samjhanɽ
700:samajhna
545:chaptian
515:chhalkey
492:chamkian
383:dhhambɽa
363:chamɽian
253:Examples
51:Pakistan
1114:June 4,
919:(ed.).
846:dasola
825:Numbers
764:Lucknow
714:lugiɽna
711:to die
669:Saraiki
666:Punjabi
660:English
605:vagina
600:koolha
524:chhati
512:chhalka
506:breast
432:moochh
386:dhamɽey
360:chamɽri
326:chehra
314:khombaɽ
297:Punjabi
285:English
227:History
217:Saraiki
213:Punjabi
929:
878:katka
835:Number
819:insian
792:tamala
788:hamala
784:number
780:adiyal
772:tumsio
768:humsio
744:krendi
740:krendi
723:marna
720:maranɽ
697:chamna
677:to go
568:leekaɽ
565:leekaɽ
559:penis
542:chapti
489:chamki
460:tooth
446:reskey
443:reskey
437:pubic
406:dambɽi
400:tummy
377:tummy
372:aankh
340:nakɽey
317:khomaɽ
288:Gender
271:dental
221:Sindhi
875:1000
736:kerdi
732:kerdi
717:marna
680:vogna
672:Urdu
650:Verbs
623:farj
617:phudi
614:seepo
611:seepo
591:vatal
588:vatal
582:hips
571:laoɽa
521:thanɽ
501:jild
483:skin
478:dant
469:nejme
466:nejma
455:baal
449:chuan
429:muchh
426:muchh
395:paet
392:dhidh
349:naak
337:nakɽa
331:nose
308:face
303:Urdu
278:Nouns
195:Farsi
179:Kothi
175:Hijra
169:is a
47:India
1116:2022
996:2020
961:2016
927:ISBN
867:500
859:100
815:inse
811:insi
807:insa
644:Urdu
620:budi
597:chut
594:bund
554:n/a
518:than
498:chum
495:chum
475:dand
472:dand
452:bood
389:tidh
354:eye
323:munh
320:monh
269:and
261:and
199:Urdu
177:and
159:None
140:None
851:50
843:10
776:ojo
574:lun
551:n/a
548:n/a
533:sic
369:akh
366:akh
346:nak
343:nak
144:mis
1150::
1107:.
1073:.
1057:^
1040:.
1016:.
1004:^
952:.
941:^
803:is
746:.
535:)
219:,
215:,
49:,
1118:.
1075:1
1051:.
1026:.
998:.
963:.
935:.
608:F
585:F
562:M
539:F
509:M
486:F
463:M
440:M
417:M
403:F
380:M
357:F
334:M
311:M
146:)
142:(
20:)
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