188:
both match the consensus. An 'adequate' consensus has only 1 of these sites, while a 'weak' consensus has neither. The cc at −1 and −2 are not as conserved, but contribute to the overall strength. There is also evidence that a G in the -6 position is important in the initiation of translation. While the +4 and the −3 positions in the Kozak sequence have the greatest relative importance in the establishing a favorable initiation context a CC or AA motif at −2 and −1 were found to be important in the initiation of translation in tobacco and maize plants. Protein synthesis in yeast was found to be highly affected by composition of the Kozak sequence in yeast, with adenine enrichment resulting in higher levels of gene expression. A suboptimal Kozak sequence can allow for PIC to scan past the first AUG site and start initiation at a downstream AUG codon.
53:, the sequence is an integral aspect of protein regulation and overall cellular health as well as having implications in human disease. It ensures that a protein is correctly translated from the genetic message, mediating ribosome assembly and translation initiation. A wrong start site can result in non-functional proteins. As it has become more studied, expansions of the nucleotide sequence, bases of importance, and notable exceptions have arisen. The sequence was named after the scientist who discovered it,
252:
366:
248:(m7G) nucleotide which can help recruit the PIC to the mRNA and initiate scanning. This recruitment to the m7G 5′ cap is supported by the inability of eukaryotic ribosomes to translate circular mRNA, which has no 5′ end. Once the PIC binds to the mRNA it scans until it reaches the first AUG codon in a Kozak sequence. This scanning is referred to as the scanning mechanism of initiation.
422:. The correct initiation codon was located in a region that did not match the Kozak consensus sequence as closely as the surrounding sequence of the new, upstream initiation site did, which resulted in reduced translation efficiency of functional SOX9 protein. The patient in whom this mutation was detected had developed acampomelic
2467:
Mohan, Rajiv A.; Engelen, Klaartje van; Stefanovic, Sonia; Barnett, Phil; Ilgun, Aho; Baars, Marieke J. H.; Bouma, Berto J.; Mulder, Barbara J. M.; Christoffels, Vincent M.; Postma, Alex V. (2014). "A mutation in the Kozak sequence of GATA4 hampers translation in a family with atrial septal defects".
377:
Research has shown that a mutation of G—>C in the −6 position of the β-globin gene (β+45; human) disrupted the haematological and biosynthetic phenotype function. This was the first mutation found in the Kozak sequence and showed a 30% decrease in translational efficiency. It was found in a family
299:
is an example of a gene with a weak Kozak consensus sequence. For initiation of translation from such a site, other features are required in the mRNA sequence in order for the ribosome to recognize the initiation codon. Exceptions to the first AUG rule may occur if it is not contained in a Kozak-like
275:
which could hinder scanning. The scanning of an mRNA continues until the first AUG codon on the mRNA is reached, this is known as the "First AUG Rule". While exceptions to the "First AUG Rule" exist, most exceptions take place at a second AUG codon that is located 3 to 5 nucleotides downstream from
182:
is used as an initiation codon, but methionine is still the first amino acid as it is the met-tRNA in the initiation complex that binds to the mRNA). Variation within the Kozak sequence alters the "strength" thereof. Kozak sequence strength refers to the favorability of initiation, affecting how much
187:
nucleotide of the "AUG" is delineated as +1 in mRNA sequences with the preceding base being labeled as −1, i.e. there is no 0 position. For a 'strong' consensus, the nucleotides at positions +4 (i.e. G in the consensus) and −3 (i.e. either A or G in the consensus) relative to the +1 nucleotide must
330:
subunit of the small ribosome subunit to bind to the AUG (or alternative) start codon immediately. In contrast, scanning along the mRNA results in a more rigorous selection process for the AUG codon than in bacteria. An example of bacterial start codon promiscuity can be seen in the use of the
192:
385:
Similar observations were made regarding mutations in the position −5 from the start codon, AUG. Cytosine in this position, as opposed to thymine, showed more efficient translation and increased expression of the platelet adhesion receptor, glycoprotein Ibα in humans.
411:
The ability of the Kozak sequence to optimize translation can result in novel initiation codons in the typically untranslated region of the 5′ (5′ UTR) end of the mRNA transcript. A G to A mutation was described by Bohlen et al. (2017) in a Kozak-like region in the
2382:
Afshar-Kharghan, Vahid; Li, Chester Q.; Khoshnevis-Asl, Mohammad; LóPez, José A. (1999). "Kozak
Sequence Polymorphism of the Glycoprotein (GP) Ib Gene is a Major Determinant of the Plasma Membrane Levels of the Platelet GP Ib-IX-V Complex".
308:
It is believed that the PIC is stalled at the Kozak sequence by interactions between eIF2 and the −3 and +4 nucleotides in the Kozak position. This stalling allows the start codon and the corresponding anticodon time to form the correct
304:
and could be a potential way to control translation through initiation. For initiation of translation from such a site, other features are required in the mRNA sequence in order for the ribosome to recognize the initiation codon.
321:
The scanning mechanism of initiation, which utilizes the Kozak sequence, is found only in eukaryotes and has significant differences from the way bacteria initiate translation. The biggest difference is the existence of the
407:
is mutated to a cytosine, a reduction in GATA4 protein levels results, which leads to a decrease in the expression of genes regulated by the GATA4 transcription factor and linked to the development of atrial septal defect.
353:
Marilyn Kozak demonstrated, through systematic study of point mutations, that any mutations of a strong consensus sequence in the −3 position or to the +4 position resulted in highly impaired translation initiation both
207:. Larger letters indicate a higher frequency of incorporation. Note the larger size of A and G at the 8 position (−3, Kozak position) and at the G at position 14 which corresponds to (+4) position in the Kozak sequence.
224:(AUG), located within the Kozak sequence. Prior to translation initiation, scanning is done by the pre-initiation complex (PIC). The PIC consists of the 40S (small ribosomal subunit) bound to the ternary complex,
2859:
Gallaher SD, Craig RJ, Ganesan I, Purvine SO, McCorkle SR, Grimwood J, Strenkert D, Davidi L, Roth MS, Jeffers TL, Lipton MS, Niyogi KK, Schmutz J, Theg SM, Blaby-Haas CE, Merchant SS (February 12, 2021).
326:
in mRNA for bacteria. The SD sequence is located near the start codon which is in contrast to the Kozak sequence which actually contains the start codon. The Shine
Dalgarno sequence allows the
1732:
Pestova, Tatyana V.; Lomakin, Ivan B.; Lee, Joon H.; Choi, Sang Ki; Dever, Thomas E.; Hellen, Christopher U. T. (January 2000). "The joining of ribosomal subunits in eukaryotes requires eIF5B".
1251:
Lukaszewicz, Marcin; Feuermann, Marc; Jérouville, Bénédicte; Stas, Arnaud; Boutry, Marc (2000-05-15). "In vivo evaluation of the context sequence of the translation initiation codon in plants".
4006:
2412:"The cardiac tissue-restricted homeobox protein Csx/Nkx2.5 physically associates with the zinc finger protein GATA4 and cooperatively activates atrial natriuretic factor gene expression"
313:. The Kozak consensus sequence is so common that the similarity of the sequence around the AUG codon to the Kozak Sequence is used as a criterion for finding start codons in eukaryotes.
3657:
369:
Campomelic dysplasia, a disorder that results in skeletal, reproductive and/or airway issues. Campomelic dysplasia can be the result of a Kozak-related mutation in the
3481:
1975:
Louis, B. G.; Ganoza, M. C. (1988). "Signals determining translational start-site recognition in eukaryotes and their role in prediction of genetic reading frames".
3068:
403:
gene is responsible for gene expression in a wide variety of tissues including the heart. When the guanosine at the -6 position in the Kozak sequence of
4036:
441:
65432-+234 (gcc)gccRccAUGG (Kozak 1987) AGNNAUGN ANNAUGG ACCAUGG (Spotts et al., 1997, mentioned in Kozak 2002) GACACCAUGG (
2185:
Kozak, Marilyn (1986-01-31). "Point mutations define a sequence flanking the AUG initiator codon that modulates translation by eukaryotic ribosomes".
288:
bound to the eIF2. This leads to the a structural rearrangement that commits the PIC to binding to the large ribosomal subunit (60S) and forming the
4046:
3783:
2236:
Kozak, Marilyn (March 1984). "Point mutations close to the AUG initiator codon affect the efficiency of translation of rat preproinsulin in vivo".
1840:
Dunston JA, Hamlington JD, Zaveri J, et al. (September 2004). "The human LMX1B gene: transcription unit, promoter, and pathogenic mutations".
2325:
Bohlen, Anna E. von; Böhm, Johann; Pop, Ramona; Johnson, Diana S.; Tolmie, John; Stücker, Ralf; Morris‐Rosendahl, Deborah; Scherer, Gerd (2017).
1681:
Cigan, A. M.; Feng, L.; Donahue, T. F. (1988-10-07). "tRNAi(met) functions in directing the scanning ribosome to the start site of translation".
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Chen, Wenchao; Yang, Guopeng; He, Yue; Zhang, Shaoming; Chen, Haiyan; Shen, Ping; Chen, Xiangdong; Huang, Yu-Ping (17 September 2015).
4268:
4263:
4253:
3136:
1153:
Kozak M (1984). "Point mutations close to the AUG initiator codon affect the efficiency of translation of rat preproinsulin in vivo".
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The first start codon closest to the 5′ end of the strand is not always recognized if it is not contained in a Kozak-like sequence.
1793:"Pi Release from eIF2, Not GTP Hydrolysis, Is the Step Controlled by Start-Site Selection during Eukaryotic Translation Initiation"
1355:"AUG codons at the beginning of protein coding sequences are frequent in eukaryotic mRNAs with a suboptimal start codon context"
4026:
4021:
4016:
3131:
3126:
268:
2028:"GTP hydrolysis controls stringent selection of the AUG start codon during translation initiation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae"
3841:
237:
2128:"Nucleotides Flanking the Start Codon in hsp70 mRNAs with Very Short 5'-UTRs Greatly Affect Gene Expression in Haloarchaea"
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4438:
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4423:
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4278:
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73:
2521:"Gene functionality's influence on the second codon: A large-scale survey of second codon composition in three domains"
1206:"Point mutations define a sequence flanking the AUG initiator codon that modulates translation by eukaryotic ribosomes"
724:
3174:
3118:
3046:
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Alekhina, O. M.; Vassilenko, K. S. (2012). "Translation initiation in eukaryotes: Versatility of the scanning model".
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The scanning mechanism of
Initiation starts when the PIC binds the 5′ end of the mRNA. Scanning is stimulated by
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3856:
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3816:
2611:"Compilation and comparison of the sequence context around the AUG startcodons in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mRNAs"
389:
Mutations to the Kozak sequence can also have drastic effects upon human health; in particular, certain forms of
85:
98:), subsequent studies confirmed its conservation in higher eukaryotes generally. The sequence was defined as 5'-
4109:
4104:
4099:
4089:
4064:
4059:
3826:
3821:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
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Schmitt, Emmanuelle; Coureux, Pierre-Damien; Monestier, Auriane; Dubiez, Etienne; Mechulam, Yves (2019-02-21).
390:
2327:"A mutation creating an upstream initiation codon in the SOX9 5′ UTR causes acampomelic campomelic dysplasia"
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379:
323:
255:
An overview of eukaryotic initiation showing the formation of the PIC and the scanning method of initiation.
4238:
3093:
1296:"Nucleotides upstream of the Kozak sequence strongly influence gene expression in the yeast S. cerevisiae"
285:
272:
61:
3085:
3081:
734:
660:
164:
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39:
32:
2562:"Comparison of the consensus sequence flanking translational start sites in Drosophila and vertebrates"
587:
1032:"Compilation and analysis of sequences upstream from the translational start site in eukaryotic mRNAs"
4094:
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3089:
3077:
2920:
2245:
2139:
1741:
1690:
1627:
1533:
1463:"Start Codon Recognition in Eukaryotic and Archaeal Translation Initiation: A Common Structural Core"
1411:
1162:
423:
178:
is the initiation codon encoding a methionine amino acid at the N-terminus of the protein. (Rarely,
2909:"Downstream secondary structure facilitates recognition of initiator codons by eukaryotic ribosomes"
2410:
Lee, Y.; Shioi, T.; Kasahara, H.; Jobe, S. M.; Wiese, R. J.; Markham, B. E.; Izumo, S. (June 1998).
1205:
426:, a developmental disorder that causes skeletal, reproductive and airway issues due to insufficient
3619:
276:
the first AUG, or within 10 nucleotides from the 5′ end of the mRNA. At the AUG codon a
Methionine
228:-GTP-intiatorMet tRNA (TC) to form the 43S ribosome. Assisted by several other initiation factors (
1354:
191:
2743:
2501:
2277:
2218:
2008:
1900:
1773:
1443:
1233:
1186:
963:
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292:(80S). Once the 80S ribosome complex is formed then the elongation phase of translation starts.
1520:
Grzegorski, Steven J.; Chiari, Estelle F.; Robbins, Amy; Kish, Phillip E.; Kahana, Alon (2014).
3765:
3582:
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2735:
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804:
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245:
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initiation. Haloarchaea are known to have a variant of the Kozak consensus sequence in their
4639:
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4624:
4614:
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4584:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4519:
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3016:
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2727:
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2622:
2581:
2573:
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2477:
2439:
2423:
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2311:– via NIH National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information.
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2039:
1984:
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1698:
1653:
1635:
1588:
1551:
1541:
1492:
1474:
1419:
1402:
Kozak, Marilyn (July 1979). "Inability of circular mRNA to attach to eukaryotic ribosomes".
1366:
1325:
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200:
4509:
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4484:
4474:
3164:
3154:
2396:
2083:
Gualerzi, C. O.; Pon, C. L. (1990-06-26). "Initiation of mRNA translation in prokaryotes".
1579:
Hinnebusch, Alan G. (2014). "The
Scanning Mechanism of Eukaryotic Translation Initiation".
934:"Beta+45 G → C: a novel silent beta-thalassaemia mutation, the first in the Kozak sequence"
296:
1592:
338:
715:, the nucleic acid messenger that serves as the middleman in the Central Dogma of Biology
2924:
2249:
2143:
1745:
1694:
1631:
1616:"Adherence to the first-AUG rule when a second AUG codon follows closely upon the first"
1537:
1415:
1166:
882:
Kozak, Marilyn (1999-07-08). "Initiation of translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes".
84:
The Kozak sequence was determined by sequencing of 699 vertebrate mRNAs and verified by
3727:
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3004:
2986:
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2888:
2861:
2836:
2811:
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1952:
1919:
1556:
1521:
1497:
1462:
1330:
1295:
859:
826:
799:
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57:. Kozak discovered the sequence through a detailed analysis of DNA genomic sequences.
3020:
2787:
2762:
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2666:
2635:
2610:
2586:
2561:
2444:
2411:
2060:
2027:
1522:"Natural Variability of Kozak Sequences Correlates with Function in a Zebrafish Model"
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1118:
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1064:
1031:
895:
842:
251:
4711:
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2908:
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2026:
Huang, Han-kuei; Yoon, Heejeong; Hannig, Ernest M.; Donahue, Thomas F. (1997-09-15).
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712:
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310:
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54:
46:
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2012:
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967:
365:
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human, cow, cat, dog, chicken, guinea pig, hamster, mouse, pig, rabbit, sheep, and
2152:
1809:
1792:
1546:
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proteins. The Dhx29 and Ddx3/Ded1 are DEAD-box helicases that help to unwind any
4682:
2962:"An analysis of vertebrate mRNA sequences: intimations of translational control"
2537:
2520:
1853:
983:"Conservation and Variability of the AUG Initiation Codon Context in Eukaryotes"
685:
623:
597:
221:
119:
2913:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
999:
982:
244:) it is recruited to the 5′ end of the mRNA. Eukaryotic mRNA is capped with a
65:
4687:
2714:
Seeber, F. (1997). "Consensus sequence of translational initiation sites from
2296:
1888:
1312:
728:
644:
613:
571:
540:
524:
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469:
130:
123:
107:
43:
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2435:
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2051:
1996:
1943:
1818:
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1710:
1649:
1488:
1431:
1380:
1321:
1272:
1109:
1055:
1008:
903:
850:
790:
3774:
3005:"Pushing the limits of the scanning mechanism for initiation of translation"
2933:
2878:
2761:
Lütcke HA, Chow KC, Mickel FS, Moss KA, Kern HF, Scheele GA (January 1987).
2626:
2577:
1702:
981:
Hernández, Greco; Osnaya, Vincent G.; Pérez-Martínez, Xochitl (2019-07-25).
827:"Pushing the limits of the scanning mechanism for initiation of translation"
550:
50:
49:
transcripts. Regarded as the optimum sequence for initiating translation in
3038:
2845:
2546:
2497:
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2308:
2171:
2043:
1961:
1896:
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1016:
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911:
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2731:
2700:
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2595:
2453:
2427:
2273:
2214:
2112:
2069:
2004:
1935:
1718:
1667:
1229:
1182:
1127:
1094:"An analysis of 5'-noncoding sequences from 699 vertebrate messenger RNAs"
1073:
808:
782:
3689:
3684:
3679:
2816:
Genome: Functional
Significance of Abundant Upstream Open Reading Frames"
2481:
1920:"Molecular Mechanism of Scanning and Start Codon Selection in Eukaryotes"
1479:
718:
289:
217:
2096:
1294:
Li, Jing; Liang, Qiang; Song, Wenjiang; Marchisio, Mario Andrea (2017).
418:
gene that created a new translation initiation codon in an out-of-frame
3410:
1988:
1141:
Nomenclature for
Incompletely Specified Bases in Nucleic Acid Sequences
566:
334:
153:
149:
145:
94:
36:
280:
is recognized by mRNA codon. Upon base pairing to the start codon the
4644:
4634:
4619:
4609:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4579:
4574:
4554:
4549:
4529:
4524:
3701:
3674:
3662:
3535:
3491:
3486:
3469:
3464:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3375:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3291:
3286:
3274:
3250:
3245:
2342:
2257:
1753:
1423:
1174:
241:
141:
2519:
Tang, Sen-Lin; Chang, Bill C.H.; Halgamuge, Saman K. (August 2010).
4514:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4479:
4224:
4031:
3753:
3748:
3706:
3696:
3652:
3604:
3599:
3542:
3530:
3503:
3498:
3476:
3459:
3437:
3415:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3301:
3296:
3233:
3159:
2763:"Selection of AUG initiation codons differs in plants and animals"
395:
364:
342:
264:
260:
250:
190:
2667:"The sequence flanking translational initiation site in protozoa"
3738:
3713:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3614:
3609:
3564:
3554:
3525:
3515:
3427:
3345:
3333:
3264:
3238:
3228:
3218:
414:
281:
233:
229:
225:
204:
3050:
170:
the sequence in parentheses (gcc) is of uncertain significance.
1791:
Algire, Mikkel A.; Maag, David; Lorsch, Jon R. (2005-10-28).
2295:
Unger, Shelia; Scherer, Gerd; Superti-Furga, Andrea (1993).
137:
the 'AUGG' sequence is constant or rarely, if ever, changes.
337:
transcripts use a mix of SD sequence, Kozak sequence, and
2862:"Widespread polycistronic gene expression in green algae"
932:
De
Angioletti M, Lacerra G, Sabato V, Carestia C (2004).
721:, the molecular machine responsible for protein synthesis
88:. While initially limited to a subset of vertebrates (
438:
The Kozak consensus has been variously described as:
4665:
4467:
4246:
4237:
4045:
3782:
3773:
3764:
3726:
3643:
3590:
3581:
3551:
3512:
3424:
3342:
3261:
3215:
3206:
3173:
3145:
3117:
3108:
3101:
331:alternate start codons UUG and GUG for some genes.
2609:Hamilton R, Watanabe CK, de Boer HA (April 1987).
927:
925:
923:
921:
60:The Kozak sequence is not to be confused with the
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
378:from the Southeast Italy and they suffered from
2866:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1620:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
767:"The scanning model for translation: an update"
393:are caused by Kozak sequence mutations in the
183:protein is synthesized from a given mRNA. The
3062:
1087:
1085:
1083:
129:upper-case letters indicate highly conserved
8:
820:
818:
199:showing the most conserved bases around the
159:a lower-case letter denotes the most common
152:) is always observed at this position (with
2470:American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A
1467:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
453:Kozak-like sequences in various eukaryotes
4243:
3779:
3770:
3587:
3212:
3114:
3105:
3069:
3055:
3047:
1924:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
3028:
2985:
2942:
2932:
2887:
2877:
2835:
2786:
2690:
2634:
2585:
2536:
2443:
2358:
2331:Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine
2320:
2318:
2161:
2151:
2059:
1951:
1808:
1657:
1639:
1555:
1545:
1496:
1478:
1370:
1329:
1311:
1117:
1063:
998:
949:
858:
798:
451:
746:
156:being more frequent according to Kozak)
16:Nucleic acid motif in molecular biology
2397:10.1182/blood.v94.1.186.413k19_186_191
1918:Hinnebusch, Alan G. (September 2011).
2303:. Seattle: University of Washington.
1593:10.1146/annurev-biochem-060713-035802
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
317:Differences from bacterial initiation
118:nucleotides indicate the translation
7:
434:Variations in the consensus sequence
399:gene's 5' untranslated region. The
2779:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb04716.x
737:, the process of peptide synthesis
14:
1300:Journal of Biological Engineering
110:notation summarized here) where:
1353:Kochetov, Alex V. (2005-04-01).
951:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04754.x
727:, the ribosomal binding site of
284:in the PIC helps to hydrolyze a
2812:"Tying Down Loose Ends in the
2416:Molecular and Cellular Biology
987:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
1:
3021:10.1016/S0378-1119(02)01056-9
1581:Annual Review of Biochemistry
1372:10.1093/bioinformatics/bti136
1265:10.1016/S0168-9452(00)00195-3
896:10.1016/S0378-1119(99)00210-3
843:10.1016/S0378-1119(02)01056-9
825:Kozak, Marilyn (2002-10-16).
64:(RBS), that being either the
2810:Cross F (February 6, 2016).
2560:Cavener DR (February 1987).
2199:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90762-2
2153:10.1371/journal.pone.0138473
1810:10.1016/j.molcel.2005.09.008
1547:10.1371/journal.pone.0108475
1222:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90762-2
324:Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence
286:guanosine triphosphate (GTP)
74:internal ribosome entry site
2966:The Journal of Cell Biology
2538:10.1016/j.ygeno.2010.04.001
1854:10.1016/j.ygeno.2004.06.002
771:The Journal of Cell Biology
765:Kozak, M. (February 1989).
4734:
1000:10.1016/j.tibs.2019.07.001
680:(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
4673:Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
2960:Kozak M (November 1991).
2907:Kozak M (November 1990).
1977:Molecular Biology Reports
1889:10.1134/s0006297912130056
1313:10.1186/s13036-017-0068-1
300:sequence. This is called
86:site-directed mutagenesis
4697:Kozak consensus sequence
3003:Kozak M (October 2002).
1614:Kozak, M. (1995-03-28).
1092:Kozak M (October 1987).
545:Dictyostelium discoideum
519:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
391:congenital heart disease
273:secondary mRNA structure
163:at a position where the
42:initiation site in most
21:Kozak consensus sequence
4693:Shine-Dalgarno sequence
2934:10.1073/pnas.87.21.8301
2879:10.1073/pnas.2017714118
2665:Yamauchi K (May 1991).
2032:Genes & Development
1703:10.1126/science.3051379
1030:Kozak, M (1984-01-25).
725:Shine–Dalgarno sequence
380:thalassaemia intermedia
203:from over 10 000 human
2683:10.1093/nar/19.10.2715
2297:"Campomelic Dysplasia"
2044:10.1101/gad.11.18.2396
1641:10.1073/pnas.92.7.2662
1110:10.1093/nar/15.20.8125
1036:Nucleic Acids Research
374:
256:
208:
140:'R' indicates that a
62:ribosomal binding site
35:that functions as the
2978:10.1083/jcb.115.4.887
2828:10.1534/g3.115.023119
2732:10.1007/s004360050254
2720:Parasitology Research
2627:10.1093/nar/15.8.3581
2578:10.1093/nar/15.4.1353
2428:10.1128/mcb.18.6.3120
1936:10.1128/MMBR.00008-11
1877:Biochemistry (Moscow)
783:10.1083/jcb.108.2.229
368:
349:Mutations and disease
254:
242:polyA binding protein
194:
167:can nevertheless vary
4718:Protein biosynthesis
3593:Mitochondrial
3078:Protein biosynthesis
2482:10.1002/ajmg.a.36703
1480:10.3390/ijms20040939
1048:10.1093/nar/12.2.857
464:Consensus sequences
424:campomelic dysplasia
2925:1990PNAS...87.8301K
2250:1984Natur.308..241K
2144:2015PLoSO..1038473C
2097:10.1021/bi00477a001
1746:2000Natur.403..332P
1695:1988Sci...242...93C
1632:1995PNAS...92.2662K
1538:2014PLoSO...9j8475G
1416:1979Natur.280...82K
1167:1984Natur.308..241K
454:
443:H. sapiens HBB, HBD
3766:Ribosomal Proteins
1989:10.1007/bf00539058
661:Terrestrial plants
452:
420:open reading frame
375:
257:
209:
33:nucleic acid motif
4705:
4704:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4233:
4232:
3722:
3721:
3646:Eukaryotic
3583:Elongation factor
3577:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3110:Initiation factor
2716:Toxoplasma gondii
2671:Nucleic Acids Res
2615:Nucleic Acids Res
2566:Nucleic Acids Res
2476:(11): 2732–2738.
2244:(5956): 241–246.
2091:(25): 5881–5889.
2038:(18): 2396–2413.
1883:(13): 1465–1477.
1740:(6767): 332–335.
1161:(5956): 241–246.
1104:(20): 8125–8148.
1098:Nucleic Acids Res
993:(12): 1009–1021.
704:
703:
618:Toxoplasma gondii
588:Malarial protozoa
447:R. norvegicus Hbb
290:ribosomal complex
246:7-methylguanosine
220:assembles on the
212:Ribosome assembly
4725:
4244:
3780:
3771:
3645:
3592:
3588:
3558:
3519:
3431:
3349:
3268:
3222:
3213:
3115:
3106:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3048:
3042:
3032:
2999:
2989:
2956:
2946:
2936:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2881:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2839:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2790:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2694:
2662:
2649:
2648:
2638:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2589:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2540:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2447:
2422:(6): 3120–3129.
2407:
2401:
2400:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2362:
2343:10.1002/mgg3.282
2322:
2313:
2312:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2258:10.1038/308241a0
2233:
2227:
2226:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2165:
2155:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2063:
2023:
2017:
2016:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1955:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1812:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1754:10.1038/35002118
1729:
1723:
1722:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1661:
1643:
1626:(7): 2662–2666.
1611:
1605:
1604:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1559:
1549:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1500:
1482:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1424:10.1038/280082a0
1399:
1393:
1392:
1374:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1333:
1315:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1204:Kozak M (1986).
1201:
1195:
1194:
1175:10.1038/308241a0
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1121:
1089:
1078:
1077:
1067:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1002:
978:
972:
971:
953:
929:
916:
915:
879:
873:
872:
862:
822:
813:
812:
802:
762:
700:
673:
655:
640:Trypanosomatidae
634:
608:
582:
561:
535:
509:
483:
455:
311:hydrogen bonding
201:initiation codon
105:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4649:
4463:
4229:
4041:
3760:
3718:
3639:
3569:
3552:
3547:
3513:
3508:
3425:
3420:
3343:
3338:
3262:
3257:
3216:
3202:
3169:
3141:
3097:
3075:
3045:
3002:
2959:
2906:
2902:
2900:Further reading
2897:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2677:(10): 2715–20.
2664:
2663:
2652:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2138:(9): e0138473.
2125:
2124:
2120:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2025:
2024:
2020:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1689:(4875): 93–97.
1680:
1679:
1675:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1410:(5717): 82–85.
1401:
1400:
1396:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1143:, NC-IUB, 1984.
1139:
1135:
1091:
1090:
1081:
1029:
1028:
1024:
980:
979:
975:
931:
930:
919:
881:
880:
876:
824:
823:
816:
764:
763:
748:
744:
709:
690:
667:
649:
628:
602:
576:
555:
529:
503:
477:
450:
436:
351:
319:
214:
99:
82:
25:Kozak consensus
17:
12:
11:
5:
4731:
4729:
4721:
4720:
4710:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4669:
4667:
4666:Other concepts
4663:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4250:
4248:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4051:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3788:
3786:
3777:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3732:
3730:
3728:Release factor
3724:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3649:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3596:
3594:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3561:
3559:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3528:
3522:
3520:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3434:
3432:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3352:
3350:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3271:
3269:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3225:
3223:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3151:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3112:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3051:
3044:
3043:
3000:
2972:(4): 887–903.
2957:
2919:(21): 8301–5.
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2851:
2822:(2): 435–446.
2802:
2753:
2726:(3): 309–311.
2706:
2650:
2621:(8): 3581–93.
2601:
2572:(4): 1353–61.
2552:
2511:
2459:
2402:
2374:
2337:(3): 261–268.
2314:
2287:
2228:
2193:(2): 283–292.
2177:
2118:
2075:
2018:
1983:(2): 103–115.
1967:
1930:(3): 434–467.
1910:
1867:
1832:
1803:(2): 251–262.
1797:Molecular Cell
1783:
1724:
1673:
1606:
1587:(1): 779–812.
1571:
1532:(9): e108475.
1512:
1453:
1394:
1365:(7): 837–840.
1359:Bioinformatics
1345:
1286:
1243:
1196:
1145:
1133:
1079:
1042:(2): 857–872.
1022:
973:
917:
890:(2): 187–208.
874:
814:
777:(2): 229–241.
745:
743:
740:
739:
738:
732:
722:
716:
708:
705:
702:
701:
688:
683:
675:
674:
665:
663:
657:
656:
647:
642:
636:
635:
626:
621:
610:
609:
600:
595:
584:
583:
574:
569:
563:
562:
553:
548:
537:
536:
527:
522:
511:
510:
501:
496:
485:
484:
475:
473:
466:
465:
462:
459:
440:
435:
432:
350:
347:
318:
315:
302:leaky scanning
278:tRNA anticodon
213:
210:
172:
171:
168:
157:
138:
127:
81:
78:
29:Kozak sequence
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4730:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4698:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4678:Reading frame
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4239:Mitochondrial
4236:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3715:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3260:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3147:Mitochondrial
3144:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3067:
3065:
3060:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3015:(1–2): 1–34.
3014:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2855:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2815:
2814:Chlamydomonas
2806:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2531:(2): 92–101.
2530:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1848:(3): 565–76.
1847:
1843:
1836:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1253:Plant Science
1247:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1216:(2): 283–92.
1215:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
996:
992:
988:
984:
977:
974:
969:
965:
961:
957:
952:
947:
944:(2): 224–31.
943:
939:
938:Br J Haematol
935:
928:
926:
924:
922:
918:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
878:
875:
870:
866:
861:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
821:
819:
815:
810:
806:
801:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
747:
741:
736:
733:
730:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
710:
706:
698:
694:
689:
687:
684:
681:
677:
676:
671:
666:
664:
662:
659:
658:
653:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
632:
627:
625:
622:
619:
615:
612:
611:
606:
601:
599:
596:
593:
589:
586:
585:
580:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
564:
559:
554:
552:
549:
546:
542:
539:
538:
533:
528:
526:
523:
520:
516:
515:Budding yeast
513:
512:
507:
502:
500:
497:
494:
490:
487:
486:
481:
476:
474:
472:(Kozak 1987)
471:
468:
467:
463:
460:
457:
456:
448:
444:
439:
433:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
416:
409:
406:
402:
398:
397:
392:
387:
383:
381:
372:
367:
363:
361:
357:
348:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
329:
325:
316:
314:
312:
306:
303:
298:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
270:
266:
262:
253:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
211:
206:
202:
198:
197:sequence logo
193:
189:
186:
181:
177:
169:
166:
162:
158:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
136:
132:
128:
125:
122:, coding for
121:
117:
113:
112:
111:
109:
103:
97:
96:
91:
87:
79:
77:
75:
71:
70:messenger RNA
67:
63:
58:
56:
55:Marilyn Kozak
52:
48:
45:
41:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
4696:
3745:Class 2/RF3
3553:
3514:
3426:
3344:
3263:
3217:
3012:
3008:
2969:
2965:
2916:
2912:
2869:
2865:
2854:
2819:
2813:
2805:
2770:
2766:
2756:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2674:
2670:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2419:
2415:
2405:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2334:
2330:
2300:
2290:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2135:
2131:
2121:
2088:
2085:Biochemistry
2084:
2078:
2035:
2031:
2021:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1927:
1923:
1913:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1800:
1796:
1786:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1259:(1): 89–98.
1256:
1252:
1246:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1136:
1101:
1097:
1039:
1035:
1025:
990:
986:
976:
941:
937:
887:
883:
877:
834:
830:
774:
770:
696:
692:
679:
669:
651:
630:
617:
604:
591:
578:
557:
544:
531:
518:
505:
492:
479:
446:
442:
437:
430:expression.
427:
413:
410:
404:
400:
394:
388:
384:
376:
370:
359:
355:
352:
333:
320:
307:
294:
258:
215:
184:
179:
175:
173:
134:
115:
101:
93:
89:
83:
59:
28:
24:
20:
18:
4683:Start codon
4468:28S subunit
4247:39S subunit
4047:40S subunit
3784:60S subunit
3775:Cytoplasmic
3239:SUI1 family
3082:translation
2773:(1): 43–8.
2391:: 186–191.
2301:GeneReviews
837:(1): 1–34.
735:Translation
729:prokaryotes
686:Chlorophyta
624:Apicomplexa
598:Apicomplexa
232:and eIF1A,
222:start codon
120:start codon
106:-3' (IUPAC
100:(gcc)gccRcc
40:translation
4688:Stop codon
4032:RRP15-like
3842:RPL10-like
3591:Bacterial/
3208:Eukaryotic
3094:eukaryotic
1473:(4): 939.
742:References
678:Microalga
645:Euglenozoa
614:Toxoplasma
592:Plasmodium
572:Ciliophora
541:Slime mold
525:Ascomycota
499:Arthropoda
493:Drosophila
470:Vertebrate
339:leaderless
124:Methionine
116:underlined
108:nucleobase
51:eukaryotes
44:eukaryotic
3644:Archaeal/
3119:Bacterial
3086:bacterial
2490:1552-4833
2436:0270-7306
2351:2324-9269
2266:1476-4687
2207:0092-8674
2105:0006-2960
2052:0890-9369
1997:0301-4851
1944:1092-2172
1819:1097-2765
1762:1476-4687
1711:0036-8075
1650:0027-8424
1489:1422-0067
1432:1476-4687
1381:1367-4803
1322:1754-1611
1273:0168-9452
1056:0305-1048
1009:0968-0004
904:0378-1119
851:0378-1119
791:0021-9525
551:Amoebozoa
489:Fruit fly
449:, etc.)
265:Ddx3/Ded1
4712:Category
3735:Class 1
3175:Archaeal
3102:Proteins
3090:archaeal
3039:12459250
2846:26701783
2748:10433917
2718:genes".
2547:20417269
2525:Genomics
2506:32674053
2498:25099673
2369:28546996
2309:20301724
2223:15613863
2172:26379277
2132:PLOS ONE
2013:25936805
1962:21885680
1905:14157104
1897:23379522
1862:15498463
1842:Genomics
1827:16246727
1770:10659855
1601:24499181
1566:25248153
1526:PLOS ONE
1507:30795538
1440:15305588
1389:15531618
1340:28835771
1281:10725562
1238:15613863
1017:31353284
968:86704907
960:14687034
912:10395892
869:12459250
719:Ribosome
707:See also
356:in vitro
335:Archaeal
218:ribosome
80:Sequence
76:(IRES).
4037:RSL24D1
3714:a/eEF-2
3653:a/eEF-1
3030:7126118
2996:1955461
2987:2289952
2953:2236042
2921:Bibcode
2889:7896298
2837:4751561
2797:3556162
2740:9089733
2701:2041747
2645:3554144
2596:3822832
2454:9584153
2360:5441400
2282:4366379
2274:6700727
2246:Bibcode
2215:3943125
2163:4574771
2140:Bibcode
2113:2200518
2070:9308967
2005:3221841
1953:3165540
1778:3739106
1742:Bibcode
1719:3051379
1691:Bibcode
1683:Science
1668:7708701
1628:Bibcode
1557:4172775
1534:Bibcode
1498:6412873
1448:4319259
1412:Bibcode
1331:5563945
1230:3943125
1191:4366379
1183:6700727
1163:Bibcode
1128:3313277
1074:6694911
860:7126118
809:2645293
800:2115416
567:Ciliate
461:Phylum
360:in vivo
345:genes.
154:adenine
150:guanine
146:adenine
95:Xenopus
37:protein
31:) is a
4205:RPS27A
4145:RPS15A
4084:RPS4Y2
4080:RPS4Y1
4074:RPS4 (
3992:RPL37A
3982:RPL36A
3972:RPL35A
3932:RPL27A
3912:RPL23A
3887:RPL18A
3862:RPL13A
3837:RPL10A
3292:γ
3287:β
3280:kinase
3275:α
3037:
3027:
2994:
2984:
2951:
2941:
2886:
2844:
2834:
2795:
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