140:
The optimal distance between the RBS and the start codon is variable - it depends on the portion of the SD sequence encoded in the actual RBS and its distance to the start site of a consensus SD sequence. Optimal spacing increases the rate of translation initiation once a ribosome has been bound. The
136:
The level of complementarity of the mRNA SD sequence to the ribosomal ASD greatly affects the efficiency of translation initiation. Richer complementarity results in higher initiation efficiency. It is worth noting that this only holds up to a certain point - having too rich of a complementarity is
149:
Secondary structures formed by the RBS can affect the translational efficiency of mRNA, generally inhibiting translation. These secondary structures are formed by H-bonding of the mRNA base pairs and are sensitive to temperature. At a higher-than-usual temperature (~42 °C), the RBS secondary
210:
The identification of RBSs is used to determine the site of translation initiation in an unannotated sequence. This is referred to as N-terminal prediction. This is especially useful when multiple start codons are situated around the potential start site of the protein coding sequence.
93:
Variations of the 5'-AGGAGG-3' sequence have been found in
Archaea as highly conserved 5′-GGTG-3′ regions, 5 basepairs upstream of the start site. Additionally, some bacterial initiation regions, such as rpsA in E.coli completely lack identifiable SD sequences.
86:(SD) sequence. The complementary sequence (CCUCCU), called the anti-Shine-Dalgarno (ASD) is contained in the 3’ end of the 16S region of the smaller (30S) ribosomal subunit. Upon encountering the Shine-Dalgarno sequence, the ASD of the ribosome
533:
De Boer, Herman A.; Hui, Anna S. (1990-01-01). " Sequences within ribosome binding site affecting messenger RNA translatability and method to direct ribosomes to single messenger RNA species". In
Enzymology, BT - Methods in (ed.).
359:
1954:
102:
Prokaryotic ribosomes begin translation of the mRNA transcript while DNA is still being transcribed. Thus translation and transcription are parallel processes. Bacterial mRNA are usually
202:. This process is not dependent on the full set of translation initiation factors (although this depends on the specific IRES) and is commonly found in the translation of viral mRNA.
128:
The ribosomal protein S1 binds to adenine sequences upstream of the RBS. Increasing the concentration of adenine upstream of the RBS will increase the rate of ribosome recruitment.
1605:
974:
1429:
1016:
1984:
754:"MetaGeneAnnotator: Detecting Species-Specific Patterns of Ribosomal Binding Site for Precise Gene Prediction in Anonymous Prokaryotic and Phage Genomes"
154:
becomes undone thus allowing ribosomes to bind and initiate translation. This mechanism allows a cell to quickly respond to an increase in temperature.
1994:
1731:
214:
Identification of RBSs is particularly difficult, because they tend to be highly degenerated. One approach to identifying RBS in E.coli is using
728:"Deriving ribosomal binding site (RBS) statistical models from unannotated DNA sequences and the use of the RBS model for N-terminal prediction"
2031:
2027:
106:
and contain multiple ribosome binding sites. Translation initiation is the most highly regulated step of protein synthesis in prokaryotes.
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2381:
2361:
2356:
2346:
2336:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2271:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2023:
2216:
2211:
2201:
1084:
255:
190:
G. Since the Kozak sequence itself is not involved in the recruitment of the ribosome, it is not considered a ribosome binding site.
1009:
551:
137:
known to paradoxically decrease the rate of translation as the ribosome then happens to be bound too tightly to proceed downstream.
198:
Eukaryotic ribosomes are known to bind to transcripts in a mechanism unlike the one involving the 5' cap, at a sequence called the
141:
composition of nucleotides in the spacer region itself was also found to affect the rate of translation initiation in one study.
1974:
1969:
1964:
1079:
1074:
809:
Oliveira, Márcio
Ferreira da Silva; Mendes, Daniele Quintella; Ferrari, Luciana Itida; Vasconcelos, Ana Tereza Ribeiro (2004).
1789:
685:
2665:
2386:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2351:
2341:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2301:
2276:
2266:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2206:
1155:
1002:
199:
59:
182:
Translation initiation happens following recruitment of the ribosome, at the start codon (underlined) found within the
1122:
1066:
994:
2670:
2152:
2092:
1939:
1929:
1919:
1879:
1859:
1834:
1809:
1784:
116:
the rate at which a recruited ribosome is able to initiate translation (i.e. the translation initiation efficiency)
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
2620:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2017:
1959:
1949:
1944:
1934:
1924:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1779:
1764:
215:
686:"Translation initiation by factor-independent binding of eukaryotic ribosomes to internal ribosomal entry sites"
2644:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2037:
2012:
2007:
1774:
1769:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
243:
183:
471:
Laursen, Brian Søgaard; Sørensen, Hans Peter; Mortensen, Kim Kusk; Sperling-Petersen, Hans Uffe (2005-03-01).
2640:
893:
172:
83:
2186:
1041:
260:
2675:
1033:
1029:
265:
55:
919:"Compilation and analysis of sequences upstream from the translational start site in eukaryotic mRNAs"
727:
2042:
2002:
1037:
1025:
314:
270:
1567:
338:
151:
103:
79:
78:
The RBS in prokaryotes is a region upstream of the start codon. This region of the mRNA has the
1713:
1530:
1057:
975:"Research: Top 10 Women Scientists Of The '80s: Making A Difference | The Scientist Magazine®"
956:
938:
875:
867:
832:
791:
773:
705:
666:
658:
614:
596:
557:
547:
510:
492:
448:
430:
330:
2587:
2577:
2572:
2562:
2552:
2532:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2467:
1615:
946:
930:
859:
822:
781:
765:
697:
648:
604:
588:
539:
500:
484:
438:
420:
322:
2457:
2437:
2432:
2422:
1112:
1102:
275:
318:
1675:
786:
753:
505:
472:
443:
408:
219:
176:
67:
951:
918:
609:
576:
17:
2659:
2625:
863:
543:
302:
239:
235:
827:
810:
1227:
1094:
488:
383:
342:
850:
Stormo, Gary D. (2000-01-01). "DNA binding sites: representation and discovery".
2630:
407:
Omotajo, Damilola; Tate, Travis; Cho, Hyuk; Choudhary, Madhusudan (2015-08-14).
43:
701:
62:(IRES) have been described in mRNAs of eukaryotic cells or viruses that infect
2635:
425:
298:
231:
168:
63:
942:
871:
836:
777:
662:
600:
496:
434:
409:"Distribution and diversity of ribosome binding sites in prokaryotic genomes"
1722:
769:
684:
Pisarev, Andrey V.; Shirokikh, Nikolay E.; Hellen, Christopher U.T. (2005).
592:
87:
934:
879:
795:
709:
670:
514:
452:
305:(1975-03-06). "Determinant of cistron specificity in bacterial ribosomes".
960:
618:
561:
1637:
1632:
1627:
334:
51:
1358:
653:
636:
230:
The Shine-Dalgarno sequence, of the prokaryotic RBS, was discovered by
242:
in 1984 while she was in the
Department of Biological Sciences at the
2592:
2582:
2567:
2557:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2527:
2522:
2502:
2497:
2477:
2472:
1649:
1622:
1610:
1483:
1439:
1434:
1417:
1412:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1323:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1239:
1234:
1222:
1198:
1193:
326:
575:
Stormo, Gary D.; Schneider, Thomas D.; Gold, Larry M. (1982-05-11).
2462:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2427:
2172:
1979:
1701:
1696:
1654:
1644:
1600:
1552:
1547:
1490:
1478:
1451:
1446:
1424:
1407:
1385:
1363:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1249:
1244:
1181:
1107:
752:
Noguchi, Hideki; Taniguchi, Takeaki; Itoh, Takehiko (2008-12-01).
66:. Ribosome recruitment in eukaryotes is generally mediated by the
1686:
1661:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1562:
1557:
1512:
1502:
1473:
1463:
1375:
1293:
1281:
1212:
1186:
1176:
1166:
47:
998:
577:"Characterization of translational initiation sites in E. coli"
238:
in 1975. The Kozak consensus sequence was first identified by
637:"Internal ribosome entry sites in eukaryotic mRNA molecules"
179:
mRNA and recruit the 43S ribosome complex at that location.
132:
Factors affecting the efficiency of translation initiation
811:"Ribosome binding site recognition using neural networks"
894:"Prof John Shine — Garvan Institute of Medical Research"
50:
transcript that is responsible for the recruitment of a
635:
Hellen, Christopher U. T.; Sarnow, Peter (2001-07-01).
58:. Mostly, RBS refers to bacterial sequences, although
171:
happens when eukaryote initiation factors elF4F and
113:
the rate at which a ribosome is recruited to the RBS
2613:
2415:
2194:
2185:
1993:
1730:
1721:
1712:
1674:
1591:
1538:
1529:
1499:
1460:
1372:
1290:
1209:
1163:
1154:
1121:
1093:
1065:
1056:
1049:
538:. Vol. 185. Academic Press. pp. 103–114.
109:The rate of translation depends on two factors:
120:The RBS sequence affects both of these factors.
42:), is a sequence of nucleotides upstream of the
90:with it, after which translation is initiated.
360:"Ribosomal Binding Site Sequence Requirements"
124:Factors affecting rate of ribosome recruitment
1010:
473:"Initiation of Protein Synthesis in Bacteria"
384:"Help:Ribosome Binding Site - parts.igem.org"
8:
726:Hayes, William S.; Borodovsky, Mark (1998).
2191:
1727:
1718:
1535:
1160:
1062:
1053:
1017:
1003:
995:
477:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
950:
826:
785:
652:
608:
504:
442:
424:
287:
721:
719:
98:Effect on translation initiation rate
7:
630:
628:
528:
526:
524:
466:
464:
462:
354:
352:
293:
291:
194:Internal ribosome entry site (IRES)
256:Alpha operon ribosome binding site
25:
735:Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing
218:. Another approach is using the
828:10.1590/S1415-47572004000400028
864:10.1093/bioinformatics/16.1.16
815:Genetics and Molecular Biology
489:10.1128/MMBR.69.1.101-123.2005
82:5'-AGGAGG-3', also called the
1:
917:Kozak, Marilyn (1984-01-25).
70:present on eukaryotic mRNAs.
60:internal ribosome entry sites
544:10.1016/0076-6879(90)85011-C
200:internal ribosome entry site
2692:
702:10.1016/j.crvi.2005.02.004
536:Gene Expression Technology
2621:Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
426:10.1186/s12864-015-1808-6
54:during the initiation of
2645:Kozak consensus sequence
690:Comptes Rendus Biologies
244:University of Pittsburgh
184:Kozak consensus sequence
167:Ribosome recruitment in
2641:Shine-Dalgarno sequence
641:Genes & Development
173:poly(A)-binding protein
27:Sequence of nucleotides
923:Nucleic Acids Research
581:Nucleic Acids Research
261:Eukaryotic translation
36:ribosomal binding site
18:Ribosomal binding site
770:10.1093/dnares/dsn027
593:10.1093/nar/10.9.2971
266:Bacterial translation
175:(PABP) recognize the
32:ribosome binding site
2666:Protein biosynthesis
1541:Mitochondrial
1026:Protein biosynthesis
935:10.1093/nar/12.2.857
364:www.thermofisher.com
271:Archaeal translation
319:1975Natur.254...34S
152:heat shock proteins
145:Heat shock proteins
1714:Ribosomal Proteins
654:10.1101/gad.891101
162:
2671:Molecular biology
2653:
2652:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2181:
2180:
1670:
1669:
1594:Eukaryotic
1531:Elongation factor
1525:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1058:Initiation factor
898:www.garvan.org.au
647:(13): 1593–1612.
16:(Redirected from
2683:
2192:
1728:
1719:
1593:
1540:
1536:
1506:
1467:
1379:
1297:
1216:
1170:
1161:
1063:
1054:
1019:
1012:
1005:
996:
989:
988:
986:
985:
971:
965:
964:
954:
914:
908:
907:
905:
904:
890:
884:
883:
847:
841:
840:
830:
806:
800:
799:
789:
749:
743:
742:
732:
723:
714:
713:
681:
675:
674:
656:
632:
623:
622:
612:
587:(9): 2971–2996.
572:
566:
565:
530:
519:
518:
508:
468:
457:
456:
446:
428:
404:
398:
397:
395:
394:
380:
374:
373:
371:
370:
356:
347:
346:
327:10.1038/254034a0
295:
21:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2597:
2411:
2177:
1989:
1708:
1666:
1587:
1517:
1500:
1495:
1461:
1456:
1373:
1368:
1291:
1286:
1210:
1205:
1164:
1150:
1117:
1089:
1045:
1023:
993:
992:
983:
981:
973:
972:
968:
916:
915:
911:
902:
900:
892:
891:
887:
849:
848:
844:
808:
807:
803:
751:
750:
746:
730:
725:
724:
717:
683:
682:
678:
634:
633:
626:
574:
573:
569:
554:
532:
531:
522:
470:
469:
460:
406:
405:
401:
392:
390:
382:
381:
377:
368:
366:
358:
357:
350:
313:(5495): 34–38.
297:
296:
289:
284:
276:Gene prediction
252:
228:
216:neural networks
208:
206:Gene annotation
196:
165:
160:
147:
134:
126:
100:
76:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2689:
2687:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2658:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2614:Other concepts
2611:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2198:
2196:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1736:
1734:
1725:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1680:
1678:
1676:Release factor
1672:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1597:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1542:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1476:
1470:
1468:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1382:
1380:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1219:
1217:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1173:
1171:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1060:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1007:
999:
991:
990:
966:
929:(2): 857–872.
909:
885:
852:Bioinformatics
842:
821:(4): 644–650.
801:
764:(6): 387–396.
744:
715:
696:(7): 589–605.
676:
624:
567:
552:
520:
483:(1): 101–123.
458:
399:
388:parts.igem.org
375:
348:
286:
285:
283:
280:
279:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
251:
248:
227:
224:
220:Gibbs sampling
207:
204:
195:
192:
164:
161:
159:
156:
146:
143:
133:
130:
125:
122:
118:
117:
114:
99:
96:
84:Shine-Dalgarno
75:
72:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2688:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2626:Reading frame
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2187:Mitochondrial
2184:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1095:Mitochondrial
1092:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1001:
1000:
997:
980:
979:The Scientist
976:
970:
967:
962:
958:
953:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
913:
910:
899:
895:
889:
886:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
846:
843:
838:
834:
829:
824:
820:
816:
812:
805:
802:
797:
793:
788:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
748:
745:
740:
736:
729:
722:
720:
716:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
680:
677:
672:
668:
664:
660:
655:
650:
646:
642:
638:
631:
629:
625:
620:
616:
611:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
571:
568:
563:
559:
555:
553:9780121820862
549:
545:
541:
537:
529:
527:
525:
521:
516:
512:
507:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
467:
465:
463:
459:
454:
450:
445:
440:
436:
432:
427:
422:
418:
414:
410:
403:
400:
389:
385:
379:
376:
365:
361:
355:
353:
349:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
294:
292:
288:
281:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
253:
249:
247:
245:
241:
240:Marilyn Kozak
237:
236:Lynn Dalgarno
233:
225:
223:
221:
217:
212:
205:
203:
201:
193:
191:
189:
185:
180:
178:
174:
170:
157:
155:
153:
150:structure of
144:
142:
138:
131:
129:
123:
121:
115:
112:
111:
110:
107:
105:
104:polycistronic
97:
95:
91:
89:
85:
81:
73:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2676:Cell biology
1693:Class 2/RF3
1501:
1462:
1374:
1292:
1211:
1165:
982:. Retrieved
978:
969:
926:
922:
912:
901:. Retrieved
897:
888:
858:(1): 16–23.
855:
851:
845:
818:
814:
804:
761:
758:DNA Research
757:
747:
738:
734:
693:
689:
679:
644:
640:
584:
580:
570:
535:
480:
476:
416:
413:BMC Genomics
412:
402:
391:. Retrieved
387:
378:
367:. Retrieved
363:
310:
306:
303:Dalgarno, L.
229:
213:
209:
197:
187:
181:
166:
148:
139:
135:
127:
119:
108:
101:
92:
77:
39:
35:
31:
29:
2631:Start codon
2416:28S subunit
2195:39S subunit
1995:40S subunit
1732:60S subunit
1723:Cytoplasmic
1187:SUI1 family
1030:translation
74:Prokaryotes
56:translation
44:start codon
2660:Categories
2636:Stop codon
1980:RRP15-like
1790:RPL10-like
1539:Bacterial/
1156:Eukaryotic
1042:eukaryotic
984:2015-11-10
903:2015-11-10
741:: 279–290.
419:(1): 604.
393:2015-10-16
369:2015-10-16
282:References
232:John Shine
169:eukaryotes
158:Eukaryotes
88:base pairs
64:eukaryotes
1592:Archaeal/
1067:Bacterial
1034:bacterial
943:0305-1048
872:1367-4803
837:1415-4757
778:1340-2838
663:0890-9369
601:0305-1048
497:1092-2172
435:1471-2164
299:Shine, J.
177:5' capped
80:consensus
1683:Class 1
1123:Archaeal
1050:Proteins
1038:archaeal
880:10812473
796:18940874
710:15992743
671:11445534
515:15755955
453:26268350
250:See also
222:method.
52:ribosome
1985:RSL24D1
1662:a/eEF-2
1601:a/eEF-1
961:6694911
787:2608843
619:7048258
562:2199771
506:1082788
444:4535381
343:4162567
315:Bibcode
226:History
2153:RPS27A
2093:RPS15A
2032:RPS4Y2
2028:RPS4Y1
2022:RPS4 (
1940:RPL37A
1930:RPL36A
1920:RPL35A
1880:RPL27A
1860:RPL23A
1835:RPL18A
1810:RPL13A
1785:RPL10A
1240:γ
1235:β
1228:kinase
1223:α
959:
952:318541
949:
941:
878:
870:
835:
794:
784:
776:
708:
669:
661:
617:
610:320669
607:
599:
560:
550:
513:
503:
495:
451:
441:
433:
341:
335:803646
333:
307:Nature
163:5' cap
68:5' cap
46:of an
2423:MRPS1
2202:MRPL1
2173:RACK1
2168:RPS30
2163:RPS29
2158:RPS28
2148:RPS27
2143:RPS26
2138:RPS25
2133:RPS24
2128:RPS23
2123:RPS21
2118:RPS20
2113:RPS19
2108:RPS18
2103:RPS17
2098:RPS16
2088:RPS15
2083:RPS14
2078:RPS13
2073:RPS12
2068:RPS11
2063:RPS10
2024:RPS4X
2018:RPS3A
1975:RPLP2
1970:RPLP1
1965:RPLP0
1960:RPL41
1955:RPL40
1950:RPL39
1945:RPL38
1935:RPL37
1925:RPL36
1915:RPL35
1910:RPL34
1905:RPL32
1900:RPL31
1895:RPL30
1890:RPL29
1885:RPL28
1875:RPL27
1870:RPL26
1865:RPL24
1855:RPL23
1850:RPL22
1845:RPL21
1840:RPL19
1830:RPL18
1825:RPL17
1820:RPL15
1815:RPL14
1805:RPL13
1800:RPL12
1795:RPL11
1780:RPL10
1765:RPL7A
1702:GSPT2
1697:GSPT1
1553:EF-Ts
1548:EF-Tu
1479:EIF5A
1282:eIF2D
1250:eIF2B
1245:eIF2A
1194:eIF1A
1113:MTIF3
1108:MTIF2
1103:MTIF1
731:(PDF)
339:S2CID
34:, or
2058:RPS9
2053:RPS8
2048:RPS7
2043:RPS6
2038:RPS5
2013:RPS3
2008:RPS2
2003:RPSA
1775:RPL9
1770:RPL8
1760:RPL7
1755:RPL6
1750:RPL5
1745:RPL4
1740:RPL3
1687:eRF1
1583:GFM2
1578:GFM1
1573:TSFM
1568:EF-P
1563:EF-4
1558:EF-G
1513:EIF6
1503:eIF6
1474:EIF5
1464:eIF5
1376:eIF4
1294:eIF3
1213:eIF2
1177:eIF1
1167:eIF1
1146:aIF6
1141:aIF5
1136:aIF2
1131:aIF1
957:PMID
939:ISSN
876:PMID
868:ISSN
833:ISSN
792:PMID
774:ISSN
706:PMID
667:PMID
659:ISSN
615:PMID
597:ISSN
558:PMID
548:ISBN
511:PMID
493:ISSN
449:PMID
431:ISSN
331:PMID
234:and
48:mRNA
1085:IF3
1080:IF2
1075:IF1
947:PMC
931:doi
860:doi
823:doi
782:PMC
766:doi
698:doi
694:328
649:doi
605:PMC
589:doi
540:doi
501:PMC
485:doi
439:PMC
421:doi
323:doi
311:254
188:AUG
186:ACC
40:RBS
2662::
2593:35
2588:34
2583:33
2578:32
2573:31
2568:30
2563:29
2558:28
2553:27
2548:26
2543:25
2538:24
2533:23
2528:22
2523:21
2518:20
2513:19
2508:18
2503:17
2498:16
2493:15
2488:14
2483:13
2478:12
2473:11
2468:10
2407:42
2402:41
2397:40
2392:39
2387:38
2382:37
2377:36
2372:35
2367:34
2362:33
2357:32
2352:31
2347:30
2342:29
2337:28
2332:27
2327:26
2322:25
2317:24
2312:23
2307:22
2302:21
2297:20
2292:19
2287:18
2282:17
2277:16
2272:15
2267:14
2262:13
2257:12
2252:11
2247:10
2030:,
2026:,
1638:P3
1633:P2
1628:P1
1606:A1
1491:5B
1408:E1
1040:,
1036:,
1028::
977:.
955:.
945:.
937:.
927:12
925:.
921:.
896:.
874:.
866:.
856:16
854:.
831:.
819:27
817:.
813:.
790:.
780:.
772:.
762:15
760:.
756:.
737:.
733:.
718:^
704:.
692:.
688:.
665:.
657:.
645:15
643:.
639:.
627:^
613:.
603:.
595:.
585:10
583:.
579:.
556:.
546:.
523:^
509:.
499:.
491:.
481:69
479:.
475:.
461:^
447:.
437:.
429:.
417:16
415:.
411:.
386:.
362:.
351:^
337:.
329:.
321:.
309:.
301:;
290:^
246:.
30:A
2643:/
2463:9
2458:8
2453:7
2448:6
2443:5
2438:4
2433:3
2428:2
2242:9
2237:8
2232:7
2227:6
2222:5
2217:4
2212:3
2207:2
2034:)
1655:G
1650:E
1645:D
1623:B
1616:3
1611:2
1484:2
1452:H
1447:B
1440:3
1435:2
1430:1
1425:G
1418:3
1413:2
1401:3
1396:2
1391:1
1386:A
1364:M
1359:L
1354:K
1349:J
1344:I
1339:H
1334:G
1329:F
1324:E
1319:D
1314:C
1309:B
1304:A
1275:5
1270:4
1265:3
1260:2
1255:1
1199:Y
1182:B
1044:)
1032:(
1018:e
1011:t
1004:v
987:.
963:.
933::
906:.
882:.
862::
839:.
825::
798:.
768::
739:3
712:.
700::
673:.
651::
621:.
591::
564:.
542::
517:.
487::
455:.
423::
396:.
372:.
345:.
325::
317::
38:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.