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perhaps, "the way women are used matters less than their number." In this further analogy of women "on the market," understood through
Marxist terms, Irigaray points out that women, like commodities, are moved between men based on their exchange value rather than just their use value, and the desire will always be surplus â making women almost seem like capital, in this case, to be accumulated. "As commodities, women are thus two things at once: utilitarian objects and bearers of value."
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heteronormative sexuality. As Helen
Fielding states, the uneasiness among feminists about Irigaray's discussion of masculinity and femininity does not so much reveal Irigaray's heteronormative bias as much as it "arises out of an inherited cultural understanding that posits nature as either unchanging organism or as matter that can be ordered, manipulated and inscribed upon. Hence the concern over essentialism is itself grounded in the
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1426:, she introduces the idea of relationships between men and women centered around a bond other than reproduction. She acknowledges themes including finiteness and intersubjectivity, embodied divinity, and the emotional distinction between the two sexes. She concludes that Western culture is unethical due to gender discrimination.
1317:
to claim that women are exchanged between men in the same way as any other commodity is. She argues that our entire society is predicated on this exchange of women. Her exchange value is determined by society, while her use value is her natural qualities. Thus, a womanâs self is divided between her
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She continued to conduct empirical studies about language in a variety of settings, researching the differences between the way men and women speak. This focus on sexual difference is the key characteristic of
Irigaray's oeuvre, since she is seeking to provide a site from which a feminine language
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It has also been noted that in her writings, Irigaray has stated a concern that an interest in her biography would affect the interpretation of her ideas, as the entrance of women into intellectual discussions has often also included the challenging of women's point of view based on biographical
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W. A. Borody has criticised
Irigaray's phallogocentric argument as misrepresenting the history of philosophies of "indeterminateness" in the West. Irigaray's "black and white" claims that the masculine equates to determinateness and that the feminine equates to indeterminateness which contain a
1321:
She further uses additional
Marxist foundations to argue that women are in demand due to their perceived shortage and as a result, males seek "to have them all," or seek a surplus like the excess of commodity buying power, capital, that capitalists seek constantly. Irigaray speculates thus that
1446:
positions. However, there is much debate among scholars as to whether or not
Irigaray's theory of sexual difference is, indeed, an essentialist one. The perception that her work is essentialist concentrates on her attention to sexual difference, taking this to constitute a rehearsal of
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Irigaray engages in close analyses of phallocentrism in
Western philosophy and psychoanalytic theory, analyzing texts by Freud, Hegel, Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, and Kant. The book's most cited essay, "The Blind Spot of an Old Dream," critiques Freud's lecture on femininity.
1406:
can eventuate. Through her research, Irigaray discovered a correlation between the suppression of female thought in the
Western world and language of men and women. She concluded that there are gendered language patterns that denote dominance in men and subjectivity in women.
1213:), which received much criticism from both the Lacanian and Freudian schools of psychoanalysis. This criticism brought her recognition, but she was removed from her position as an instructor at the University of Vincennes as well as ostracized from the Lacanian community.
1233:). Overall, she maintains the belief that biographical details pertaining to her personal life hold the possibility to be used against her within the male dominated educational establishment as a tool to discredit her work. However, at age 91, she published
1318:
use and exchange values, and she is only desired for the exchange value. This system creates three types of women: the mother, who is all use value; the virgin, who is all exchange value; and the prostitute, who embodies both use and exchange value.
1344:. Like MerleauâPonty, Irigaray describes corporeal intertwining or vision and touch. Counteracting the narcissistic strain in MerleauâPonty's chiasm, she assumes that sexual difference must precede the intertwining. The subject is marked by the
1220:
since 1964, where she is now a
Director of Research in Philosophy. Her initial research focused on dementia patients, about whom she produced a study of the differences between the language of male and female patients.
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criticized
Irigaray's use of hard-science terminology in her writings. Among the criticisms, they question the purported interest Einstein had in "accelerations without electromagnetic reequilibrations"; confusing
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Irigaray is active in a feminist movement in Italy, but she refused to belong to any one movement because she does not like the competitive dynamic between the feminist movements.
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1237:(2021) in which she discusses her decades-long practices of yoga asanas (postures) and pranayama (breathing) and maintains that yoga builds a bridge between body and spirit.
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degree of cultural and historical validity, but not when they are deployed to self-replicate a similar form of the gender-othering they originally sought to overcome.
1298:. For example, Irigaray argues that the phallic economy places women alongside signs and currency, since all forms of exchange are conducted exclusively between men.
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is a "sexed equation" because "it privileges the speed of light over other speeds that are vitally necessary to us". In reviewing Sokal and Bricmont's book,
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1193:(Freudian School of Paris), directed by Lacan. She was expelled from this school in 1974, after the publication of her second doctoral thesis (
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Some of Irigaray's books written in her lyrical mode are imaginary dialogues with significant contributors to Western philosophy, such as
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who examines the uses and misuses of language in relation to women. Irigaray's first and most well known book, published in 1974, was
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1180:(University of Paris VIII). Her dissertation on speech patterns of subjects suffering from dementia became her first book,
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in 1954, a master's degree from the same university in 1956, and taught at a high school in Brussels from 1956 to 1959.
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1979:, Blackwell Readings in Continental Philosophy Series, Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 283â292,
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1967:
Luce Irigaray (1999), "Philosophy in the Feminine", Feminist Review, Volume 42, Issue 1, pp 111â114, ISSN 1466-4380.
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1397:. Her academic work is largely influenced by a wide range of philosophers and cannot be limited to one approach.
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2090:"God's Mother, Eve's Advocate: a Gynocentric Refiguration of Marian Symbolism in Engagement with Luce Irigaray"
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93:
1117:'s emphasis on the element of earth as the ground of life and speech and his "oblivion" or forgetting of air.
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was unfairly neglected in physics due to its association with "feminine" fluids (in contrast to "masculine"
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1993:
Irigaray, Luce (1981), "And the One Doesn't Stir Without the Other", Signs, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 60â67.
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Irigaray employs three different modes in her investigations into the nature of gender, language, and
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In the 1960s, Irigaray started attending the psychoanalytic seminars of Jacques Lacan and joined the
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2423:"Figuring the Phallogocentric Argument with Respect to the Classical Greek Philosophical Tradition"
1286:) which was subsequently translated into English with that title and published in 1985, along with
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in Psychopathology from the school in 1962. In 1968, she received a doctorate in Linguistics from
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Fielding, H. (2003). "Questioning nature: Irigaray, Heidegger and the potentiality of matter".
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1996:
Irigaray, Luce (1980), "When Our Lips Speak Together", Signs, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 69â79.
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1290:. In addition to more commentary on psychoanalysis, including discussions of Lacan's work,
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Sjöholm, Cecilia. "Crossing Lovers: Luce Irigaray's Elemental Passions." Hypatia, 2000
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Since 1990, Irigaray's work has turned increasingly toward women and men together. In
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or the âmore than oneâ and encoded as a historically contingent gendered conflict.
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material. Her most extensive autobiographical statements thus far are gathered in
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Cixous, Irigaray, Kristeva: The Jouissance of French Feminism (European Writers)
2174:
Sjöholm, Cecilia (2000). "Crossing Lovers: Luce Irigaray's Elemental Passions".
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1949:
Irigaray, Luce (1997), "This sex which is not one", in Nicholson, Linda (ed.),
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Irigaray, L. (1998) . "Women on the Market". In Rivkin, J.; Ryan, M. (eds.).
2195:
1422:(2002), she imagines new forms of love for a global democratic community. In
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also comments on political economy, drawing on structuralist writers such as
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1186:, published in 1973. In 1974, she earned a second PhD in Philosophy.
1129:
1128:. As of October 2021, she is active in the Women's Movements in both
1089:. Irigaray is the author of works analyzing many thinkers, including
165:
3127:
2358:
Europe Since 1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of War and Reconstruction
2218:
2668:
http://criticallegalthinking.com/2013/06/06/equality-luce-irigaray/
2292:
3522:
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1378:
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1070:
3507:
2481:
Fashionable nonsense: postmodern intellectuals' abuse of science
2425:, Nebula: A Netzine of the Arts and Science, Vol. 13 (pp. 1â27).
2117:"Luce Irigaray: French linguist, psychoanalyst, and philosopher"
1204:
Speculum: La fonction de la femme dans le discours philosophique
3131:
2676:
1971:
Irigaray, Luce (2005), "In science, is the subject sexed?", in
2602:
Forever fluid: A reading of Luce Irigaray's Elemental Passions
1369:. However, Irigaray also writes a significant body of work on
63:
from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially
18:
2572:"Jane Clare Jones on Luce Irigaray: The murder of the mother"
2064:
Cixous, Irigaray, Kristeva: The Jouissance of French Feminism
2312:
Dictionary of Women Worldwide: 25,000 Women Through the Ages
1256:
based on her second dissertation, was published in 1974. In
2630:
Reading Art, Reading Irigaray: The Politics of Art by Women
4546:
Academic staff of Paris 8 University Vincennes-Saint-Denis
2238:. Maidstone, Kent: Crescent Moon Publishing. p. 28.
1883:
Sharing the Fire: Outline of a Dialectics of Sensitivity
367:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
1934:, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 79â83,
1922:
Irigaray, Luce (1996), "This sex which is not one", in
1247:
Speculum of the Other Woman (Speculum de l'autre femme)
1451:
that preserves a hierarchy of...culture over nature."
4277:
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
2143:
Routledge International Encyclopedia of Queer Culture
1849:
Through Vegetal Being: Two Philosophical Perspectives
1758:
Between East and West: From Singularity to Community
1416:
Between East and West, From Singularity to Community
1176:
She completed a PhD in linguistics in 1968 from the
1144:
Luce Irigaray received a bachelor's degree from the
4389:
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3886:
3678:
3627:
3556:
3470:
3463:
3403:
3165:
3109:
2968:
2932:
2710:
1704:
I Love to You: Sketch for a Felicity Within History
1155:to pursue a master's degree in Psychology from the
280:
239:
223:
213:
203:
189:
181:
148:
141:
2478:
1668:Thinking the Difference: For a Peaceful Revolution
1170:Approche psycholinguistique du langage des déments
4541:Catholic University of Leuven (1834â1968) alumni
2361:. Vol. 3. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons.
1159:, which she earned in 1961. She also received a
4556:Academic staff of Erasmus University Rotterdam
2663:https://www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/Irigaray.html
1442:Some feminists criticize Irigaray's perceived
3143:
2688:
2334:. Malden, Mass: Blackwell. pp. 799â811.
1900:A New Culture of Energy: Beyond East and West
1686:Je, tu, nous: Towards a Culture of Difference
1235:A New Culture of Energy: Beyond East and West
1011:
8:
3385:
3339:
3325:
2600:Canters, Hanneke; Jantzen, Grace M. (2005).
1951:The second wave: a reader in feminist theory
1340:'s article âThe IntertwiningâThe Chiasmâ in
1281:
1218:Centre national de la recherche scientifique
1208:
1202:
1181:
1168:
1105:'s article âThe IntertwiningâThe Chiasmâ in
2374:L'Ennemi principal, tome 2: Penser le genre
3467:
3150:
3136:
3128:
2695:
2681:
2673:
2075:Luce Irigaray, "Women on the Market", in:
1596:The Forgetting of Air: In Martin Heidegger
1018:
1004:
298:
138:
56:about living persons that is unsourced or
4536:Academics of the University of Nottingham
2539:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2220:The Forgetting of Air in Martin Heidegger
2079:, Cornell University Press, 1985, p. 170.
1953:, New York: Routledge, pp. 323â329,
1111:The Forgetting of Air in Martin Heidegger
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:Belgian-born French feminist, philosopher
2310:Commire, Anne; Klezmer, Deborah (2007).
1866:To Be Born: Genesis of a New Human Being
1847:Irigaray, Luce; Marder, Michael (2016).
1302:"Women on the Market" (Chapter Eight of
1124:: the analytic, the essayistic, and the
4526:21st-century French non-fiction writers
4516:20th-century French non-fiction writers
2658:http://mythosandlogos.com/Irigaray.html
2055:
1773:Irigaray, Luce (2000). Why Different?,
1654:(Eng. trans. 1993 by Gillian C. Gill),
1618:(Eng. trans. 1993 by Gillian C. Gill),
1564:(Eng. trans. 1991 by Gillian C. Gill),
310:
1819:Irigaray, Luce (2008). Conversations,
1336:(1982) could be read as a response to
1178:University of Vincennes in Saint-Denis
1097:'s work as well as political economy;
490:Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center
1495:wrote that Irigaray's assertion that
510:Toward a Feminist Theory of the State
7:
2477:Sokal, Alan; Bricmont, Jean (1998).
2355:Merriman, John; Winter, Jay (2006).
2169:
2167:
2111:
2109:
1560:Marine Lover: Of Friedrich Nietzsche
1101:(1982) can be read as a response to
1061:(1974), which analyzes the texts of
2650:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2314:. Vol. 1. Yorkin Publications.
2297:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2188:10.1111/j.1527-2001.2000.tb00332.x
985:
540:Feminism and the Mastery of Nature
14:
2421:Wayne A. Borody (1998), pp. 3, 5
2066:, Crescent Moon Publishing, 2016.
1977:Continental philosophy of science
1315:theory of capital and commodities
4531:21st-century French philosophers
4521:20th-century French philosophers
4347:The Closing of the American Mind
4267:Civilization and Its Discontents
4247:A Vindication of Natural Society
2915:
2146:. New York: Routledge. pp.
2013:Feminism and the Oedipus complex
1932:Feminism and sexuality: a reader
1216:She held a research post at the
318:
23:
4561:Scholars of feminist philosophy
2604:. Manchester University Press.
279:
1614:An Ethics of Sexual Difference
1424:An Ethics of Sexual Difference
194:Catholic University of Louvain
1:
4237:Oration on the Dignity of Man
2435:Luce, Irigaray (2017-09-25),
2389:Continental Philosophy Review
2332:Literary theory, an anthology
1342:The Visible and the Invisible
1107:The Visible and the Invisible
936:Feminist Philosophy Quarterly
900:Social construction of gender
4307:The Society of the Spectacle
2223:. University of Texas Press.
1722:Democracy Begins Between Two
1276:In 1977, Irigaray published
1264:
1254:Speculum of the Other Woman,
34:biography of a living person
2443:, Routledge, pp. 1â8,
1520:Speculum of the Other Woman
1283:Ce sexe qui n'en est pas un
1270:Ce sexe qui n'en est pas un
1199:Speculum of the Other Woman
1113:(1999), Irigaray critiques
1059:Speculum of the Other Woman
420:Speculum of the Other Woman
61:must be removed immediately
4657:
4631:University of Paris alumni
4616:Philosophers of psychology
2372:Delphy, Christine (2001),
2028:List of deconstructionists
1304:This Sex Which is Not One)
1245:
1210:Speculum: De l'autre femme
500:The Creation of Patriarchy
4641:20th-century French women
4621:Philosophers of sexuality
4586:French women philosophers
4566:Feminist studies scholars
4485:
4377:Intellectuals and Society
4327:The Culture of Narcissism
2910:
2628:Robinson, Hilary (2006).
2514:Dawkins, Richard (1998).
2441:To Speak is Never Neutral
2077:This Sex Which Is Not One
1833:In the Beginning, She Was
1632:To Speak is Never Neutral
1542:This Sex Which Is Not One
1503:) was "daffy absurdity".
1292:This Sex Which is Not One
1278:This Sex Which is Not One
1266:This Sex Which is Not One
1191:Ăcole Freudienne de Paris
1091:This Sex Which Is Not One
430:This Sex Which is Not One
293:
199:
4606:Philosophers of language
4367:The Malaise of Modernity
4317:The History of Sexuality
3416:Catholic social teaching
3117:Women's studies journals
2516:"Postmodernism disrobed"
2293:"Luce Irigaray (1932?â)"
2259:Irigaray, Luce. (1992).
2121:Encyclopaedia Britannica
1167:. Her thesis was titled
1093:(1977), which discusses
560:The Promise of Happiness
4447:Philosophy of education
2795:International relations
2449:10.4324/9781315084718-1
2401:10.1023/A:1025144306606
2263:. New York: Routledge.
2217:Irigaray, Luce (1999).
1898:Irigaray, Luce (2021).
1881:Irigaray, Luce (2019).
1864:Irigaray, Luce (2017).
1831:Irigaray, Luce (2013).
1802:Irigaray, Luce (2008).
1785:Irigaray, Luce (2002).
1756:Irigaray, Luce (1999).
1738:Irigaray, Luce (1997).
1720:Irigaray, Luce (1994).
1702:Irigaray, Luce (1990).
1684:Irigaray, Luce (1990).
1666:Irigaray, Luce (1989).
1648:Irigaray, Luce (1987).
1630:Irigaray, Luce (1985).
1612:Irigaray, Luce (1984).
1594:Irigaray, Luce (1983).
1576:Irigaray, Luce (1982).
1558:Irigaray, Luce (1980).
1540:Irigaray, Luce (1977).
1518:Irigaray, Luce (1974).
1041:feminist, philosopher,
1033:(born 3 May 1930) is a
470:The Politics of Reality
355:The Subjection of Women
289:, "Women on the market"
208:Contemporary philosophy
4636:Feminist psychologists
4596:French women linguists
3386:
3340:
3326:
3076:Catharine A. MacKinnon
2140:Gerstner, ed. (2006).
2095:. 1998. Archived from
2033:Strategic essentialism
1282:
1252:Her first major book,
1209:
1203:
1183:Le langage des déments
1182:
1169:
1151:In 1960, she moved to
530:Black Feminist Thought
480:Women, Race, and Class
230:Continental philosophy
48:Please help by adding
4591:Linguists from France
4581:French psychoanalysts
4452:Philosophy of history
4442:Philosophy of culture
4337:A Conflict of Visions
3056:Patricia Hill Collins
2950:Hegemonic masculinity
2485:. New York: Picador.
1650:Sexes and Genealogies
1524:(Eng. trans. 1985 by
1507:Selected bibliography
1481:; and her claim that
1227:Through Vegetal Being
1146:University of Louvain
895:Gender performativity
390:The Feminine Mystique
4626:Postmodern feminists
4611:Philosophers of mind
4457:Political philosophy
4257:Democracy in America
2610:10.2307/j.ctt21216bb
2234:Ives, Kelly (2016).
1904:(Eng. trans. 2021),
1808:(Eng. trans. 2008),
1762:(Eng. trans. 2001),
1744:(Eng. trans. 2001),
1726:(Eng. trans. 2000),
1708:(Eng. trans. 1993),
1690:(Eng. trans. 1993),
1672:(Eng. trans. 1993),
1636:(Eng. trans. 2002),
1600:(Eng. trans. 1999),
1582:(Eng. trans. 1992),
1546:(Eng. trans. 1985),
1461:Fashionable Nonsense
1309:Irigaray draws upon
1207:, later retitled as
1085:through the lens of
460:In a Different Voice
450:Throwing Like a Girl
410:The Dialectic of Sex
54:Contentious material
4297:One-Dimensional Man
3091:Diana E. H. Russell
2760:Composition studies
2532:1998Natur.394..141D
2102:on 24 January 2022.
1157:University of Paris
989:Feminist philosophy
312:Feminist philosophy
255:Feminist Philosophy
4571:Feminist theorists
4551:Critical theorists
4417:Cultural pessimism
4412:Cultural criticism
3311:National character
2986:Simone de Beauvoir
2976:Elizabeth Anderson
2969:Feminist theorists
2770:Digital humanities
2748:Literary criticism
2261:Elemental passions
1578:Elemental Passions
1479:general relativity
1475:special relativity
1334:Elemental Passions
1327:Elemental Passions
1229:(co-authored with
1161:specialist diploma
1099:Elemental Passions
957:Radical Philosophy
218:Western philosophy
4498:
4497:
4214:
4213:
3359:Spontaneous order
3349:Social alienation
3198:Cultural heritage
3159:Social philosophy
3125:
3124:
3006:Kimberlé Crenshaw
2857:Political ecology
2526:(6689): 141â143.
1804:Sharing the World
1055:cultural theorist
1028:
1027:
915:Standpoint theory
910:Intersectionality
338:A Vindication of
297:
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3428:Communitarianism
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3096:Dorothy E. Smith
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4369:
4368:
4364:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4289:
4288:
4284:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4126:Radhakrishnan
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3887:20th and 21st
3885:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3679:18th and 19th
3677:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3148:
3146:
3141:
3139:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3066:Luce Irigaray
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3046:Donna Haraway
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3026:Cynthia Enloe
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3011:HĂ©lĂšne Cixous
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
3001:Judith Butler
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2913:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2887:Technoscience
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2867:Postmodernism
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:Art criticism
2736:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2693:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2577:
2576:New Statesman
2573:
2567:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2541:10.1038/28089
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2492:0-312-19545-1
2488:
2483:
2482:
2473:
2470:
2460:
2458:9781315084718
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2380:
2375:
2368:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2351:
2348:
2343:
2341:9780631200291
2337:
2333:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2306:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2227:
2222:
2221:
2213:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2182:(3): 92â112.
2181:
2177:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2157:0-415-30651-5
2153:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2136:
2133:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2098:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2049:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2018:HĂ©lĂšne Cixous
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1986:9780631236108
1982:
1978:
1974:
1973:Gutting, Gary
1969:
1966:
1962:
1960:9780415917612
1956:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1941:9780231107082
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1910:9780231177139
1907:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1892:9783030283292
1889:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1875:9783319392219
1872:
1867:
1862:
1859:
1858:9780231173865
1855:
1850:
1845:
1843:
1842:9781441106377
1839:
1834:
1829:
1826:
1825:9781847060365
1822:
1818:
1815:
1814:9781847060341
1811:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1796:9780826473271
1793:
1788:
1783:
1780:
1779:9780801493300
1776:
1772:
1769:
1768:9780231119351
1765:
1759:
1754:
1751:
1750:9780415918145
1747:
1741:
1736:
1733:
1732:9780415918169
1729:
1723:
1718:
1715:
1714:9780415907323
1711:
1705:
1700:
1697:
1696:9780415905824
1693:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1678:9780485114263
1675:
1669:
1664:
1661:
1660:9780231070331
1657:
1651:
1646:
1643:
1642:9780826459046
1639:
1633:
1628:
1625:
1624:9780801481451
1621:
1615:
1610:
1607:
1606:9780292738720
1603:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1588:9780415906920
1585:
1579:
1574:
1571:
1570:9780231070829
1567:
1561:
1556:
1553:
1552:9780801493317
1549:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1534:9780801493300
1531:
1527:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1470:Jean Bricmont
1467:
1463:
1462:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1445:
1437:
1435:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1407:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1395:Merleau-Ponty
1393:, as well as
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1338:MerleauâPonty
1335:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1103:MerleauâPonty
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1051:psychoanalyst
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1031:Luce Irigaray
1021:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1002:
1001:
999:
998:
990:
986:
975:
974:
966:
965:
961:
959:
958:
954:
952:
951:
947:
945:
944:
940:
938:
937:
933:
932:
925:
924:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
855:
854:
851:
850:
843:
842:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
580:
573:
572:
565:
561:
557:
555:
551:
550:Whipping Girl
547:
545:
541:
537:
535:
531:
527:
525:
521:
517:
515:
511:
507:
505:
501:
497:
495:
491:
487:
485:
481:
477:
475:
471:
467:
465:
461:
457:
455:
451:
447:
445:
441:
437:
435:
431:
427:
425:
421:
417:
415:
411:
407:
405:
401:
397:
395:
391:
387:
385:
381:
377:
374:
368:
362:
360:
356:
352:
349:
343:
340:the Rights of
333:
332:
326:
325:
321:
317:
316:
313:
309:
305:
301:
300:
292:
288:
285:
282:Notable ideas
276:
273:
272:
271:Schizophrenia
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
247:
244:
238:
235:
231:
228:
226:
222:
219:
216:
212:
209:
206:
202:
198:
195:
192:
188:
184:
180:
175:
171:
167:
161:(age 94)
151:
147:
143:Luce Irigaray
140:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: â
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
59:
55:
51:
45:
44:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
4375:
4365:
4355:
4345:
4335:
4325:
4315:
4305:
4295:
4285:
4275:
4265:
4255:
4245:
4235:
4225:
4045:
3645:Guicciardini
3628:Early modern
3464:Philosophers
3438:Conservatism
3433:Confucianism
3421:Distributism
3354:Social norms
3342:Sittlichkeit
3328:Ressentiment
3274:Institutions
3252:Human nature
3086:Val Plumwood
3065:
3036:Nancy Fraser
2830:Epistemology
2805:Legal theory
2728:Architecture
2718:Anthropology
2648:
2629:
2618:j.ctt21216bb
2601:
2580:. Retrieved
2578:. 2014-05-14
2575:
2566:
2523:
2519:
2509:
2480:
2472:
2462:, retrieved
2440:
2430:
2417:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2373:
2367:
2357:
2350:
2331:
2311:
2305:
2296:
2287:
2260:
2254:
2235:
2229:
2219:
2212:
2179:
2175:
2142:
2135:
2124:. Retrieved
2120:
2097:the original
2084:
2076:
2071:
2063:
2062:Kelly Ives,
2058:
1976:
1950:
1931:
1899:
1882:
1865:
1848:
1832:
1803:
1786:
1757:
1739:
1721:
1703:
1685:
1667:
1649:
1631:
1613:
1595:
1577:
1559:
1541:
1519:
1487:
1483:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1444:essentialist
1441:
1433:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1413:
1404:
1360:
1341:
1333:
1331:
1326:
1320:
1308:
1303:
1296:LĂ©vi-Strauss
1291:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1246:
1234:
1226:
1223:
1215:
1198:
1188:
1175:
1150:
1143:
1119:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1090:
1058:
1030:
1029:
962:
955:
948:
941:
934:
863:epistemology
702:
559:
549:
539:
529:
519:
509:
499:
489:
479:
469:
459:
449:
439:
429:
428:
419:
418:
409:
399:
389:
379:
366:
354:
337:
249:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
60:
43:verification
36:
4511:1930 births
4432:Historicism
4261:(1835â1840)
4227:De Officiis
3951:de Beauvoir
3921:Baudrillard
3873:Vivekananda
3863:Tocqueville
3778:Kierkegaard
3594:Ibn Khaldun
3564:Alpharabius
3455:Personalism
3364:Stewardship
3321:Reification
3316:Natural law
3237:Familialism
3203:Culturalism
3016:Alice Crary
2996:Nancy Bauer
2991:Wendy Brown
2981:Karen Barad
2940:Ecofeminism
2845:Metaphysics
2765:Criminology
2743:Film theory
2723:Archaeology
2376:(in French)
1241:Major works
950:philoSOPHIA
905:Care ethics
878:metaphysics
758:Taylor Mill
593:de Beauvoir
440:Gyn/Ecology
329:Major works
246:Linguistics
182:Nationality
4505:Categories
4437:Humanities
4397:Agnotology
4056:KoĆakowski
3619:Ibn Tufayl
3599:Maimonides
3543:Thucydides
3538:Tertullian
3493:Lactantius
3388:Volksgeist
3369:Traditions
3183:Convention
3061:bell hooks
2872:Psychology
2825:Empiricism
2820:Aesthetics
2815:Philosophy
2582:2021-12-01
2464:2021-10-22
2270:0415906911
2126:2019-10-29
2050:References
1928:Scott, Sue
1466:Alan Sokal
1357:Philosophy
858:analytical
623:De la Cruz
267:Psychology
263:Philosophy
170:Bernissart
159:3 May 1930
155:1930-05-03
87:newspapers
4477:Sociology
4427:Historism
4136:Santayana
4106:Oakeshott
4076:MacIntyre
4061:Kropotkin
4036:Heidegger
3889:centuries
3803:Nietzsche
3768:Jefferson
3753:Helvétius
3718:Condorcet
3681:centuries
3665:Montaigne
3488:Confucius
3478:Augustine
3395:Worldview
3289:Modernity
3262:Formation
2882:Sociology
2785:Geography
2775:Economics
2550:1476-4687
2409:170564589
2204:143882714
2196:1527-2001
1740:To Be Two
1438:Criticism
1383:Aristotle
1375:Descartes
1367:Heidegger
1363:Nietzsche
1311:Karl Marx
1258:Speculum,
1140:Education
1115:Heidegger
1109:, and in
1079:Descartes
1075:Aristotle
803:Showalter
778:Pankhurst
738:MacKinnon
733:Luxemburg
693:Haslanger
658:Firestone
176:, Belgium
117:June 2023
39:citations
4490:Category
4402:Axiology
4390:See also
4181:Voegelin
4171:Spengler
4146:Shariati
4101:Nussbaum
4086:Maritain
4046:Irigaray
4026:Habermas
3991:Foucault
3976:Durkheim
3878:Voltaire
3843:de Staël
3818:Rousseau
3743:Franklin
3604:Muhammad
3589:Gelasius
3574:Avempace
3557:Medieval
3533:Polybius
3528:Plutarch
3294:Morality
3269:Ideology
3257:Identity
3166:Concepts
2897:Womanist
2892:Theology
2877:Sexology
2810:Pedagogy
2558:40887987
2501:39605994
2395:: 1â26.
2279:27376081
2001:See also
1930:(eds.),
1430:Politics
1401:Language
1346:alterity
1288:Speculum
1122:identity
1043:linguist
978:Category
928:Journals
853:Feminism
813:Voilquin
788:Plumwood
768:Nussbaum
713:Kristeva
703:Irigaray
653:Federici
304:a series
302:Part of
174:Wallonia
65:libelous
4231:(44 BC)
4161:Sombart
4156:Skinner
4141:Scruton
4121:Polanyi
4096:Niebuhr
4081:Marcuse
4016:Gramsci
4011:Gentile
3971:Du Bois
3961:Deleuze
3931:Benoist
3901:Agamben
3858:Thoreau
3848:Stirner
3838:Spencer
3788:Le Play
3738:Fourier
3723:Emerson
3708:Carlyle
3693:Bentham
3670:MĂŒntzer
3640:Erasmus
3614:Plethon
3609:Photios
3569:Aquinas
3503:Mencius
3471:Ancient
3404:Schools
3284:Loyalty
3242:History
3230:Counter
3225:Culture
3193:Customs
2850:Science
2790:History
2755:Biology
2528:Bibcode
2176:Hypatia
1975:(ed.),
1391:Spinoza
1387:Levinas
1035:Belgian
943:Hypatia
883:science
798:Saadawi
783:Pateman
763:Millett
728:Lugones
683:Goldman
668:Friedan
663:Fourier
648:Dworkin
628:Collins
101:scholar
4422:Ethics
4381:(2010)
4371:(1991)
4361:(1990)
4351:(1987)
4341:(1987)
4331:(1979)
4321:(1976)
4311:(1967)
4301:(1964)
4291:(1949)
4281:(1935)
4271:(1930)
4251:(1756)
4241:(1486)
4186:Walzer
4176:Taylor
4166:Sowell
4151:Simmel
4116:Pareto
4111:Ortega
4021:Guénon
4006:Gehlen
4001:Gandhi
3956:Debord
3941:Butler
3936:Berlin
3926:Bauman
3916:Badiou
3906:Arendt
3896:Adorno
3828:Ruskin
3783:Le Bon
3758:Herder
3733:Fichte
3728:Engels
3698:Bonald
3688:Arnold
3660:Milton
3655:Luther
3635:Calvin
3513:Origen
3483:Cicero
3443:Social
3379:Family
3374:Values
3335:Rights
3299:Public
3247:Honour
3178:Anomie
3173:Agency
2835:Ethics
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1501:solids
1352:Themes
1130:France
1081:, and
1053:, and
1039:French
1037:-born
868:ethics
833:Zetkin
818:Wittig
808:Spivak
773:Paglia
748:Michel
718:Lerner
708:Jaggar
678:Gamond
618:Cleyre
613:Cixous
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4219:Works
4206:ĆœiĆŸek
4191:Weber
4131:Röpke
4091:Negri
4071:Lasch
4041:Hoppe
3996:Fromm
3986:Evola
3966:Dewey
3946:Camus
3853:Taine
3833:Smith
3823:Royce
3813:Renan
3748:Hegel
3713:Comte
3703:Burke
3650:Locke
3584:Dante
3579:Bruni
3548:Xunzi
3523:Plato
3518:Philo
3498:Laozi
3306:Mores
3218:Multi
3208:Inter
3110:Lists
2902:Asian
2614:JSTOR
2554:S2CID
2405:S2CID
2200:S2CID
2100:(PDF)
2093:(PDF)
1512:Books
1379:Plato
1371:Hegel
1153:Paris
1134:Italy
1095:Lacan
1071:Plato
1067:Hegel
1063:Freud
964:Signs
846:Ideas
828:Young
793:Rubin
723:Lorde
698:hooks
688:Grosz
643:DĂ©mar
638:Davis
603:Boggs
598:Bebel
588:Baier
342:Woman
108:JSTOR
94:books
32:This
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4196:Weil
4066:Land
4051:Kirk
3911:Aron
3868:Vico
3808:Owen
3798:Mill
3793:Marx
3773:Kant
3763:Hume
3508:Mozi
3213:Mono
2780:FPDA
2546:ISSN
2497:OCLC
2487:ISBN
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1477:and
1468:and
1385:and
1365:and
1132:and
1083:Kant
753:Mill
743:Mama
673:Frye
633:Daly
149:Born
80:news
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4031:Han
3981:Eco
2733:Art
2606:doi
2536:doi
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