28:
576:, Pac was wounded in the hand and in the face, which did not prevent him from charging, taking hundreds of Russian prisoners. He succeeded in bringing Napoleon a 600-strong troop which he had re-equipped and organized in two months, recruiting even among the Polish
523:, he commanded several Polish cavalry units. Distinguishing himself by his bravery and his efficiency in staff work, Pac was elevated to the rank of commander of the Legion of Honor on 24 October 1813. He was also made commander of the military order
618:. So, he demand the approval of his resignation from military service on 29 April "following an injury to be deprived of the use of the right hand", which was approved on 26 May. However, Pac was so inactive from then on, that the
473:, King of Naples resided at the time in that palace. The Emperor himself makes an appearance there around 9 p.m. and talks with Count Pac and the local nobles. Thereafter, Napoleon attached the count to the imperial staff as
409:
However, Pac disillusioned with
Napoleon after his duplicity concerning the Duchy of Warsaw, became indignant and sent his resignation to Napoleon on 19 October 1809, claiming problems of health. Pac went to
370:
328:
from the
Lithuanian Užnemunė and the Polish lands taken from Prussia. Although many Lithuanians were disappointed by the only partial liberation of their country, thousands of them joined the ranks of the
610:. Pac replied on 15 April that he handed over the task to General Klicki, because of his inability to go in person due to his injury. Pac did not want to join neither the army of the new king of France,
361:, his horse was killed under him and he was wounded in the thigh by a bayonet thrust but he resumed the assault and pushed the enemy back. On 14 August 1808, Count Pac received the Knight's Cross of the
1193:
595:. He is the last to retreat, after Captain Zajączek had charged the Prussian guards with a light horse cavalry detachment. After the capture of Paris on 30 March, Count Pac withdrew to
234:
1208:
926:
Janina Kamińska, Universitas
Vilnensis 1793-1803, Od Szkoły Głównej Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego do Imperatorskiego Uniwersytetu Wileńskiego, Warszawa 2012, s. 404.
673:
1126:
Les
Polonais et les Polonaises de la révolution du 29 novembre 1830 ou Portraits des personnes qui ont figuré dans la dernière guerre de l'indépendance polonaise
1198:
1178:
1173:
583:
On 30 March 1814, Count Pac, faithful to the French emperor till the very end, personally led a charge of four squadrons with his arm still in a sling on
1183:
1158:
1153:
603:
420:
278:
In 1806, Ludwik Michał Pac served as a volunteer, equipped at his own expense, in a Polish light cavalry squadron that was part of
Napoleon's
1168:
1163:
870:
398:
549:
458:
429:, where he organized and equipped at his own expense a national guard of 3,000 men, which Pac commanded. Pac also organized a network of
677:
320:, on condition that France would help the insurgents, which Napoleon refused. The envoys left very depressed. In July 1807, the
342:
607:
221:
Józef Pac, who was Ludwik Pac's relative, died on 5 March 1796. So, Ludwik Pac inherited several estates, including that of
415:
465:, Count Pac is on Napoleon's left. In the evening, the count gives a grand ball in another of his palaces (now located at
345:
in 1808. During it, Pac distinguished himself militarily, demonstrating courage and military capability, while being the
1188:
737:
397:. During the latter battle, at the head of the 1st Polish Light Cavalry Regiment, whose colonel he now was, Pac charged
300:
569:
358:
330:
287:
279:
215:
172:
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512:
382:
350:
179:. Depending on the source, he is called Lithuanian or Polish. He was one of the last representatives of the noble
877:...the Lithuanian general Ludwik Pac recruited eighty families to settle his estates after the Napoleonic Wars...
528:
442:
354:
540:
619:
454:
390:
226:
1103:
638:. His main peacetime occupation was farming in his estates. During this time, he also transferred most of the
479:
725:
461:. On 14 July, during the celebration of the reunification of the two nations, Poland and Lithuania, at the
592:
426:
306:
615:
484:
295:
33:
27:
1148:
1143:
191:
His parents were Michał Józef Pac and
Ludwika Tyzenhauzówna. Ludwik Pac's parents married in 1775 in
46:
1203:
453:(today the Embassy of Poland in Vilnius). Napoleon, who appreciated this, invites him to dine with
283:
158:
584:
565:
500:
488:
366:
321:
291:
230:
211:
129:
466:
449:
crossed the
Nemunas on 24 June 1812, Count Pac rushed to Vilnius to receive the Emperor in the
311:
866:
838:
701:
561:
520:
462:
203:
732:
720:
669:
524:
499:
on 5 December under the guard of Pac's uhlans to reach Paris as soon as possible due to the
469:
7) in which the civil and military authorities, both
Lithuanian and French, partook. Prince
394:
362:
176:
425:. Later, Pac regained his confidence in Napoleon and was appointed governor of the Duchy's
214:. Already as a teenager, he already appeared on the lists of the infantry regiments of the
654:
635:
577:
534:
On 4 January 1814, Pac was given the task of reorganizing the Polish cavalry stationed in
386:
325:
196:
150:
788:
167:
556:
where he defeated an enemy twice as numerous, taking nearly 300 men prisoner (including
681:
573:
557:
346:
317:
207:
1137:
470:
165:; 5 March or 19 May 1780 – 9 December 1835) was a France-born commander in the
1106:[Ludwik Michał Pac, Lithuanian count, Polish palatine, general of Napoleon]
245:. From 1802 onwards, Ludwik Michał Pac began travelling throughout Europe. While in
195:
and divorced in 1785. His mother remarried
General Paweł Grabowski, who died in the
553:
474:
103:
41:
860:
591:'s barrier. This was the last cavalry charge of the capital's defense during the
611:
492:
316:, proposed to Napoleon that they would organize a Lithuanian revolt against the
282:. His estates, like the rest of Užnemunė, were occupied by the French after the
824:
545:
450:
180:
66:
1124:
842:
650:
430:
1104:"Ludwik Michał Pac, comte lituanien, palatin polonais, général de Napoléon"
646:
401:'s cavalry. After the war ended, Count Pac escorts Napoleon back to Paris.
606:
order Count Pac to unite the Polish and
Lithuanian troops in the plain of
568:, resisted the enemy and stayed on the plateau, allowing Napoleon and his
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258:
222:
98:
87:
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262:
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began, a Lithuanian delegation, made up of Count Ludwik Pac, Count
642:
535:
246:
1076:
Walenty Zwierkowski, O Sejmie w Emigracji, Poitiers 1839, s. 10.
249:, he frequented Anna Sapieha's salon and, in 1803, he left for
572:
to come rushing, thus deciding the success of the day. In the
888:
Henryk P. Kosk, Generalicja polska t. II Pruszków 2001, p. 71
253:
with her brother, Stanisław Zamoyski. Together, they visited
414:. Soon, Pac returned to military service, and commanded the
806:
804:
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995:
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1129:(in French). Paris: Imprimerie et Fonderie de A. Pinard.
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676:. He commanded the reserve corps and was wounded in the
371:
1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard
369:. On 28 August Pac was appointed squadron leader in the
202:
In his youth, Ludwik Michał studied in France until the
680:
on 26 May 1831. After the uprising was defeated by the
660:
Since 1825, Pac was a senator of the Congress Poland.
357:. For example, while commanding a squadron during the
622:
was concerned about not knowing to whom to send his
135:
125:
117:
109:
97:
77:
52:
40:
18:
290:(1806–1807). Just before the negotiations for the
700:Pac's name figures in a plaque of the Strasbourg
552:. In March, General Pac distinguished himself at
1194:Members of Polish government (November Uprising)
823:Gaidis, Henry L. (1984). Klimas, Antanas (ed.).
692:He was a member of the insurgent sejm in exile.
225:, which was part of Užnemunė, the lands of the
548:'s army corps, Pac's regiments fought in the
8:
705:
810:
653:. He also settled his estates with eighty
564:, under Ney's orders, Pac, commanding the
560:) and twice that number in horses. In the
26:
15:
710:, with 1780 marked as his year of birth.
604:Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia
1209:Polish commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
1085:
1064:
1052:
999:
954:
914:
580:, which Napoleon described as "superb".
515:, Pac fought in several battles. In the
336:
749:
544:on 12 January 1814. As part of Marshal
274:War of the Fourth Coalition (1806–1807)
210:. From 1796, Ludwik Pac studied at the
507:War of the Sixth Coalition (1813–1814)
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
7:
854:
852:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
483:. Pac was with Napoleon during the
337:Napoleon's invasion of Spain (1808)
235:Third Partition of Polish–Lithuania
1199:Military personnel from Strasbourg
1179:Commanders of the Virtuti Militari
1174:Commanders of the Legion of Honour
14:
1184:Generals of the November Uprising
377:War of the Fifth Coalition (1809)
199:in 1794, while she died in 1791.
1159:19th-century Lithuanian nobility
1154:18th-century Lithuanian nobility
437:French invasion of Russia (1812)
381:After Spain, Pac fought in the
237:. He inherited also palaces in
121:Ludwina "Luisa" Pac-Malachowska
825:"Napoleon's Lithuanian Forces"
1:
859:Wormald, Jenny (2005-08-25).
1169:19th-century Polish nobility
1164:18th-century Polish nobility
1123:Straszewicz, Joseph (1832).
343:Napoleon's invasion of Spain
865:. OUP Oxford. p. 225.
487:and was wounded during the
416:Duchy's 2nd Lancer Regiment
359:Battle of Medina de Rioseco
331:Army of the Duchy of Warsaw
288:War of the Fourth Coalition
216:Grand Ducal Lithuanian Army
206:and he then studied in the
173:Army of the Duchy of Warsaw
1225:
684:, he emigrated to France.
674:Polish National Government
672:, Pac was a member of the
614:, nor the Russian Emperor
513:War of the Sixth Coalition
389:in 1809. He fought at the
383:War of the Fifth Coalition
1102:Dutertre, Gilles (2012).
789:"Liudvikas Mykolas Pacas"
719:Commander's Cross of the
634:In 1815, he travelled to
529:Order of Saint Stanislaus
443:French invasion of Russia
229:that were annexed by the
25:
738:Military Cross (Bavaria)
531:of the Duchy of Warsaw.
391:Battle of Aspern-Essling
227:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
726:Order of St. Stanislaus
707:Generaux Strasbourgeois
351:Jean-Baptiste Bessières
163:Liudvikas Mykolas Pacas
706:
538:. Pac was promoted to
495:, Napoleon leaves the
162:
154:
616:Alexander I of Russia
587:'s plateau, in front
365:and was promoted to
341:Pac was involved in
113:Karolina Malachowska
1189:Lithuanian generals
862:Scotland: A History
728:, with great ribbon
678:battle of Ostrołęka
541:Général de division
477:, with the rank of
307:Tadeusz Tyszkiewicz
284:Battle of Friedland
233:in 1795 during the
1112:Cahiers Lituaniens
714:Honours and awards
550:Campaign of France
527:and Knight of the
501:Malet coup of 1812
489:Battle of Berezina
480:Général de brigade
367:lieutenant colonel
322:Treaties of Tilsit
292:Treaties of Tilsit
231:Kingdom of Prussia
212:Vilnius University
872:978-0-19-162243-4
731:Commander of the
566:Old Guard cavalry
562:Battle of Craonne
517:battles of Lützen
463:Vilnius Cathedral
296:Józef Sierakowski
204:French Revolution
147:Ludwik Michał Pac
143:
142:
139:Ludwika Tyzenhauz
20:Ludwik Michał Pac
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886:
880:
879:
856:
847:
846:
820:
814:
811:Straszewicz 1832
808:
799:
798:
797:(in Lithuanian).
785:
733:Legion of Honour
721:Virtuti Militari
709:
670:uprising of 1831
664:Uprising of 1831
578:prisoners of war
525:Virtuti Militari
427:Łomża Department
424:
363:Legion of Honour
315:
304:
177:Uprising of 1831
155:Louis Michel Pac
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73:
62:
60:
30:
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817:
809:
802:
787:
786:
751:
746:
716:
698:
690:
666:
636:Congress Poland
632:
620:Minister of War
593:Battle of Paris
509:
467:Didžioji Street
439:
418:
407:
387:Austrian Empire
379:
339:
326:Duchy of Warsaw
309:
298:
276:
271:
269:Napoleonic Wars
197:Battle of Praga
189:
86:
82:
81:9 December 1835
65:
64:
58:
56:
36:
34:François Gérard
21:
12:
11:
5:
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871:
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815:
800:
748:
747:
745:
742:
741:
740:
735:
729:
723:
715:
712:
702:officers' mess
697:
694:
689:
686:
682:Russian Empire
665:
662:
631:
628:
574:Battle of Laon
570:Imperial Guard
558:Prince Gagarin
508:
505:
485:Fire of Moscow
438:
435:
406:
403:
378:
375:
347:Chief of Staff
338:
335:
318:Russian Empire
280:Imperial Guard
275:
272:
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267:
208:United Kingdom
188:
185:
141:
140:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
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115:
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107:
106:
101:
95:
94:
85:(aged 55)
79:
75:
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54:
50:
49:
44:
38:
37:
31:
23:
22:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1221:
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1128:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1114:(in French).
1113:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1088:, p. 10.
1087:
1086:Dutertre 2012
1082:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1067:, p. 16.
1066:
1065:Dutertre 2012
1061:
1058:
1055:, p. 15.
1054:
1053:Dutertre 2012
1049:
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1045:
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1041:
1039:
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1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1002:, p. 14.
1001:
1000:Dutertre 2012
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
960:
957:, p. 13.
956:
955:Dutertre 2012
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
929:
923:
920:
917:, p. 12.
916:
915:Dutertre 2012
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
891:
885:
882:
878:
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864:
863:
855:
853:
849:
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840:
836:
832:
831:
826:
819:
816:
813:, p. 59.
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796:
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522:
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472:
471:Joachim Murat
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699:
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659:
633:
601:
582:
554:Berry-au-Bac
539:
533:
510:
497:Grande Armée
496:
478:
475:aide-de-camp
447:Grande Armée
446:
440:
408:
385:against the
380:
340:
324:created the
277:
220:
201:
190:
168:Grande Armée
166:
146:
144:
99:Noble family
83:(1835-12-09)
63:5 March 1780
42:Coat of arms
32:portrait by
1149:1835 deaths
1144:1780 births
668:During the
612:Louis XVIII
608:Saint-Denis
585:La Villette
511:During the
445:, when the
441:During the
419: [
349:of Marshal
310: [
299: [
286:during the
130:Michael Pac
1204:Pac family
1138:Categories
744:References
657:families.
546:Michel Ney
451:Pac Palace
431:informants
305:and Count
187:Early life
181:Pac family
159:Lithuanian
67:Strasbourg
59:1780-03-05
843:0024-5089
688:1831–1835
651:quit-rent
630:1815–1830
405:1809–1812
110:Spouse(s)
830:Lituanus
655:Scottish
624:half-pay
493:Smarhon'
455:Berthier
259:Scotland
223:Dowspuda
175:and the
1096:Sources
704:called
640:peasant
597:Le Mans
521:Leipzig
355:I Corps
263:Ireland
255:England
239:Vilnius
193:Utrecht
47:Gozdawa
869:
841:
794:vle.lt
696:Legacy
647:corvée
589:Pantin
412:Warsaw
395:Wagram
251:London
243:Grodno
171:, the
151:French
145:Count
136:Mother
126:Father
92:Turkey
88:Smyrna
71:France
1108:(PDF)
645:from
643:serfs
536:Reims
491:. At
459:Maret
423:]
314:]
303:]
247:Paris
118:Issue
867:ISBN
839:ISSN
602:The
519:and
457:and
393:and
261:and
241:and
78:Died
53:Born
649:to
104:Pac
1140::
1116:11
1110:.
1007:^
962:^
931:^
893:^
875:.
851:^
837:.
835:30
833:.
827:.
803:^
791:.
752:^
626:.
599:.
503:.
433:.
421:pl
373:.
353:'
333:.
312:pl
301:pl
265:.
257:,
218:.
183:.
161::
157:;
153::
90:,
69:,
1118:.
845:.
149:(
61:)
57:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
