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during the 16th century in Spain. This form of penitence demonstrated one's devotion to God and the more one practiced this, the more the individual became empowered because they felt they were commemorating the death of Christ with their own bodies. Although women would punish themselves to mimic Christ's passion, in her adolescence her uncle ordered her punishment. These penitential practices influenced
Carvajal in that later on in her life she would mortify her flesh as a symbol of meditating on Christ's Passion. Here is vivid description by Carvajal remembering her time in her uncle's household:
300:(in Spanish), it is believed that she was not involved in a religious order. Their conversations largely dealt with the political situation of Catholics in England and Spain. Although Carvajal and San Jeronimo had been great correspondents, as hostility grew against Catholics in England, San Jeronimo began to become skeptical of Carvajal's stay in England and pleaded her to return to Spain, which would create tension between the two. In one of her letters, Carvajal lists the reasons as to why she wants to stay in England even though San Jeronimo and others urge her to come back:
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hair, and a towel tied to my waist, a rope at my neck, which sometimes was made of hair bristles and others of hemp, and my hands tied with it, from one room to another, like an evil-doer, until arriving at the last small oratory that was beyond. It was a closed room and removed from the rest of the house and in a very secret part, and in front of me, pulling lightly by the rope,went one of the servile people of Our Lord of whom I have spoken, and at times she uttered words of humiliation and shame.
174:. She was born into a family of wealth and royal lineage. Her father was Francisco de Carvajal, whose father was a respected theologian and enthusiast of the Jesuit order. Carvajal's mother was Maria de Mendoza, who was a descendant of one of the most recognized families in Spain. However, at the age of six, both of her parents died of illness, and she was placed under the care of her aunt Maria Chacon, who was a governess in Madrid. She would live with her aunt until the age of ten.
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as "Soldier maidens". Carvajal's society is referred to as a quasi-monastic institution in that they had similarities convents and nuns, for example in women's modest dress but differed in that women from convents often were forced by their families to enter and were not necessarily called to serve. The women
Carvajal associated herself with, however, wanted to die for Christ. However, Anglicans such as
355:, she began proselytizing about the virtues of Catholicism at great length. On a street she began arguing with citizens defending Catholicism as the true religion. This led to the arrest of her and two of her friends. Carvajal would remain jailed for four days. She was able to gain release with the help of the Spanish ambassador
246:, near a Jesuit College. She was able to meet and read some of the works Jesuits, further fueling her cause of martyrdom and proselytization. As a result of this vow she would be granted permission to journey to England where she joined the Catholic underground. Carvajal writes about the importance of martyrdom:
372:, managed to set her free after three days of imprisonment. This time, however, she was forced to leave England. Sarmiento obtained her custody and did not deport her immediately; she stayed at the Spanish Embassy. Shortly after her release from prison, Carvajal would pass away from bronchial illness.
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Perhaps the most frequent correspondents of
Carvajal was Magdalena de San Jeronimo; who after a close friendship would not write again after she opposed Carvajal remaining in England. Ines de la Asuncion was another woman who kept extensive communication with Carvajal. Asuncion lived with Carvajal in
201:
Later my uncle found another person among the same women of the household to serve in this, and at times he would order one , at times the other. And so, he would order at times that they lead me unclothed and barefoot, with my feet on the extremely cold floor, with a cap on my head that only held my
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Carvajal's second imprisonment would occur on
October 28, 1613, when sheriffs were ordered by George Abbot, the Archbishop of Canterbury to break into her home and arrest her because she was allegedly planning on opening a convent, which went against English laws, as women were not allowed to gather
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Carvajal and five other women lived together in what they called the
Society of the Sovereign Virgin Mary our Lady. Women in this society would partake in a life of fervent prayer and "were committed to violent and fortunate death for the confession of the holy Catholic faith". They were referred to
282:
Carvajal worked in London as a teacher and missionary. She was often referred to as a "Roman Priest in Women's clothing". She was a leader in charitable service to the poor such as taking care of the sick and helping prostitutes obtain a better life in
England. She frequented prisons where she would
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priests. Carvajal rejected her nobility and began to distance herself from her family members as she began to abandon her royal customs. Family members often criticized and rejected
Carvajal's behavior of associating herself with the poor. Carvajal became engaged in social reversals going as far as
187:
Following the death of her uncle in 1592, Carvajal in her writings suggests that this granted her a sense of freedom in that she could now fully live for Christ as she so desired to do. In a time where women either got married or went to convents to become nuns, she opted to pursue neither of these
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During
Carvajal's time with her uncle Francisco Hurtado, penitential exercises became a habitual practice for Carvajal. Although in modern times, these penitential practices can appear to be a form of physical abuse and torture, it is important to realize that this mode of devotion was prominent
181:, where she was placed under the care of her uncle Francisco Hurtado a recognized diplomat and the First Marquis of Almazán. However, under his care, she felt as though she was in a prison. In one of the letters Carvajal wrote, she vividly depicts the penitential practices she was subject to.
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And every hour that passed seemed to me a year; and I was filled with a great wish not to lose what was in my hands to achieve that which I believed was rightly in my power, so I could in turn give it all to our Lord and accomplished what I wished and do what I could to help the
English
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Although she grew up in an elite and aristocratic home, she refused these privileges and rather lived a humble life centered on spirituality. After the death of her uncle in 1592, Carvajal engaged in legal battle with her brother over their inheritance. Carvajal obtained her
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And as to my return , your letters and your good company are very tempting, but I dare not leave without entrusting it more to Our Lord, for I fear defying his will, and do not yet find or base any good reason in his will for my return as I did for my departure" (Letter 46,
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Y cada hora de dilacíon me parecía a mí un año; y hallabame con gran deseo de no perder nada que estuviese en mi mano de lo que con justicia creía me tocaba, por entregarlo todo a nuestro Señor y poder cumplir con las cosas que deseaba, y ayudar lo posible a la Misión de
388:. Carvajal's letters depict the ongoing political turmoil Catholics were facing in England at the time. Her letters contain extensive descriptions of her daily life in England as well as prayers asking those close to her for spiritual strength and prayers.
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Carvajal's motive to move to
England was for the sole purpose of converting Anglicans to Catholicism and she was willing to die as a martyr for this cause. On January 24, 1605, Carvajal made her way from Valladolid to London. Father
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process for Carvajal. However, there has been some controversy regarding Carvajal's death. Since Carvajal died from a respiratory illness, rather being executed for her faith, this disqualifies her from being considered a martyr.
279:. The failed plot led to heightened hostility against Catholics. Just six months after Carvajal had arrived in England, Father Henry Garnet was executed for having knowledge of Catholic plans against the English government.
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visit imprisoned priests to encourage them to continue fighting for the Catholic cause. She would also, obtain money through needle work to give to the poor and distribute Catholic literature throughout England and abroad.
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Records indicate that the majority of Carvaja's letters and conversations were with a woman who went by the religious name of Magdalena de San Jeronimo, although letters show her name affiliated with that of a nun such as
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After Carvajal took her vow of poverty, she stated that she wanted to have her remains lie in a Jesuit church or college, however, Carvajal's will went unfulfilled as her wishes were not met. The Spanish ambassador
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Shortly after being released from her second imprisonment, Carvajal contracted a bronchial illness resulting in her death on her forty-eighth birthday in 1614. She died in London at the Spanish embassy.
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In 1598 she took a formal vow of martyrdom. She felt becoming a martyr served a double purpose. First to forgive the individual of their sins and second to die for Christ. In 1601, she was living in
317:, or a female prison which was built for female delinquents and prostitutes. Its goal was to reform the lives of these women so that they could marry or join a religious community upon release.
154:. She was imprisoned on two occasions, once in 1608 and again in 1613 for her Catholic proselytizing activities in England. Although her cause of death makes her ineligible to be considered a
146:(formerly known as Doña Luisa de Carvajal y Mendoza; January 2, 1566 – January 2, 1614) is best known for her mystical religious poetry as well as her fight to spread
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together for religious purposes. This created a diplomatic conflict, as the King wanted to maintain peace with Spain. Once again, the Spanish Ambassador, this time
359:, whom she stayed with at the Spanish embassy upon her arrival to England, however, Zuñiga begged her to leave London and return to Spain to which she declined.
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Immediately after her death, friends and priests such as Ines de la Asuncion began to circulate her life story throughout Europe with hopes of beginning the
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Below is one of Carvajal's poem titled Spiritual Sonnet (18) which illustrates through analogy the process of allowing the word of God to enter one's life.
751:[Remarks on a women's carcelary treatise of the XVIIth. Century : 'La galera', written by Sor Magdalena de San Jerónimo] (in Spanish).
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Between 1593 and 1598 Carvajal took a series of religious vows. These included vows of poverty, chastity, obedience and spiritual perfection.
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paths. Although she was acquainted with religion, it was not something that she was willing to give her life for until later on in her life.
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Rees, Owen (2010). "Luisa de Carvajal y Mendoza and Music in an English Catholic House in 1605". In Hornby, Emma; Maw, David (eds.).
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Rees, Owen (2010). "Luisa de Carvajal y Mendoza and Music in an English Catholic House in 1605". In Hornby, Emma; Maw, David (eds.).
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Records show that Carvajal left behind 50 spiritual poems and over 150 letters. Her poetry ranges from different styles such as
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749:"Apuntes sobre un tratado carcelario femenino del siglo XVII : 'La Galera', escrito por Sor Magdalena de San Jerónimo"
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Allen, G. (February 1, 2014). "Letters of Luisa de Carvajal y Mendoza, ed. Glyn Redworth and Christopher J. Henstock".
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Holloway, Anne (2017). "'Con La Pastoril Zamarra Cubierta': The Spiritual Poetry of Luisa de Carvajal y Mendoza".
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Holloway, Anne (2017). "'Con La Pastoril Zamarra Cubierta': The Spiritual Poetry of Luisa de Carvajal y Mendoza".
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San Jeronimo would stop writing to Carvajal in 1607, thus ending their friendship. San Jeronimo later started a
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Essays on the History of English Music in Honour of John Caldwell: Sources, Style, Performance, Historiography
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Essays on the History of English Music in Honour of John Caldwell: Sources, Style, Performance, Historiography
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Cruz, Anne J. (2009). "Words Made Flesh: Luisa de Carvajal's Eucharistic Poetry". In Olivares, Julián (ed.).
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Cruz, Anne J. (2009). "Words Made Flesh: Luisa de Carvajal's Eucharistic Poetry". In Olivares, Julián (ed.).
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Madrid and wanted to go to England but was not allowed to because her motive was not sufficiently religious.
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The Embodied Word: Female Spiritualities, Contested Orthodoxies, and English Religious Cultures, 1350-1700
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Canteli, María J. Pando (2010). "TENTANDO VADOS: The Martyrdom Politics of Luisa de Carvajal y Mendoza".
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Canteli, María J. Pando (2010). "TENTANDO VADOS: The Martyrdom Politics of Luisa de Carvajal y Mendoza".
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Rhodes, Elizabeth (1998). "Luisa de Carvajal's Counter-Reformation Journey to Selfhood (1566-1614)".
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Rhodes, Elizabeth (1998). "Luisa de Carvajal's Counter-Reformation Journey to Selfhood (1566-1614)".
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Carvajal attended a private university where she obtained an education in literature and theology.
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The Iberian Airbus A340-313X located in Mexico City was named after Carvajal y Mendoza in 1990.
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putting herself under the obedience of other women, cooking, fasting and even begging for food.
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Studies on Women's Poetry of the Golden Age: Tras el espejo la musa escribe
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Studies on Women's Poetry of the Golden Age: Tras el espejo la musa escribe
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had made the arrangements. She arrived in late 1605 shortly prior to the
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Iberia Airbus A340-313X in Mexico City named after Carvajal in 1990
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1076:"Reformation Texts with Translation". Marquette University Press.
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Carvajal's first imprisonment occurred in June 1608. While in
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229:and controversially decided to give the money to
1398:The Potency of Pastoral in the Hispanic Baroque
598:The Potency of Pastoral in the Hispanic Baroque
410:this close embrace, with immense love brimming,
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177:When her aunt passed away, Carvajal went to
16:16th and 17th-century Spanish religious poet
1549:"EC-HQN/ECHQN aviation photos on JetPhotos"
287:Relationship with Magdalena de San Jeronimo
1036:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 255–269.
895:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 270–280.
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627:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 270–280.
552:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 255–269.
433:You will find in me such glorious company,
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1400:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 75–120.
1355:Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies
600:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 75–120.
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437:you will enjoy what no one has deserved.
150:throughout England, by preaching against
376:Collection of letters and literary works
158:, she took a vow for martyrdom in 1598.
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430:cherish this gift by my love proffered,
408:Receive, Silva, from your sweet Beloved
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412:and through my right side's opening
710:. University of Notre Dame Press.
428:all my being and eminence sublime.
417:Repose on the sacred flowering bed
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469:Royal Monastery of la Encarnación
423:will it ever be wholly satisfied.
396:Poem by Luisa Carvajal y Mendoza
687:Rhodes, Elizabeth, ed. (2000).
334:would associate her society to
166:Carvajal y Mendoza was born in
732:. Cambridge University Press.
706:Warren, Nancy Bradley (2010).
691:. Marquette University Press.
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577:The English Historical Review
25:, the first or paternal
529:Cruz, Anne J., ed. (2014).
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747:Lagunas, Cecilia (2000).
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332:Archbishop of Canterbury
144:Luisa Carvajal y Mendoza
44:Luisa Carvajal y Mendoza
726:Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E.
1528:Cruz, Anne J. (1994).
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533:. Iter Incorporated.
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405:Spiritual Sonnet (18)
192:Penitential practices
207:Encounter with faith
363:Second imprisonment
1367:10.1353/jem.0.0041
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163:
160:
139:
138:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
121:
120:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
93:
91:(aged 48)
85:
81:
80:
71:
67:
63:
62:
55:
47:
46:
43:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1600:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1583:Spanish poets
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1533:
1532:
1524:
1521:
1518:, p. 92.
1517:
1512:
1509:
1506:, p. 29.
1505:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1467:, p. 16.
1466:
1461:
1458:
1455:, p. 61.
1454:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1346:
1343:, p. 28.
1342:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1322:
1319:, p. 90.
1318:
1313:
1310:
1307:, p. 76.
1306:
1301:
1298:
1295:, p. 70.
1294:
1289:
1286:
1283:, p. 26.
1282:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1172:, p. 50.
1171:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1151:
1148:, p. 21.
1147:
1142:
1139:
1136:, p. 20.
1135:
1130:
1127:
1124:, p. 71.
1123:
1118:
1115:
1112:, p. 68.
1111:
1106:
1103:
1100:, p. 55.
1099:
1094:
1091:
1088:, p. 12.
1087:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
999:
995:
992:, p. 31.
991:
986:
983:
979:
974:
972:
968:
964:
959:
957:
953:
949:
944:
941:
937:
932:
929:
925:
920:
917:
912:
908:
904:
898:
894:
887:
885:
883:
879:
876:, p. 17.
875:
870:
867:
864:, p. 18.
863:
858:
855:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
801:
797:
792:
789:
785:
780:
778:
774:
770:
765:
762:
756:
750:
745:
741:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
713:
709:
704:
700:
694:
690:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
648:
644:
640:
636:
630:
626:
621:
617:
613:
609:
603:
599:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
573:
569:
565:
561:
555:
551:
546:
542:
536:
532:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
490:
489:
485:
483:
476:
472:
470:
466:
462:
456:
453:
452:beatification
448:
441:
438:
406:
401:
395:
393:
389:
387:
383:
375:
373:
371:
362:
360:
358:
354:
346:
342:Imprisonments
341:
339:
337:
333:
329:
320:
318:
316:
310:
308:
301:
299:
295:
286:
284:
280:
278:
274:
265:
255:
247:
245:
237:
235:
232:
228:
219:
217:
211:
206:
203:
198:
191:
189:
185:
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175:
173:
169:
161:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
136:
133:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
111:
108:
104:
100:
96:
86:
82:
78:
74:
68:
64:
59:
53:
48:
41:
36:
32:
28:
24:
19:
1543:
1530:
1523:
1511:
1484:
1472:
1460:
1448:
1436:
1424:
1397:
1391:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1336:
1324:
1312:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1264:
1252:
1240:
1218:Lagunas 2000
1213:
1206:Lagunas 2000
1201:
1189:
1177:
1165:
1158:Lagunas 2000
1153:
1141:
1129:
1117:
1105:
1093:
1081:
1072:
1060:
1033:
1027:
1022:, p. 7.
1007:, p. 4.
985:
965:, p. 3.
943:
938:, p. 2.
931:
926:, p. 6.
919:
892:
869:
857:
824:
820:
791:
786:, p. 1.
771:, p. 1.
764:
729:
707:
688:
655:
651:
624:
597:
580:
576:
549:
530:
497:
493:
481:
457:
449:
445:
404:
403:
399:
390:
379:
366:
350:
328:George Abbot
324:
314:
312:
306:
303:
297:
293:
290:
281:
273:Henry Garnet
269:
241:
223:
215:
200:
195:
186:
183:
176:
165:
143:
142:
89:(1614-01-02)
34:
30:
23:Spanish name
18:
1573:1614 deaths
1568:1566 births
1504:Rhodes 2000
1465:Rhodes 2000
1441:Rhodes 2000
1429:Rhodes 2000
1341:Rhodes 2000
1281:Rhodes 2000
1269:Warren 2010
1245:Warren 2010
1233:Warren 2010
1208:, p. .
1146:Rhodes 2000
1134:Rhodes 2000
1086:Rhodes 2000
1065:Warren 2010
1020:Rhodes 2000
1005:Rhodes 2000
978:Warren 2010
963:Rhodes 2000
924:Rhodes 2000
784:Rhodes 2000
336:monasticism
254:Inglaterra.
152:Anglicanism
148:Catholicism
132:Catholicism
106:Nationality
1562:Categories
486:References
384:poetry to
244:Valladolid
162:Early life
119:Missionary
116:Occupation
1516:Cruz 2014
1489:Cruz 2014
1477:Cruz 2014
1453:Cruz 2014
1383:201776221
1317:Cruz 2014
1305:Cruz 2014
1293:Cruz 2014
1194:Cruz 2014
1182:Cruz 2014
1170:Cruz 2014
1122:Cruz 2014
1110:Cruz 2014
1098:Cruz 2014
990:Cruz 2014
936:Cruz 2014
874:Cruz 2014
862:Cruz 2014
849:159804261
769:Cruz 2014
757:Footnotes
680:159804261
522:201776221
353:Cheapside
168:Jaraicejo
73:Jaraicejo
1375:23267355
728:(2008).
514:23267355
382:pastoral
260:Mission.
179:Pamplona
128:Religion
110:Spaniard
31:Carvajal
21:In this
841:2901749
672:2901749
386:sonnets
99:England
35:Mendoza
27:surname
1414:
1404:
1381:
1373:
1050:
1040:
909:
899:
847:
839:
736:
714:
695:
678:
670:
641:
631:
614:
604:
566:
556:
537:
520:
512:
465:Madrid
330:, the
315:Galera
231:Jesuit
156:martyr
95:London
1535:(PDF)
1412:JSTOR
1379:S2CID
1371:JSTOR
1048:JSTOR
907:JSTOR
845:S2CID
837:JSTOR
676:S2CID
668:JSTOR
639:JSTOR
612:JSTOR
564:JSTOR
518:S2CID
510:JSTOR
309:165).
294:monja
227:dowry
172:Spain
77:Spain
1402:ISBN
1038:ISBN
897:ISBN
734:ISBN
712:ISBN
693:ISBN
629:ISBN
602:ISBN
554:ISBN
535:ISBN
84:Died
66:Born
1363:doi
829:doi
660:doi
585:doi
581:129
502:doi
298:sor
296:or
29:is
1564::
1496:^
1410:.
1377:.
1369:.
1359:10
1357:.
1225:^
1046:.
1012:^
997:^
970:^
955:^
905:.
881:^
843:.
835:.
825:51
823:.
803:^
776:^
674:.
666:.
656:51
654:.
637:.
610:.
579:.
562:.
516:.
508:.
498:10
496:.
170:,
97:,
75:,
1551:.
1418:.
1385:.
1365::
1054:.
913:.
851:.
831::
742:.
720:.
701:.
682:.
662::
645:.
618:.
591:.
587::
570:.
543:.
524:.
504::
60:.
37:.
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