Luo Wenzao - Knowledge (XXG)

883: 999: 1327: 1574: 69: 1510:. His illness worsened when he arrived in Shanghai but he returned to Nanjing without having fully recovered. Due to exhaustion, Luo developed liver and stomach problems. According to Nicolai, when Luo realized his illness was incurable, he stopped taking his medications to save his money for the poor in his episcopate. Luo requested to be buried in his Dominican habit. On 19 December 1690 and 3 January 1691, Luo received the sacraments. He died on 27 February 1691. 1316: 1460:

when Simão Martins, the visitor of the Jesuits, wrote to demand the five French Jesuits take the oath. When Pereira received the letter, he suspended the five missionaries' powers and privileges. Maigrot said missionaries who were leaving the apostolic vicariates ought to take the oath but Luo allowed these Jesuit missionaries to administer sacraments without swearing it.

1855:. In his book, the text reads: "A. R. P. F. Antonio a S. Maria Ordinis minorum Ministro et Præfecto vere apostolico ab exilio cantonensi ad cœlestem patriam evocato an MDCLXIX XIII kal. junii F. Gregorius Lopez Episcopus Basilitanus et Vie. Apostolicus Nankini Patri suo spirituali restaurato sepulcro lapidem hunc gratitudinis monu- mentum [ 989:

christianities ... Some months later we learned that he reached Peking and talked with our Fathers. From there, he visited his and our christianities with great success and spiritual fruit of numerous souls that were in extreme need of someone to administer to them the sacraments, particularly of Confession and Holy Communion.

1082:, and Korea. The date of his appointment is contested; according to Miguel Angel San Román, Luo's appointment occurred in 1675, based on a letter of Luo to the King of Spain. Joseph de Moidrey said Luo only heard about his appointment in 1677. Luo intended to decline his appointment; in 1677, he wrote to the apostolic vicars of 1099:

Order, recall all the Spanish missionaries from China, and end all subsidies to the Chinese missions. To mitigate the situation, Pallu suggested appointing Francisco Varo as Luo's assistant so Luo's candidacy would be more acceptable to the Dominicans. Varo, however, also opposed Luo's appointment and suggested appointing

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Latin; Luo's tolerance of traditional Chinese culture was different from the Dominicans' stance in the Chinese Rites controversy; and Luo was under the jurisdiction of the Dominican Province of the Philippines, which was under the protection of Spain so he could not fulfil the appointment without Spain's consent.

1380:) as priests. When they were consecrated, Wu was 57, Liu was 69, and Wan was 53. According to Zhang Kai, Luo's preference for senior Chinese laity over younger foreign missionaries shows Luo's decision to "nativize" Catholicism. According to San Román, Wu Li later accompanied Luo in his pastoral visits. 1408:

to call God. After Charles Maigrot was consecrated as the apostolic vicar of Fujian on 5 February 1687, he strictly enforced the requirement: a missionary who did not take the oath was not permitted to administer sacraments. Luo and Bernardino della Chiesa did not force missionaries to take the oath.

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recounting the situation of his vicariate and offering his opinions on preparation of clergy members. In this letter, he said there were seventeen priests in his vicariate, including thirteen Jesuits and four Franciscans. Seven of them were in Nanjing, five were in Shandong, and five were in Beijing.

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Antonius Calderon, the Prior of the Dominican Province of the Philippines, also strongly opposed Luo's appointment because Luo's more-tolerant views on the Chinese Rites controversy differed from Dominican views. If Luo had accepted the appointment, Calderon threatened to expel him from the Dominican

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The head of the Jesuits in Zhejiang, Prospero Intorcetta, learned Louis XIV forbade the five missionaries to take an oath to the apostolic vicar: if they had taken the oath, the King would close their seminaries in France. Intorcetta sought Luo's help on the issue of the oath, which was again raised

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To the memory of the Reverend Father Antonio a Santa Maria of the Order of the Minorites, who was a truly apostolic servant and superior, who was called to the heavenly fatherland from the exile in Canton in the year 1669, on 13 June. Father Gregory Lopes, the Bishop of Basilia and Apostolic Vicar

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Gregorio when he was baptized in 1633; upon entering the Dominican novitiate in the Philippines in 1650, his last name was registered as Lopez. A 2017 article by Pablo Robert Moreno uses his Spanish name. The spelling of this name varies across languages: Luo called himself "Gregorius Lopes" in the

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No poco afligido yo con el nuevo orden de su Santidad y gimiendo de dolor y pena ... luego busque diligente a mis compañeros y hermanos de mi sagrada Religión. ... Vierón la gravedad del empeño, y resolvierón que no podía dejar de obedecer a la Cabeza de la Iglesia, y poner en la primera

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According to Zhang Kai, there were several other reasons for Luo's resignation. Zhang said some missionaries would not welcome Luo as a bishop due to their nationalistic sentiments; other foreign missionaries would oppose Luo's appointment because he was considered inferior to them in theology and

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A.R. P. F. ANTONIO A S. MARIA ORDINIS MINORUM, MINISTRO ET PRAEFECTO VERE APOSTOLICO AB EXILIO CANTONENSI AD COELESTEM PATRIAM EVOCATO ANNO M.D.C.LXIX DECIMO TERTIO KALENDAS IUNII FR. GREGORIUS LOPES, EPISCOPUS BASILITANUS ET VICARIUS APOSTOLICUS NANKIM, PATRI SUO SPIRITUALI, RESTAURATO SEPULCRO,

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I was afflicted with the new order from his Holiness ... I consulted diligently for the advice of my brothers of my holy Religion ... They advised me to do whatever the Head of the Church had ordered me. I accepted, Lord, the dioceses and other obligations as the pontifical Bull reads.

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and Siam to ask them to convey his message to Rome, though the vicars first advised him to accept the appointment. In 1677, Luo resigned his appointment because he was not confident enough to take the responsibilities and because his appointment could not succeed without the consent of Portugal,

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his secretary and private counselor. They left Guangzhou on 10 May 1685 and arrived in Nanjing on 30 June that year. On 1 July, Luo took canonical possession of the apostolic vicariate of Nanjing in the Church of the Fathers of the Society of Jesus. He resided in the Jesuits' house in Nanjing.

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Last year, I informed Your Paternity that a Religious of St. Dominic, named Fr. Gregorio Lopez and Chinese by race, had come over from Manila to Canton . By order of his Superiors and with our agreement ... had entered the interior of China with the intention of cultivating their and our

3309: 1432:. Louis XIV had appointed four of them as the "King's Mathematicians"; he "intended them to work under his sole authority", and the title was "a device to avoid the necessity for them to swear allegiance to the king of Portugal", according to Catherine Jami. Fontaney nominated Jesuits; 1210:, Fujian, on 31 October but Pallu died on 29 October. Upon his death, Pallu expressed the wish to consecrate Luo. Bernadino della Chiesa had arrived in Guangzhou on 27 August 1684 and wrote to Luo, who received the letter in Fujian after Pallu's death. Luo then left for Guangzhou with 3127: 1793:

asserted that Luo was ordained in 1656, and Joseph de Moidrey followed this claim. However, Fang Hao rejected this claim for several reasons: that the records of the office of the archbishop of Manila are more accurate, and that Navarrete made the claim 19 years after the

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on the Chinese Rites controversy but said if clergy members like Maigrot strictly carried out the policy of the oath, the Catholic Church in China would be at risk of destruction, and that missionaries who do not adhere to the oath should be able to administer sacraments.

763:) opened in Fu'an. Caballero baptized Luo on 24 September of that year, and Luo took the baptismal name Gregorio, the patron saint of the Franciscan province in the Philippines. In an epitaph Luo wrote for Caballero in 1690, he called Caballero his "spiritual father". 1455:

tested them on their knowledge. The Kangxi Emperor kept Bouvet and Gerbillon at his court, and allowed de Fontaney, de Visdelou, and le Comte to settle freely in China. The three first headed to Shanxi but de Fontaney arrived at Nanjing on 14 April 1687 and met Luo.

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describing the anti-Christian situation in China. He soon sailed for Manila with Pedro de Alarcón, vicar of the Dominicans in China, and arrived there in early May 1683. In Manila, Luo was not immediately consecrated. According to de Moidrey, this was because the

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It is uncertain when Luo Wenzao was born, and sources list different years and dates. Luo Yiming said in a 1997 journal article he was born in either 1611 or 1616. Miguel Angel San Román said: "1615 (or 1616) seems the most probable". Yan Kejia used 1616 in his

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In May 1665, Luo went to Manila to report the destruction of the Catholic mission in China to the Dominican prior provincial, and sought economic support from the Dominicans, the Franciscans, and the Jesuits. When he returned to China, he first visited

940:(Canton). Some missionaries hid and could not conduct their missions in public. Since Luo was not a foreign missionary, he remained free in China and became the sole person in charge of the Catholic mission during the proscription from 1665 to 1671. 1187:

explaining why he was not yet consecrated. He complained Alarcón spoke badly of Luo, that Alarcón said Luo was sympathetic to Jesuits in China and agreed with many Jesuit stances, especially in the Chinese Rites controversy. He then escaped to the

3295: 1357:, and was familiar with local customs. The King of Portugal, who had the protectorate of missions in China, stopped subsidizing Luo because Luo made his choice without the king's consent but Luo upheld his choice of Nicolai as his successor. 3113: 873:

in Manila made a grand celebration for him. Many historians consider Luo to be the first Chinese Catholic priest. However, San Román did not consider Luo to be the first Chinese priest. He claimed that the first one was Dionisio de la Cruz.

779:. However, some Jesuits were concerned that their visit would disrupt Sambiasi's mission, so they kidnapped Luo and Caballero and sent them back to Fujian. Then, in 1635, Luo and the Dominican missionary Francisco Diaz embarked on a trip to 827:, Vietnam, where Luo was almost killed by locals. The group left Vietnam in early 1645 and arrived in Manila on 20 May of that year. In Manila, Luo was introduced to the Dominicans, and moved to the Dominican convent, and later the 3031: 3415: 1824:

ocasión en ejecución tan soberanos preceptos. Acepte, Senor, con este parecer el Obispado y demas dignidades, como rezan las Bulas pontificias y luego me puse en camino para esta ciudad de Manila con fines de consagrarme.

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to restore the mission there, and Luo arrived there in June 1680. He received the second appointment in December 1681; he decided to accept it and to be consecrated in Manila. In a letter to the King of Spain, he said:

984:. He baptized 556 people in Fujian and the adjacent coastal region, and about 2,000 people in other provinces. The Jesuit visitor of Macau Luis da Gama reported Luo's ministry in 1667 and confirmed it in a 1668 letter: 897:

In 1655, the Dominican prior provincial of Manila sent Luo back to China to evangelize. In early July, Luo embarked for Fujian with four other Dominicans, including Raimundo del Valle. Their mission was impacted by the

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On 10 April 1690, the apostolic vicariate of Nanjing was elevated to the diocese of Nanjing. Luo was to be installed as the first bishop of the diocese on 10 April 1691. On 20 August 1690 in Hangzhou, Luo wrote to the

516:. Luo was an active participant in the controversy: he consecrated Chinese priests and argued for the acceptance of Chinese rituals for the sake of preserving the early Catholic Church in China. Luo had studied at the 1463:

From 1688 to 1689, Luo wrote several letters to Rome about the situation of the dioceses and the issue of the oath. In his letter dated 3 October 1688, he said if the missionaries had to adhere to the oaths of the

882: 3614: 869:. According to Fang Hao, based on the records of the office of the archbishop of Manila, Luo became a full member of the Dominican Order in Manila in 1654, and became a priest on 4 July in the same year. The 3025: 1392:

required foreign missionaries to take an oath of obedience to the apostolic vicars of their location. According to Luo's description, the oath included renunciation of the veneration of Confucius and

1353:-honoring ceremonies are not religious. According to Luo's letter to Rome in 1690, he chose Nicolai as his successor in 1688 because Nicolai could read and speak Chinese, understood how to deal with 1179:

to evangelize to the Chinese community. San Román said some Dominicans in the province also opposed the second appointment of Luo as bishop. According to Zhang Kai, Calderon intended to exile Luo to

835:, Luo said he studied Spanish and Latin in Manila, and his theology was worse than other subjects. In 1647, Domingo González sent Luo back to China to take provisions to the missionaries there. 1005:(1626–1684) recommended Luo to be appointed as a bishop. Pallu wished to consecrate Luo after Luo received his second appointment, but he died on 29 October 1684, two days before Luo's arrival. 906:. According to San Román, Luo's activity between 1656 and 1664 "has not yet been sufficiently researched". According to San Román, Luo stayed in Fujian in this period, where he administered 1289:

that flows through Hangzhou is an important transportation path connecting Nanjing and Shanghai with the coastal provinces Guangdong and Fujian; because there was a Dominican mission at

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Luo said the priests were meritorious and pious but there were not enough priests for the laity in his vicariate. Luo also said he was his disappointed there were no missions to Korea,

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In 1640, Luo traveled from Manila to Macau with Dominican priests Juan Bautista Morales and Francisco Diez. In 1644, Luo left for Manila for the second time with Caballero and several

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Different sources name Giovanni Francesco Nicolai differently. Fang Hao gives his name as "Juan Francesco de Leonissa". San Román calls him "Giovanni Francesco (Nicolai) da Leonessa".

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said Luo was born in 1617. In 2019, Song Liming said Luo's exact birthdate is 18 October 1617, according to two copies of Luo's epitaph that are stored in the Roman Jesuits Archives.

3391: 3936: 1045:) discussed the possibility of appointing Luo as a bishop. The following month, Navarrete and the associate prior of the Dominican Province of Rome recommended Luo to the 3590: 952:. After returning to Fujian, he went to Guangzhou and Macau to visit the banished foreign missionaries. Around 1667, Luo visited 178 churches in the provinces of Fujian, 1145:

gave Bernadino della Chiesa Luo's appointment letter and authorized him to consecrate Luo at any time and place. Della Chiesa, however, was delayed in Siam for a year.

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write to Luo to encourage him to accept. The Master of the Order offered that Luo would be assigned a consultant. These letters arrived in Manila in 1681. In 1680, the

1546:) for him, and gave offerings to his memorial portrait, according to Chinese rituals and customs. Wu Li also composed a poem titled "Eulogy of Apostolic Vicar Luo" ( 3723: 3091: 1440:. In the middle of the journey, Tachard was sent back from Siam to recruit more Jesuit mathematicians. In July 1687, the remaining five missionaries arrived in 1038: 597:). According to Song, Luo's name may have been mistaken because Luo's tomb was destroyed in 1862 and because Joseph de La Serviere might have confused Luo with 1494:, J.P. Charbonnier called Luo's work a "fine epitaph". Leopold Leeb said Luo's epitaph is probably the first epitaph made by a Chinese person for a foreigner. 3365: 1345:

As an apostolic vicar, Luo argued for the policy of accommodation and tolerance in the Chinese Rites controversy. In 1686, Luo wrote a long letter to the

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and arrived on 31 March 1685. On 8 April, Luo was consecrated bishop by Bishop Bernardino della Chiesa, becoming the first Chinese Catholic bishop.

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Luo travelled to Manila to be consecrated; he arrived in Guangzhou in 1682 and reached Macau on 3 March 1683. On that day, he wrote a letter to the

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Towards the end of his life, Luo oversaw the repair of Antonio Caballero's tomb. In 1690, he restored the stele and wrote an inscription in Latin:

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On 1 January 1650, in Fu'an, Luo became a novice of the Dominican Order and received the habit. He made the simple profession on the feast day of

643: 550: 3822: 812:), Fujian. The local Buddhists opposed their Catholic mission. In 1638, Luo and three other Franciscans fled towards Macau but were captured in 1711: 3780: 502: 109: 60: 1152:, Fujian, where he bought a house and turned it into a church. In 1680, Francisco Varo, who had become Luo's superior, ordered Luo to go to 1298: 1803:

Zhang Kai claimed that Luo baptized a total of about 2,000 people in several provinces, and he baptized 556 people on an island in Fujian.

1618:, and Domingo Sarpetri. In 1746, due to a clash between the local government of Fu'an and the Catholic Church, the Qing government banned 3172: 1273:

to recommend Giovanni Francesco Nicolai, his auxiliary, as the successor to the episcopate. On 28 August, he wrote another letter to the

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appointing Luo had not reached Madrid and because Luo supported the Chinese Rites. The Dominican prior provincial Calderon sent him to

3646: 3569: 2994:[Chinese Christian texts from the National Library of France (CONTENT VOL. 1–4)]. KU Leuven: Chinese Christian Texts Database 3805: 3694: 3545: 3511: 3478: 3409: 1747: 3300:[The National Interests of the Western Powers and Luo Wenzao's Difficult Road to Consecration in the Early 20th Century]. 3956: 3951: 3340: 1641: 1126: 1017:

met Domingo Fernández Navarrete in Madagascar on their way to Vietnam. When they heard of Luo from Navarrete, they wrote to the

1967: 1561:. After the rebellion, the tomb was moved to Yuhuatai and integrated into a new collective tomb for missionaries. According to 925:

attacked Catholic Christianity in his articles to the imperial court. In 1665, the Qing imperial court accepted his argument,

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After his baptism, Luo first accompanied foreign missionaries on their travels and visits. In 1634, Luo and Caballero reached

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San Román, Miguel Angel (2001). "Luo Wenzao: A Unique Role in the Seventeenth Century Church of China". In Weiying Gu (ed.).

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in 1889, the new tombstone had only the name "Gregorio Lopez" and the Chinese character "Luo" with no further information.

1529: 1134: 714: 706: 254: 3249: 926: 1393: 1297:, received him well; and because Luo venerated Li Zhizao, an earlier Chinese Catholic from Hangzhou and a member of the 899: 843: 3061: 545:'), a 1673 Chinese Catholic theology book by Raimundo del Valle. Luo also wrote a Latin epitaph in 1690; he is the 796: 745: 662:

Latin text of a 1690 stele, and Joseph Tardif de Moidrey called him "Grégoire Lopez" in the 1914 French-language work

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first appointed Luo as a bishop. He declined it but accepted his second appointment in 1679. Due to opposition from

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del Valle, Raimundo (1673). Varo, Francisco; Navarrete, Domingo Fernández; Sarpetri, Domingo; Luo, Wenzhao (eds.).

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and Shandong, and in 1690, he revisited Shanghai and Hangzhou, arriving with his auxiliary vicar on 20 July 1690.

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with other Dominican priests to explain their mission to the emperor and debate against anti-Christian officials.

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of Nanjing has restored the tomb for his spiritual father and has erected this stele as a monument of gratitude.

3230:"The First Chinese Priest of the Society of Jesus: Emmanuel de Siqueira, 1633-1673, Cheng-ma-no Wei-hsin 鄭瑪諾維信" 1468:, he would lose over half of the missionaries and most of the believers. Luo acknowledged the authority of the 1189: 1088: 1026: 490: 489:

proscribed Christianity and banished foreign missionaries in 1665, Luo became the only person in charge of the

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The Emperor's New Mathematics: Western Learning and Imperial Authority During the Kangxi Reign (1662–1722)

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recounting his studies in Manila and his entry into the Dominican Order. In 1687, Luo visited churches in

1063: 74: 816:. Luo was jailed for 23 days and beaten with clubs. He then went into exile in Macau and Manila in 1639. 3921: 3241: 1354: 737: 621: 598: 3522: 693: 688: 1645: 1078:

and the apostolic vicar of Nanjing to administrate the provinces of Beijing, Shandong, Shanxi, Henan,

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called him "Lo Ngo Chai" in a 1933 issue and "Ngo Ts'uen" in a 1940 issue, according to his art name.

3926: 3830: 1604: 1331: 1211: 1054: 890: 705:. He was born to Buddhist parents but his village had many Christians. His father's name was Li Zhu ( 1200: 1294: 3470: 3461:

Jami, Catherine (December 2011). "The 'King's Mathematicians': a French Jesuit mission in China".

3271:[Luo Wenzhao or Luo Wenzao? Correcting the Name of Bishop Luo, the First Chinese Bishop]. 1121: 3717: 3214: 1650: 1507: 1429: 931: 855: 776: 733: 498: 466: 52: 3868: 1554:). Gu Yulu said according to Wu's poem, Luo knew theology well enough to preach independently. 1176: 846:

in the province. When Caballero decided to evangelize in Korea, Luo accompanied him to Beijing.

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Fang Hao gives the Chinese name of Francisco Diez as "蘇芳積". San Román gives his name as "徐芳濟".

1558: 1514: 1506:. According to Nicolai, Luo became ill in late October 1690 while he was visiting churches in 1010: 1002: 320: 312: 42: 3634: 3333:[LUO Wen-zao and His Historical Status and Influence in“Chinese Rites Controversy”]. 824: 626: 3878: 3489: 3466: 3353: 3349: 3280: 3206: 3164: 2989: 1851:

according to Leeb. De Moidrey gave a slightly different text of inscription. His source was

1417: 1254: 1116: 870: 756: 654: 520:, Manila, and in addition to his Chinese heritage, Luo was proficient in Spanish and Latin. 428: 400: 368: 340: 277: 68: 2967: 553:, Taiwan. His date of birth is not known and there remains controversy over his real name. 3841: 3556: 1290: 903: 99: 24: 3168: 298: 3151:[A Study of the Life of Zheng Weixin of Macau, the First Chinese Jesuit Priest] 1141:) as the auxiliary of François Pallu, who had become the apostolic vicar of Fujian. The 858:

in 1651. In 1652, he evangelized in Fujian, building a church and a Dominican office in

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The issue of the oath was raised upon the arrival of French Jesuits in 1687. In 1685,

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Luo's tomb was damaged by floods in 1848–1849, and was destroyed in 1862 during the

1293:, near the Qiantang River; because Luo said the Jesuit mission leader in Hangzhou, 1199:

In July 1684, Luo left for China, hoping to be consecrated by Pallu. He arrived in

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with Vittorio Ricci to assist the arrival of some foreign missionaries. Luo was in

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Although a Dominican himself, Luo held tolerant views that were closer to those of

486: 435: 375: 284: 20: 3760:] (in French). Chang-hai: Imprimerie de La Mission / Orphelinat de T'ou-sè-wè. 3766: 3732: 3680: 3665: 3535: 3245: 910:, rescued captives during the war, and baptized locals. In 1657, Luo appeared in 3689:] (in Chinese). Shanghai: 上海辞书出版社 (Shanghai Dictionary Press). p. 392. 1700: 1421: 1326: 1083: 788: 3674:] (in Chinese). 高雄敎區主敎公署 (The Bishop's Office of the Diocese of Kaoshiung). 1573: 3229: 1193: 1172: 741: 3361: 3087: 1523: 1237:

Luo also visited many places under his jurisdiction. Before 1687, he visited

864: 3641:. Translated by Chen, Shujie. China Intercontinental Press. pp. 33–40. 1688: 1680: 1413: 1350: 1153: 961: 937: 907: 806:

Around 1637–1638, Luo and other missionaries went to evangelize in Dingtou (

803:, but Luo was detained when he arrived in Beijing and sent back to Fujian. 3438:[The Chinese Bishop Luo Wenzao and the Chinese Priest Wu Yushan]. 3210: 1614:, Fujian. The book was edited by Luo and Dominican priests Francisco Varo, 1315: 3589:[The Chinese Bishop Luo Wenzao and the Chinese Priest Wu Yushan]. 3506:]. Fujian Provincial Religious Research Committee. pp. 397–409. 3066:[Latin Tombstones in China and the History of Cultural Exchange] 1262: 1246: 1242: 953: 949: 915: 582: 546: 494: 393: 190: 78: 1517:. At his funeral, Wu Li and other priests who Luo consecrated set up a 1502:

Luo's successor Nicolai wrote a detailed account of Luo's death to the

1398: 1322:(1645–1708) was a Portuguese Jesuit at the court of the Kangxi Emperor. 1279: 1180: 1079: 973: 969: 957: 838:

In 1649, when Morales and Caballero returned to China, Luo met them in

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According to Fang Hao, Luo preferred to stay in Hangzhou because the

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According to San Román, in 1688, Luo chose Nicolai as his successor.

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explaining the origins and meanings of Chinese rituals, and arguing

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La hiérarchie catholique en Chine, en Corée et au Japon (1307–1914)

3030:[A Brief History of Development] (in Chinese). wzu.edu.tw. 614:

Les Anciennes Missions de la Compagnie de Jésus en Chine, 1552–1814

3800:] (in Chinese). Shanghai: Shanghai Classics Publishing House. 3753:

Les Anciennes Missions de la Compagnie de Jésus en Chine，1552－1814

3568:] (in Traditional Chinese). Changxi, Fujian: Catholic Church. 3537:

Missionary Approaches and Linguistics in Mainland China and Taiwan

1661:), Fu'an, Fujian. The seminary was later renamed Wenzao Seminary ( 1572: 1361: 1325: 1314: 997: 981: 977: 881: 839: 800: 3791: 3529:(in French). Chang-Hai: Imprimerie de L'Orphelinat de T'ou-Sé-Wé. 1009:

Luo received recommendations from several members of the clergy.

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Standaert, Nicholas; Dudink, Ad; Monnet, Nathalie, eds. (2009).

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The main gate of Wenzao Ursuline University of Languages, Taiwan

1404: 1341:, which forbade missionaries to venerate Confucius or ancestors. 1250: 1018: 609: 3504:

Religion: Multi-perspective Thinking at the Turn of the Century

589:). In 2019, Song Liming proposed Luo's given name was Wenzhao ( 3118:[A Study of the Birth and Death Years of Luo Wenzao]. 2637: 2635: 1857: 1691:, Taiwan, they chose Luo Wenzao as the university's namesake. 2332:, p. 153, "在中国天主教历史上, 郑维信是第二位中国籍神父, 第一位中国籍神父及主教是隶属于多明我会的罗文藻". 1029:, also thought highly of Luo despite him being a Dominican. 477: – 27 February 1691) was the first person of 3773:

Chinese Christian texts from the National Library of France

2872: 2870: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2479: 2477: 2411:, p. 119, "可以说在上述最艰难的时期，罗文藻是唯一一位能在中国各个传教区之间进行联络与沟通的神职人员". 2259: 2257: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 1624:

Chinese Christian texts from the National Library of France

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Translated by Francis A. Rouleau from Portuguese original.

1911:, p. 118, "罗文藻（1616-1691）①，字汝鼎，号我存，西文名字为Gregorio López". 1061:

resolved to petition the Pope to appoint Luo as a bishop

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calls him "Wenzao Lo". When translating Yan Kejia's text

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The French Jesuits and the oath of obedience (1687–1688)

3523:"IIe Partie: Evêchés du XVIe Siècle et du XVIIe Siècle" 3398:

Biographies of Figures in Chinese Catholic History (II)

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Later, I came to this city of Manila to be consecrated.

666:

La hiérarchie catholique en Chine, en Corée et au Japon

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in 1685 and held the position until his death in 1691.

3195:"Gregorio López (1617–1691): The first Chinese Bishop" 2899: 2897: 2794: 2792: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2313: 2311: 2298: 2296: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2001: 1999: 1997: 2950: 2948: 2156: 2154: 2028: 2026: 1946: 1944: 1748: 1679:); it stopped functioning in 1949. In 1966, when the 1183:. On 11 June 1684, Luo wrote a lengthy letter to the 791:

group and did not reach Manila. In 1637, Luo went to

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The Former Missions of the Society of Jesus in China

3390:

Fang, Hao (March 1988). "羅文藻" [Luo Wenzao].

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to the Catholic Church, but they were captured by a

638:

Luo's Chinese name differently. The French magazine

567:

Many historians agree Luo's given name was Wenzao (

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KU Leuven: Chinese Christian Texts Database 1821: 1656: 1039:Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith 807: 568: 405: 345: 259: 237: 8: 3937:17th-century Roman Catholic bishops in China 3566:The True Meanings of the Body and the Spirit 3540:. Leuven University Press. pp. 133–52. 3044:希冀第一位中國籍主教羅文藻(1616-1691)敬天愛人的精神與行誼成為本校師生的典範。 1601:The True Meanings of the Body and the Spirit 664: 543:The True Meanings of the Body and the Spirit 1848:LAPIDEM HUNC GRATITUDINIS MONUMENTUM EREXIT 1845: 1594: 1115:received Luo's resignation. On 12 October, 936:, and banished all foreign missionaries to 823:. Due to inclement weather, they landed in 799:intended to introduce him to evangelize in 536: 3837: 3722:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3082:(6). Hong Kong: Latinitas Sinica: 41–106. 2876: 2506: 2468: 2053: 1622:but the book is preserved and included in 701:Many sources agree Luo was born in Fu'an, 653:Luo was also known as "Gregorio Lopez" in 419: 359: 268: 67: 37: 3823:"羅文藻主教生平 (Bishop Luo Wenzao's Biography)" 3471:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199601400.001.0001 2783: 2730: 2703: 2641: 2626: 2601: 2568: 2483: 2377: 2365: 2341: 2263: 2133: 2077: 1935: 1360:In 1688, Luo consecrated Chinese Jesuits 1305:The Chinese Rites controversy (1686–1690) 3798:General History of Christianity in China 631:also lists Luo's given name as Wenzhao. 523:Along with other Dominicans, Luo edited 3603:(in Chinese). 宗教文化出版社. pp. 91–93. 3285:10.16674/j.cnki.cn35-1066/u.2019.03.003 2420: 1877: 1722: 1685:Wenzao Ursuline University of Languages 1644:, established St. Joseph's Seminary in 1133:also appointed Bernadino della Chiesa ( 1021:asking him to appoint Luo as a bishop. 767:Travels and missionary work (1634–1649) 644:Wenzao Ursuline University of Languages 551:Wenzao Ursuline University of Languages 16:First Chinese Catholic bishop (d. 1691) 3715: 3228:Rouleau, Francis A. (1 January 1959). 3193:Moreno, Pablo Robert (December 2017). 2017: 1712:List of Catholic missionaries to China 1581:In 1673, Raimundo del Valle published 1416:had sent six French Jesuits to China. 1229:After his consecration, Luo appointed 713:) and his mother's last name was Liu ( 319: 3739:Biography of the First Chinese Bishop 3354:10.16365/j.cnki.11-4054/d.2017.04.018 3076:Journal of Latin Language and Culture 2915: 2849: 2810: 2771: 2589: 2551: 2539: 2437: 2408: 2248: 2210: 2177: 2116: 1908: 1896: 593:) and his courtesy name was Zonghua ( 7: 3679:Ding, Guangxun; Jin, Luxian (2010). 3199:Journal of Early Modern Christianity 3169:10.3969/j.issn.1000-4289.2015.01.016 2954: 2927: 2903: 2888: 2861: 2834: 2822: 2798: 2754: 2742: 2691: 2660: 2527: 2456: 2396: 2353: 2317: 2302: 2287: 2275: 2229: 2198: 2160: 2145: 2104: 2032: 2005: 1950: 1920: 1853:Philippe François Zéphirin Guillemin 1477:Epitaph for Antonio Caballero (1690) 1299:Three Pillars of Chinese Catholicism 1119:re-appointed Luo through the letter 1074:appointed Luo the titular bishop of 3827:Chinese Regional Bishops Conference 3710:The First Chinese Bishop: Father Lo 3704:Gonsález, Jose Maria (April 1966). 3446:]. 上海社会科学院出版社. pp. 35–37. 3234:Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu 2329: 2092: 2065: 1988: 1884: 1107:Second episcopal appointment (1679) 3572:from the original on 25 April 2023 3421:from the original on 25 April 2023 3368:from the original on 14 April 2023 3312:from the original on 14 April 2023 3178:from the original on 30 April 2023 3130:from the original on 14 April 2023 3097:from the original on 20 April 2023 3034:from the original on 18 April 2023 3012: 2939: 2672: 1970:from the original on 23 April 2023 1225:Apostolic vicariate and episcopate 1033:First episcopal appointment (1674) 14: 3734:Biografía del primer Obispo chino 3672:Collected Histories of Luo Wenzao 3664:Cheng, Joseph Tien-siang (1973). 3252:from the original on 25 July 2023 2991:法國國家圖書館明清天主教文獻 (CONTENT VOL. 1–4) 1703:, the first Chinese Jesuit priest 1513:On 3 May 1691, Luo was buried at 1330:A copy of a mandate published by 1148:Around the same time, Luo was in 3947:University of Santo Tomas alumni 3706:El Primer Obispo Chino: Padre Lo 3341:Beijing Administration Institute 1420:, who headed the mission, chose 1127:Master of the Order of Preachers 746:Antonio Caballero de Santa Maria 3750:de la Servière, Joseph (1924). 3620:from the original on 7 May 2023 169:by Bernardino della Chiesa 146:Titular Bishop of Basilinopolis 114: 3932:Chinese Roman Catholic bishops 3145:Luo, Ying (15 February 2015). 1742: 1733: 1675: 1666: 1590: 1551: 1542: 1533: 1377: 1369: 1138: 850:Dominican Order and priesthood 842:, Fujian, despite the ongoing 726: 718: 710: 612:Chinese Catholic, in his book 594: 586: 532: 441: 406: 381: 346: 318: 304: 290: 260: 238: 1: 3731:González, José María (1946). 1492:Christians in China, 600–2000 1282:, Shanxi, Shaanxi, or Henan. 1053:later recommended Luo to the 471: 182: 3829:(in Chinese). Archived from 994:Process of becoming a bishop 902:between the Qing regime and 3712:] (in Spanish). Madrid. 3521:de Moidrey, Joseph (1914). 3060:Leeb, Leopold (June 2018). 1791:Domingo Fernández Navarrete 1616:Domingo Fernández Navarrete 878:Missionary work (1655–1673) 797:Johann Adam Schall von Bell 640:Le Petit Messager de Ningpo 122:1685–1690 (apostolic vicar) 3973: 3902:Giovanni Francesco Nicolai 3886:Vicar Apostolic of Nanking 3687:Dictionary of Christianity 3498:. In Yu, Xianfeng (ed.). 1308: 1231:Giovanni Francesco Nicolai 1015:Pierre Lambert de la Motte 831:. In a 1689 letter to the 560: 491:Catholic missions in China 137:Giovanni Francesco Nicolai 89: 18: 3898: 3883: 3875: 3865: 3850: 3847: 3840: 3633:Yan, Kejia (March 2004). 3297:20世纪初期西方列强的国家利益与罗文藻的坎坷祝圣路 3269:罗文炤还是罗文藻?——为中国首位国籍主教罗主教正名 1757: 1657: 1640:, the apostolic vicar of 1311:Chinese Rites controversy 1196:, where he was welcomed. 1101:Juan de Palafox y Mendoza 1057:. On 2 October 1673, the 844:war between Ming and Qing 829:University of Santo Tomas 808: 785:Chinese Rites controversy 760: 590: 578: 569: 518:University of Santo Tomas 514:Chinese Rites controversy 456: 452: 418: 358: 267: 222: 218: 66: 59: 3792: 3767: 3681: 3666: 3639:Catholic Church in China 3591: 3586: 3560: 3499: 3490: 3439: 3435: 3434:Gu, Yulu (April 1989). 3392: 3329: 3296: 3268: 3147: 3114: 3071: 3062: 3026: 2990: 1844:The inscription text is 1631:Theodore Labrador Fraile 1089:protectorate of missions 1027:Jesuit missions in China 648:Catholic Church in China 233:Traditional Chinese 73:Portrait of Luo wearing 3957:Qing dynasty Christians 3952:Ming dynasty Christians 1438:Jean-François Gerbillon 927:proscribed Christianity 255:Simplified Chinese 3842:Catholic Church titles 3267:Song, Liming (2019). 3211:10.1515/jemc-2017-0011 1846: 1822: 1707:Christianity in Fujian 1578: 1519:Chinese memorial altar 1488: 1342: 1323: 1164: 1091:in China at the time. 1064:in partibus infidelium 1006: 991: 894: 665: 3790:Wang, Zhixin (2012). 3330:罗文藻及其在“礼仪之争”中的历史地位与影响 3148:第一位中国籍耶稣会神父澳门人郑维信生平考略 1576: 1329: 1318: 1037:On 31 July 1673, the 1001: 885: 738:Juan Bautista Morales 481:to be appointed as a 3741:] (in Spanish). 3585:Yan, Kejia (2001). 3488:Li, Jianmin (2000). 3344:] (in Chinese). 3112:Luo, Yiming (1997). 1768:, and variations of 1355:Mandarin bureaucrats 1055:College of Cardinals 1049:, respectively. The 1023:Gabriel de Magalhães 891:crucifixion of Jesus 3833:on 31 October 2007. 3327:Zhang, Kai (2017). 3294:Zhang, Hua (2016). 1772:in Western sources. 1388:In Luo's time, the 1372:), and Wan Qiyuan ( 1295:Prospero Intorcetta 723:traditional Chinese 634:Other sources have 2864:, pp. 152–53. 2644:, pp. 140–41. 2604:, pp. 139–40. 2542:, pp. 120–21. 2368:, pp. 136–37. 2356:, pp. 148–49. 2290:, pp. 147–48. 2148:, pp. 145–46. 1991:, pp. 37, 39. 1579: 1430:Claude de Visdelou 1343: 1324: 1125:and requested the 1025:, the head of the 1007: 895: 856:St. Thomas Aquinas 777:Francesco Sambiasi 715:simplified Chinese 622:Raimundo del Valle 125:1690–1691 (bishop) 3942:People from Fu'an 3910: 3909: 3899:Succeeded by 3892:Bishop of Nanking 3866:Succeeded by 3848:Preceded by 3782:978-957-29848-3-3 2471:, pp. 22–23. 2213:, p. 118-19. 1964:"A Brief History" 1597: 1559:Taiping Rebellion 871:Chinese community 539: 479:Chinese ethnicity 460: 459: 448: 447: 429:Standard Mandarin 388: 387: 369:Standard Mandarin 328: 327: 278:Standard Mandarin 61:Bishop of Nanjing 43:The Most Reverend 3964: 3879:Ignace Cotolendi 3876:Preceded by 3838: 3834: 3811: 3786: 3761: 3746: 3727: 3721: 3713: 3700: 3675: 3652: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3619: 3602: 3587:中国籍主教罗文藻和中国神父吴渔山 3581: 3579: 3577: 3551: 3530: 3517: 3497: 3484: 3457: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3420: 3403: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3288: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3222: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3177: 3154: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3096: 3069: 3063:中国的拉丁语墓碑和中西文化交流史 3053:Journal articles 3047: 3046: 3041: 3039: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2892: 2891:, p. 63-64. 2886: 2880: 2874: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2645: 2639: 2630: 2624: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2572: 2566: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2510: 2504: 2487: 2481: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2441: 2435: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2306: 2300: 2291: 2285: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2252: 2246: 2233: 2227: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2181: 2175: 2164: 2158: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2120: 2114: 2108: 2102: 2096: 2090: 2081: 2075: 2069: 2063: 2057: 2051: 2036: 2030: 2021: 2015: 2009: 2003: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1960: 1954: 1948: 1939: 1933: 1924: 1923:, p. 49-50. 1918: 1912: 1906: 1900: 1894: 1888: 1882: 1862: 1850: 1842: 1836: 1833: 1827: 1826: 1819: 1813: 1810: 1804: 1801: 1795: 1788: 1782: 1779: 1773: 1759: 1744: 1735: 1727: 1677: 1668: 1660: 1659: 1654: 1639: 1620:Xing Shen Shi Yi 1613: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1553: 1544: 1535: 1527: 1418:Jean de Fontaney 1379: 1371: 1340: 1220: 1209: 1140: 1117:Pope Innocent XI 935: 868: 811: 810: 762: 754: 728: 720: 712: 697: 668: 630: 616:. The 1673 work 607: 596: 592: 588: 580: 572: 571: 540: 537: 534: 476: 473: 469: 444: 443: 420: 414: 413: 384: 383: 360: 354: 353: 324: 323: 322: 307: 306: 293: 292: 269: 263: 262: 249: 248: 214:, Jiangsu, China 209:27 February 1691 208: 206: 187: 184: 174:Personal details 71: 38: 3972: 3971: 3967: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3962: 3961: 3912: 3911: 3906: 3905:(administrator) 3904: 3894: 3890: 3888: 3881: 3871: 3862: 3821: 3818: 3808: 3794: 3789: 3783: 3769: 3764: 3749: 3730: 3714: 3703: 3697: 3683: 3678: 3668: 3663: 3660: 3658:Further reading 3655: 3649: 3632: 3623: 3621: 3617: 3611: 3600: 3593: 3588: 3584: 3575: 3573: 3562: 3554: 3548: 3533: 3520: 3514: 3501: 3495: 3492: 3487: 3481: 3460: 3454: 3441: 3437: 3436:中国主教罗文藻和中国神父吴渔山 3433: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3412: 3401: 3394: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3371: 3369: 3331: 3326: 3315: 3313: 3298: 3293: 3270: 3266: 3255: 3253: 3227: 3192: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3152: 3149: 3144: 3133: 3131: 3116: 3111: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3073: 3067: 3064: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3037: 3035: 3028: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3011: 3007: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2973: 2971: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2953: 2946: 2938: 2934: 2926: 2922: 2914: 2910: 2902: 2895: 2887: 2883: 2877:de Moidrey 1914 2875: 2868: 2860: 2856: 2848: 2841: 2833: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2809: 2805: 2797: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2770: 2761: 2753: 2749: 2741: 2737: 2729: 2710: 2702: 2698: 2690: 2679: 2671: 2667: 2659: 2648: 2640: 2633: 2625: 2608: 2600: 2596: 2588: 2575: 2567: 2558: 2550: 2546: 2538: 2534: 2526: 2513: 2507:de Moidrey 1914 2505: 2490: 2482: 2475: 2469:de Moidrey 1914 2467: 2463: 2455: 2444: 2436: 2427: 2419: 2415: 2407: 2403: 2395: 2384: 2376: 2372: 2364: 2360: 2352: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2328: 2324: 2316: 2309: 2301: 2294: 2286: 2282: 2274: 2270: 2262: 2255: 2247: 2236: 2228: 2217: 2209: 2205: 2197: 2184: 2176: 2167: 2159: 2152: 2144: 2140: 2132: 2123: 2115: 2111: 2103: 2099: 2091: 2084: 2076: 2072: 2064: 2060: 2054:de Moidrey 1914 2052: 2039: 2031: 2024: 2016: 2012: 2004: 1995: 1987: 1983: 1973: 1971: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1949: 1942: 1934: 1927: 1919: 1915: 1907: 1903: 1895: 1891: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1776: 1752:; also spelled 1749:l'woe wun-ts'ow 1728: 1724: 1720: 1697: 1648: 1633: 1607: 1571: 1521: 1504:Propaganda Fide 1500: 1479: 1470:Propaganda Fide 1466:Propaganda Fide 1451:in Beijing and 1390:Propaganda Fide 1386: 1347:Propaganda Fide 1334: 1332:Charles Maigrot 1313: 1307: 1291:Lanxi, Zhejiang 1275:Propaganda Fide 1271:Propaganda Fide 1259:Propaganda Fide 1227: 1214: 1212:Charles Maigrot 1203: 1185:Propaganda Fide 1168:Propaganda Fide 1143:Propaganda Fide 1131:Propaganda Fide 1113:Propaganda Fide 1109: 1059:Propaganda Fide 1051:Propaganda Fide 1047:Propaganda Fide 1043:Propaganda Fide 1035: 996: 929: 904:Zheng Chenggong 880: 862: 852: 833:Propaganda Fide 769: 748: 691: 676: 624: 601: 565: 559: 493:. In 1674, the 483:Catholic bishop 474: 465: 210: 204: 202: 194: 193:, Fujian, China 188: 185: 168: 128: 100:Catholic Church 91: 81: 55: 50: 49: 46: 45: 34: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3970: 3968: 3960: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3914: 3913: 3908: 3907: 3900: 3897: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3872: 3867: 3864: 3853:Titular Bishop 3849: 3845: 3844: 3836: 3835: 3817: 3816:External links 3814: 3813: 3812: 3806: 3787: 3781: 3768:法國國家圖書館明清天主教文獻 3762: 3747: 3728: 3701: 3695: 3676: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3653: 3648:978-7508505992 3647: 3630: 3609: 3582: 3558:Xingshen Shiyi 3552: 3546: 3531: 3518: 3512: 3485: 3479: 3458: 3452: 3431: 3410: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3378: 3348:(4): 117–128. 3323: 3322: 3308:(2): 138–145. 3290: 3289: 3263: 3262: 3224: 3223: 3205:(2): 263–288. 3189: 3188: 3141: 3140: 3108: 3107: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3048: 3017: 3015:, p. 406. 3005: 2981: 2959: 2944: 2932: 2930:, p. 160. 2920: 2918:, p. 128. 2908: 2906:, p. 159. 2893: 2881: 2866: 2854: 2852:, p. 125. 2839: 2837:, p. 109. 2827: 2825:, p. 107. 2815: 2813:, p. 124. 2803: 2801:, p. 153. 2788: 2786:, p. 151. 2784:San Román 2001 2776: 2774:, p. 127. 2759: 2757:, p. 155. 2747: 2745:, p. 158. 2735: 2733:, p. 141. 2731:San Román 2001 2708: 2706:, p. 146. 2704:San Román 2001 2696: 2694:, p. 157. 2677: 2665: 2663:, p. 152. 2646: 2642:San Román 2001 2631: 2629:, p. 140. 2627:San Román 2001 2606: 2602:San Román 2001 2594: 2592:, p. 122. 2573: 2571:, p. 139. 2569:San Román 2001 2556: 2554:, p. 121. 2544: 2532: 2530:, p. 151. 2511: 2488: 2486:, p. 138. 2484:San Román 2001 2473: 2461: 2459:, p. 150. 2442: 2440:, p. 120. 2425: 2413: 2401: 2399:, p. 149. 2382: 2380:, p. 137. 2378:San Román 2001 2370: 2366:San Román 2001 2358: 2346: 2344:, p. 149. 2342:San Román 2001 2334: 2322: 2320:, p. 186. 2307: 2305:, p. 148. 2292: 2280: 2278:, p. 154. 2268: 2266:, p. 135. 2264:San Román 2001 2253: 2251:, p. 119. 2234: 2232:, p. 147. 2215: 2203: 2201:, p. 146. 2182: 2180:, p. 118. 2165: 2150: 2138: 2136:, p. 134. 2134:San Román 2001 2121: 2119:, p. 117. 2109: 2097: 2082: 2080:, p. 133. 2078:San Román 2001 2070: 2058: 2037: 2022: 2010: 2008:, p. 145. 1993: 1981: 1966:. wzu.edu.tw. 1955: 1953:, p. 144. 1940: 1936:del Valle 1673 1925: 1913: 1901: 1889: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1863: 1861:] erexit." 1837: 1828: 1814: 1805: 1796: 1783: 1774: 1770:Gregorio Lopez 1721: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1696: 1693: 1676:Wénzǎo Xiūyuàn 1602: 1583:Xingshen Shiyi 1570: 1567: 1563:Louis Gaillard 1499: 1496: 1478: 1475: 1453:Thomas Pereira 1449:Kangxi Emperor 1434:Louis le Comte 1426:Joachim Bouvet 1385: 1382: 1320:Thomas Pereira 1306: 1303: 1287:Qiantang River 1226: 1223: 1108: 1105: 1087:which had the 1072:Pope Clement X 1034: 1031: 1011:François Pallu 1003:François Pallu 995: 992: 946:Francisco Varo 923:Yang Guangxian 887:Yang Guangxian 879: 876: 851: 848: 821:Carmelite nuns 783:to report the 768: 765: 675: 672: 659:baptismal name 657:. He took the 618:Xingshen Shiyi 558: 555: 544: 525:Xingshen Shiyi 458: 457: 454: 453: 450: 449: 446: 445: 438: 432: 431: 425: 424: 423:Transcriptions 416: 415: 403: 397: 396: 390: 389: 386: 385: 378: 372: 371: 365: 364: 363:Transcriptions 356: 355: 343: 337: 336: 330: 329: 326: 325: 315: 309: 308: 301: 295: 294: 287: 281: 280: 274: 273: 272:Transcriptions 265: 264: 257: 251: 250: 235: 229: 228: 224: 223: 220: 219: 216: 215: 200: 196: 195: 189: 180: 176: 175: 171: 170: 165: 161: 160: 157: 153: 152: 148: 147: 144: 140: 139: 134: 130: 129: 127: 126: 123: 119: 117: 113: 112: 107: 103: 102: 97: 93: 92: 87: 83: 82: 72: 64: 63: 57: 56: 51: 47: 41: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3969: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3903: 3896: 3893: 3887: 3880: 3874: 3870: 3861: 3860: 3859: 3858:Basilinopolis 3854: 3846: 3843: 3839: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3819: 3815: 3809: 3807:9787532589104 3803: 3799: 3795: 3788: 3784: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3754: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3735: 3729: 3725: 3719: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3696:9787532630974 3692: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3650: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3616: 3612: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3583: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3549: 3547:9789058671615 3543: 3539: 3538: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3513:7-5615-1582-0 3509: 3505: 3500:宗教·世纪之交的多视角思维 3493: 3486: 3482: 3480:9780199601400 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3445: 3432: 3417: 3413: 3411:7-101-00233-1 3407: 3399: 3395: 3388: 3387: 3382: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3342: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3324: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3292: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3265: 3264: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3190: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3150: 3143: 3142: 3129: 3126:(1): 98–100. 3125: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3109: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3065: 3058: 3057: 3052: 3045: 3033: 3029: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3006: 2993: 2985: 2982: 2969: 2963: 2960: 2957:, p. 49. 2956: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2942:, p. 35. 2941: 2936: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2882: 2879:, p. 24. 2878: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2675:, p. 36. 2674: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2545: 2541: 2536: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2509:, p. 23. 2508: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2423:, p. 31. 2422: 2417: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2163:, p. 64. 2162: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2110: 2107:, p. 42. 2106: 2101: 2098: 2095:, p. 91. 2094: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2071: 2068:, p. 99. 2067: 2062: 2059: 2056:, p. 22. 2055: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2035:, p. 63. 2034: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2011: 2007: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1982: 1969: 1965: 1959: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1890: 1887:, p. 98. 1886: 1881: 1878: 1872: 1867: 1860: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1841: 1838: 1832: 1829: 1825: 1818: 1815: 1809: 1806: 1800: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1784: 1778: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1755: 1751: 1750: 1745: 1739: 1731: 1726: 1723: 1717: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1672: 1664: 1652: 1647: 1643: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1611: 1606: 1600: 1588: 1584: 1575: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1549: 1545: 1539: 1531: 1525: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1487: 1482: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1467: 1461: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1444:, Zhejiang. 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1401: 1400: 1395: 1391: 1383: 1381: 1375: 1367: 1364:, Liu Yunde ( 1363: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1281: 1276: 1272: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1232: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1213: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1163: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1144: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1123: 1118: 1114: 1111:In 1679, the 1106: 1104: 1102: 1096: 1092: 1090: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1076:Basilinopolis 1073: 1068: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1032: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1004: 1000: 993: 990: 985: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 941: 939: 933: 928: 924: 919: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 892: 889:depicted the 888: 884: 877: 875: 872: 866: 861: 857: 849: 847: 845: 841: 836: 834: 830: 826: 822: 817: 815: 804: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 766: 764: 758: 752: 747: 743: 739: 735: 732:In 1633, the 730: 724: 716: 708: 704: 699: 695: 690: 686: 682: 673: 671: 669: 667: 660: 656: 651: 649: 645: 641: 637: 632: 628: 623: 619: 615: 611: 605: 600: 584: 576: 575:courtesy name 564: 563:Chinese names 556: 554: 552: 548: 542: 530: 526: 521: 519: 515: 511: 506: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 468: 464: 455: 451: 439: 437: 433: 430: 426: 421: 417: 412: 409: 404: 402: 398: 395: 391: 379: 377: 373: 370: 366: 361: 357: 352: 349: 344: 342: 338: 335: 334:Courtesy name 331: 321: 316: 314: 310: 302: 300: 296: 288: 286: 282: 279: 275: 270: 266: 258: 256: 252: 247: 244: 241: 236: 234: 230: 225: 221: 217: 213: 201: 197: 192: 181: 177: 172: 166: 162: 158: 154: 149: 145: 143:Other post(s) 141: 138: 135: 131: 124: 121: 120: 118: 111: 108: 104: 101: 98: 94: 88: 84: 80: 76: 75:Qing headwear 70: 65: 62: 58: 54: 44: 39: 36: 32: 31: 26: 22: 3922:1610s births 3884: 3856: 3851: 3831:the original 3826: 3797: 3772: 3757: 3752: 3743:U.S.T. Press 3738: 3733: 3709: 3705: 3686: 3671: 3638: 3622:. Retrieved 3596: 3574:. Retrieved 3565: 3557: 3536: 3526: 3503: 3491:天主教在闽东的传播和发展 3462: 3443: 3423:. Retrieved 3397: 3370:. Retrieved 3345: 3338: 3334: 3314:. Retrieved 3305: 3301: 3279:(3): 40–51. 3276: 3272: 3254:. Retrieved 3237: 3233: 3202: 3198: 3180:. Retrieved 3160: 3156: 3132:. Retrieved 3123: 3119: 3099:. Retrieved 3079: 3075: 3043: 3036:. Retrieved 3020: 3008: 2996:. Retrieved 2984: 2972:. Retrieved 2962: 2935: 2923: 2911: 2884: 2857: 2830: 2818: 2806: 2779: 2750: 2738: 2699: 2668: 2597: 2547: 2535: 2464: 2421:Rouleau 1959 2416: 2404: 2373: 2361: 2349: 2337: 2325: 2283: 2271: 2206: 2141: 2112: 2100: 2073: 2061: 2013: 1984: 1972:. Retrieved 1958: 1938:, p. 2. 1916: 1904: 1892: 1880: 1856: 1840: 1831: 1817: 1808: 1799: 1786: 1777: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1753: 1741: 1725: 1674: 1628: 1623: 1619: 1582: 1580: 1556: 1541: 1512: 1503: 1501: 1491: 1490:In his work 1489: 1484: 1480: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1458: 1446: 1411: 1403: 1397: 1389: 1387: 1359: 1346: 1344: 1284: 1274: 1270: 1267: 1258: 1236: 1228: 1198: 1184: 1167: 1165: 1160: 1147: 1142: 1130: 1122:Cum te nuper 1120: 1112: 1110: 1097: 1093: 1069: 1062: 1058: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1036: 1008: 987: 968:, Shandong, 942: 920: 896: 853: 837: 832: 818: 805: 770: 731: 700: 684: 680: 677: 663: 652: 647: 639: 633: 617: 613: 577:was Ruding ( 566: 524: 522: 507: 487:Qing dynasty 485:. After the 475: 1610s 462: 461: 436:Hanyu Pinyin 376:Hanyu Pinyin 285:Hanyu Pinyin 227:Chinese name 186: 1610s 164:Consecration 35: 28: 21:Chinese name 3927:1691 deaths 3440:中国天主教的过去和现在 3393:中國天主教史人物傳·中 3339:Journal of 2018:Moreno 2017 1794:ordination. 1754:Luo Wenzhao 1701:Zheng Manuo 1649: [ 1634: [ 1608: [ 1522: [ 1422:Guy Tachard 1335: [ 1215: [ 1204: [ 1192:convent in 1190:Augustinian 1084:Cochinchina 930: [ 863: [ 749: [ 744:missionary 736:missionary 692: [ 625: [ 602: [ 585:was Wocun ( 581:), and his 305:Lo Wên-tsao 86:Native name 25:family name 3916:Categories 3895:1690–1691 3869:Edme Bélot 3863:1674–1691 3610:7801232313 3453:7805153264 3246:1299711614 2916:Zhang 2017 2850:Zhang 2017 2811:Zhang 2017 2772:Zhang 2017 2590:Zhang 2017 2552:Zhang 2017 2540:Zhang 2017 2438:Zhang 2017 2409:Zhang 2017 2249:Zhang 2017 2211:Zhang 2017 2178:Zhang 2017 2117:Zhang 2017 1909:Zhang 2017 1897:Zhang 2016 1868:References 1766:Luo Wencao 1743:Luó Wénzǎo 1603:') at 1309:See also: 1194:Intramuros 1173:papal bull 908:sacraments 742:Franciscan 674:Early life 608:, another 561:See also: 499:Dominicans 463:Luo Wenzao 299:Wade–Giles 291:Luó Wénzǎo 205:1691-02-27 156:Ordination 48:Luo Wenzao 3889:1685–1690 3718:cite book 3362:1008-7621 3219:199061868 3088:2415-4644 2955:Song 2019 2928:Fang 1988 2904:Fang 1988 2889:Leeb 2018 2862:Fang 1988 2835:Jami 2011 2823:Jami 2011 2799:Fang 1988 2755:Fang 1988 2743:Fang 1988 2692:Fang 1988 2661:Fang 1988 2528:Fang 1988 2457:Fang 1988 2397:Fang 1988 2354:Fang 1988 2318:Fang 1988 2303:Fang 1988 2288:Fang 1988 2276:Fang 1988 2230:Fang 1988 2199:Fang 1988 2161:Leeb 2018 2146:Fang 1988 2105:Song 2019 2033:Leeb 2018 2006:Fang 1988 1951:Fang 1988 1921:Song 2019 1873:Citations 1762:Wenzao Lo 1689:Kaohsiung 1681:Ursulines 1629:In 1928, 1543:líng táng 1508:Songjiang 1414:Louis XIV 1394:ancestors 1351:Confucius 1255:Chongming 1154:Zhangzhou 1103:instead. 1070:In 1674, 962:Guangdong 938:Guangzhou 921:In 1664, 918:in 1658. 825:Thuận Hóa 775:to visit 734:Dominican 683:. In his 636:romanized 599:Li Zhizao 133:Successor 116:In office 3615:Archived 3576:23 April 3570:Archived 3425:23 April 3416:Archived 3372:14 April 3366:Archived 3335:北京行政学院学报 3316:23 April 3310:Archived 3256:1 August 3250:Archived 3242:ProQuest 3240:: 3–50. 3182:30 April 3173:Archived 3134:23 April 3128:Archived 3101:23 April 3092:Archived 3072:拉丁语言文化研究 3038:12 April 3032:Archived 2998:22 April 2974:21 April 2330:Luo 2015 2093:Yan 2001 2066:Luo 1997 1989:Yan 2004 1974:18 April 1968:Archived 1885:Luo 1997 1695:See also 1683:founded 1646:Luojiang 1515:Yuhuatai 1263:Jiangnan 1247:Hangzhou 1243:Shanghai 954:Zhejiang 950:Shandong 916:Quanzhou 860:Tingzhou 740:and the 689:Fang Hao 583:art name 547:namesake 495:Holy See 394:Art name 79:crucifix 19:In this 3793:中国基督教史纲 3592:中国天主教简史 3115:罗文藻生卒年考 3078:]. 3013:Li 2000 2940:Gu 1989 2673:Gu 1989 1730:Chinese 1663:Chinese 1605:Changxi 1587:Chinese 1548:Chinese 1530:Chinese 1399:Shangdi 1374:Chinese 1366:Chinese 1280:Tartary 1181:Cagayan 1150:Luoyuan 1135:Chinese 1080:Shaanxi 974:Jiangsu 970:Sichuan 958:Jiangxi 900:warfare 793:Beijing 773:Nanjing 757:Chinese 707:Chinese 655:Spanish 573:), his 529:Chinese 512:in the 510:Jesuits 503:Nanjing 401:Chinese 341:Chinese 212:Nanjing 110:Nanjing 106:Diocese 3804: 3779: 3693: 3682:基督教大辞典 3645: 3607: 3599:] 3544: 3510: 3477: 3450: 3408: 3400:] 3360: 3302:世界宗教文化 3244: 3217: 3157:世界宗教研究 3086: 2968:"形神實義" 1740:: 1738:pinyin 1732:: 1673:: 1671:pinyin 1665:: 1642:Funing 1589:: 1569:Legacy 1552:哭司教羅先生 1550:: 1540:: 1538:pinyin 1532:: 1442:Ningbo 1428:, and 1376:: 1368:: 1253:, and 1239:Suzhou 1201:Muyang 1177:Parián 1137:: 980:, and 966:Shanxi 912:Xiamen 814:Ningde 781:Manila 759:: 725:: 717:: 709:: 703:Fujian 557:Naming 531:: 382:Rǔdǐng 151:Orders 96:Church 77:and a 23:, the 3796:[ 3771:[ 3756:[ 3737:[ 3708:[ 3685:[ 3670:[ 3667:羅文藻史集 3624:7 May 3618:(PDF) 3601:(PDF) 3595:[ 3564:[ 3502:[ 3496:(PDF) 3442:[ 3419:(PDF) 3402:(PDF) 3396:[ 3383:Books 3337:[ 3273:海交史研究 3215:S2CID 3176:(PDF) 3163:(1). 3153:(PDF) 3120:海交史研究 3095:(PDF) 3074:[ 3068:(PDF) 1718:Notes 1653:] 1638:] 1612:] 1599:' 1526:] 1498:Death 1362:Wu Li 1339:] 1219:] 1208:] 982:Hebei 978:Anhui 934:] 867:] 840:Anhai 801:Korea 789:Dutch 753:] 696:] 629:] 606:] 541:' 442:Wǒcún 191:Fu'an 3802:ISBN 3777:ISBN 3724:link 3691:ISBN 3643:ISBN 3626:2023 3605:ISBN 3578:2023 3561:形神實義 3542:ISBN 3508:ISBN 3475:ISBN 3448:ISBN 3427:2023 3406:ISBN 3374:2023 3358:ISSN 3346:2017 3318:2023 3306:2016 3277:2019 3258:2023 3184:2023 3161:2015 3136:2023 3124:1997 3103:2023 3084:ISSN 3080:2018 3040:2023 3027:發展簡史 3000:2023 2976:2023 1976:2023 1760:), 1667:文藻修院 1596:lit. 1591:形神實義 1436:and 1405:Tian 1251:Wuxi 1019:Pope 1013:and 610:Ming 538:lit. 533:形神實義 199:Died 179:Born 167:1685 159:1654 3855:of 3467:doi 3350:doi 3281:doi 3207:doi 3165:doi 3070:. 1858:sic 1734:羅文藻 1687:in 1402:or 1378:萬其淵 1370:劉蘊德 1139:伊大任 761:利安当 729:). 620:by 549:of 313:IPA 261:罗文藻 90:羅文藻 30:Luo 27:is 3918:: 3825:. 3720:}} 3716:{{ 3637:. 3613:. 3525:. 3473:. 3414:. 3364:. 3356:. 3304:. 3275:. 3248:. 3238:28 3236:. 3232:. 3213:. 3201:. 3197:. 3171:. 3159:. 3155:. 3122:. 3090:. 3042:. 2947:^ 2896:^ 2869:^ 2842:^ 2791:^ 2762:^ 2711:^ 2680:^ 2649:^ 2634:^ 2609:^ 2576:^ 2559:^ 2514:^ 2491:^ 2476:^ 2445:^ 2428:^ 2385:^ 2310:^ 2295:^ 2256:^ 2237:^ 2218:^ 2185:^ 2168:^ 2153:^ 2124:^ 2085:^ 2040:^ 2025:^ 1996:^ 1943:^ 1928:^ 1764:, 1736:; 1669:; 1658:罗江 1651:zh 1636:zh 1626:. 1610:zh 1593:; 1536:; 1534:灵堂 1524:zh 1424:, 1337:fr 1301:. 1249:, 1245:, 1241:, 1217:fr 1206:zh 1067:. 976:, 972:, 964:, 960:, 956:, 932:zh 865:zh 809:顶头 751:zh 721:; 711:李祝 694:zh 687:, 670:. 627:es 604:zh 595:宗華 591:文炤 587:我存 579:汝鼎 570:文藻 535:; 472:c. 467:OP 183:c. 53:OP 3810:. 3785:. 3745:. 3726:) 3699:. 3651:. 3628:. 3580:. 3550:. 3516:. 3483:. 3469:: 3456:. 3429:. 3376:. 3352:: 3320:. 3287:. 3283:: 3260:. 3221:. 3209:: 3203:4 3186:. 3167:: 3138:. 3105:. 3002:. 2978:. 2020:. 1978:. 1899:. 1758:炤 1756:( 1746:( 1655:( 1585:( 1528:( 1041:( 755:( 727:劉 719:刘 527:( 470:( 411:鼎 408:存 351:鼎 348:汝 246:藻 243:文 240:羅 207:) 203:( 33:.

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