382:
31:
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452:
420:, ESA Director General until 2021, described in 2017 the Village simply as "an understanding, not a single facility". This initiative is meant as the first step in coming together as a species and developing the partnerships and "know how" before attempting to do the same on Mars. The Director General of ESA, Jan Wörner, states that this vision of synergy can be as inspiring as the
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concept was presented in 2015. "Village" in this context refers to international public and private investors, scientists, engineers, universities, and businessmen coming together to discuss interests and capabilities to build and share infrastructure on the Moon and in cislunar space for a variety
489:
got sponsorship from ESA for a design workshop on the topic of the Moon
Village. 35 master students have developed hypothetical scenarios for a future Moon village. Interestingly the cooperative concept of the workshop led to a number of new themes, such as multipurpose mobile infrastructure, an
398:
project nor a program, but being organized, loosely, by a nonprofit organization seeking to give a platform for an open international architecture and collaboration. In other words, Moon
Village seeks to create a vision where both international cooperation and the commercialization of space can
415:
The open nature of the concept would encompass any kind of lunar activities, whether robotic or astronauts, 3D printed habitats, refueling stations, relay orbiters, astronomy, exploiting resources, or even tourism. The idea is to achieve at least some degree of coordination and exploitation of
960:
offered a prize for a design of a lunar habitat intended to be an underground international commercial center capable of supporting a residential staff of 60 people and their families. The Moon
Capital is intended to be self-sufficient with respect to food and other material required for life
544:. Long-term robotic and short-term crew missions at the ILRS are expected to begin in the early 2030s. Roscosmos signed a memorandum of understanding on cooperation in the creation of the ILRS with CNSA on March 9, 2021. There is a projected timeline stretching from the 2030s to 2045.
754:
superheavy launcher, all 4 launches of which failed between 1969 and 1972. Zvezda moonbase was canceled with the rest of the Soviet human lunar programs. All crewed Soviet lunar programs, including a Zvezda moonbase, had been classified as top secret and were only published in the
368:
In the face of such increasing commercial and national interest, particularly prospecting territories, U.S. lawmakers have introduced in late 2020 specific regulation for the conservation of historic landing sites and interest groups have argued for making such sites
447:
has long urged his fellow
Americans to cooperate with international partners to reach the Moon. The State Space Agency of Ukraine has agreed to uphold MVA principles and cooperate with the MVA to develop "sustainable habitation" of the Moon.
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for the Moon Treaty has been advocated for, as a way to compensate for the shortcomings of the Moon Treaty and to harmonize it with other laws and agreements such as the
Artemis Accords, allowing it to be more widely accepted.
2079:
Herzig, Thomas; Kömle, Norbert I.; Macher, Wolfgang; Bihari, Gabor; Gläser, Philipp (2022). "Site selection, thermodynamics, environment and life support analysis for the PneumoPlanet inflatable lunar habitat concept".
1547:
908:", since there were, at the time this concept was outlined, theories that there could be mile-deep dust oceans on the Moon. The proposed design consisted of a half-cylinder with half-domes at both ends, with a
481:. It is a non-profit organization, registered in Vienna, with the mission to create a global forum for the development of the Moon Village, and to potentially implement a permanent human settlement near the
633:
The United States has run several attempts to design and in some cases develop lunar outposts and the needed missions, the first being from 1959, with the upcoming
Artemis missions being the most advanced.
306:, particularly by any single nation, leaving it to a yet unspecified international regulatory regime. As of January 2020, the Moon Agreement has been signed and ratified by 18 nations, none of which have
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1603:
1569:
1284:"The Space Treaty Institute – Dedicated to Peace and Sustainability in Outer Space. Our Mission: To give people Hope and Inspiration by helping the nations of Earth to build a Common Future"
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704:
355:
With
Australia signing and ratifying both the Moon Treaty in 1986 as well as the Artemis Accords in 2020, there has been a discussion if they can be harmonized. In this light an
231:
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99:, have been proposed and are actively pursued nationally and increasingly internationally. As of 2024, the two most advanced projects to set up moonbases have been pursued
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2509:
516:(ILRS), a somewhat similar proposal to the Moon Village, with Roscosmos and ESA showing interest. The first steps toward establishing the ILRS will be taken through
1109:
1512:
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1422:
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950:
326:
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234:
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348:("Encouraging International Support for the Recovery and Use of Space Resources.") that "the United States does not view outer space as a 'global commons
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2541:
2446:
2477:
2173:
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938:) planned a human lunar landing around 2020 that would lead to a crewed lunar base by 2030; however, there was no budget yet for this project.
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in France, said people should plan to preserve humanity's culture in the event of a civilization-stopping asteroid impact with Earth. A Lunar
1206:
2801:
931:, and would also overcome the problems with the long lunar nights. For the life support system, an algae-based gas exchanger was proposed.
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120:
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1960:
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30:
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Inflatable lunar base with greenhouses, all radiation shielded through regolith, while sunlight enters through mirrors (ESA, 2022)
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1426:
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signed a memorandum of understanding for the joint construction of the
International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) around 2035.
3560:
2658:
1223:
1061:, serving as a communication hub, science laboratory, short-term habitation for crewed missions and holding area for rovers in
477:
program. Instead, the concept is being organized, loosely, by a nonprofit organization established in
November 2017 called the
2162:
1570:"Administration Statement on Executive Order on Encouraging International Support for the Recovery and Use of Space Resources"
1516:
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and zones of scientific value protected zones, all of which add to the legal availability and territorialization of the Moon.
3712:
3705:
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942:
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Today an increasing number of lunar satellites provide different services to surface missions and possibly to lunar bases.
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919:. This base would house a crew of 21, in modules placed four meters below the surface, which was believed to provide
416:
potential synergies and to create a permanent sustainable presence on the surface of the Moon, whether robotic or crewed.
1846:
1811:
3741:
2819:
1977:
1364:
1145:
999:
962:
724:
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and signed a memorandum of understanding for the joint construction of the
International Lunar Research Station (ILRS).
600:
460:
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but on a truly global, international-cooperation basis, and he proposes this approach as a replacement for the orbiting
198:
81:
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1486:
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3447:
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2700:
1021:
904:
In 1959, John S. Rinehart suggested that the safest design would be a structure that could " in a stationary ocean of
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China has expressed interest, and NASA has also expressed interest in the potential synergy it offers to the proposed
425:
421:
292:
170:
807:. If implemented, it was intended to have been operational by 1980 and used for scientific and engineering research.
4231:
3553:
3546:
3201:
3095:
3081:
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2519:
485:, taking advantage of near-continuous sunlight and nearby deposits of ice and other useful volatiles. In 2018, the
288:
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1713:
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1894:
1655:
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astro-scientist training campus on the Moon, an experimental research food lab up to a lunar recycling facility.
470:
417:
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143:
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for crewed presence, or of surface assembled or in-situ derived and constructed surface stations for sustained
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239:
147:
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for use as an energy source on Earth. CNSA director Luan Enjie has stated that humans must learn to leave
3645:
3276:
3050:
3006:
2950:
2421:
1540:"Space Law at the Crossroads: Contextualizing the Artemis Accords and the Space Resources Executive Order"
1053:
265:
Later robotic missions set up simple robotic temporary bases, leaving their landers behind, starting with
1291:
72:. More than a mere site of activity or temporary camp, moonbases are extraterrestrial bases, supporting
4182:
3698:
3668:
3396:
3380:
3311:
2880:
2865:
2551:
2454:
1990:
1982:
1339:
1126:
1104:
440:
291:". It restricts the use of the Moon to peaceful purposes, explicitly banning military installations and
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1878:
4011:
3997:
3815:
3764:
3318:
2718:
1749:
966:
916:
671:
73:
1224:"1st Country With Lunar Outpost, Competition 'Heating-Up' Between US-Led Artemis & China's ILRS"
3794:
3631:
2975:
2924:
2885:
2174:
Eric Berger (9 March 2021) Russia turns away from NASA, says it will work with China on a Moon base
2031:
1688:
The Eighth Continent: An Ethnography of Twenty-First Century Euro-American Plans to Settle the Moon
1014:
928:
370:
139:
1734:
243:
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3599:
3500:
3247:
3185:
3143:
1961:
https://moonvillageassociation.org/press-release-ukraine-has-joined-the-moon-village-association/
1449:"How many States have signed and ratified the five international treaties governing outer space?"
284:
178:
174:
77:
42:
915:
In 1962, John DeNike and Stanley Zahn published their idea of a sub-surface base located at the
611:. The project was planned for 2020, with an expected completion date of 2037. On March 9, 2021,
556:
493:
127:, and a general international regime for lunar activity has been called for by the 1979 signed
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3620:
3578:
3072:
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2943:
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1940:
1288:
The Space Treaty Institute – Dedicated to Peace and Sustainability in Outer Space. Our Mission
1202:
1116:
800:
697:
307:
1779:
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3721:
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in general, particularly as laying territorial claims, which is prohibited by international
151:
96:
85:
34:
2712:
2606:"Competition Seeks University Concepts for Gateway and Deep Space Exploration Capabilities"
1830:
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3801:
3654:
3417:
2825:
2724:
2688:
2514:
2197:
1162:
1157:
1043:
924:
886:
866:
732:
679:
675:
659:
560:
345:
344:, which are challenging the treaty. The U.S. has furthermore emphasized in a presidential
341:
318:
314:
303:
223:
112:
108:
100:
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1251:"The Space Review: The Artemis Accords: repeating the mistakes of the Age of Exploration"
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was created to elaborate on the Outer Space Treaty, restricting the exploitation of the
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3613:
3530:
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909:
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mast. Subsequent steps would include the establishment of a larger, permanent dome; an
796:
728:
255:
49:
2163:
Jessie Yeung (10 March 2021) China and Russia agree to build joint lunar space station
723:
plan and project from 1962 to 1974 to construct a crewed moonbase as successor to the
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3426:
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2599:
2010:
1509:"Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies"
1448:
1418:
1388:
1099:
1094:
1084:
1058:
1047:
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792:
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432:
403:
The Moon Village is not one project or one program. It says, "Let's do it together."
163:
155:
104:
65:
4036:
3852:
3771:
3592:
3470:
3285:
3125:
2999:
1978:"International meetings: Moon initiatives International meetings: Moon initiatives"
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1508:
1140:
1135:
1121:
1005:
Besides temporary infrastructure of lunar missions, some of the permanently placed
882:
829:
788:
720:
352:" and calls the Moon Agreement "a failed attempt at constraining free enterprise."
330:
2638:
2318:
2055:
529:
525:
521:
2109:"China is aiming to attract partners for an international lunar research station"
1419:"Do the five international treaties regulate military activities in outer space?"
123:. A broader, international infrastructure has been envisioned with the so-called
4145:
4129:
4071:
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4004:
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3845:
3516:
3254:
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3020:
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1478:
1250:
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751:
750:
The realization of the project depended on key parts of the N1-L3 program – the
670:
planned for 2026 at the earliest, setting up five temporary base camps with the
667:
651:
444:
436:
299:
186:
159:
132:
128:
38:
1897:. (PDF) International Space Exploration Coordination Group. NASA. January 2018.
1313:
1188:
1032:
Lunar orbital spacecraft have been supporting lunar bases since the use of the
451:
3958:
3537:
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17:
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consisting of robotic instruments placed around the moon was also proposed.
995:
604:
247:
207:
182:
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443:
with a 4,500 kg (9,900 lb) capacity of usable payload. Astronaut
2735:
2295:"NASA planning to spend up to $ 1 billion on space station deorbit module"
3972:
3930:
3907:
3150:
2137:"Russia, China to sign agreement on international lunar research station"
845:
756:
567:
463:
138:
The surface infrastructure of a base may consist of pre-integrated basic
2056:"Envisioning the Moon Village – Space Architecture Design Studio SS2018"
1198:
3410:
3164:
1626:"'One Small Step' Act Encourages Protection of Human Heritage in Space"
564:
541:
537:
533:
486:
266:
612:
578:
258:
established the first six temporary bases on the Moon, starting with
1686:
1847:
ESA's Plan for a "Moon Village" is Slowly Starting to Come Together
3838:
3661:
3479:
3102:
1479:"The Space Review: Is outer space a de jure common-pool resource?"
1052:
990:
923:
shielding on par with Earth's atmosphere. DeNike and Zahn favored
894:
878:
874:
870:
650:
616:
582:
571:
492:
450:
380:
228:
202:
116:
2598:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3870:
3226:
2966:
2843:
2268:
Evans, C. A.; Bell, M. S.; Graff, T.; Calaway, M. (2021-01-11).
1985:
982:
935:
905:
898:
552:
278:
89:
69:
2939:
2647:
2639:
Envisioning the Moon Village – Architectural Design Studio 2018
1939:. With Leonard David. National Geographic Society. p. 18.
1365:"Apollo 12: the story of the second manned mission to the Moon"
865:
covered in lunar dust for insulation. A spaceship assembled in
1799:
1596:"Australia Between the Moon Agreement and the Artemis Accords"
1283:
1187:
Kennedy, Kriss; Toups, Larry; Smitherman, David (2007-09-18).
743:
in government documents. Unofficially, the project was called
474:
456:
395:
95:
Plans for establishing moonbases, with surface or sub-surface
927:
for energy production, because they were more efficient than
325:. For broader international cooperation and coordination the
1735:
Moon Village: A vision for global cooperation and Space 4.0
844:. The lunar base was to then be eventually used for mining
473:
is the most famous advocate for Moon Village, it is not an
2244:"Lunar Living: NASA's Artemis Base Camp Concept – Artemis"
1879:‘Moon Village’ could be a thriving colony of 1,000 by 2050
869:
would launch to the Moon, and astronauts would set up the
574:
and "set up a self-sufficient extraterrestrial homeland".
949:
was proposed. Subsequent planning may be taken up by the
2542:"'Lunar Ark' Proposed in Case of Deadly Impact on Earth"
2447:"'Lunar Ark' Proposed in Case of Deadly Impact on Earth"
1971:
1969:
1863:
China and Europe May Build A "Moon Village" in the 2020s
2935:
1389:"Can any State claim a part of outer space as its own?"
1245:
1243:
1009:
have already fulfilled long-term purposes. Since 1969,
934:
As of 2006, the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (
2270:"Science Backroom Support for Sustained Lunar Surface"
1193:. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
1013:
on the surface of the Moon and are actively used for
559:
for exploring the Moon to investigate the prospect of
295:. A majority of countries are parties of this treaty.
1909:"Bezos outlines vision of Blue Origin's lunar future"
727:. The project was ordered by the Soviet space chief
1768:
Moon Village: humans and robots together on the Moon
340:
Since 2020, countries have joined the U.S. in their
162:
supporting activity from there, as with the planned
4021:
3989:
3894:
3811:
3731:
3570:
3273:
3071:
2982:
2899:
2853:
2811:
2792:
2743:
2681:
1826:
1824:
1340:"Bill Nye: It's Space Settlement, Not Colonization"
961:support. Prize money was provided primarily by the
971:American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
335:International Space Exploration Coordination Group
48:; US flag and television camera in back (photo by
1763:
1761:
518:Phase IV of the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program
459:from 2018 of a future moonbase being shielded by
2574:"Moon Capital: A Commercial Gateway To The Moon"
2372:"Altair VI: Rinehart's floating moonbase (1959)"
1937:Mission to Mars: My Vision for Space Exploration
1228:Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News
607:) has planned a fully robotic lunar base called
1110:Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex
645:NASA lunar outpost concepts § Artemis Base Camp
401:
158:, which in contrast provide infrastructures in
80:activity, by providing surface infrastructure.
1730:
1728:
1726:
987:List of active Solar System probes § Moon
2951:
2659:
1737:Jan Wörner, ESA Director General. April 2016.
1600:Australian Institute of International Affairs
1572:(Press release). White House. April 6, 2020.
1513:United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs
1453:United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs
1423:United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs
1393:United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs
1363:Ezzy PearsonScience journalist (2019-11-01).
951:International Lunar Exploration Working Group
662:has scheduled several crewed landings at the
435:space station. The private aerospace company
428:, which is due to be decommissioned in 2024.
327:International Lunar Exploration Working Group
287:defines the Moon and all outer space as the "
8:
735:'s Spetcmash bureau. The project was named
682:(FSH) of the Artemis Base Camp in the 2030s.
169:The development of moonbases into permanent
2958:
2944:
2936:
2666:
2652:
2644:
1745:
1743:
1656:"Moonkind – Human Heritage in Outer Space"
218:lander in the background, in a first ever
1691:(Thesis). p. 109-115, 164–167, 176.
1182:
1180:
1178:
836:in 1988 which would’ve aimed to create a
124:
1831:Moon village the first stop to Mars: ESA
29:
2604:Jackson, Shanessa (11 September 2018).
2183:
2181:
1174:
185:, has been criticized for perpetuating
2540:Platt, Kevin Holden (14 August 2007).
2510:"Plans for 'doomsday ark' on the moon"
1796:ESA Vision and lunar 3D printing Tests
1714:Should we build a village on the Moon?
1153:List of artificial objects on the Moon
439:has also expressed early interest and
27:Long-term human settlement on the Moon
2478:"Mankind's secrets kept in lunar ark"
1812:ESA Moon Village – what it really is?
1695:from the original on February 5, 2022
1666:from the original on November 1, 2021
1636:from the original on November 1, 2021
1606:from the original on February 1, 2022
1576:from the original on February 1, 2024
1489:from the original on November 2, 2021
1294:from the original on February 1, 2022
1261:from the original on January 25, 2022
725:N1-L3 crewed lunar expedition program
142:, as supporting stations for robotic
84:have realized single-mission bases, (
7:
2802:International Lunar Research Station
2476:Chittenden, Maurice (9 March 2008).
2274:NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
2190:"China Outlines its Lunar Ambitions"
1046:is to be supported by the scheduled
901:to interplanetary vessels in space.
805:N1-L3 crewed Moon expedition program
514:International Lunar Research Station
508:International Lunar Research Station
385:3D-printed lunar habitat (ESA, 2018)
323:International Lunar Research Station
121:International Lunar Research Station
1780:Urban planning for the Moon Village
1685:Alvarez, Tamara (January 1, 2020).
1538:Vazhapully, Kiran (July 22, 2020).
1314:"Lunar Bases and Settlements – NSS"
1011:retroreflectors have been installed
969:and The New England Council of the
828:was a project that was proposed by
803:, which was based on the cancelled
549:China National Space Administration
532:, as well as the Russian missions,
2508:Highfield, Roger (10 March 2008).
2135:Jones, Andrew (17 February 2021).
1519:from the original on 9 August 2010
1459:from the original on 21 April 2010
1429:from the original on 21 April 2010
1399:from the original on 21 April 2010
747:(Barmin's city) by its designers.
154:. Lunar bases may work with lunar
90:some small permanent installations
25:
4176:Lilith (hypothetical second moon)
2616:from the original on 17 June 2019
1976:Burke, John D (25 January 2018).
1550:from the original on May 10, 2021
1034:Apollo command and service module
441:offered to develop a cargo lander
242:of the last Apollo lunar base at
4198:
4197:
4139:Moon landing conspiracy theories
3062:
2734:
2593:
2107:Jones, Andrew (21 August 2020).
1318:NSS – The National Space Society
889:for the provision of power; and
873:-like modules and an inflatable
857:In 1954, science fiction writer
817:This section is an excerpt from
768:This section is an excerpt from
739:in technical specifications and
655:Concept art of Artemis Base Camp
643:This section is an excerpt from
3561:Selenographic coordinate system
2422:"Japan Plans Moon Base By 2030"
2399:. 17 March 2008. Archived from
2349:. 17 March 2008. Archived from
2188:David, Leonard (4 March 2003).
777:LEK Lunar Expeditionary Complex
687:Soviet Union concepts (Defunct)
678:is planned to set up the fixed
487:Vienna University of Technology
68:on or below the surface of the
4088:Artificial objects on the Moon
1895:The Global Exploration Roadmap
1222:Dangwal, Ashish (2023-11-22).
1007:artificial objects on the Moon
943:International Space University
912:shield placed above the base.
394:of purposes. It is neither an
337:(ISECG) has been established.
173:has been put forward. Broader
1:
3179:Total penumbral lunar eclipse
2032:"IAC Archive — IAC-18/A5/1/8"
333:(MVA) and more generally the
88:being the first), as well as
4154:Moon is made of green cheese
3448:Permanently shadowed craters
2820:Man Will Conquer Space Soon!
2759:KLE Complex Lunar Expedition
1146:List of crewed lunar landers
1000:Laser Ranging Retroreflector
963:Boston Society of Architects
958:The Moon Capital Competition
680:Foundational Surface Habitat
601:Russian Federal Space Agency
512:In 2020, China proposed the
199:List of missions to the Moon
171:extraterrestrial settlements
131:, and advocated for with an
2771:Lunar Expeditionary Complex
2082:Planetary and Space Science
1907:Foust, Jeff (29 May 2018).
1190:Lunar Habitation Strategies
1057:Concept art of the planned
1022:International Lunar Network
941:In 2007, Jim Burke, of the
779:was a lunar expedition and
770:Lunar Expeditionary Complex
763:Lunar Expeditionary Complex
629:NASA lunar outpost concepts
426:International Space Station
422:International Space Station
313:Current lunar programs are
293:weapons of mass destruction
220:visit of a separate mission
4248:
4081:Craters named after people
3554:Transient lunar phenomenon
3202:Solar eclipses on the Moon
2572:Cohen, Marc (2010-08-30).
2293:Foust, Jeff (2023-03-13).
2013:. Moon Village Association
2011:"Moon Village Association"
1042:The current lunar landing
983:Moon § Infrastructure
980:
816:
799:and as a successor to the
767:
695:
642:
626:
592:
563:, specifically for mining
505:
276:
196:
4192:
3060:
2973:
2915:
2732:
2094:10.1016/j.pss.2022.105595
1963:| accessdate = 2020-08-10
1369:BBC Sky at Night Magazine
1338:Wall, Mike (2019-10-25).
861:proposed a lunar base of
712:
615:turned to cooperate with
2777:Energia Lunar Expedition
2675:Colonization of the Moon
2547:National Geographic News
2518:. London. Archived from
2486:. London. Archived from
2428:. SpaceDaily. 2006-08-03
826:Energia Lunar Expedition
819:Energia Lunar Expedition
812:Energia Lunar Expedition
638:Current: Artemis Program
479:Moon Village Association
357:Implementation Agreement
331:Moon Village Association
279:Moon § Legal status
166:of the Artemis program.
133:implementation agreement
41:, scientific equipment,
4227:Exploration of the Moon
4102:Moon in science fiction
3607:Giant-impact hypothesis
3455:South Pole–Aitken basin
2920:Exploration of the Moon
2323:www.russianspaceweb.com
1080:Human presence in space
891:electromagnetic cannons
848:from the lunar surface.
289:province of all mankind
4123:futuristic exploration
3646:Late Heavy Bombardment
2451:nationalgeographic.com
1065:
1028:Orbital infrastructure
1002:
977:Surface infrastructure
666:region, starting with
656:
623:United States concepts
498:
466:
413:
386:
251:
226:
210:astronaut Conrad with
53:
4183:Splitting of the Moon
4095:Memorials on the Moon
3699:Lunar sample displays
3381:Peak of eternal light
2554:on September 13, 2007
2457:on September 13, 2007
1991:The Planetary Society
1983:The Planetary Society
1935:Aldrin, Buzz (2013).
1584:– via SpaceRef.
1127:Human mission to Mars
1105:Lunar Orbital Station
1056:
994:
981:Further information:
672:Human Landing Systems
654:
496:
454:
384:
237:
206:
197:Further information:
37:: (L to R) Astronaut
33:
2393:"Lunar Base Designs"
2343:"Lunar Base Designs"
1885:. 25 September 2017.
1849:. Cecille De Jesus,
1837:. 28 September 2018.
1770:. ESA. 1 March 2016.
1716:Richard Hollingham,
1632:. January 12, 2021.
1485:. October 25, 2021.
967:Google Lunar X Prize
555:) has commenced the
377:Moon Village concept
371:World Heritage Sites
125:Moon Village concept
82:Missions to the Moon
43:Apollo Lunar Module
3683:Lunar laser ranging
2925:Tourism on the Moon
1786:. 26 December 2018.
1199:10.2514/6.2007-6275
1015:lunar laser ranging
111:, with its planned
3832:Lunisolar calendar
3501:Lunar basalt 70017
3248:Tidal acceleration
3103:Perigee and apogee
2993:Internal structure
2838:Chinese Lunar Base
2832:Human Lunar Return
2397:Aerospace Scholars
2347:Aerospace Scholars
2036:iafastro.directory
1802:. 15 January 2013.
1455:. 1 January 2006.
1066:
1020:In the 2010s, the
1003:
917:Sea of Tranquility
863:inflatable modules
759:epoch since 1990.
664:Moon's south polar
657:
577:On March 9, 2021,
499:
467:
387:
321:and the China-led
317:, with the US-led
285:Outer Space Treaty
252:
227:
179:space colonization
175:lunar colonization
148:habitation modules
54:
4232:Human spaceflight
4212:
4211:
4162:Natural satellite
3621:Lunar magma ocean
3397:Volcanic features
2933:
2932:
2725:Artemis Base Camp
2701:Apollo Lunar Base
2682:American projects
1853:. 8 January 2017.
1751:. Leonard David,
1257:. June 29, 2020.
1208:978-1-62410-016-1
1117:Space observatory
702:Zvezda moonbase (
698:Zvezda (moonbase)
308:human spaceflight
235:
113:Artemis Base Camp
97:research stations
16:(Redirected from
4239:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4164:
4157:
4148:
4141:
4132:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4032:
4014:
4007:
4005:Meridian passage
4000:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3804:
3797:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3724:
3722:Lunar seismology
3715:
3708:
3701:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3655:Lunar meteorites
3648:
3641:
3634:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3524:Space weathering
3519:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3473:
3466:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3383:
3376:
3367:
3360:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3266:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3220:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3137:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3089:Orbital elements
3084:
3066:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2937:
2876:Montes Apenninus
2746:Russian projects
2738:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2645:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2550:. Archived from
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2483:The Sunday Times
2473:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2453:. Archived from
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:on 16 March 2006
2196:. Archived from
2185:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1973:
1964:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1883:Silicon Republic
1876:
1870:
1869:. 30 April 2017.
1860:
1854:
1844:
1838:
1828:
1819:
1809:
1803:
1793:
1787:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1756:
1755:. 26 April 2016.
1747:
1738:
1732:
1721:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1660:For All Moonkind
1652:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1602:. June 2, 2021.
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1483:The Space Review
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1280:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1255:The Space Review
1247:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1184:
1090:Research station
1075:Lunar habitation
1036:in lunar orbit.
925:nuclear reactors
859:Arthur C. Clarke
834:Valentin Glushko
791:response to the
785:Valentin Glushko
714:
707:
520:, consisting of
483:lunar south pole
461:in-situ utilized
411:
351:
304:Moon's resources
260:Tranquility Base
240:the ascent stage
238:Lunar ascent of
236:
152:lunar habitation
86:Tranquility Base
35:Tranquility Base
21:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4208:
4196:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4151:
4144:
4137:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4070:
4065:Man in the Moon
4063:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4035:
4028:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3990:Daily phenomena
3985:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3938:Super and micro
3936:
3929:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3813:
3807:
3802:Lunar resources
3800:
3793:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3727:
3720:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3688:
3681:
3676:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3577:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3506:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3469:
3462:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3379:
3372:
3363:
3356:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3326:
3317:
3310:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3275:
3269:
3262:
3253:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3225:
3216:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3133:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3067:
3058:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2978:
2969:
2964:
2934:
2929:
2911:
2895:
2849:
2826:Artemis Project
2807:
2795:Russian project
2794:
2788:
2753:Zvezda moonbase
2745:
2739:
2730:
2689:Project Horizon
2677:
2672:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2603:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2579:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2557:
2555:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2525:
2523:
2515:Telegraph.co.uk
2507:
2506:
2502:
2493:
2491:
2490:on May 13, 2008
2475:
2474:
2470:
2460:
2458:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2431:
2429:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2406:
2404:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2356:
2354:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2327:
2325:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2303:
2301:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2278:
2276:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2253:
2251:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2228:
2226:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2203:
2201:
2187:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2117:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2064:
2062:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2040:
2038:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1995:
1993:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1919:
1917:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1877:
1873:
1861:
1857:
1845:
1841:
1829:
1822:
1810:
1806:
1794:
1790:
1778:
1774:
1766:
1759:
1748:
1741:
1733:
1724:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1696:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1637:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1520:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1430:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1373:
1371:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1348:
1346:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1323:
1321:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1282:
1281:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1232:
1230:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1186:
1185:
1176:
1171:
1163:Moon in fiction
1158:Lunar resources
1071:
1044:Artemis program
1030:
989:
979:
887:nuclear reactor
867:low Earth orbit
855:
850:
849:
822:
814:
809:
808:
801:Zvezda moonbase
773:
765:
703:
700:
694:
689:
684:
683:
660:Artemis Program
648:
640:
631:
625:
597:
591:
589:Russian concept
557:Chang'e program
510:
504:
502:Chinese concept
455:A depiction by
412:
407:
379:
366:
349:
346:executive order
342:Artemis Accords
319:Artemis program
281:
275:
229:
224:Low Earth Orbit
201:
195:
109:Artemis program
103:as part of the
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4245:
4243:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4219:
4218:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4112:
4098:
4091:
4084:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4068:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3911:
3903:
3901:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3885:Lunar distance
3881:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3835:
3828:
3825:Lunar calendar
3820:
3818:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3752:
3749:Apollo program
3737:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3709:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3686:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3617:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3534:
3531:Micrometeorite
3520:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3508:Changesite-(Y)
3504:
3490:
3487:Wrinkle ridges
3483:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3393:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3336:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3315:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3281:
3279:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3182:
3161:
3154:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3115:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3085:
3082:Lunar distance
3077:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3040:
3033:
3030:Magnetic field
3026:
3025:
3024:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2988:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2940:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2854:Proposed sites
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2844:JAXA Moon Base
2841:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2815:
2813:
2812:Other projects
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2798:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2749:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2634:
2633:External links
2631:
2628:
2627:
2586:
2564:
2532:
2500:
2468:
2438:
2413:
2384:
2363:
2334:
2310:
2285:
2260:
2235:
2210:
2177:
2166:
2155:
2127:
2099:
2071:
2047:
2023:
2002:
1965:
1952:
1945:
1927:
1899:
1887:
1881:. Colm Gorey,
1871:
1867:Universe Today
1855:
1839:
1820:
1818:. 11 May 2017.
1816:Tech For Space
1814:Marcin Wolny,
1804:
1788:
1782:. Jeff Foust,
1772:
1757:
1739:
1722:
1720:. 1 July 2015.
1706:
1677:
1647:
1617:
1587:
1561:
1530:
1500:
1470:
1440:
1410:
1380:
1355:
1330:
1305:
1272:
1239:
1214:
1207:
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1149:
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1131:
1130:
1129:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1092:
1082:
1077:
1070:
1067:
1029:
1026:
978:
975:
910:micrometeoroid
854:
853:Other concepts
851:
842:Energia rocket
823:
815:
813:
810:
797:Apollo program
774:
766:
764:
761:
737:DLB Lunar Base
696:Main article:
693:
690:
688:
685:
649:
641:
639:
636:
627:Main article:
624:
621:
593:Main article:
590:
587:
506:Main article:
503:
500:
405:
378:
375:
365:
362:
310:capabilities.
300:Moon Agreement
277:Main article:
274:
271:
256:Apollo Program
244:Taurus–Littrow
214:and Apollo 12
194:
191:
156:space stations
101:multilaterally
50:Neil Armstrong
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4244:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4215:
4204:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4170:
4169:Double planet
4166:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4136:
4131:
4127:
4124:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4051:Moon illusion
4048:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4030:Lunar deities
4027:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3878:Lunar station
3875:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3812:Time-telling
3810:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3551:
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3544:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3272:
3265:
3264:Lunar station
3261:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3241:Tidal locking
3238:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3209:Eclipse cycle
3206:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3195:Solar eclipse
3192:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:Lunar eclipse
3169:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:Gravity field
3011:
3008:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2961:
2956:
2954:
2949:
2947:
2942:
2941:
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2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2791:
2784:
2783:Lunny Poligon
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2742:
2737:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2719:Lunar Outpost
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2707:JSC Moon Base
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2695:Lunex Project
2693:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2657:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2600:public domain
2590:
2587:
2575:
2568:
2565:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2536:
2533:
2522:on 2008-03-14
2521:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2504:
2501:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2472:
2469:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2403:on 2008-06-11
2402:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2353:on 2008-06-11
2352:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2286:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2261:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2224:
2220:
2219:"Artemis III"
2214:
2211:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2156:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2131:
2128:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2075:
2072:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2012:
2006:
2003:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1946:9781426210174
1942:
1938:
1931:
1928:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1888:
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1880:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1707:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1681:
1678:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1635:
1631:
1630:HowStuffWorks
1627:
1621:
1618:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1531:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1356:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1331:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1100:Lunar Gateway
1098:
1097:
1096:
1095:Space station
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1085:Human outpost
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:Lunar Gateway
1055:
1051:
1049:
1048:Lunar Gateway
1045:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
984:
976:
974:
972:
968:
964:
959:
954:
952:
948:
944:
939:
937:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
913:
911:
907:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
852:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
820:
811:
806:
802:
798:
794:
793:United States
790:
787:in 1974 as a
786:
782:
778:
771:
762:
760:
758:
753:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
710:
706:
699:
691:
686:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
653:
646:
637:
635:
630:
622:
620:
618:
614:
610:
609:Lunny Poligon
606:
602:
596:
595:Lunny Poligon
588:
586:
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
509:
501:
495:
491:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
465:
462:
458:
453:
449:
446:
442:
438:
434:
433:Lunar Gateway
429:
427:
423:
419:
410:
404:
400:
397:
392:
383:
376:
374:
372:
363:
361:
358:
353:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
329:(ILEWG), the
328:
324:
320:
316:
311:
309:
305:
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
280:
272:
270:
268:
263:
261:
257:
249:
245:
241:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
200:
192:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
167:
165:
164:Lunar Gateway
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
66:human outpost
63:
59:
51:
47:
46:
40:
36:
32:
19:
18:Lunar outpost
4214:
4037:Lunar effect
3853:Nodal period
3785:
3779:Colonization
3593:Lunar theory
3286:Selenography
3126:Nodal period
2906:
2866:Eratosthenes
2804:(late 2020s)
2620:19 September
2618:. Retrieved
2609:
2589:
2578:. Retrieved
2576:. Moon Daily
2567:
2556:. Retrieved
2552:the original
2545:
2535:
2524:. Retrieved
2520:the original
2513:
2503:
2492:. Retrieved
2488:the original
2481:
2471:
2459:. Retrieved
2455:the original
2450:
2441:
2430:. Retrieved
2425:
2416:
2405:. Retrieved
2401:the original
2396:
2387:
2375:. Retrieved
2366:
2355:. Retrieved
2351:the original
2346:
2337:
2326:. Retrieved
2322:
2319:"Lunar base"
2313:
2302:. Retrieved
2298:
2288:
2277:. Retrieved
2273:
2263:
2252:. Retrieved
2250:. 2020-10-28
2247:
2238:
2227:. Retrieved
2225:. 2024-01-09
2222:
2213:
2202:. Retrieved
2198:the original
2169:
2158:
2146:. Retrieved
2140:
2130:
2118:. Retrieved
2112:
2102:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2063:. Retrieved
2059:
2050:
2039:. Retrieved
2035:
2026:
2015:. Retrieved
2005:
1994:. Retrieved
1981:
1955:
1936:
1930:
1918:. Retrieved
1912:
1902:
1890:
1882:
1874:
1866:
1858:
1850:
1842:
1834:
1815:
1807:
1791:
1783:
1775:
1752:
1717:
1709:
1697:. Retrieved
1687:
1680:
1668:. Retrieved
1659:
1650:
1638:. Retrieved
1629:
1620:
1608:. Retrieved
1599:
1590:
1578:. Retrieved
1564:
1552:. Retrieved
1543:
1533:
1521:. Retrieved
1503:
1491:. Retrieved
1482:
1473:
1461:. Retrieved
1443:
1431:. Retrieved
1413:
1401:. Retrieved
1383:
1372:. Retrieved
1368:
1358:
1347:. Retrieved
1343:
1333:
1322:. Retrieved
1320:. 2023-12-05
1317:
1308:
1296:. Retrieved
1287:
1263:. Retrieved
1254:
1231:. Retrieved
1227:
1217:
1189:
1141:Lunar module
1136:Lunar lander
1122:Mars habitat
1041:
1038:
1031:
1019:
1004:
957:
955:
940:
933:
929:solar panels
914:
903:
883:air purifier
856:
783:proposed by
749:
744:
740:
736:
716:
701:
676:Artemis VIII
674:(HLS) until
632:
608:
598:
576:
561:lunar mining
546:
513:
511:
468:
430:
414:
402:
391:Moon Village
390:
388:
367:
364:Conservation
356:
354:
339:
315:multilateral
312:
297:
282:
264:
253:
215:
168:
137:
135:since 2020.
94:
61:
57:
55:
44:
4146:Moon Treaty
4130:Hollow Moon
4072:Moon rabbit
4044:Earth phase
3846:Lunar month
3733:Exploration
3677:Experiments
3579:Observation
3441:Ray systems
3306:Hemispheres
3274:Surface and
3255:Tidal range
3234:Tidal force
3037:Sodium tail
3021:Hill sphere
2871:Sinus Medii
2861:Sinus Roris
2793:Chinese and
2148:18 February
2120:30 November
1699:November 1,
1670:November 1,
1640:November 1,
1610:February 1,
1544:OpinioJuris
1298:February 1,
1265:February 1,
1063:Lunar orbit
668:Artemis III
658:The US-led
445:Buzz Aldrin
437:Blue Origin
187:colonialism
160:lunar orbit
129:Moon Treaty
115:and as the
39:Buzz Aldrin
4221:Categories
4116:Apollo era
4058:Pareidolia
3816:navigation
3538:Sputtering
3418:Lava tubes
3340:South pole
3333:North pole
3293:Terminator
3135:Precession
3051:Earthshine
3007:Atmosphere
3000:Topography
2985:properties
2886:Shackleton
2744:Soviet and
2580:2010-08-30
2558:2008-03-16
2526:2008-03-16
2494:2008-03-16
2432:2009-05-19
2426:Moon Daily
2407:2009-09-12
2357:2009-09-12
2328:2023-03-24
2304:2024-07-07
2279:2024-07-07
2254:2024-07-07
2248:NASA Blogs
2229:2024-07-07
2204:2009-05-19
2088:: 105595.
2065:2021-04-27
2041:2021-04-27
2017:2018-01-28
1996:2018-01-28
1784:Space News
1374:2024-07-21
1349:2023-06-14
1324:2024-05-19
1233:2024-05-05
1169:References
947:Noah's Ark
893:to launch
840:using the
838:lunar base
745:Barmingrad
418:Jan Wörner
409:Jan Wörner
273:Regulation
212:Surveyor 3
193:Past bases
62:lunar base
3864:Fortnight
3756:Explorers
3713:Apollo 17
3706:Apollo 11
3669:Volcanism
3639:Timescale
3586:Libration
3374:Mountains
3312:Near side
3218:Supermoon
3158:Full moon
3112:Libration
3044:Moonlight
2822:" (1950s)
2377:11 August
2299:SpaceNews
2194:Space.com
2142:SpaceNews
2114:SpaceNews
1920:21 August
1914:SpaceNews
1753:Space.com
1344:Space.com
996:Apollo 11
956:In 2010,
953:(ILEWG).
921:radiation
832:engineer
781:Moon base
705:‹See Tfd›
605:Roscosmos
522:Chang'e 6
298:The 1979
283:The 1967
248:Apollo 17
208:Apollo 12
183:space law
4203:Category
3998:Moonrise
3931:Crescent
3871:Sennight
3786:Moonbase
3742:Missions
3411:Calderas
3319:Far side
3277:features
3165:Eclipses
3151:New moon
3096:Distance
2983:Physical
2907:Moonbase
2614:Archived
2612:. NASA.
2610:nasa.gov
1851:Futurism
1718:BBC News
1693:Archived
1664:Archived
1634:Archived
1604:Archived
1580:June 17,
1574:Archived
1548:Archived
1523:28 March
1517:Archived
1493:April 9,
1487:Archived
1463:28 March
1457:Archived
1433:28 March
1427:Archived
1403:28 March
1397:Archived
1292:Archived
1259:Archived
1069:See also
846:helium-3
757:glasnost
729:Korolyov
719:) was a
568:helium-3
464:regolith
406:—
399:thrive.
269:(1970).
262:(1969).
250:, 1972).
216:Intrepid
58:moonbase
4022:Related
4012:Moonset
3795:Tourism
3772:Landing
3632:Geology
3571:Science
3427:Craters
3390:Valleys
2976:Outline
2900:Related
2846:(2030s)
2840:(2030s)
2834:(1990s)
2828:(1990s)
2785:(2030s)
2779:(1980s)
2773:(1970s)
2767:(1970s)
2761:(1970s)
2755:(1960s)
2727:(2030s)
2721:(2000s)
2715:(1990s)
2709:(1980s)
2703:(1970s)
2697:(1960s)
2691:(1960s)
2461:12 June
1835:PhysOrg
1554:May 10,
881:-based
709:Russian
565:isotope
534:Luna 25
267:Luna 16
222:beyond
140:landers
74:robotic
64:) is a
3980:Tetrad
3896:Phases
3765:Probes
3600:Origin
3547:Quakes
3480:Rilles
3471:swirls
3186:Tetrad
3144:Syzygy
2881:Kepler
2602::
1959:URL =
1943:
1205:
998:Lunar
985:, and
830:Soviet
789:Soviet
741:Zvezda
733:Barmin
721:Soviet
717:"star"
713:звезда
692:Zvezda
613:Russia
579:Russia
540:, and
528:, and
471:Wörner
469:While
144:rovers
3959:Black
3945:Blood
3922:Names
3900:names
3839:Month
3690:ALSEP
3662:KREEP
3614:Theia
3517:Water
3494:Rocks
3404:Domes
3358:Maria
3327:Poles
3119:Nodes
3073:Orbit
2891:Peary
2713:Lunox
2060:Issuu
895:cargo
879:algae
875:radio
871:igloo
617:China
583:China
572:Earth
146:, or
119:-led
117:China
107:-led
78:human
45:Eagle
4109:list
3966:Dark
3952:Blue
3915:Full
3814:and
3464:Soil
3434:List
3365:List
3347:Face
3300:Limb
3227:Tide
2967:Moon
2622:2018
2463:2015
2379:2017
2223:NASA
2150:2021
2122:2020
1986:Blog
1941:ISBN
1922:2018
1701:2021
1672:2021
1642:2021
1612:2022
1582:2020
1556:2021
1525:2010
1495:2022
1465:2010
1435:2010
1405:2010
1300:2022
1267:2022
1203:ISBN
936:JAXA
906:dust
899:fuel
897:and
885:; a
824:The
775:The
599:The
581:and
553:CNSA
547:The
389:The
254:The
70:Moon
60:(or
3973:Wet
3908:New
3898:and
2765:L3M
2090:doi
2086:224
1800:ESA
1195:doi
752:N-1
731:to
475:ESA
457:ESA
396:ESA
177:or
76:or
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