1979:
1751:
1456:
1852:
1902:
1409:
2106:
2020:
1265:
3829:
1763:
1825:, Portugal had managed to retain Diu but not Hormuz. Goa and Macau had also survived but not Malacca. Nevertheless, the downfall of the Portuguese Indian empire was not territorial but economic: the competition of other European powers whose demographics were more numerous, access to capital easier, and access to markets more direct than Portugal's. Lisbon's distributive monopoly had been stolen from the Islamic world and soon invited more direct competition; it crumbled quickly.
440:
430:
411:
399:
380:
368:
356:
344:
332:
320:
177:
498:
486:
474:
462:
450:
199:
42:
1638:
1225:
6498:
6508:
1197:, the "Reys-gheschrift vande navigatien der Portugaloysers in Orienten" ("Report of a journey through the navigations of the Portuguese in the East"). The published report included vast directions on how to navigate ships between Portugal and the East Indies and to Japan. Dutch and British interest fed by new information led to a movement of commercial expansion, and the foundation of the
598:
258:
6518:
1582:
586:
574:
562:
550:
538:
526:
237:
1426:, a Portuguese galleon. It was such a rich prize that its sale proceeds doubled the capital of the VOC. The legality of keeping the prize was questionable under Dutch statute and the Portuguese demanded the return of their cargo. The scandal led to a public judicial hearing and a wider campaign to sway public (and international) opinion. As a result,
1554:
1245:(or Union of Atrecht) were pledged to the Spanish monarch and were Catholic, as opposed to the Dutch Protestant north. This also meant that the Dutch had lost their most profitable trade partner and their most important source of financing the war against Spain. Additionally, the Dutch would lose their distribution monopoly with France, the
1561:
However, the VOC suffered from the same weakness as
Portugal: lack of manpower. Thus, a Spanish-style colonization effort was never feasible and only dominion of the seas would allow it to compete. The Portuguese had a century head start in the region and their empire allowed them access to converted
1260:
in the ocean. Trade in the area corresponded also to a traditional triangular model whereupon small manufactures would be brought from Europe and traded in Africa for gold and several items, then these would serve to purchase spices in India proper which were then brought back to Europe and traded at
2182:
In 1661, Portugal agreed to compensate the Dutch with eight million guilders and ceded the colonies of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and the Maluku
Islands (part of present-day Indonesia). On August 6, 1661, the Dutch Republic formally ceded Brazil to the Portuguese Empire through the Treaty of The Hague.
2170:
In the aftermath of the war against the
English the Dutch fleet was worn and weary, and not able yet to undertake major operations so the Dutch instead authorized privateering assaults upon the Portuguese. In 1657, the Dutch fleet was again fit for large operations and the war resumed. Between 1657
2167:, preferred a monetary compensation. He did not want to reoccupy the colony and prioritized stronger trading ties with the Portuguese. To compensate Zeeland and save face he demanded eight million guilders from Portugal. The Portuguese, however, refused to return the colony or to pay the indemnity.
1672:
In fact, Goa had been under intermittent blockade since 1603. Most of the fighting took place in west India, where the Dutch campaign in
Malabar sought to replace the Portuguese monopoly on the spice trade. Dutch and Portuguese fleets faced off for control of the sea lanes as was the case with the
2093:. With a steady source of slaves now secure, the Dutch abstained from further action, presuming that their allies would suffice against the Portuguese. Nonetheless, lacking firearms and artillery, Queen Nzinga and the Kongo proved unable to decisively defeat the Portuguese and their cannibalistic
2132:
In early August, the fleet reached Luanda, where de Sá communicated to the Dutch garrison that since the Dutch would not respect the terms of the truce, the
Portuguese felt no obligation to do so either. Although the Portuguese were outnumbered, a swift display of force achieved on 15 August the
1592:
In 1615, a battle off the coast of
Malacca destroyed Portuguese naval power in Southeast Asia. The Portuguese lost their naval supremacy to the Dutch in the crucial route between Goa and Macau. The sieges of Qeshm and Hormuz by the combined forces of Persia and England have largely dislodged the
1989:
was recalled from the governorship of New
Holland in 1644 because of excessive expenditure and under suspicion of corruption. Mutual hostility between the Catholic Portuguese and Protestant Dutch, and harsh measures to collect from indebted land-owners who had their estates ravaged in the war,
1782:
failed, in part because of the long-standing diplomacy between the
Portuguese and the Ming, but the Dutch were ultimately successful in acquiring the monopoly of trade with Japan. Meanwhile, the Dutch were unable in four attempts to capture Macau from where Portugal monopolised the lucrative
2175:, regularly cruised before the Portuguese coast. Portuguese privateers also did considerable harm to Dutch West African and American shipping, but the blockades of the Portuguese coast crippled Portuguese maritime trade, while the VOC finished its conquest of Ceylon and the
1292:; from here, the routes took the trade to Goa which was the hub for the rest of the operations and where the India convoy ships out of Europe arrived; from Goa, going northwards, the trade would be protected by the North and Adventurers Fleets all the way to
1123:). In his efforts to subdue the rebelling provinces, Philip II cut off the Netherlands from the spice markets of Lisbon, making it necessary for the Dutch to send their own expeditions to the sources of these commodities and to take control of the Indies
1813:
in 1640 before the alliance broke down. After a period of triangular warfare between the Dutch, Portuguese, and
Kandyans, the alliance was remade in 1649. After exploiting and then double-crossing their Kandyan allies, the Dutch were able to capture
1941:. Until 1635, the Dutch were unable to harvest sugar due to Portuguese guerrilla attacks, and were virtually confined to the walled perimeter of the cities. Eventually, the Dutch evicted the Portuguese with the assistance of a local landlord named
1562:
and loyal local populations, which shored up inland, what naval power could not ensure at sea. Hence, the Dutch directed their efforts to the periphery of the
Portuguese Empire. Avoiding the Indian coasts, they set up their own headquarters in
1067:
Portuguese resentment at Spain, which was perceived as having prioritized its own colonies and neglected the defense of the Portuguese, the weaker member of the union, was a major contributing factor to Portugal shaking off Spanish rule in the
1028:
English forces also assisted the Dutch at certain points in the war (though in later decades, the English and Dutch would become fierce rivals). Because of the commodity at the center of the conflict, this war would be nicknamed the Spice War.
1770:
Despite the Portuguese proclaiming themselves as hostile to the Spanish crown, the VOC nevertheless took the opportunity to wrench away the string of coastal fortresses that comprised the Portuguese Empire. Malacca finally succumbed in 1641.
1574:). This put them safely distant from Goa but opportunistically close to Malacca and the sea lanes connecting the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Many battles were fought but the most decisive ones fatally injured the Portuguese Indian empire. The
1833:. The most important blow to the Portuguese eastern empire would be the conquest of Malacca in 1641 (depriving them of the control over these straits), Ceylon in 1658, and the Malabar Coast in 1663, even after the signing of the
1240:
The need of founding the VOC arose because, with the war with Spain and Portugal being united to Spain, the trade would now be directed through the southern Low Countries (roughly present-day Belgium), which according to the
1134:
Like the French and English, the Dutch worked to create a global trade network at the expense of the Iberian kingdoms. The Dutch Empire attacked many territories in Asia under the rule of the Portuguese and Spanish including
1220:
and ultimately re-establishing the spice trade, which generated high profits in the new Dutch Republic and other European countries if the spices were bought at source and their supply could be controlled by a monopoly.
1878:
project). The GWC benefited from a large investment in capital, drawing on the enthusiasm of the best financiers and capitalists of the Republic. However, the GWC would not be as successful as its eastern counterpart.
1828:
In all, and also because the Dutch were kept busy with their expansion in Indonesia, the conquests made at the expense of the Portuguese were modest: some Indonesian possessions and a few cities and fortresses in
1978:
1446:
policy, and all nations were free to use it for seafaring trade. The 'free seas' provided suitable ideological justification for the Dutch to break the Portuguese monopoly through its formidable naval power.
1025:, for most of the conflict. However, the conflict had little to do with the war in Europe and served mainly as a way for the Dutch to gain an overseas empire and control trade at the cost of the Portuguese.
1660:
For the next forty-four years, the two cities of Goa and Batavia would fight relentlessly, since they stood as the capital of Portuguese India and the VOC's base of operations. With the assistance of the
1734:
War between Philip's possessions and other countries led to a deterioration of the Portuguese Empire, as the loss of Hormuz to Persia, aided by England, but the Dutch Republic was the main beneficiary.
682:
2003:, virtually confining the Dutch to the fortified urban perimeters of coastal cities, defended by contingents of German and Flemish mercenaries. Still in that year, the Dutch abandoned São Luís. The
1750:
1766:
The primary Dutch and Portuguese settlements in Asia, c. 1665. With the exception of Jakarta and Deshima, all Dutch settlements had been captured by the Dutch East India Company from Portugal.
1677:, while on mainland India the war involved more and more Indian kingdoms and principalities as the Dutch capitalized on local resentment of Portuguese conquests in the early 16th century.
2155:, the Dutch Republic had been unable to properly support the GWC in Brazil. With the end of the conflict with the English, the Dutch demanded the return of the colony in May 1654. The
1774:
Important battles also took place in the South China Sea, initially with combined fleets of Dutch and English vessels, and subsequently exclusively Dutch ships assaulting Macau.
5756:
3570:
675:
1177:(nearly half the size of English treasury at the time). This foretaste of the riches of the East galvanized interest in the region. That same year, Dutch merchants sent
5723:
5713:
1742:
and themselves revolted from the Spanish-dominated Iberian Union. From this point onward, the English decided instead to re-establish their alliance with Portugal.
1479:. The first served as the seat of Portuguese viceroys, head of all Portuguese possessions east of the Cape of Good Hope and connected India with Portugal proper;
827:
668:
1455:
1704:. Together with the reestablished Basra route, this temporarily made up for the loss of Hormuz. The pioneers of the destruction of the Portuguese and Spanish
6228:
6223:
466:
6622:
1550:
the revenue from the southernmost course of the silk route. It was a lucrative trade but not as essential to the Indian Ocean spice trade network at large.
3828:
1851:
4122:
2676:
6652:
372:
1607:
of 1641, after many attempts, delivered the city to the Dutch and their regional allies, crucially breaking the spinal cord between Goa and the Orient.
2305:
undertook a series of naval operations to project power, and protect the Sunni caliphate's merchants and pilgrims from Dutch and Portuguese privateers.
1618:, the following year narrowly failed in its objective to provide a more strategically located base in the East Indies with favorable monsoon winds. In
6501:
6218:
4218:
4168:
1610:
Portuguese establishments were isolated and prone to being picked off one by one, but nevertheless the Dutch only enjoyed mixed success in doing so.
5749:
3563:
2893:
5594:
5708:
602:
6617:
5604:
2258:
6607:
5504:
3519:
3284:
2176:
1986:
1468:
6186:
2704:
790:
2125:, directly from Brazil. This is because the Portuguese were unable to send sufficient reinforcements to their colonies due to the ongoing
2008:
805:
740:
6040:
6612:
5742:
4771:
3556:
3058:
454:
2238:
1802:
1700:
in 1625, Persia vied for a cease-fire with the Portuguese to be able to reestablish trade and provided Portugal with a trading post in
5768:
5698:
1859:
6582:
6521:
6191:
2243:
1160:
6647:
6577:
6552:
5284:
2835:
2812:
2786:
2413:
1866:
Surprised by such easy gains in the East, the Republic quickly decided to exploit Portugal's weakness in the Americas. In 1621, the
711:
5614:
1408:
770:
612:
1798:
in the south of Taiwan, known to the Portuguese as Formosa and in 1642 the Dutch took northern Formosa from the Spanish by force.
6637:
6120:
5881:
5771:
5703:
2956:
1022:
607:
2861:
6632:
6562:
6547:
6542:
6393:
6203:
5909:
5693:
5563:
2332:
1901:
1685:
939:
2248:
2027:
At the same time, the Dutch organized incursions against the Portuguese possessions in Africa in order to take control of the
1578:
between 1604 and 1645 deprived Portuguese India from a safe connection to Lisbon – and Europe – for the remainder of the war.
6557:
5831:
5775:
2536:
2435:
1681:
3155:
2408:: From Linschoten's Discourse of Voyages, in 1598/Jan Huyghen Van Linschoten. Reprint. New Delhi, AES, 2004, xxiv, 126 p.,
2105:
2019:
6642:
6587:
6158:
6000:
5517:
5478:
1887:
1264:
617:
6405:
6198:
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6208:
5889:
5491:
5465:
2886:
2723:
2066:
2253:
1999:
landowner João Fernandes Vieira, who proclaimed himself loyal to the Portuguese Crown. GWC forces were defeated at the
1894:, but the Dutch conquest was short lived. In 1625, a joint Spanish–Portuguese fleet of 52 ships and 12,000 men rapidly
1072:. Moreover, the Portuguese claimed that the Iberian Union was a reason for the attacks on their colonies by the Dutch.
989:. Beginning in 1598, the conflict primarily involved the Dutch companies and fleet invading Portuguese colonies in the
6592:
6426:
6253:
5942:
2004:
1674:
914:
800:
3479:
3213:
1953:
1818:
in 1656 and drove the last Portuguese from Ceylon in 1658. Sporadic warfare with Kandy continued for over a century.
1357:
403:
6627:
6474:
6301:
6176:
5836:
3515:
3381:
3076:
2935:
2827:
2208:
2146:
2126:
1973:
1942:
1834:
1646:
1623:
1619:
1567:
1186:
1069:
822:
817:
795:
554:
130:
2133:
surrender of Luanda and all Dutch forces in Angola. Upon hearing of the fall of Luanda, Queen Nzinga retreated to
2050:. In 1641, (after a truce between Portugal and the Netherlands had been signed), the Dutch captured the island of
6602:
6110:
5978:
5826:
2118:
1883:
1846:
894:
723:
1440:, published 1609) formulated the new principle that the sea was international territory, against the Portuguese
6567:
3179:
2916:
2762:
2233:
2228:
1867:
1697:
1202:
1128:
978:
974:
924:
899:
765:
71:
1627:
1400:
from where the "Silver Carrack" connected to Japan where several products were exchanged for Japanese silver.
6181:
6597:
6572:
6446:
6441:
6323:
6248:
6071:
2879:
2804:
2776:
2294:
2137:, while the Dutch in São Tomé abandoned the island, which was reoccupied by the Portuguese later that year.
2047:
2043:
1791:
1604:
1304:; while the Fleet of the North escorted merchant ships the Adventurers Fleet would also seek to disrupt the
929:
879:
874:
837:
832:
760:
348:
324:
107:
384:
6431:
6273:
6268:
6115:
5947:
5904:
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5018:
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3484:
3243:
3208:
2289:
1615:
884:
775:
750:
745:
530:
415:
6436:
6346:
6312:
5921:
5372:
3991:
3948:
3878:
2902:
2152:
2055:
1952:
The Portuguese fought back two Dutch attacks on Bahia in 1638. Nonetheless, by 1641, the Dutch captured
1934:
1822:
1810:
1762:
1575:
1422:
1061:
1037:
919:
735:
637:
590:
542:
336:
151:
3889:
2051:
420:
6351:
5952:
5821:
5142:
4677:
3527:
3253:
3101:
2951:
2308:
2263:
2028:
1779:
1716:
1666:
1662:
1650:
1631:
1104:
1002:
934:
909:
785:
632:
274:
155:
6398:
6373:
6088:
5914:
5540:
5162:
3333:
3309:
3279:
2718:
2357:
2218:
2203:
2172:
2122:
1720:
1692:
and Goa bases, which led to a destructive campaign against Persia's coastline and an alliance with
1603:) and subsequently the Portuguese, from Nagasaki, also doomed the economic viability of Macau. The
1178:
1144:
1081:
1014:
966:
852:
730:
716:
578:
389:
182:
6507:
5899:
6421:
6093:
6028:
5937:
5863:
5841:
5790:
5073:
3654:
3303:
3223:
2110:
2007:, in 1649, marked the beginning of the end of Dutch occupation of Portuguese Brazil, until their
1895:
1855:
1492:
1472:
1289:
1198:
1100:
1045:
869:
755:
478:
263:
147:
2486:
1990:
ensured that Portuguese settlers came to resent the authority of the new Dutch administration.
6282:
4959:
4242:
4235:
4189:
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3958:
3700:
3641:
3579:
3463:
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3140:
2961:
2866:
2831:
2808:
2782:
2742:
2532:
2526:
2431:
2409:
2377:
2193:
2164:
2156:
2070:
2000:
1755:
1728:
1709:
1654:
1500:
1309:
1246:
1210:
1173:, loaded with 900 tons of merchandise from India and China, worth an estimated half a million
1140:
1116:
1096:
1049:
1041:
986:
842:
780:
642:
360:
294:
279:
215:
143:
99:
6511:
6336:
6098:
5867:
5718:
5208:
5184:
5152:
4604:
4199:
3500:
3447:
3405:
3274:
2976:
2062:
2032:
1806:
1532:
1476:
1377:
1353:
1301:
1273:
1148:
1120:
864:
646:
289:
284:
5957:
1368:
served as hubs; it was in the Coromandel and Ceylon settlements where the ships out of the
1216:
In 1602, the VOC was founded, with the goal of sharing the costs of the exploration of the
41:
6278:
6024:
6016:
5530:
5452:
4806:
3788:
3135:
2856:
2796:
2279:
1891:
1795:
1775:
1528:
1504:
1373:
1136:
1112:
1033:
904:
889:
847:
269:
1739:
1107:. Prior to the union of the Portuguese and Spanish Crowns, Portuguese merchants used the
2677:"Assinatura do Tratado de Haia oficializa devolução de território brasileiro a Portugal"
2081:, though without preventing the Portuguese from retreating inland into strongholds like
6213:
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5083:
4922:
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4325:
4021:
3749:
3628:
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3086:
2991:
2302:
2198:
2151:
The Dutch, determined to recover Brazil, postponed the end of the conflict. Due to the
1875:
1637:
1563:
1280:, was a network of key cities which controlled the maritime trade in the Indian Ocean:
1242:
1224:
1182:
1174:
1085:
1057:
1044:, but the Dutch disrupted the Portuguese trading networks in Asia, where they captured
1018:
1010:
1006:
958:
242:
204:
103:
67:
1261:
immense profit which would be reinvested into ships and troops, to be sent eastwards.
6536:
6479:
6469:
6166:
4932:
4888:
4519:
4406:
3687:
3415:
3410:
3066:
3043:
3038:
3022:
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2981:
2966:
2298:
2283:
2275:
2267:
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1349:
1341:
1313:
1253:
1169:
1108:
1092:
1053:
982:
566:
490:
2336:
2297:- in response to the presence of Europeans in the Indian Ocean after the voyages of
6331:
6258:
5973:
5806:
5109:
4469:
4289:
4001:
3400:
3203:
3017:
3012:
2971:
2271:
2213:
1930:
1784:
1693:
1611:
1508:
1496:
1484:
1442:
1436:
1427:
1317:
1293:
1190:
622:
210:
1483:
was a Portuguese protectorate, and the keystone of the Persian Gulf trade between
5734:
1874:
or GWC) was created to take control of the sugar trade and colonize America (the
1119:
though, they declared an embargo on all trade with the rebellious provinces (see
6464:
6262:
6061:
6056:
5395:
4875:
4852:
4839:
4585:
4449:
4355:
3901:
3357:
3238:
3096:
3071:
2734:
2223:
1957:
1946:
1830:
1758:
and victory of the V.O.C. over the Portuguese in 1663. Atlas van der Hem (1682).
1536:
1488:
1329:
1257:
1217:
1124:
998:
83:
75:
2559:
1731:, who held the Dutch in great preference and ordered attacks on the Spaniards.
6341:
6306:
6078:
5663:
5637:
5239:
5189:
4529:
4489:
4112:
4044:
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3145:
3111:
2361:
2082:
1701:
1520:
1512:
1297:
17:
2381:
5283:
1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent
4898:
4708:
3762:
3736:
3664:
3352:
3125:
3091:
2094:
1856:"Map of the Portuguese liberation of the city of Salvador in Brazil in 1625"
1543:
1516:
1385:
1345:
1333:
1194:
1131:
in which the Dutch assisted the English in capturing the Portuguese colony.
225:
91:
1581:
1284:
was the base for Portuguese operations in East Africa and was supported by
6105:
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5988:
5650:
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2362:"The Presence of the "Portugals" in Macau and Japan in Richard Hakluyt's
2078:
1945:, but on his retreat to Bahia, Matias de Albuquerque captured Calabar at
1724:
1723:
fleet to sack a Dutch ship near the Siamese shoreline. This enraged King
1413:
1381:
1361:
990:
973:) was a global armed conflict involving Dutch forces, in the form of the
627:
2871:
1614:
was captured from the Portuguese in 1605, but an attack on Malacca, the
6083:
5333:
5262:
5219:
5096:
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Levine, Robert M.; Crocitti, John J.; Kirk, Robin; Starn, Orin (1999).
2391:
2134:
1995:
1961:
1815:
1594:
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1553:
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1372:
route often laid anchor because they connected the Indian Ocean to the
1369:
1365:
1164:
660:
95:
2406:
Voyage to Goa and Back, 1583–1592, with His Account of the East Indies
1634:, due to the close cooperation between the locals and the Portuguese.
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3130:
3048:
2117:
In 1648, the Portuguese governor of the captaincy of Rio de Janeiro,
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2074:
2039:
1922:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1689:
1599:
1547:
1524:
1281:
1080:
The war lasted from 1598 to 1663, and the main participants were the
994:
115:
79:
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2487:"History of Ayutthaya - Foreign Settlements - Portuguese Settlement"
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2018:
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1749:
1636:
1580:
1557:
Sea battle off Goa between the Dutch and Portuguese fleets in 1638
1552:
1480:
1463:
The Portuguese relied on four strategic bases in the East Indies:
1459:
Battle for Malacca between the VOC fleet and the Portuguese, 1606.
1454:
1407:
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1321:
1305:
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1263:
1223:
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220:
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111:
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1780:
force China to replace the Portuguese or to settle the Pescadores
1503:; and Macau was the hub for the trade routes stretching from the
4459:
2852:
Dutch and Portuguese colonial legacy throughout Africa and Asia
1688:
to the Persians and English, the Portuguese struck out of their
1531:). These Indian cities controlled the approaches to the smaller
1519:. The other locations were important but not crucial: including
1325:
6368:
6139:
5854:
5738:
5424:
5303:
5045:
4556:
4261:
3840:
3590:
3552:
3378:
3330:
3176:
2913:
2875:
2061:
In August 1641, the Dutch formed a three-way alliance with the
1993:
In 1645, most of Dutch Brazil revolted under the leadership of
1420:
At dawn on 25 February 1603, three ships of the VOC seized the
1193:
in the service of the Portuguese, published a travel report in
1181:
to Lisbon, to gather as much information as he could about the
664:
158:, Portuguese Arguin, Portuguese Malabar, and Portuguese Tidore.
4690:
1586:
1277:
2035:
that would ensure the economic prosperity of New Netherland.
1809:
against Portugal. The Dutch conquered Batticaloa in 1639 and
5434:
5313:
5055:
4566:
4271:
3850:
3600:
2801:
The Dutch Republic: its rise, greatness, and fall, 1477–1806
1913:, the largest and richest sugar-producing area in the world.
1491:, and rest of Asia and Africa. Malacca connected Goa to the
1352:; in the Bay of Bengal, the most lucrative trade was on the
1252:
The Portuguese Empire in the Indian Ocean was a traditional
1886:
began in 1624 with the conquest of the then capital of the
1228:
Map of the Dutch and Portuguese Empires following the war.
5287:. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized.
2778:
The Dutch Navy of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
1641:
The strategic Portuguese fortress of Malacca, in Malaysia.
1542:
If both Diu and Hormuz would fall, that would prevent the
2867:
Portuguese Armada's history of naval battles (Portuguese)
1956:, leaving them in control of northwestern Brazil between
2159:
had the most to gain from the return of the colony, but
1937:
retreated his forces inland, to establish a camp dubbed
1805:
on Ceylon from 1638 onward, initially as allies of the
1546:
markets from being taxed by Portugal, which would deny
1451:
Incursion into the East Indies: Batavia challenges Goa
46:
Portuguese galleon fighting Dutch and English warships
3526:
in 1975, Curaçao and Dependencies was renamed to the
1669:
itself, but Portuguese diplomacy defeated this plan.
1593:
Portuguese from West Asia. The 1639 expulsion of the
1412:
Dutch seizure of a Portuguese carrack traveling from
6457:
6414:
6386:
6322:
6294:
6241:
6157:
6049:
6009:
5966:
5930:
5880:
3493:
3472:
3456:
3440:
3424:
3393:
3345:
3262:
3191:
3110:
3057:
3031:
3005:
2944:
2928:
2449:
2447:
1163:, an English fleet had captured a large Portuguese
1095:, Portugal was throughout most of the period under
1001:. The war can be thought of as an extension of the
1653:in 1619. The city would become the capital of the
2282:during this period in order to raid ships of the
2171:and 1661, Dutch fleets, besides operating in the
1982:19th century painting of the Battle of Guararapes
27:Conflict for sea dominance from 1598 through 1663
1312:; the Diu fleet would then connect the trade to
5724:Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia
5714:Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago
2044:almost wiped out in an ambush by the Portuguese
1308:trade between northern India's Muslims and the
34:
1738:In 1640, the Portuguese took advantage of the
1645:The Dutch found what they were looking for in
5750:
3564:
2887:
2824:John de Witt: statesman of the "True Freedom"
2528:The Brazil Reader: History, Culture, Politics
1147:, and commercial interests in Japan, Africa (
676:
8:
2595:Portuguese Sea Battles Volume VI – 1627–1668
2582:Portuguese Sea Battles Volume VI – 1627–1668
1115:. After the Spaniards gained control of the
1821:In the aftermath of the destruction of the
1256:that had extended its reach to every major
1032:Portugal repelled Dutch attempts to secure
1005:being fought in Europe at the time between
6365:
6136:
5851:
5757:
5743:
5735:
5421:
5300:
5042:
4553:
4258:
3837:
3587:
3571:
3557:
3549:
3390:
3375:
3342:
3327:
3188:
3173:
2925:
2910:
2894:
2880:
2872:
1111:as a base for the sale of their spices in
683:
669:
661:
31:
3530:, which was eventually dissolved in 2010.
1917:In 1630, the Dutch returned and captured
1388:at large in the south, and northwards to
1300:which oversaw the northern trade and the
2739:The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415–1825
2054:and before the end of 1642, the rest of
1332:fleet would escort the Goa merchants to
1268:Portuguese Goa in the late 16th century.
5709:Portuguese colonization of the Americas
2370:Bulletin of Portuguese/Japanese Studies
2323:
1626:, the Dutch twice failed to subdue the
1209:or VOC) in 1602, allowing the entry of
2862:Naval Battles of Portugal (Portuguese)
2651:
2627:
2531:. Duke University Press. p. 121.
2428:Dutch Primacy in World Trade 1585-1740
2335:. The Newberry Library. Archived from
2639:
2615:
2430:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2121:, organized a military expedition to
2073:, and with their assistance captured
1060:. In Africa, the Dutch conquered the
7:
4231:) and small temporary coastal bases.
2663:
2333:"Early Modern Ship-types, 1450–1650"
2101:The recapture of Luanda and São Tomé
2038:In 1626, a Dutch expedition to take
1872:Geoctroyeerde Westindische Compagnie
1710:Dutch in portions of the East Indies
6517:
3518:of the Kingdom of the Netherlands;
2781:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1841:Brazil: Governorate General vs. GWC
1396:; China provided silk and china to
5699:Evolution of the Portuguese Empire
3178:Colonies and trading posts of the
2915:Colonies and trading posts of the
2109:The Island of São Tomé in 1665 by
1949:, and had him hanged for treason.
1929:, thus establishing the colony of
1511:and to the Spice Islands, east of
1376:; the Malacca fleet patrolled the
25:
6653:Wars involving the Dutch Republic
4123:São João Baptista de Ajudá, Benin
2270:sailors, including Dutchmen like
2259:Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations
1185:. In 1595, merchant and explorer
6516:
6506:
6497:
6496:
6121:Sri Subodharama Raja Maha Vihara
5704:Portuguese colonial architecture
5305:North America and North Atlantic
4169:Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe
3827:
1794:at Tayouan in 1624, present-day
1665:the Dutch would even attempt to
1328:trade; southwards from Goa, the
1207:Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie
1189:, having traveled widely in the
1023:War of the Portuguese Succession
981:, and their allies, against the
596:
584:
572:
560:
548:
536:
524:
496:
484:
472:
460:
448:
438:
428:
409:
397:
378:
366:
354:
342:
330:
318:
256:
235:
197:
175:
40:
6394:Crisis of the Sixteenth Century
6204:Crisis of the Sixteenth Century
5910:Crisis of the Sixteenth Century
5694:Armorial of Portuguese colonies
3239:Sint Eustatius and Dependencies
2560:"Recife – A City Made by Sugar"
1860:João Teixeira Albernaz, o Velho
1776:Dutch attempts to capture Macau
6623:Netherlands–Portugal relations
2239:Sinhalese–Portuguese conflicts
1416:(India) to Malacca (Malaysia).
1213:in the so-called East Indies.
1:
6618:Military history of Indonesia
6177:Jaffna under Tambralinga rule
4724:Portuguese Paliacate outpost
2404:Van Linschoten, Jan Huyghen.
2244:Acehnese–Portuguese conflicts
1888:Governorate General of Brazil
6608:Maritime history of Portugal
6209:Jaffna under Portuguese rule
5890:Malay invasions of Sri Lanka
5466:Captaincy Colonies of Brazil
5259: • 1938–1941
5236: • 1890–1999
5226: • 1851–1999
5216: • 1864–1999
5116: • 1578–1650
5103: • 1576–1605
5090: • 1522–1575
5015: • 1779–1954
4992: • 1687–1749
4929: • 1598–1610
4919: • 1579–1632
4895: • 1568–1659
4885: • 1559–1961
4872: • 1548–1658
4862: • 1540–1612
4849: • 1536–1662
4836: • 1535–1739
4813: • 1534–1661
4803: • 1534–1601
4793: • 1531–1571
4783: • 1531–1571
4767: • 1528–1666
4757: • 1523–1662
4733: • 1521–1740
4720: • 1518–1619
4687: • 1510–1961
4674: • 1507–1657
4661: • 1502–1661
4639: • 1502–1658
4625: • 1501–1663
4612: • 1500–1663
2770:(in Dutch). Martinus Nijhof.
2724:Resources in other libraries
2123:retake Luanda from the Dutch
1801:The Dutch intervened in the
5426:South America and Caribbean
2179:in India at the same time.
2009:final expulsion from Recife
2005:Second Battle of Guararapes
1933:. The Portuguese commander
1675:action of 30 September 1639
1380:and the routes diverted to
1320:routes and interrupted the
963:Nederlands-Portugese Oorlog
6669:
6613:Military history of Brazil
6475:Delgamuwa Raja Maha Vihara
5574:Nova Colónia do Sacramento
4653:(Coulão / Kollam)
3724:Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué
3382:Kingdom of the Netherlands
2828:Cambridge University Press
2593:Saturnino Monteiro (2011)
2580:Saturnino Monteiro (2011)
2453:Saturnino Monteiro (2011)
2249:Malay–Portuguese conflicts
2209:History of the Netherlands
2163:, the Grand Pensionary of
2147:Treaty of The Hague (1661)
2144:
1974:Insurrection of Pernambuco
1971:
1968:Insurrection of Pernambuco
1943:Domingos Fernandes Calabar
1844:
1356:where such settlements as
1348:and the connection to the
1199:English East India Company
1187:Jan Huyghen van Linschoten
1070:Portuguese Restoration War
6492:
6364:
6135:
6111:Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte
5850:
5817:
5785:
5689:
5431:
5420:
5310:
5299:
5052:
5041:
4775:(Porto Grande De Bengala)
4563:
4552:
4268:
4257:
3847:
3836:
3825:
3597:
3586:
3509:
3389:
3374:
3341:
3326:
3298:
3187:
3172:
2924:
2909:
2719:Resources in your library
2426:Israel, Jonathan (1989).
1847:Dutch invasions of Brazil
1274:Portuguese State of India
702:
308:
166:
50:
39:
6648:Wars involving Sri Lanka
6578:Dutch East India Company
6553:17th century in Portugal
6406:Sinhalese–Portuguese War
6199:Sinhalese–Portuguese War
5895:Sinhalese–Portuguese War
3480:Curaçao and Dependencies
3214:Curaçao and Dependencies
3192:Colonies in the Americas
3180:Dutch West India Company
2917:Dutch East India Company
2741:. New York: A.A. Knopf.
2234:Dutch West India Company
2229:Dutch East India Company
2048:Elmina fell to the Dutch
1868:Dutch West India Company
1803:Sinhalese–Portuguese War
1790:The Dutch established a
1203:Dutch East India Company
979:Dutch West India Company
975:Dutch East India Company
6638:Wars involving Portugal
6182:Jaffna under Kotte rule
5605:Grão-Pará and Rio Negro
5524: • 1621–1815
5511: • 1578–1607
5498: • 1572–1578
5485: • 1572–1578
5472: • 1549–1572
5459: • 1534–1549
4826: • 1535
4698: • 1512–1525
4366:Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah)
3263:Trading posts in Africa
2997:Northeast coast of Java
2805:Oxford University Press
2489:. Ayutthaya-history.com
2295:Ottoman embassy to Aceh
2254:Portuguese–Safavid wars
1698:naval battle off Hormuz
1249:, and Northern Europe.
1099:rule, and the Habsburg
6633:Wars involving England
6563:17th-century conflicts
6548:17th century in Brazil
6543:17th century in Angola
6432:House of Siri Sanga Bo
6274:House of Siri Sanga Bo
6269:Aryacakravarti dynasty
6116:Kotte Raja Maha Vihara
6072:Yapahuwa rock fortress
5948:House of Siri Sanga Bo
5860:Kingdom of Dambadeniya
5595:Grão-Pará and Maranhão
5019:Dadra and Nagar Haveli
2775:Bruijn, J. R. (2011).
2455:Portuguese Sea Battles
2290:Liever Turks dan Paaps
2129:in mainland Portugal.
2119:Salvador Correia de Sá
2114:
2024:
2015:West Africa and Angola
1987:John Maurice of Nassau
1983:
1914:
1863:
1767:
1759:
1696:. Eventually, after a
1642:
1616:Battle of Cape Rachado
1589:
1558:
1460:
1417:
1288:to better control the
1269:
1237:
1151:), and South America.
985:, and after 1640, the
970:
962:
309:Commanders and leaders
6558:17th century in Spain
6347:Kotagama inscriptions
6313:Yalpana Vaipava Malai
5922:Convention of Malvana
5285:invasion by Indonesia
5047:East Asia and Oceania
4219:São Tomé and Príncipe
3992:Portuguese Mozambique
3949:Portuguese Gold Coast
3516:constituent countries
3049:West coast of Sumatra
2903:Dutch colonial empire
2822:Rowen, H. H. (1985).
2475:Boxer (1965), p. 189.
2331:Smith, Roger (1986).
2153:First Anglo-Dutch War
2108:
2056:Portuguese Gold Coast
2022:
1981:
1935:Matias de Albuquerque
1904:
1892:São Salvador da Bahia
1854:
1765:
1753:
1640:
1628:Portuguese stronghold
1584:
1576:Dutch blockade of Goa
1556:
1458:
1411:
1316:which controlled the
1267:
1227:
1062:Portuguese Gold Coast
1021:with Spain after the
971:Guerra Luso-Holandesa
152:Portuguese Gold Coast
6643:Wars involving Spain
6588:Geopolitical rivalry
6583:Dutch–Portuguese War
6352:Madawala inscription
6172:Pandyan Principality
5905:Kandyan independence
3528:Netherlands Antilles
2710:Dutch–Portuguese War
2506:Boxer (1969), p. 24.
2466:Boxer (1969), p. 23.
2358:Puga, Rogério Miguel
2309:Black Legend (Spain)
2264:Anglo-Turkish piracy
2029:Atlantic slave trade
1939:Arraial do Bom Jesus
1663:Sultanate of Bijapur
1651:Jan Pieterszoon Coen
1632:Island of Mozambique
1167:off the Azores, the
1127:. This followed the
955:Dutch–Portuguese War
694:Dutch–Portuguese War
618:Abdul Jalil Shah III
514:Veera Kerala Varma V
280:Kingdom of Ayutthaya
275:Sultanate of Ternate
156:Portuguese Negapatam
154:, Portuguese Ambon,
142:Disestablishment of
35:Dutch–Portuguese War
6374:Kingdom of Sitawaka
6219:Portuguese conquest
6089:Gadaladeniya Vihara
5772:Transitional period
3938:(São Jorge da Mina)
3789:São João da Mamora
3631:(El Qsar es Seghir)
3334:Noordsche Compagnie
3332:Settlements of the
3310:Society of Suriname
3156:Vietnam (1637–1643)
2929:Governorate General
2761:Blok, P.J. (1928).
2642:, pp. 291–293.
2618:, pp. 291–292.
2485:Tricky Vandenberg.
2219:Dutch Loango-Angola
2204:History of Portugal
2173:Second Northern War
2157:Province of Zeeland
2141:Treaty of The Hague
2023:17th-century Luanda
1896:recaptured Salvador
1835:Treaty of The Hague
1529:English acquisition
1276:, headquartered in
1211:chartered companies
1179:Cornelis de Houtman
1091:Following the 1580
1082:Kingdom of Portugal
579:Rijckloff van Goens
349:Martim A. de Castro
300:Tupis of Rio Grande
131:Treaty of The Hague
72:Northeastern Brazil
6593:History of Malacca
6094:Lankatilaka Vihara
6001:Irrigation network
5842:Polonnaruwa period
5791:Dambadeniya period
5651:Portuguese Guiana
5615:Maranhão and Piauí
5263:Lapa and Montanha
5074:Portuguese Malacca
4960:Portuguese Ceylon
4914:(Portuguese India)
4752:(Portuguese India)
4383: •
3842:Sub-Saharan Africa
3304:Society of Berbice
2115:
2111:Johannes Vingboons
2025:
1984:
1915:
1864:
1823:Tordesillas system
1768:
1760:
1708:doctrine were the
1643:
1590:
1559:
1535:and to the larger
1493:Indian Ocean trade
1461:
1418:
1290:Mozambique Channel
1270:
1238:
1232:: Dutch Republic.
1161:the war with Spain
1101:Philip II of Spain
633:Vimaladharmasuriya
603:Earl of Cumberland
479:Antonio de Oquendo
467:Fadrique de Toledo
148:Portuguese Malacca
6628:Portuguese Empire
6530:
6529:
6488:
6487:
6378:
6360:
6359:
6283:Portuguese puppet
6192:Liberation battle
6149:
6131:
6130:
5872:
5732:
5731:
5685:
5684:
5679:
5678:
5672:
5671:
5620:
5619:
5579:
5578:
5546:
5545:
5416:
5415:
5410:
5409:
5401:
5400:
5355:
5354:
5295:
5294:
5278:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5253:Portuguese Macau
5245:
5244:
5198:
5197:
5168:
5167:
5037:
5036:
5031:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5009:Portuguese India
5001:
5000:
4986:Portuguese India
4978:
4977:
4941:
4940:
4904:
4903:
4742:
4741:
4596:
4595:
4586:Laccadive Islands
4548:
4547:
4542:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4432:
4431:
4253:
4252:
4243:Portuguese Angola
4236:Portuguese Guinea
4212:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4190:Portuguese Guinea
4174:
4173:
4140:
4139:
4095:
4094:
4065:Portuguese Angola
3964:
3963:
3959:Mascarene Islands
3823:
3822:
3817:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3706:
3705:
3674:1487–16th century
3580:Portuguese Empire
3546:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3524:full independence
3464:Dutch East Indies
3370:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3163:
2764:Michiel de Ruyter
2705:Library resources
2654:, pp. 72–73.
2360:(December 2002).
2194:Portuguese Empire
2031:and complete the
2001:Battle of Tabocas
1785:China–Japan trade
1717:Fernándo de Silva
1655:Dutch East Indies
1566:, in the city of
1310:Arabian Peninsula
1247:Holy Roman Empire
1129:capture of Recife
1117:Portuguese Empire
1103:was battling the
1003:Eighty Years' War
987:Portuguese Empire
948:
947:
659:
658:
643:Puviraja Pandaram
555:Cornelis de Jonge
531:Maurice of Nassau
508:Veerarayira Varma
434:Álvaro de Meneses
337:M. de Albuquerque
325:F. de Mascarenhas
295:Kingdom of Ndongo
221:Kingdom of Hormuz
216:Kingdom of Cochin
162:
161:
144:Portuguese Ceylon
100:Strait of Malacca
16:(Redirected from
6660:
6603:Kingdom of Kandy
6520:
6519:
6510:
6500:
6499:
6399:Vijayabā Kollaya
6376:
6366:
6337:Cankilian Thoppu
6187:Kotte's campaign
6147:
6137:
6099:Embekka Devalaya
5915:Vijayabā Kollaya
5870:
5852:
5810:
5802:
5794:
5759:
5752:
5745:
5736:
5719:Portuguese India
5667:
5654:
5641:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5529:
5516:
5503:
5490:
5477:
5464:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5435:
5422:
5376:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5314:
5301:
5266:
5256:
5255:
5251:
5213:
5212:
5209:Portuguese Macau
5206:
5194:
5193:
5185:Portuguese Timor
5177:
5176:
5174:
5121:
5108:
5095:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5056:
5043:
5012:
5011:
5007:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4963:
4943:
4942:
4936:
4908:
4907:
4879:
4856:
4843:
4820:
4776:
4746:
4745:
4727:
4713:
4702:
4681:
4668:
4667:(Cochin de Cima)
4654:
4643:
4632:
4619:
4609:
4608:
4605:Portuguese India
4602:
4590:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4567:
4554:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4388:
4316:
4293:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4272:
4259:
4200:Portuguese Congo
4183:
4182:
4180:
4159:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4136:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4090:
4078:
4025:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3939:
3926:
3904:
3892:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3851:
3838:
3831:
3805:
3792:
3779:
3766:
3753:
3752:(Souira Guedima)
3740:
3727:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3691:
3668:
3645:
3632:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3601:
3588:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3550:
3531:
3391:
3380:Colonies of the
3376:
3343:
3328:
3308:Governed by the
3302:Governed by the
3189:
3174:
2926:
2911:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2873:
2841:
2818:
2792:
2771:
2769:
2750:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2598:
2591:
2585:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2467:
2464:
2458:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2423:
2417:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2328:
2301:and others, the
2063:Kingdom of Kongo
2033:triangular trade
1807:Kingdom of Kandy
1746:VOC gains ground
1605:siege of Malacca
1585:The blockade of
1384:and what is now
1378:Singapore Strait
1354:Coromandel Coast
1235:
1231:
1159:In 1592, during
1121:Union of Utrecht
712:Cape St. Vincent
697:
695:
685:
678:
671:
662:
651:
613:Abdullah Ma'ayat
608:Alauddin Shah II
601:
600:
599:
589:
588:
587:
577:
576:
575:
565:
564:
563:
553:
552:
551:
541:
540:
539:
529:
528:
527:
501:
500:
499:
489:
488:
487:
477:
476:
475:
465:
464:
463:
453:
452:
451:
443:
442:
441:
433:
432:
431:
424:
414:
413:
412:
402:
401:
400:
393:
383:
382:
381:
371:
370:
369:
359:
358:
357:
347:
346:
345:
335:
334:
333:
323:
322:
321:
290:Kingdom of Kongo
285:Kingdom of Kandy
262:
260:
259:
241:
239:
238:
203:
201:
200:
185:
181:
179:
178:
52:
51:
44:
32:
21:
6668:
6667:
6663:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6568:Colonial Brazil
6533:
6532:
6531:
6526:
6484:
6453:
6410:
6382:
6381:
6356:
6318:
6290:
6279:Don Constantine
6254:Kalinga dynasty
6237:
6153:
6152:
6127:
6045:
6041:Popular culture
6017:Guththila Kawya
6005:
5962:
5926:
5876:
5875:
5846:
5813:
5805:
5797:
5789:
5781:
5780:
5763:
5733:
5728:
5681:
5680:
5665:
5652:
5639:
5624:
5581:
5550:
5527:
5514:
5501:
5488:
5475:
5462:
5439:
5427:
5412:
5411:
5374:
5359:
5318:
5306:
5291:
5290:
5279:
5264:
5252:
5247:
5207:
5202:
5187:
5183:
5170:
5119:
5106:
5093:
5060:
5048:
5033:
5032:
5008:
5003:
4985:
4980:
4961:
4935:(Machilipatnam)
4934:
4877:
4854:
4841:
4818:
4807:Salsette Island
4778:
4774:
4773:
4725:
4715:
4711:
4710:
4704:
4700:
4699:
4679:
4666:
4656:
4652:
4651:
4645:
4641:
4640:
4630:
4617:
4603:
4598:
4592:
4588:
4587:
4571:
4559:
4544:
4543:
4436:
4378:
4314:
4291:
4276:
4264:
4249:
4248:
4245:from the 1920s.
4213:
4176:
4157:
4142:
4132:
4099:
4088:
4074:
4023:
3968:
3937:
3924:
3900:
3888:
3855:
3843:
3832:
3819:
3818:
3803:
3790:
3777:
3764:
3751:
3738:
3725:
3710:
3689:
3666:
3643:
3630:
3629:Alcácer Ceguer
3605:
3593:
3582:
3577:
3547:
3534:
3513:
3505:
3489:
3468:
3452:
3436:
3420:
3385:
3362:
3337:
3314:
3294:
3258:
3183:
3160:
3106:
3053:
3027:
3001:
2940:
2920:
2905:
2900:
2848:
2838:
2821:
2815:
2795:
2789:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2757:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2696:
2695:
2686:
2684:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2662:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2592:
2588:
2579:
2575:
2565:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2492:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2403:
2399:
2386:
2384:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2342:
2340:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2280:Barbary pirates
2189:
2149:
2143:
2127:Restoration War
2103:
2046:, but in 1637,
2017:
1976:
1970:
1905:Dutch siege of
1849:
1843:
1754:The capture of
1748:
1649:, conquered by
1505:South China Sea
1453:
1406:
1374:South China Sea
1233:
1229:
1157:
1113:Northern Europe
1078:
951:
950:
949:
944:
698:
693:
691:
689:
655:
647:
597:
595:
585:
583:
573:
571:
561:
559:
549:
547:
537:
535:
525:
523:
517:
497:
495:
485:
483:
473:
471:
461:
459:
449:
447:
439:
437:
429:
427:
418:
416:Nuno A. Botelho
410:
408:
398:
396:
387:
379:
377:
367:
365:
355:
353:
343:
341:
331:
329:
319:
317:
304:
270:Johor Sultanate
257:
255:
246:
236:
234:
230:
198:
196:
187:
176:
174:
173:
138:
122:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6666:
6664:
6656:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6598:Kandyan period
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6573:Colonial India
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6535:
6534:
6528:
6527:
6525:
6524:
6514:
6504:
6493:
6490:
6489:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6461:
6459:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6429:
6424:
6418:
6416:
6412:
6411:
6409:
6408:
6403:
6402:
6401:
6390:
6388:
6384:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6370:
6369:
6362:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6328:
6326:
6320:
6319:
6317:
6316:
6309:
6304:
6298:
6296:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6288:
6287:
6286:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6256:
6245:
6243:
6239:
6238:
6236:
6235:
6234:
6233:
6232:
6231:
6226:
6216:
6214:Mannar martyrs
6206:
6201:
6196:
6195:
6194:
6189:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6163:
6161:
6155:
6154:
6151:
6150:
6145:Jaffna kingdom
6141:
6140:
6133:
6132:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6125:
6124:
6123:
6118:
6108:
6103:
6102:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6081:
6076:
6075:
6074:
6064:
6059:
6053:
6051:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6043:
6038:
6036:Anavamadarshin
6033:
6032:
6031:
6019:
6013:
6011:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5998:
5997:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5976:
5970:
5968:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5934:
5932:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5924:
5919:
5918:
5917:
5907:
5902:
5900:Ming–Kotte War
5897:
5892:
5886:
5884:
5878:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5856:
5855:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5811:
5803:
5799:Gampola period
5795:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5754:
5747:
5739:
5730:
5729:
5727:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5677:
5676:
5670:
5669:
5661:
5657:
5656:
5648:
5644:
5643:
5635:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5612:
5608:
5607:
5602:
5598:
5597:
5592:
5577:
5576:
5571:
5567:
5566:
5561:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5538:
5534:
5533:
5525:
5521:
5520:
5512:
5508:
5507:
5505:Rio de Janeiro
5499:
5495:
5494:
5486:
5482:
5481:
5473:
5469:
5468:
5460:
5456:
5455:
5450:
5433:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5425:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5408:
5407:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5393:
5389:
5388:
5383:
5379:
5378:
5375:(Newfoundland)
5370:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5343:
5339:
5338:
5329:
5312:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5304:
5297:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5280:
5276:
5275:
5269:
5268:
5260:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5223:
5222:
5217:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5181:
5166:
5165:
5160:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5146:
5145:
5140:
5136:
5135:
5130:
5126:
5125:
5117:
5113:
5112:
5104:
5100:
5099:
5091:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5077:
5076:
5071:
5054:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5046:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5028:
5022:
5021:
5016:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4966:
4965:
4957:
4953:
4952:
4947:
4939:
4938:
4930:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4916:
4915:
4912:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4882:
4881:
4873:
4869:
4868:
4863:
4859:
4858:
4850:
4846:
4845:
4837:
4833:
4832:
4827:
4823:
4822:
4814:
4810:
4809:
4804:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4790:
4789:
4784:
4780:
4779:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4721:
4717:
4716:
4707:
4705:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4684:
4683:
4675:
4671:
4670:
4662:
4658:
4657:
4648:
4646:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4626:
4622:
4621:
4613:
4594:
4593:
4584:
4582:
4565:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4550:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4539:
4533:
4532:
4527:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4390:
4389:
4373:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4296:
4295:
4292:(Bandar Abbas)
4287:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4222:
4214:
4210:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4162:
4161:
4153:
4138:
4137:
4130:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4028:
4027:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3942:
3941:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3898:
3894:
3893:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3834:
3833:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3799:
3795:
3794:
3786:
3782:
3781:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3721:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3662:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3553:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3397:
3395:
3387:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3349:
3347:
3339:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3306:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3254:Virgin Islands
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3229:New Netherland
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3185:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3117:
3115:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3063:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3007:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2922:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2857:Wars Directory
2854:
2847:
2846:External links
2844:
2843:
2842:
2836:
2819:
2813:
2793:
2787:
2772:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2668:
2666:, p. 147.
2656:
2644:
2632:
2630:, p. 738.
2620:
2608:
2599:
2586:
2573:
2551:
2537:
2517:
2508:
2499:
2477:
2468:
2459:
2443:
2436:
2418:
2397:
2349:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2303:Ottoman Empire
2292:
2287:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2199:Dutch Republic
2196:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2145:Main article:
2142:
2139:
2102:
2099:
2016:
2013:
1972:Main article:
1969:
1966:
1890:, the city of
1884:Dutch invasion
1876:New Netherland
1845:Main article:
1842:
1839:
1747:
1744:
1740:Catalan Revolt
1564:Southeast Asia
1533:Gulf of Cambay
1452:
1449:
1423:Santa Catarina
1405:
1402:
1302:Gulf of Cambay
1243:Union of Arras
1156:
1153:
1086:Dutch Republic
1077:
1074:
1019:dynastic union
946:
945:
943:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
861:
860:
856:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
823:2nd Mozambique
820:
818:1st Mozambique
814:
813:
809:
808:
803:
801:2nd Guararapes
798:
796:1st Guararapes
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
727:
726:
720:
719:
714:
708:
707:
703:
700:
699:
690:
688:
687:
680:
673:
665:
657:
656:
654:
653:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
593:
581:
569:
557:
545:
533:
520:
518:
516:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
493:
481:
469:
457:
445:
444:Pedro da Silva
435:
425:
406:
394:
385:Rui de Andrada
375:
363:
361:Salvador de Sá
351:
339:
327:
314:
311:
310:
306:
305:
303:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
252:
243:Dutch Republic
231:
229:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
193:
169:
168:
164:
163:
160:
159:
140:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
68:Atlantic Ocean
66:
64:
60:
59:
56:
48:
47:
37:
36:
30:
29:
26:
24:
18:Luso-Dutch War
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6665:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6523:
6515:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6503:
6495:
6494:
6491:
6481:
6480:Hanwella fort
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6470:Sitawaka fort
6468:
6466:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6456:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6434:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6413:
6407:
6404:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6395:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6385:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6329:
6327:
6325:
6321:
6315:
6314:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6293:
6284:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6264:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6240:
6230:
6229:1591 invasion
6227:
6225:
6224:1560 invasion
6222:
6221:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6211:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6167:Kalinga Magha
6165:
6164:
6162:
6160:
6156:
6146:
6143:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6086:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6073:
6070:
6069:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6048:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6008:
6002:
5999:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5965:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5929:
5923:
5920:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5885:
5883:
5879:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5816:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5787:
5784:
5777:
5773:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5760:
5755:
5753:
5748:
5746:
5741:
5740:
5737:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5688:
5675:
5668:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5655:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5642:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5622:
5616:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5606:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5596:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5575:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5565:
5562:
5559:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5548:
5542:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5532:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5519:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5506:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5493:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5480:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5467:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5454:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5437:
5436:
5430:
5423:
5419:
5406:
5403:
5397:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5387:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5377:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5349:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5316:
5315:
5309:
5302:
5298:
5286:
5282:
5281:
5274:
5267:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5254:
5250:
5241:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5221:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5191:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5164:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5154:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5134:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5124:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5111:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5098:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5085:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5075:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5058:
5057:
5051:
5044:
5040:
5027:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5010:
5006:
4997:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4987:
4983:
4974:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4964:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4937:
4933:Masulipatnam
4931:
4928:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4906:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4889:Daman and Diu
4887:
4884:
4883:
4880:
4878:(Thoothukudi)
4874:
4871:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4857:
4855:(Kodungallur)
4851:
4848:
4847:
4844:
4842:(Vasai-Virar)
4838:
4835:
4834:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4762:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4714:
4706:
4696:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4682:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4669:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4647:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4620:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4601:
4591:
4589:(Lakshadweep)
4583:
4580:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4569:
4568:
4562:
4555:
4551:
4538:
4531:
4530:Bandar-e Kong
4528:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4520:Dibba Al-Hisn
4518:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4434:
4428:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4382:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4274:
4273:
4267:
4260:
4256:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4216:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4135:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4097:
4091:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3966:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3923:Fernando Poo
3921:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3853:
3852:
3846:
3839:
3835:
3830:
3813:
3806:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3708:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3603:
3602:
3596:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3574:
3569:
3567:
3562:
3560:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3377:
3373:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3329:
3325:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3280:Loango-Angola
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3171:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2957:Banda Islands
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2892:
2890:
2885:
2883:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2837:9780521303910
2833:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2814:9780198730729
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2797:Israel, J. I.
2794:
2790:
2788:9780986497353
2784:
2780:
2779:
2773:
2766:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2698:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2540:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2521:
2518:
2515:Shipp, p. 22.
2512:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2488:
2481:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2414:81-206-1928-5
2411:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2393:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2339:on 2011-09-27
2338:
2334:
2327:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2299:Vasco da Gama
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2284:Iberian Union
2281:
2278:, joined the
2277:
2276:Sulayman Reis
2273:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2177:Malabar Coast
2174:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2161:Johan de Witt
2158:
2154:
2148:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2112:
2107:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2021:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1980:
1975:
1967:
1965:
1964:in the south
1963:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1764:
1757:
1752:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1694:Ottoman Basra
1691:
1687:
1683:
1682:fall of Qeshm
1678:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1457:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1415:
1410:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1350:Bay of Bengal
1347:
1343:
1342:Malabar Coast
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1254:thalassocracy
1250:
1248:
1244:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1201:in 1600, and
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1183:Spice Islands
1180:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1170:Madre de Deus
1166:
1162:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:Low Countries
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1093:Iberian Union
1089:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:Malabar Coast
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:Iberian Union
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
862:
858:
857:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
815:
811:
810:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
728:
725:
722:
721:
718:
715:
713:
710:
709:
705:
704:
701:
696:
686:
681:
679:
674:
672:
667:
666:
663:
652:
650:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
594:
592:
582:
580:
570:
568:
567:Maarten Tromp
558:
556:
546:
544:
534:
532:
522:
521:
519:
513:
511:Goda Varma II
510:
507:
504:
502:Luis de Rojas
494:
492:
491:Lope de Hoces
482:
480:
470:
468:
458:
456:
446:
436:
426:
422:
417:
407:
405:
404:A. de Meneses
395:
391:
386:
376:
374:
373:F. de Meneses
364:
362:
352:
350:
340:
338:
328:
326:
316:
315:
313:
312:
307:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
265:
254:
253:
251:
250:
249:Supported by:
245:
244:
232:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
206:
195:
194:
192:
191:
190:Supported by:
186:
184:
171:
170:
165:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
62:
61:
57:
54:
53:
49:
43:
38:
33:
19:
6332:Mantri Manai
6311:
6259:Chandrabhanu
6029:in Sinhalese
5979:Caste system
5974:Alagakkonara
5953:Capital city
5827:Bibliography
5807:Kotte period
5673:
5626:19th century
5625:
5623:
5583:18th century
5582:
5580:
5552:17th century
5551:
5549:
5441:16th century
5440:
5438:
5404:
5361:16th century
5360:
5358:
5346:
5345:
5332:
5331:
5320:15th century
5319:
5317:
5272:
5249:20th century
5248:
5246:
5204:19th century
5203:
5201:
5172:17th century
5171:
5169:
5062:16th century
5061:
5059:
5025:
5005:18th century
5004:
5002:
4982:17th century
4981:
4979:
4680:(Nagapatnam)
4600:16th century
4599:
4597:
4573:15th century
4572:
4570:
4536:
4438:17th century
4437:
4435:
4407:Tarut Island
4278:16th century
4277:
4275:
4263:Middle East
4229:Anosy Region
4206:
4178:19th century
4177:
4175:
4144:18th century
4143:
4141:
4101:17th century
4100:
4098:
4002:Saint Helena
3970:16th century
3969:
3967:
3857:15th century
3856:
3854:
3811:
3712:16th century
3711:
3709:
3607:15th century
3606:
3604:
3592:North Africa
3032:Commandments
3006:Directorates
2945:Governorates
2823:
2800:
2777:
2763:
2738:
2735:Boxer, C. R.
2709:
2685:. Retrieved
2683:. 2019-06-26
2680:
2671:
2659:
2647:
2635:
2623:
2611:
2606:Klein p. 47.
2602:
2594:
2589:
2581:
2576:
2566:21 September
2564:. Retrieved
2554:
2544:21 September
2542:. Retrieved
2527:
2520:
2511:
2502:
2491:. Retrieved
2480:
2471:
2462:
2454:
2427:
2421:
2405:
2400:
2390:– via
2385:. Retrieved
2373:
2369:
2363:
2352:
2341:. Retrieved
2337:the original
2326:
2272:Jan Janszoon
2214:Dutch Brazil
2181:
2169:
2150:
2131:
2116:
2060:
2037:
2026:
1994:
1992:
1985:
1951:
1938:
1927:Mauritsstadt
1926:
1916:
1881:
1871:
1865:
1827:
1820:
1800:
1789:
1773:
1769:
1737:
1733:
1714:
1706:mare clausum
1705:
1679:
1671:
1659:
1644:
1609:
1598:
1591:
1570:(modern-day
1560:
1541:
1509:Sea of Japan
1497:Cape Comorin
1462:
1443:mare clausum
1441:
1437:Mare Liberum
1435:
1432:The Free Sea
1431:
1428:Hugo Grotius
1421:
1419:
1330:Cape Comorin
1318:Persian Gulf
1271:
1251:
1239:
1215:
1206:
1191:Indian Ocean
1168:
1158:
1133:
1105:Dutch Revolt
1090:
1079:
1076:Introduction
1066:
1031:
1027:
954:
952:
895:Persian Gulf
885:Cape Rachado
766:4th Salvador
751:Mata Redonda
741:3rd Salvador
736:2nd Salvador
731:1st Salvador
692:
648:
638:Rajasinha II
591:Gerard Hulft
505:Goda Varma I
455:Luis Fajardo
248:
247:
233:
207:(until 1640)
189:
188:
172:
167:Belligerents
6522:WikiProject
6465:Avissawella
6442:Rajasinha I
6377:(1521–1594)
6263:Tambralinga
6148:(1232–1620)
6062:Dambadeniya
6057:Polonnaruwa
6021:Literature
5871:(1232–1597)
5793:1232 – 1341
5664:Upper Peru
5638:Cisplatina
5396:Nova Scotia
5373:Terra Nova
4962:(Sri Lanka)
4853:Cranganore
4712:(Kozhikode)
4665:Pallipuram
4450:Khor Fakkan
4403:1521?–1551?
4227:A factory (
3765:(El Jadida)
3739:(Essaouira)
3667:(El Jadida)
3384:(1815–1975)
3358:Smeerenburg
3346:Settlements
3336:(1614–1642)
3290:Slave Coast
3182:(1621–1792)
3114:settlements
3072:Banjarmasin
3059:Residencies
2962:Cape Colony
2919:(1602–1798)
2652:Bruijn 2011
2628:Israel 1995
2364:Navigations
2224:Colonialism
1947:Porto Calvo
1931:New Holland
1831:South India
1667:conquer Goa
1537:Arabian Sea
1527:(until the
1523:along with
1489:Mesopotamia
1404:Casus belli
1258:choke point
1236:: Portugal.
1218:East Indies
1145:Philippines
1125:spice trade
1011:Netherlands
999:East Indies
935:2nd Colombo
930:1st Colombo
925:2nd Malacca
875:1st Malacca
761:Porto Calvo
419: [
388: [
137:Territorial
84:East Africa
76:West Africa
6537:Categories
6447:Rajasuriya
6415:Government
6342:Yamuna Eri
6307:Setu coins
6242:Government
6079:Kurunegala
5958:Rājākariya
5931:Government
5809:1412– 1592
5801:1341– 1412
5392:1516–1579?
5382:1500–1579?
5369:1500–1579?
5240:Ilha Verde
5190:East Timor
4876:Tuticorin
4772:Chittagong
4678:Negapatam
4629:Cannanore
4558:South Asia
4393:1521–1529?
4362:1515–1633?
4238:from 1879.
4221:from 1753.
4113:Ziguinchor
4045:Madagascar
3879:Cape Verde
3778:(Azemmour)
3501:New Guinea
3494:Until 1962
3473:Until 1954
3457:Until 1949
3448:Gold Coast
3441:Until 1872
3425:Until 1853
3406:Coromandel
3394:Until 1825
3285:Senegambia
3275:Gold Coast
3112:Opperhoofd
2977:Coromandel
2699:References
2687:2023-10-04
2640:Rowen 1985
2616:Rowen 1985
2538:0822322900
2493:2013-10-20
2437:0198227299
2387:2022-03-26
2376:: 81–116.
2343:2009-05-08
2268:Protestant
2083:Massangano
2065:and Queen
2058:followed.
1925:, renamed
1680:After the
1544:West Asian
1513:New Guinea
1487:, Arabia,
1155:Background
1056:, and the
1038:Mozambique
997:, and the
967:Portuguese
853:3rd Luanda
843:2nd Luanda
838:2nd Elmina
833:1st Elmina
828:1st Luanda
806:2nd Recife
786:Casa Forte
746:1st Recife
266:(sporadic)
211:Ming China
6458:Landmarks
6437:Mayadunne
6324:Landmarks
6050:Landmarks
5666:(Bolivia)
5647:1809–1817
5640:(Uruguay)
5634:1808–1822
5611:1772–1775
5601:1772–1775
5591:1751–1772
5570:1680–1777
5560:1621–1751
5537:1536–1620
5449:1500–1822
5265:(Hengqin)
5180:1642–1975
5159:1580–1586
5149:1557–1999
5143:Larantuka
5139:1515–1859
5129:1512–1665
5080:1512–1621
5070:1511–1641
4969:1558–1573
4956:1518–1658
4946:1518–1521
4899:Mangalore
4726:(Pulicat)
4644:1659–1661
4581:1498–1545
4516:1624–1648
4466:1621–1622
4423:1588–1648
4413:1550–1551
4372:1521–1602
4342:1515–1650
4322:1515–1648
4309:1515–1622
4299:1507–1643
4286:1506–1615
4196:1885–1974
4186:1879–1974
4165:1753–1975
4158:(Mombasa)
4156:Mombassa
4152:1728–1729
4129:1687–1974
4119:1680–1961
4109:1645–1888
4089:(Mombasa)
4087:Mombassa
4083:1593–1698
4071:1588–1974
4061:1575–1975
4051:1557–1578
4041:1508–1547
4031:1506–1511
4018:1505–1512
4008:1503–1698
3998:1502–1659
3988:1501–1975
3978:1500–1630
3955:1498–1540
3945:1482–1642
3932:1482–1637
3919:1478–1778
3909:1474–1778
3897:1471–1975
3885:1470–1975
3875:1462–1975
3865:1455–1633
3798:1577–1589
3785:1515–1541
3772:1513–1541
3759:1506–1769
3746:1506–1525
3733:1506–1525
3720:1505–1541
3684:1488–1541
3661:1485–1550
3651:1471–1662
3638:1471–1550
3625:1458–1550
3615:1415–1640
3353:Jan Mayen
3224:Essequibo
3136:Mauritius
3102:Pontianak
3092:Palembang
2664:Blok 1928
2382:0874-8438
2095:Imbangala
2011:in 1654.
1921:and then
1837:in 1661.
1715:In 1624,
1539:as well.
1517:Melanesia
1414:St. Thomé
1386:Indonesia
1195:Amsterdam
1017:was in a
771:Itamaracá
717:The Downs
623:Said Syah
543:Piet Hein
226:Potiguara
108:Indochina
58:1598–1663
6502:Category
6427:Monarchs
6422:Monarchy
6249:Monarchs
6106:Kelaniya
6067:Yapahuwa
5989:Salagama
5943:Monarchs
5938:Monarchy
5832:Timeline
5564:Maranhão
5541:Barbados
5386:Labrador
5163:Nagasaki
5133:Makassar
4996:Mylapore
4973:Maldives
4950:Maldives
4819:(Mumbai)
4761:Mylapore
4631:(Kannur)
4381:Muharraq
4241:Part of
4234:Part of
4224:Or 1600.
4217:Part of
4012:Zanzibar
3902:Príncipe
3890:São Tomé
3804:(Asilah)
3791:(Mehdya)
3763:Mazagan
3737:Mogador
3726:(Agadir)
3701:Graciosa
3665:Mazagan
3644:(Asilah)
3520:Suriname
3234:Pomeroon
3219:Demerara
3097:Preanger
3082:Cheribon
2992:Moluccas
2799:(1995).
2737:(1969).
2562:. Awake!
2187:See also
2097:allies.
2079:Benguela
2052:São Tomé
1958:Maranhão
1954:São Luís
1725:Songtham
1362:Mylapore
1358:São Tomé
1097:Habsburg
1084:and the
1058:Moluccas
1015:Portugal
1009:and the
991:Americas
915:Mormugão
791:Tamanare
756:Abrolhos
628:Songtham
183:Portugal
104:Moluccas
63:Location
6387:History
6295:Culture
6159:History
6084:Gampola
6025:in Pali
6010:Culture
5967:Society
5882:History
5864:Gampola
5822:Outline
5774:topics
5653:(Amapá)
5334:Madeira
5220:Coloane
5097:Ternate
4840:Baçaím
4830:Ponnani
4817:Bombay
4709:Calicut
4618:(Kochi)
4616:Cochim
4526:1624?–?
4490:Libedia
4456:1621?–?
4376:Bahrain
4352:1515?–?
4326:Quriyat
4315:(Ormus)
4313:Hormuz
4035:Socotra
4024:(Kilwa)
4022:Quíloa
3982:Malindi
3936:Elmina
3925:(Bioko)
3913:Annobón
3802:Arzila
3776:Azamor
3678:Ouadane
3655:Tangier
3642:Arzila
3522:gained
3514:Became
3485:Surinam
3416:Suratte
3411:Malacca
3244:Surinam
3209:Cayenne
3199:Berbice
3121:Myanmar
3077:Batavia
3044:Malabar
3023:Suratte
2987:Malacca
2982:Formosa
2967:Celebes
2936:Batavia
2755:Sources
2597:p. 127.
2392:Redalyc
2165:Holland
2135:Matamba
1996:mulatto
1962:Sergipe
1862:, 1631.
1816:Colombo
1721:Spanish
1647:Batavia
1630:on the
1612:Amboina
1595:Jesuits
1572:Jakarta
1568:Batavia
1507:to the
1473:Malacca
1382:Celebes
1370:Malacca
1366:Pulicat
1344:and to
1340:on the
1334:Calicut
1165:galleon
1137:Formosa
1046:Malacca
940:Malabar
870:Amboina
781:Tabocas
776:Paraíba
649:†
264:England
139:changes
116:Formosa
6512:Portal
5994:Durava
5984:Karava
5866:&
5674:
5531:Brazil
5528:
5518:Brazil
5515:
5502:
5489:
5479:Brazil
5476:
5463:
5453:Brazil
5405:
5348:Azores
5273:
5123:Tidore
5120:
5107:
5094:
5084:Maluku
5026:
4911:
4749:
4701:
4650:Quilon
4642:
4537:
4506:1624–?
4496:1624–?
4486:1623–?
4480:Khasab
4476:1623–?
4460:As Sib
4446:1620–?
4427:Matrah
4385:Manama
4346:Muscat
4336:Qalhat
4332:1515–?
4290:Gamru
4207:
4134:Bissau
4076:Cacheu
3869:Arguim
3812:
3690:(Safi)
3688:Safim
3432:Dejima
3401:Bengal
3270:Arguin
3249:Tobago
3204:Brazil
3151:Tonkin
3131:Dejima
3126:Canton
3087:Malang
3067:Bantam
3039:Bantam
3018:Persia
3013:Bengal
2972:Ceylon
2834:
2811:
2785:
2745:
2707:about
2584:p. 57.
2535:
2457:Vol. V
2434:
2412:
2380:
2091:Muxima
2089:, and
2087:Ambaca
2075:Luanda
2071:Ndongo
2067:Nzinga
2040:Elmina
1923:Recife
1919:Olinda
1911:Recife
1907:Olinda
1796:Anping
1792:colony
1719:led a
1690:Muscat
1686:Hormuz
1600:sakoku
1548:Lisbon
1525:Bombay
1501:Ceylon
1485:Persia
1481:Hormuz
1475:, and
1469:Hormuz
1346:Ceylon
1338:Cochin
1314:Hormuz
1282:Sofala
1175:pounds
1143:, the
1141:Ceylon
1052:, the
1050:Ceylon
1042:Angola
1040:, and
1034:Brazil
995:Africa
977:, the
900:Hormuz
880:Changi
865:Bantam
812:Africa
724:Brazil
706:Europe
645:
261:
240:
202:
180:
127:Result
92:Ceylon
80:Angola
5868:Kotte
5837:Years
5492:Bahia
5230:Taipa
5153:Macau
5110:Ambon
4923:Hugli
4866:Surat
4797:Chalé
4787:Chaul
4737:Chaul
4510:Madha
4500:Kalba
4470:Qeshm
4417:Qatif
4397:Qatif
4356:Barka
4303:Sohar
4055:Accra
3750:Aguz
3619:Ceuta
3146:Timor
2952:Ambon
2768:(PDF)
2747:56691
2318:Notes
1811:Galle
1778:, to
1756:Kochi
1477:Macau
1398:Macau
1394:Japan
1390:China
1322:Basra
1306:Mecca
1294:Daman
1286:Kilwa
1234:Green
1013:, as
1007:Spain
959:Dutch
920:Galle
905:Jambi
890:Macau
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120:Japan
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5660:1822
5342:1432
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3141:Siam
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