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The Luzūmiyyāt are perhaps the most expressive of al-Ma'arri's works, sharing a human vision not in a systematic philosophy but in poetic fragments. The language is for the most part distinctively erudite, including legal, medical, scientific and philosophical terms as well as many rarely-used words,
154:
The poems are terse, each having six or seven lines on average. Each of these poems represents a brief and painful thought, or some paradox, or the overturning of a common idea. Exploits of rhyme and abstruse grammar contain a wry humour and moments of absurdity. Nothing is discussed at length; each
150:
In his own introduction, al-Ma'arri described the work as a glorification of God, an admonition for the forgetful, an awakening of the negligent, and a warning against the world's derision of God. He also condemned the falsity of many poets, who lived comfortably but pretended, in their verse, to be
110:
said of his work "There is no other scholar of language.... who achieved what Abu al-Ala'a did. There was scarcely a single expression in the language that he did not use in poetry or in prose, and I do not think any other writer or poet so well commanded the matter of the Arabic language, measured
158:
We find in them his view that religion is a superstition; wine, an unmitigated evil; virtue, its own reward; doubt, a way to truth; reason, the only guide to truth. The heterodox ideas alluded to in these poems include a respect for all living beings that informed al-Ma'arri's veganism, a doctrine
114:
The most striking aspect of Al-Ma'arri's style is his extraordinary command of grammar and morphology which mark him out as a master of the Arabic language. These stylistic elements are means by which the poet imparts the quality of complexity to his readers, as he points the way towards
178:
contained passages mocking not only Jews and
Christians, but also fanatic Muslims. During the poet's life, the ideas in the collection do not seem to led to any lack of regard for him. After his death however, pious Muslim scholars were inclined not to emphasise his thought.
537:
76:
This is a reference to the difficult, 'unnecessary' rhyme scheme which al-Ma'arri applied to his work. This self-imposed technical challenge was a parallel to other constraints he adopted in his own life, including
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81:
and virtual social isolation. The poems were written over a period of many years and bear no individual titles. They were circulated by Al-Ma'arri under the title
142:
106:
but also includes proverbs and casual speech. Abu
Zakaria al-Tabrizi said about him: "I don't know that the Arabs uttered any word without al-Ma'ari knowing it."
61:, comprising nearly 1600 short poems organised in alphabetical order and observing a novel double-consonant rhyme scheme devised by the poet himself.
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during his lifetime. The poems are known chiefly for the ideas they contain, written in an ironic and, at times, cynical tone. Unlike traditional
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326:
883:
617:
Mannerism in Arabic Poetry: A Structural
Analysis of Selected Texts (3rd Century AH/9th Century AD - 5th Century AH/11th Century AD)
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La Epístola del Perdón de Abú Al-Alá Al-Ma'arrí y su relación con la literatura occidental. Traducción española y estudio crítico
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Not all critics have taken such a positive view of the work, which has also been characterised as "taṣannuʿ" (
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unconventional ideas while leaving readers aesthetic and intellectual space to come to their own conclusions.
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Philosophy of
Nonviolence: Revolution, Constitutionalism, and Justice Beyond the Middle East
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Le Poète
Aveugle: Extraits des Poèmes et des Lettres d'Aboû 'l-'Alâ' Al-Ma'arrî (363 A. H.)
126:) (mannerism, affectation or hypocrisy) and "almost devoid of artistic beauty or novelty."
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230:(vols. xxix., xxx., xxxi. and xxxviii). The first major English language edition of the
218:. The collection came to the general attention of European scholars through the work of
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it and deployed it to best use, with such accuracy and sincerity as Abu al-Ala'a did".
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facing the hardships of the desert or describing the beauties of an imagined beloved.
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199:. He also published a few short extracts of al-Ma'arri's work in his 1656 edition of
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757:"Inventory of the Oriental Manuscripts of the Library of the University of Leiden"
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The
Luzumiyat of Abu'l-Ala: Selected from his Luzum ma la Yalzam and Suct us-Zand
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The
Luzumiyat of Abu'l-Ala: Selected from His Luzum ma la Yalzam and Suct uz-Zand
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belief in final annihilation. He also expressed his commitment to non-violence.
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787:"Arabic Poetry as Teaching Material in Early Modern Grammars and Textbooks"
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Carlyle's introduction to Al-Ma'arri and a quatrain from the Luzūmiyyāt.
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214:, who included and freely translated a quatrain from it in his 1796
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Ashtiany, Julia; Smith, Gerald Rex; Johnstone, T. M. (1990-03-30).
89:, they focus on doubt, uncertainty, sin, death, and the afterlife.
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Abedalkareem Taha
Ababneh, Imad (2006-07-04). "Introduction 1.3".
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poem contains ideas left incomplete or questions unresolved.
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Carlyle's free translation of a quatrain from the Luzūmiyyāt.
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The title has been variously translated into
English as
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Zeitschrift der
Deutschen Morgenhindischen Gesellschaft
538:"فيزياء الشعر: لزوميات أبي العلاء المعري أنموذجاً"
101:Title page of a modern edition of the Luzūmiyyāt.
224:Ober die philosophischen Gedichte des Abu-l-`Ala
318:The Epistle of Forgiveness: Volumes One and Two
472:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia
226:(Vienna, 1888) as well as his articles in the
508:Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb (1960).
74:Committing oneself to what is not obligatory.
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620:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2.
174:In addition to these unorthodox ideas, the
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293:Rihani's translated selections from the
159:described by some of his biographers as
57:) is the second collection of poetry by
727:. Oxford University Press. p. 88.
315:Abu l-'Ala al-Ma'arri (15 March 2016).
307:
567:"اللزوميات.. فوح رحيق "رهين المحبسين""
195:, now held in the collections of the
7:
847:Abu al-Ala al-Maarri (2019-11-25).
123:
54:
40:
14:
590:"أبو العلاء المعري في سجون اللغة"
514:. Brill Archive. pp. 928–31
565:Najm, As-Said (27 March 2015).
475:. Psychology Press. p. 7.
424:. Albert Rihani. pp. 14–15
16:Poetry collection by Al-Ma'arri
383:. Cambridge University Press.
1:
191:acquired a manuscript of the
648:Hatem, Anouar (March 1954).
276:, translated by Ameen Rihani
702:. Paris: Charles Carrington
650:"Présentation d'Al-Ma'arri"
614:Stefan Sperl (2004-06-07).
418:Ameen Fares Rihani (1944).
287:Specimens of Arabian Poetry
203:'s work on Arabic grammar.
167:and appeared to espouse in
70:The Self-Imposed Compulsion
25:Al-Maʿarri by Khalil Gibran
900:
884:Medieval Arabic literature
853:. Good Press. pp. 58–
825:The Luzumiyat of Abu'l-Ala
511:The Encyclopaedia of Islam
421:The Luzumiyat of Abu'l-Ala
321:. NYU Press. p. xxv.
216:Specimens of Arabic Poetry
450:. Encyclopedia Britannica
696:Salmon, Georges (1904).
802:10.1163/j.ctt1w8h2b9.15
764:islamicmanuscripts.info
822:Rihani, Ameen (1918).
721:Chibli Mallat (2015).
469:Josef W. Meri (2006).
380:Abbasid Belles Lettres
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828:. New York: J.T.White
242:, published in 1918.
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66:Unnecessary Necessity
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588:As-Sa'ad, Muhammad.
197:University of Leiden
183:Western scholarship
785:Loop, Jan (2017).
755:Witkam, Jan Just.
260:Resalat Al-Ghufran
187:The Dutch Arabist
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46:Luzūm mā lā yalzam
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534:Al-Dayyoub, Samar
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569:. Al-Bayyān
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362:12 November
334:12 November
873:Categories
594:Slaati.com
396:9 November
302:References
295:Luzūmiyyāt
285:Carlyle's
232:Luzūmiyyāt
208:Luzūmiyyāt
193:Luzūmiyyāt
176:Luzūmiyyāt
161:Brahminism
83:Luzúmiyyāt
59:al-Ma'arri
32:Luzūmiyyāt
794:jstor.org
542:nizwa.com
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41:اللزوميات
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246:See also
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130:Ideas
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43:) or
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234:was
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124:تصنع
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