1163:
30:
505:
1588:
Ukrainian population in the city, from around 20% in 1910 to less than 12% by 1931. At the university, all
Ukrainian departments that had opened during the period of Austrian rule were closed save for one, the 1848 Department of Ruthenian Language and Literature, whose chair position was allowed to remain vacant until 1927 before being filled by an ethnic Pole. Most Ukrainian professors were fired, and entrance of ethnic Ukrainians was restricted; in response an underground university in Lwów, and a
732:
3598:
1738:. City's Ukrainian minority initially associated Germans with the previous Austrian times, happier for Ukrainians in comparison to the later Polish and especially Soviet periods. However, already since the beginning of the German occupation of the city, the situation of the city's Jewish inhabitants became tragic. After being subject to deadly pogroms, the Jewish inhabitants of the area were rushed into a newly created
841:
4014:
889:, education in Polish and Ukrainian, and granting Polish with a status of official language. Six regiments of National Guards were formed after the fashion of the revolutionaries in Vienna, with one-half Polish and the other half Ukrainian. However, the Polish revolutionaries soon forced the Ukrainian regiments to disband and merge into the Polish ones, thus causing ethnic tensions between the groups.
1722:
1953:
1013:
1630:
1261:). After securing control of Lviv, Polish authorities shut down all Ukrainian institutions and societies, conducted mass arrests of Ukrainians, forced Ukrainians to work on Greek Catholic religious holidays, and dismissed most Ukrainian civil servants. Ukrainian members of the city council resigned in protest, and no Ukrainian would sit on the city council until 1927.
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721:
3175:
assassinated by the son of the Jewish pogrom victims. Over 5,000 Jews were hunted down and most of them killed in honor of the "celebration." Emigres from
Ukraine and Ukrainians from Poland were in the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), which pledged Hitler its "most loyal obedience" in building a Europe "free of Jews, Bolsheviks and plutocrats.
1227:
Polish. So, while the
Ukrainian residents enthusiastically supported the proclamation and the city's significant Jewish minority accepted or remained neutral towards the Ukrainian proclamation, the Polish residents were shocked to find themselves in a proclaimed Ukrainian state. Ukrainian soldiers moved to detain the Austrian governor of Galicia,
713:
1231:. The governor staunchly refused to formally hand over power to the Ukrainian National Council. On November 2, Huyn announced that he is no longer able to perform his official duties and handed his authority over to his Ukrainian deputy, Volodymyr Detsykevych, who in turn relinquished his powers to Ukrainian leaders.
1257:, the regular Polish forces reached the city on November 19 and by November 22, the Ukrainian troops were forced out. When the Polish forces captured the city, elements of Polish soldiery begun to loot and burn much of the Jewish and Ukrainian quarters of the city, killing approximately 340 civilians (see:
3174:
The facts remain that in Lvov, two days after the
Germans took over, a three-day pogrom by Ukrainians resulted in the killing of 6,000 Jews, mostly by uniformed Ukrainian "militia", in the Brygidky prison. July 25 was declared "Petliura Day", after the Ukrainian leader of the Civil War period who was
1794:
and sent to Nazi concentration camps, where both of
Bandera's brothers were executed. The policy of the occupying power turned quickly harsh towards Ukrainians as well. Some of the Ukrainian nationalists were driven underground, and from that time forward, they fought against the Nazis, but continued
795:
priests, the university established the
Ruthenian Scientific Institute for non-Latin speaking students in 1787. These students were required to learn Philosophy for two years in their native language, Ruthenian and Polish, before studying Theology in Latin. The importance of the institute declined in
1226:
was proclaimed on
November 1, 1918, with Lviv as its capital. The proclamation of the Republic—which claimed sovereignty over largely Ukrainian-populated territories— was a complete surprise for the Poles, who constituted a majority in the city. The Poles considered the territory claimed by the WUPR
1556:
Lwów had grown significantly from 219,000 inhabitants in 1921, to 312,200 in 1931 and an estimated number of 318,000 residents in 1939. Although Poles constituted a majority, Jews formed more than a one-fourth of population. Ukrainian minority was also sizable one. There were also other minorities,
912:
declared, and all houses were subject to search. The terms included the disarming of the
Academical Legion, which was composed mostly of students, a reorganization of the National Guards and placed under the General's control, and the registration of all foreigners, as these persons were blamed in
861:
the city's educational and governmental functions. The university was closed in 1805 and re-opened in 1817 as a purely German academy, without much influence over the city's life. Most of other social and cultural organizations were banned as well. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries a large
896:
was crushed on 2 November 1848, discontent spread among the revolutionaries. Arguments quickly broke out between the
National Guard and regular Austrian troops garrisoned in the city. The commander of the garrison, General William Friedrich von Hammerstein, ordered the National Guards confined to
1573:
etc. Though their numbers may not have been numerically significant, their presence nonetheless enriched and enhanced Lwów's multicultural character and heritage. The city was, right after the capital of Warsaw, the second most important cultural and academic centre of Poland (in academical year
1322:
was trying to reach the city from the north and east. At the same time Lviv was preparing the defence. The inhabitants raised and fully equipped three regiments of infantry and two regiments of cavalry as well as constructed defensive lines. The city was defended by an equivalent of three Polish
1603:
or Polish character. Unlike in
Austrian times, when the size and number of public parades or other cultural expressions such as parades or religious processions corresponded to each cultural group's relative population, during Polish rule limitations were placed on public displays of Jewish and
1587:
At the same time, the Polish government reduced the rights of the local Ukrainians, closing down many of the Ukrainian schools. Other schools were turned into bilingual ones by the Polish government that were, in effect, Polish. Increased Polish settlement reduced the relative percentage of the
294:
states that in 1261 "Said Buronda to Vasylko: 'Since you are at peace with me then raze all your castles'". Basil Dmytryshyn states that the order was implied to be regarding the fortifications as a whole "If you wish to have peace with me, then destroy your cities". According to the
1868:, which they claimed was in retaliation for the NKVD's earlier killings (though Jews were also killed during the NKVD purge). Many Holocaust scholars attribute much of the killing to the Ukrainian nationalists. However the killers' actual political orientation and relation to the
1036:
in Vienna, drew in many prominent cultural and political leaders, and therefore served as a meeting place of Ukrainian, Polish, Jewish and German cultures. In Lviv, according to the Austrian census of 1910, which listed religion and language, 51% of the city's population were
862:
influx of Germans and German-speaking Czech bureaucrats gave the city a character that by the 1840s was quite German, in its orderliness and in the appearance and popularity of German coffeehouses. A rivalry developed between the new German elites and the older Polish elites.
800:, which had an ancient and well-established university. Both schools were merged in 1805, and Lviv lost its status as a university city. However, this short period produced a great deal of intellectual activity such as the work of Johann Wenzel Hann, who from 1792 was a
1826:
the city was handed over to the Soviet Union. As before, the Soviet authorities quickly turned hostile to the city's Poles, including the members of the Polish Home Army (whose leaders were subsequently executed by the Soviets), and the genocidal policies restarted.
3022:
How are we ... to explain the phenomenon of Ukrainians rejoicing and collaborating with the Soviets? Who were these Ukrainians? That they were Ukrainians is certain, but were they communists, Nationalists, unattached peasants? The Answer is "yes" – they were all
768:, began to be published. The city grew during the 19th century, increasing in population from approximately 30,000 at the time of Austrian annexation in 1772 to 196,000 by 1910 and to 212,000 three years later; as a result of this rapid growth in population,
804:, eminent lecturer, poet and translator of Polish poetry into German after learning Polish himself. Physician Franz Masoch and his assistant Peter Krausnecker made significant contributions to the development of vaccination and the fight against
2178:
by repeated missile and aerial attacks by the Russian military. Military targets and infrastructure targets were attacked, but there were victims among civilian population and some residential buildings were hit -most recently in December 2023.
2063:
In the 1950s and 1960s, the city significantly expanded both in population and size. A number of prominent plants and factories were established or moved from eastern parts of the USSR, together with the worforce. The latter resulted in partial
50:
1733:
population considered the German troops as liberators after the two years of genocidal Soviet regime, similarly to many Jewish and Ukrainian inhabitants who had earlier welcomed the Soviets as their liberators from the rule of "bourgeois"
645:, who seized and destroyed the local castle. However, the Cossacks did not retain the city and withdrew, satisfying themselves with a ransom. In 1655 the Swedish armies invaded Poland and soon took most of it. Eventually the Polish king
791:. German was used as a second language in some courses, primarily in Medicine. Eventually, the university established a Chair of German Language and German became the main language of instruction. In order to educate a new generation of
1612:
celebrations in early November. Military parades and commemorations of battles at particular streets within the city, all celebrating the Polish forces who fought against the Ukrainians in 1918, became frequent, and in the 1930s a vast
1596:) were established. In official documents, the Polish authorities also replaced all references to Ukrainians with the old word "Ruthenians", an action that caused many Ukrainians to view their original self-designation with distaste.
2105:, and many others. Each of these employed tens of thousands of workers and were among the largest employers in the region. Most of them survive to this day, although economic difficulties put a drain on their production figures.
1995:
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cheered the Soviet takeover whose stated goal was to protect the Ukrainian population in the area. Depolonisation combined with large scale anti-Polish actions began immediately, with huge numbers of Poles and Jews from Lviv
1651:. Also, a number of Polish troops from Central Poland were trying to reach the city and organise a defence there to buy time to regroup. Thus a 10-day-long defence of the city started and later became known as yet another
908:), as well as the academy building, library, museum, and many streets lined with houses. A committee of public safety composed of prominent residents surrendered to the General that day. A state of siege was put in force,
1048:
The province of Galicia became the only part of the former Polish state with some cultural and political freedom, and the city then served as a major Polish political and cultural centre. Lviv was home to the Polish
2144:. Today the city remains one of the most important centers of Ukrainian cultural, economic and political life and is noted for its beautiful and diverse architecture. In its recent history, Lviv strongly supported
2912:"Feminists Despite Themselves: Women in Ukrainian Community Life, 1884-1939. By Martha Bohachevsky-Chomiak. Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, University of Alberta, 1988. xxv, 460 pp. Plates. Cloth"
1238:
consisting mostly of teenage peasants who were unfamiliar with the city were unable to quell. The Poles soon took control over most of the city centre. Unable to break into the central areas, Ukrainian forces
2428:
on the occasion of the demand of the baskak of the Tatars, Burundai, that the prince Vasylko and Lev raze their cities said Buronda to Vasylko: 'Since you are at peace with me then raze all your castles'
1906:
located on the outskirts of the city, resulted in the almost complete annihilation of the Jewish population. By the time that the Soviet forces reached the town in 1944, only 200–300 Jews remained.
1920:. Many city residents tried to assist and hide the Jews hunted by the Nazis (despite the death penalty imposed for such acts), like for example Leopold Socha, whose story was told in the 2011 film
1856:
Before the war Lviv had the third-largest Jewish population in Poland, which swelled further to over 200,000 Jews as war refugees entered the city. Immediately after the Germans entered the city,
1872:
is still subject to debate. During the four-week pogrom from the end of June to late July, 1941, nearly 4,000 Jews were murdered. On July 25, 1941, a second pogrom, called "Petliura Days" after
929:. Considered to be a type of Polish dialect, it draws its roots from numerous other languages besides Polish. Most of the pleas were accepted twenty years later in 1861: a Galician parliament (
1647:
reached the suburbs of Lviv on September 12 and began a siege. The city's garrison was ordered to hold out at all cost since the strategic position prevented the enemy from crossing into the
1782:" – as stated in the text of the "Act of Proclamation of Ukrainian Statehood". This was done without pre-approval from the Germans and after 15 September 1941 the organisers were arrested.
576:. In the following centuries, the city's population grew rapidly and soon Lwów became a multi-ethnic and multi-religious city as well as an important centre of culture, science, and trade.
278:. Various sources relate the events, which range from destruction of the castle through a complete razing of the city. All the sources agree that it was on the orders of the Mongol general
2288:
Korčinskij, Orest (2006a). "Bijeli Hrvati i problem formiranja države u Prikarpatju" [Eastern Croats and the problem of forming the state in Prykarpattia]. In Nosić, Milan (ed.).
74:
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and provincial administration, both established in Lviv, had extensive privileges and prerogatives, especially in education, culture, and local affairs. In 1894, the city hosted the
1123:
191:
1284:, met with the fierce opposition of western Ukrainians. It recognized Poland's control of the city and the area in exchange for Polish military assistance to Petlura against the
897:
their barracks. After repeated violations, Hammerstein ordered the arrest of the officers, and this caused the National Guards to seize the town center and throw up barricades.
3071:Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія. Інститут історії НАН України.2004р Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія,
1876:, was organized; nearly 2,000 more Jews were killed in Lviv, mostly shot in groups by civilian collaborators after being marched to the Jewish cemetery or to Lunecki prison.
1162:
1222:
led the group of young Ukrainian officers in a decisive action and during the night of October 31 – November 1, the Ukrainian military men took control over the city. The
1746:. The Polish and smaller Ukrainian populations of the city were also subject to harsh policies, which resulted in a number of mass executions both in the city and in the
2080:
1695:
eastward into the Soviet Union. About 30 thousand were deported in the beginning of 1940 alone. A smaller percentage of the Ukrainian population was deported as well.
1608:
celebrations, dedicated to the Polish defence of Lviv, became a major Polish public celebration, and were integrated by the Roman Catholic Church into the traditional
2347:
987:, as official languages. The Germanisation had been halted and the censorship lifted as well. Galicia was subject to the Austrian part of the Dual Monarchy, but the
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During Habsburg rule Lviv became one of the most important Polish, Ukrainian and Jewish cultural centers. The city, granted the right to send delegates to the
1574:
1937/38 there were 9,100 students, attending 5 higher education facilities including widely renowned university and institute of technology). Together with
669:
310:, which dates from 1256. As a major trade center, Lviv attracted German, Armenian, and other groups of merchants. The city grew quickly due to an influx of
3984:
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diets as well as leaders of Ukrainian political parties. The council announced the intention to unite the West Ukrainian lands into a single state. As the
3707:
1831:
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and culture, unlike other parts of Ukraine under Russian rule, where, prior to 1905, all publications in Ukrainian were prohibited as part of an intense
878:
2005:
rural areas around the city, as well as from other parts of the Soviet Union arrived, attracted by the city's rapidly growing industrial needs. This
2229:Я. Ісаєвич, М. Литвин, Ф. Стеблій / Iсторія Львова. У трьох томах (History of Lviv in Three Volumes). Львів : Центр Європи, 2006. – Т. 1, p7.
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forced the head of the local police to resign and the local assembly issued a resolution refusing to accept the fraudulent first official results.
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2006:
1861:
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901:
2890:
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1759:
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1930:, describes how he was saved by a Ukrainian policeman named Bodnar. The Lvivans hid thousands of Jews, many of them were later recognized as
3295:
2149:
1975:
demanded to keep the territory the Soviet Union annexed during its invasion of Poland at the beginning of the war. Although U.S. President
921:
After the revolution of 1848 the languages of instruction at the university re-introduced Ukrainian and Polish. Around that time a certain
3750:
3350:
1614:
1323:
divisions aided by one Ukrainian infantry division. Finally after almost a month of heavy fighting on August 16 the Red Army crossed the
129:
with more than a millennium of history as a settlement, and over seven centuries as a city. Prior to the creation of the modern state of
3080:І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940–1942 роках. — Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004
2845:
1964:
1835:
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The Swedes laid siege to Lviv, but were forced to retreat before capturing it. The following year saw Lviv invaded by the armies of the
158:
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517:
142:
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1926:, helped two Jewish families to survive in the sewers, where they were hiding after liquidation of the ghetto. Wiesenthal's memoir,
1644:
2140:
With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Lviv became part of the newly independent Ukraine, serving as the capital of the
307:
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904:
under the command of General Hammerstein commenced bombardment of the city center for three hours, setting fire to the town hall (
3855:
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1006:
1002:
753:
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In the 17th century Lviv was besieged unsuccessfully several times. Constant struggles against invading armies gave it the motto
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1935:
1707:
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2352:(in Ukrainian). Lviv: Krypiakevych Institute of Ukrainian Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. p. 77.
1361:. The city, which was the third biggest in Poland, became one of the most important centres of science, sports and culture of
3910:
1621:. The Polish government fostered the idea of Lviv as an eastern Polish outpost standing strong against the eastern "hordes."
1131:
1082:
302:
After Daniel's death, Lev rebuilt Lviv around the year 1270. By choosing Lviv as his residence, Lev made Lviv the capital of
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Recent archaeological excavations show that the area of Lviv has been populated since at least the 5th century, with the
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1779:
1575:
122:
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Paul R. Magocsi. (2010). A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pg. 638
2171:
1900:
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in Paris agreed to leave the city under Polish administration until its future was resolved by a post-war treaty or a
769:
689:
481:
3004:
Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947
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Immediately, the Polish majority of Lviv, a city of over 200,000, started an armed uprising that the 1,400 Ukrainian
1671:) replaced the Germans around the city. On September 21 Langner formally surrendered to Soviet troops under Marshal
939:
was granted vast autonomy, both cultural and economic. The university was also allowed to start lectures in Polish.
735:
During Austrian rule, Lviv became the capital of the crown land Galicia and had its own regional assembly (pictured)
29:
3885:
3617:
3437:
2156:. Hundreds of thousands of people would gather in freezing temperature to demonstrate for the Orange camp. Acts of
1743:
1195:
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communities. By the first half of the 17th century, the city had approximately 25,000–30,000 inhabitants. About 30
450:
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1678:
The Soviet and Nazi forces divided Poland between themselves and a rigged plebiscite absorbed the Soviet-occupied
1045:. Linguistically, 86% of the city's population used the Polish language and 11% preferred the Ukrainian language.
396:
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3820:
3597:
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1992:
1884:
1823:
1664:
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1337:. The fighting occurred with heavy casualties on both sides, but after three days the assault was halted and the
1119:
1062:
1058:
792:
1151:
429:, which implied that all city issues were to be resolved by a city council elected by the wealthy citizens. The
4040:
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1796:
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1202:) was formed in the city, consisting of Ukrainian members of the Austrian parliament and regional Galician and
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campaign. The city housed the largest and most influential Ukrainian institutions in the world, including the
693:
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383:
After Boleslaus Yuriy of Masovia and Halych death in 1340, the rights to his domain were passed to his fellow
3760:
3492:
2075:
460:, who in 1372 put Lviv together with the region of Galicia-Volhynia under the administration of his relative
3815:
3632:
2788:
2045:
2028:
being a general Soviet policy in post-war Ukraine, in Lviv it was combined with the disestablishment of the
1921:
1656:
1273:
1250:
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and a slow yet steady process of liberalisation of Austrian rule in Galicia started. From 1873, Galicia was
811:
438:
220:
111:
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186:
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1687:
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in 1349 when Casimir built two new castles. From then on the population was subjected to attempts to both
1303:
1297:
665:
468:. When Władysław retreated from the post of its governor in 1387 Galicia-Volhynia became occupied by the
3905:
3875:
3830:
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1984:
1976:
995:. Lviv grew rapidly, becoming the 4th largest in Austria-Hungary, according to the census of 1910. Many
783:. Lectures were held almost exclusively in Latin, although some lectures, such as Pastoral Theology and
701:
521:
493:
407:
400:
388:
197:
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1157:
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822:, a scientific institute. Early in the 19th century the city became the new seat of the primate of the
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public edifices and tenement houses were erected, and buildings from the Austrian period, such as the
653:
and proclaimed Her the Patron and Queen of the lands in his kingdom at Lwów Latin Cathedral in 1656 (
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altered the traditional ethnic composition of the city, which was already drastically changed as the
1699:
745:
3915:
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3702:
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2074:), which produced most of the buses in the Soviet Union and employed upwards of 30,000, TV factory
1938:
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1358:
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guarding the Commonwealth from the south-east. Three archbishoprics were once located in the city:
212:
1883:
was established after the pogroms, holding around 120,000 Jews, most of whom were deported to the
1584:(The Eastern Trade Fair) held annually since 1921, which had fostered the city's economic growth.
3052:
2939:
2585:
2263:
2157:
2057:
1917:
1758:). On June 30, 1941, the first day of the German occupation of the city, one of the wings of the
1640:
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an autonomous province of Austria-Hungary with Polish and, to a much lesser degree, Ukrainian or
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545:
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457:
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41:
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and many others. Since the 16th century, the religious mosaic of the city also included strong
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Korčinskij, Orest (2006b). "Stiljski grad" [City of Stiljsko]. In Nosić, Milan (ed.).
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Lviv celebrated its 750th year in September 2006. One large event was a light show around the
2153:
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1980:
1941:
1931:
1916:) was one of the most notable Jews of Lviv to survive the war, though he was transported to a
1815:
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A Lenin statue in Lviv being removed after the arrival of German troops in the summer of 1941.
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Christoph Mick "Lemberg, Lwów, L'viv, 1914–1947. Violence and Ethnicity in a Contested City"
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In the period of Soviet liberalization of the mid-to-end 1980s until the early 1990s (see
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1580:
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1319:
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controlled by the government of the West Ukrainian People's Republic were captured by the
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The city's fortifications were strengthened, with Lviv becoming one of the most important
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78:
65:
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3187:
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926:
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1065:, and Polish Archdiocese. Similarly, the city also served as an important centre of the
700:, the city was captured and pillaged for the first time in its history by the armies of
357:
but failed to gain the support of the local nobles and was eventually poisoned by them.
3865:
3572:
2968:. (2005)Galicia: a Multicultured Land. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp.144-145
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undertook an expedition to conquer Lviv in 1340, burning down the old princely castle.
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A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the Present
2718:. (2005)Galicia: a Multicultured Land. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp.12-15
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2010:
1972:
1791:
1770:
proclaimed in Lviv the Government of an independent that "will work closely with the
1683:
1354:
1277:
1219:
1207:
1070:
951:
858:
650:
616:
384:
338:
311:
170:
2488:
B.V. Melnyk, Vulytsiamy starovynnoho Lvova, Vyd-vo "Svit" (Old Lviv Streets), 2001,
1934:. A large effort in saving the members of the Jewish community was organized by the
17:
3941:
3730:
2507:, edited by Johann Samuel Ersch and Johann Gottfried Gruber. Vol. 5, Leipzig 1820,
2002:
1847:
1775:
1771:
1637:
1329:
955:
943:
661:
430:
415:
411:
392:
368:
201:
162:
3457:
2209:
1721:
654:
3627:
2141:
2113:
1983:
reluctantly agreed. Most of the remaining Polish population was expelled to the
1952:
1913:
1896:
1806:
was approaching the city in 1944, on July 21 the local leadership of the Polish
1134:
at the end of World War I, the local Ukrainian population under the guidance of
909:
623:
were active by that time, involving well over a hundred different specialities.
553:
2734:. Internet Archive (1 ed.). Harrow, England: Pearson Longman. p. 22.
649:
solemnly pronounced his vow to consecrate the country to the protection of the
437:. This started a period of accelerated development: among other facilities the
133:, Lviv had been part of numerous states and empires, including, under the name
3755:
3725:
3482:
3223:
2415:
Naukove tovarystvo im. Shevchenka - Lviv: a symposium on its 700th anniversary
2132:
1988:
1903:
1730:
1686:. Initially, the Jewish and part of the Ukrainian population who lived in the
1254:
1097:, and was the home of the world's first Yiddish-language daily newspaper, the
1050:
1012:
828:
819:
784:
680:
ended the war before the city was taken. In 1675 the city was attacked by the
608:
573:
568:
and started to gain significant profit from the goods transported between the
469:
350:
334:
327:
318:, Poland, after they had suffered a widespread famine there. Around 1280 many
244:
3280:
3089:ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х ч Ін-т історії України НАН України К. 2006
2935:
1190:
by Poles against the West Ukrainian People's Republic proclaimed in the city.
857:
for the backwardness of the region, the Austrian administration attempted to
3044:
2479:(edited by H. A. Pierer). 2nd edition, vol. 17, Altenburg 1843, pp. 343-344.
2052:, Soviet cultural policies were relaxed, allowing Lviv, the major centre of
2041:
2040:, which agreed to transfer all parishes to the recently recreated Ukrainian
1807:
1570:
1562:
1324:
1285:
966:
922:
673:
569:
446:
372:
3326:"See the aftermath of Russia's aerial assault on several cities in Ukraine"
1655:. On September 19 an unsuccessful Polish diversionary attack under General
1167:
797:
441:
was built, around the same time a church was built in the place of today's
353:
dynasty on his mother's side. He took the name of "Yuriy" and converted to
315:
3260:
2830:
Lemberg, Lwow, Lviv, 1914–1947: Violence and Ethnicity in a Contested City
2605:
Hrytsak, Yaroslav. "Lviv: A Multicultural History through the Centuries".
1578:, Lwów was Poland's trade fairs centre, with the internationally renowned
1272:, which effectively ended the power of the West Ukrainian government. The
720:
219:, after the Kyiv expedition he again began in the early Piast monarchy of
3974:
3637:
3497:
3245:
2124:), a political movement advocating Ukrainian independence from the USSR.
2109:
1887:
or killed locally during the following two years. Following the pogroms,
1819:
1803:
1711:
1660:
1338:
1307:
1235:
1203:
1074:
979:
871:
854:
805:
638:
612:
604:
580:
525:
279:
2349:Звенигородська земля у XI–XIII століттях (соціоісторична реко-нструкція)
2267:
2136:
Celebrations at Lviv Opera for the 750th anniversary of the city in 2006
1963:
After the war, despite Polish efforts, the city remained as part of the
668:, but the city was not captured. In 1672 Lviv was again besieged by the
3936:
2943:
2817:
Hostages of Modernization: Studies on Modern Antisemitism, 1870–1933/39
2251:
2053:
2018:
1558:
1194:
As the Austro-Hungarian government collapsed, on October 18, 1918, the
1077:
society dedicated to spreading literacy in the Ukrainian language, the
1053:, with the second largest collection of Polish books in the world, the
913:
the city and many other places for spreading rebellion and discontent.
761:
749:
596:
477:
365:
130:
126:
712:
3517:
2911:
2014:
1892:
1865:
1739:
1593:
1181:
685:
541:
489:
456:
After Casimir had died in 1370, he was succeeded by his nephew, King
166:
138:
2927:
1979:
wanted to allow Poland to keep Lviv, he and British Prime Minister
1369:
embodied a rich mathematical tradition; the school gathered at the
595:. The city was also home to numerous ethnic populations, including
3946:
2131:
1951:
1679:
1628:
1161:
1011:
1009:, still dominate and characterize much of the centre of the city.
839:
730:
719:
711:
620:
537:
465:
346:
275:
264:
3351:"Russia launches air attacks against Ukraine's western Lviv city"
2525:. Translated by Adrian Walford. Chicago: Routledge. p. 879.
2068:
of the city. Among the most notable plants were the bus factory (
764:
rule was somewhat liberal. In 1773, the first newspaper in Lviv,
290:
say that the order to raze the city was given by Burundai as the
3956:
3717:
3609:
3411:
1703:
1341:
retreated. For the heroic defence the city was awarded with the
954:
were introduced as street lights, which in 1858 were updated to
37:
3384:
2667:
Missionary Life Among the Jews in Moldavia, Galicia and Silesia
2578:
Prorok we własnym kraju. Iwan Franko i jego Ukraina (1856-1886)
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2208:
600:
410:
finally returned and his forces occupied Lviv and the rest of
3262:
Summits : six meetings that shaped the twentieth century
1818:). After four days of the city fights and the advance of the
445:. Also, new self-government led to the greater growth of the
3596:
2521:
André Vauchez; Michael Lapidge; Barrie Dobson, eds. (2000).
2402:. 6th edition, vol. 12, Leipzig and Vienna 1908, p. 397-398.
299:
the city's founder was ordered to destroy the city himself.
2832:. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press, pg. 176
1327:
and, reinforced by additional 8 divisions of the so-called
752:
and became the capital of the Austrian province called the
520:) the city was known as Lwów and became the capital of the
1834:
were either forcibly conscripted to the Soviet controlled
488:. The city later served as the homage site of some of the
2564:
Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census
397:
wars over the succession of Galicia-Volhynia Principality
1599:
The Polish government also sought to emphasize the city
3380:
476:
the ruler of Poland, and wife of Lithuanian Grand Duke
326:
and were mainly based in Lviv where they had their own
1615:
memorial monument and burial ground of Polish soldiers
395:, as ruler, and repulsed a Polish invasion during the
227:(1018–1031), and then occupied by the prince of Kyiv,
2252:"Lviv: A Multicultural History through the Centuries"
255:. The toponym may best be translated into English as
116:
2472:
2470:
1243:, defended by Polish irregular forces including the
3955:
3929:
3884:
3716:
3608:
3418:
2505:
Allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Wissenschaft und Künste
1795:also to fight against Poles and Soviet forces (see
1373:and maintained a notebook of problems and results.
2766:, pp. 367–368, University of Toronto Press, 2000,
2418:. Shevchenko Scientific Society (U.S.). p. 58
1357:the city remained in Poland as the capital of the
946:due to innovations discovered by Lviv inhabitants
2654:The Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette
2477:Universal-Lexikon der Gegenwart und Vergangenheit
1081:, the Dniester Insurance Company and base of the
692:defeated them on August 24 in what is called the
297:Universal-Lexicon der Gegenwart und Vergangenheit
942:In 1853, it was the first European city to have
716:Greek-catholic Cathedral of St. George (in 1916)
425:In 1356 Casimir III imparted upon the city with
173:made unsuccessful attempts to conquer the city.
2813:"Ethnic Diversity in Twentieth Century Poland."
45:
3162:. Indiana University Press. pp. 115–143.
3109:Bolesław Tomaszewski; Jerzy Węgierski (1987).
2753:
2751:
2644:Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pg. 193
1764:restoration of the independent Ukrainian state
1264:In the following months, other territories of
796:1795 after Austria annexed the Polish city of
3396:
2379:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, p. 62
2325:] (in Croatian). Maveda. pp. 68–71.
1830:Following the Soviet takeover the members of
391:. The local nobles elected one of their own,
8:
2680:"The General Regional Exhibition of Galicia"
2085:which made one of the most popular brand of
1466:Population of Lwów, 1931 (by first language)
1114:During World War I the city was captured by
379:Galicia–Volhynia wars and the Polish Kingdom
239:Lviv was officially founded in 1256 by King
2446:. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 173.
1718:prisons, where around 8,000 were murdered.
1617:from that conflict was built in the city's
3403:
3389:
3381:
3057:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2624:New International Encyclopedia, Volume 13.
2590:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1750:camp. Among the first to be murdered were
1210:were making efforts to take over Lviv and
1186:A painting depicting Polish youths in the
917:Developments in the mid-nineteenth century
3196:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
2549:. Vol. 2, Gotha 1863, p. 286 (in German,
2296:] (in Croatian). Maveda. p. 37.
1752:the professors of the city's universities
814:opened the first public theatre in 1794.
371:, the favourite of the Lithuanian prince
161:after World War I; Poland again; and the
125:) is an administrative center in western
3111:Zarys historii lwowskiego obszaru ZWZ-AK
3104:
3102:
2636:
2634:
2632:
1810:ordered all Polish forces to rise in an
1720:
637:. In 1649, the city was besieged by the
503:
28:
3324:Lytvynova, Polina (December 29, 2023).
3158:Gitelman, Zvi (2001). "The Holocaust".
2978:The Fate of Poles in the USSR 1939–1989
2877:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
2862:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
2844:(Polish statistical yearbook of 1939),
2443:Medieval Russia: a source book, 850-170
2199:
1998:or fled in fear of Soviet retribution.
480:, invaded and incorporated it into the
3886:
3050:
2583:
2021:population was displaced or murdered.
1985:Polish territories gained from Germany
1870:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
1760:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
1378:Population of Lwów, 1931 (by religion)
1138:proclaimed Lviv as the capital of the
349:dynasty on his father's side, and the
341:, died out. The city was inherited by
3678:Monastery and church of St. Onuphrius
1774:, under the leadership of its leader
1306:of 1920 the city was attacked by the
1124:Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia
727:was constructed between 1897 and 1900
524:, which included five regions: Lwów,
306:. The city is first mentioned in the
274:In 1261, the city was invaded by the
7:
3377:Timeline of Lviv § Bibliography
3294:Tchorek, Kamil (November 26, 2004).
3037:Stosunki polsko-ukraińskie 1939–1947
2640:Chris Hann, Paul R. Magocsi.(2005).
2219:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2150:2004 Ukrainian presidential election
1633:Red Army cavalry entering Lviv, 1939
1041:, 28% Jews, and 19% belonged to the
831:of Kyiv (Kiev), Halych and Rus, the
1965:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
1754:and other members of Polish elite (
1684:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
1093:, in particular as a center of the
1085:, and it served as the seat of the
925:developed in the city known as the
760:, its Germanic name. Initially the
98:
3039:(in Polish). Kraków. p. 122.
2566:. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellon Press
2034:History of Christianity in Ukraine
1891:killings, harsh conditions in the
1790:and others, were arrested by Nazi
1772:National-Socialist Greater Germany
879:outbreak of public dissent in 1848
25:
3751:Cemetery of the Defenders of Lwów
3130:Rising '44: The Battle for Warsaw
2888:Ukrainian Free University website
2207:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
1780:new order in Europe and the world
1126:, it was retaken in June 1915 by
1122:in September 1914. After a brief
881:. A petition was sent to Emperor
853:In the 19th century, blaming the
284:Naukove tovarystvo im. Shevchenka
4013:
4012:
3688:Church of the Purification, Lviv
3583:Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive (1944)
3113:. Warsaw: Pokolenie. p. 38.
2116:) the city became the centre of
1742:and then mostly sent to various
1469:
1381:
1224:West Ukrainian People's Republic
1140:West Ukrainian People's Republic
754:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
433:seal of the 14th century stated
159:West Ukrainian People's Republic
3296:"Protest grows in western city"
2523:Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages
2030:Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
1729:Initially, a great part of the
1132:collapse of the Habsburg Empire
1043:Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
824:Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
516:As a part of Poland (and later
251:and named in honour of his son
4046:Histories of cities in Ukraine
2842:Mały Rocznik Statystyczny 1939
2704:New International Encyclopedia
2048:. However, after the death of
1842:Lviv pogroms and the Holocaust
1643:on September 1, 1939, and the
1335:started an assault on the city
1083:Ukrainian cooperative movement
870:The harsh laws imposed by the
518:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
500:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
360:The city was inherited by the
143:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1:
3693:Church of the Transfiguration
2656:, 18 November 1848, page 871.
2152:and played a key role in the
1663:(part of the forces that had
1170:– The Defence of the Cemetery
1089:. Lviv was a major center of
1079:Shevchenko Scientific Society
288:Shevchenko Scientific Society
3673:Church of St. Mary Magdalene
2998:Piotrowski, Tadeusz (1988).
2815:In: Herbert Arthur Strauss.
2642:Galicia: Multicultured Land.
2400:Meyers Konversations-Lexikon
2122:People's Movement of Ukraine
2101:shoe factory, confectionery
1956:Lviv City Hall as seen from
1645:German 1st Mountain Division
1067:Ukrainian patriotic movement
973:was reformed into a dualist
816:Józef Maksymilian Ossoliński
772:became exponentially worse.
564:). The city was granted the
292:Galician-Volhynian chronicle
3856:Theatre of Opera and Ballet
3563:Massacre of Lwów professors
3548:Lwów–Warsaw school of logic
3543:Secret Ukrainian University
3220:Chronology of the Holocaust
2412:Vasylʹ Mudryĭ, ed. (1962).
2172:Russian invasion of Ukraine
1987:(especially to present day
1682:, including Lviv, into the
1548:Source: 1931 Polish census
1460:Source: 1931 Polish census
1282:Ukrainian People's Republic
1280:, the exiled leader of the
993:General National Exhibition
885:asking him to re-introduce
770:poverty in Austrian Galicia
627:Decline of the Commonwealth
215:and came under the rule of
117:
4062:
3658:Church of John the Baptist
3553:Lwów School of Mathematics
3374:
2897:URL accessed July 30, 2006
2819:. Walter de Gruyter, 1993.
2576:Hrytsak, Yaroslav (2010).
1845:
1822:in the final phase of the
1744:German concentration camps
1667:on September 17 under the
1592:in Vienna (later moved to
1367:Lwów School of Mathematics
1295:
1196:Ukrainian National Council
1155:
1149:
1107:
1028:The close of Habsburg rule
950:and Jan Zeh. In that year
748:, the city was annexed by
308:Halych-Volhynian Chronicle
4008:
4000:Pidzamche railway station
3594:
3588:Sknyliv air show disaster
3265:. New York: Basic Books.
3216:"July 25: Pogrom in Lvov"
3035:Sowa, Andrzej L. (1998).
3000:"Ukrainian Collaborators"
2706:, Volume 13. 1915. p. 760
2607:Harvard Ukrainian Studies
2562:Tertius Chandler. (1987)
2440:Basil Dmytryshyn (1991).
2256:Harvard Ukrainian Studies
2071:Lvivsky Avtomobilny Zavod
2056:to become a major hub of
2036:) at the state-sponsored
1996:was respectively expelled
1971:Soviet General Secretary
1895:, and deportation to the
1885:Belzec extermination camp
1824:Lvov-Sandomierz Operation
1590:Ukrainian Free University
1276:concluded by Poland with
1146:Polish–Ukrainian conflict
1087:Ukrainian Catholic Church
1059:Polish Historical Society
935:) was opened and in 1867
746:First Partition of Poland
561:
549:
533:
508:Renaissance yard of King
449:community that built its
406:After Dedko's death King
235:Halych-Volyn Principality
157:Empires; the short-lived
106:
3995:Suburban railway station
3508:Ruthenian National House
3453:Siege by Cossacks (1655)
3448:Siege by Cossacks (1648)
3302:. London. Archived from
3259:Reynolds, David (2009).
3133:. Viking Books. p.
2873:Subtelny, Orest (1988).
2828:Christoph Mick. (2015).
2783:Mick, Christoph (2016).
1936:Ukrainian Greek Catholic
1928:The Murderers Amongst Us
1797:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
1700:invaded the Soviet Union
1495:Ukrainian or Ruthenian:
1110:Battle of Lemberg (1914)
1019:(till 1918), since 1920
900:On 6 November 1848, the
362:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
337:, a local branch of the
165:. In addition, both the
3683:Church of the Dormition
3668:Church of St. Elizabeth
3648:Convent of Benedictines
3623:Cathedral of St. George
3493:Halytsko-Ruska Matytsia
2789:Purdue University Press
2728:Robson, Stuart (2007).
2170:Since the onset of the
2046:Russian Orthodox Church
1669:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
1314:. In mid-June 1920 the
1251:Inter-Allied Commission
1176:(1926). Oil on canvas,
744:In 1772, following the
3811:Polytechnic University
3663:Church of Mary of Snow
3602:
3473:Stauropegion Institute
3193:Holocaust Encyclopedia
3006:. McFarland. pp.
2980:by Tomasz Piesakowski
2580:. Warsaw. p. 151.
2137:
1960:
1948:Post-war Soviet period
1726:
1702:on June 22, 1941, the
1680:eastern half of Poland
1634:
1191:
1055:Polish Academy of Arts
1024:
1005:built in the Viennese
969:of February 1867, the
902:Imperial Austrian Army
883:Ferdinand I of Austria
866:The revolution of 1848
849:The early 19th century
845:
844:Lemberg (Lviv) in 1915
736:
728:
717:
696:. In 1704, during the
690:King John III Sobieski
513:
443:St. George's Cathedral
435:Civitatis Lembvrgensis
196:-Voznesensk Street in
82:
69:
46:
34:
3980:Intercity bus station
3876:Union of Lublin Mound
3791:Lychakivskiy Cemetery
3600:
3463:Siege by Turks (1675)
3438:Dormition Brotherhood
3330:National Public Radio
2791:. pp. 144, 146.
2626:Lemberg 1915, p. 760.
2346:Hupalo, Vira (2014).
2216:Catholic Encyclopedia
2135:
1977:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1955:
1778:, which is forming a
1724:
1706:spent a week hastily
1632:
1528:Other denominations:
1440:Other denominations:
1165:
1156:Further information:
1142:on November 1, 1918.
1015:
1007:neo-Renaissance style
887:local self-government
843:
734:
723:
715:
702:Charles XII of Sweden
522:Ruthenian Voivodeship
507:
389:Casimir III of Poland
364:in 1340 and ruled by
345:the heir to both the
198:Lychakivskyi District
187:Chernecha Hora Street
32:
3990:Main railway station
3601:Coat of arms of Lviv
3246:"Angels in the Dark"
2860:A History of Ukraine
2858:Magoscy, R. (1996).
2509:p. 358, footnote 18)
2089:in the country, the
1864:organized a massive
1836:Polish People's Army
1365:. For example, the
1274:April 1920 agreement
1152:Polish–Ukrainian War
965:After the so-called
818:founded in 1817 the
812:Wojciech Bogusławski
787:, were conducted in
343:Boleslaus of Masovia
33:The old town of Lviv
18:Lwów in World War II
3851:Shevchenkivskyi Hai
3821:Metropolitan Palace
3771:King Cross Leopolis
3746:Catholic University
3638:Bridgettine Convent
3568:Lviv pogroms (1941)
2966:Paul Robert Magocsi
2731:The First World War
2716:Paul Robert Magocsi
2128:Independent Ukraine
2007:population transfer
1862:civil collaborators
1708:executing prisoners
1649:Romanian Bridgehead
1604:Ukrainian culture.
1484:Yiddish or Hebrew:
1229:Count Karl von Huyn
1136:Yevhen Petrushevych
1120:Russian Eighth Army
1034:imperial parliament
621:craft organizations
213:Volodymyr the Great
3653:Church of St. Anne
3618:Armenian Cathedral
3603:
3478:Stauropegion Press
2908:Wood, Elizabeth A.
2893:2006-04-23 at the
2875:Ukraine: A History
2763:Ukraine: A History
2665:Catherine Edward,
2377:Ukraine: A History
2158:civil disobedience
2138:
2003:Ukrainian-speaking
1961:
1932:Righteous Gentiles
1918:concentration camp
1912:(later known as a
1727:
1635:
1554:interbellum period
1259:Lwów pogrom (1918)
1192:
1178:Polish Army Museum
1158:Lwów pogrom (1918)
1099:Lemberger Togblat.
1025:
948:Ignacy Łukasiewicz
894:uprising in Vienna
846:
781:University of Lviv
766:Gazette de Leopoli
737:
729:
718:
698:Great Northern War
643:Bohdan Khmelnytsky
514:
458:Louis I of Hungary
451:Armenian Cathedral
335:Romanovich dynasty
221:Bolesław the Brave
211:were conquered by
35:
4028:
4027:
3816:Lubomirski Palace
3801:Mickiewicz Square
3761:Freedom Boulevard
3736:Bandinelli Palace
3633:Bernardine Church
3272:978-0-7867-4458-9
2741:978-1-4058-2471-2
2669:, 1867, page 177.
2547:Geschichte Polens
2453:978-0-03-033422-1
2359:978-966-02-7484-6
2248:Hrytsak, Yaroslav
2235:978-966-7022-59-4
2154:Orange Revolution
2146:Viktor Yushchenko
2058:Ukrainian culture
1993:German population
1981:Winston Churchill
1942:Andrey Sheptytsky
1832:Polish resistance
1816:Operation Tempest
1673:Semyon Timoshenko
1657:Władysław Langner
1619:Lychakiv Cemetery
1546:
1545:
1458:
1457:
1312:Alexander Yegorov
1304:Polish–Soviet War
1298:Polish–Soviet War
1292:Polish–Soviet War
1241:besieged the city
1017:The Galician Sejm
802:University Rector
777:Emperor Joseph II
678:Treaty of Buczacz
593:Armenian Catholic
486:Jadwiga of Poland
387:and cousin, King
355:Eastern Orthodoxy
241:Daniel of Galicia
229:Yaroslav the Wise
145:; under the name
115:
16:(Redirected from
4053:
4016:
4015:
3888:
3781:Lviv High Castle
3766:Government House
3698:Dominican Church
3643:Carmelite Church
3513:Hutsul Secession
3468:Leopolis Triplex
3443:Jesuit Collegium
3433:Armenian Statute
3405:
3398:
3391:
3382:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3306:on June 29, 2011
3291:
3285:
3284:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3106:
3097:
3087:
3081:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3056:
3048:
3032:
3026:
3025:
2995:
2989:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2904:
2898:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2855:
2849:
2839:
2833:
2826:
2820:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2780:
2774:
2755:
2746:
2745:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2676:
2670:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2638:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2589:
2581:
2573:
2567:
2560:
2554:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2518:
2512:
2502:
2496:
2486:
2480:
2474:
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2437:
2431:
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2423:
2409:
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2380:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2244:
2238:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2212:
2204:
2189:Timeline of Lviv
2165:Lviv Opera House
2091:front-end loader
2084:
1969:Yalta Conference
1910:Simon Wiesenthal
1899:, including the
1788:Yaroslav Stetsko
1768:Yaroslav Stetsko
1470:
1407:Greek Catholic:
1385:Roman Catholic:
1382:
1359:Lwów Voivodeship
1343:Virtuti Militari
1316:1st Cavalry Army
1116:Aleksei Brusilov
1095:Yiddish language
725:Lviv Opera house
666:George I Rákóczi
647:Jan II Kazimierz
566:right of transit
563:
551:
535:
510:Jan III Sobieski
427:Magdeburg rights
304:Galicia-Volhynia
247:principality of
195:
155:Austro-Hungarian
120:
110:
108:
100:
77:
59:
57:
56:
55:
53:
21:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4041:History of Lviv
4031:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4004:
3951:
3925:
3911:Shevchenkivskyi
3880:
3871:Ukraina Stadium
3861:Skarbek Theatre
3831:Pharmacy Museum
3806:National Museum
3786:Lviv University
3776:Korniakt Palace
3741:Black Kamienica
3712:
3708:Latin Cathedral
3604:
3592:
3503:Ruthenian Triad
3414:
3409:
3379:
3373:
3368:
3359:
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3088:
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3070:
3066:
3049:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3018:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2976:
2972:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2928:10.2307/2500020
2906:
2905:
2901:
2895:Wayback Machine
2886:
2882:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2840:
2836:
2827:
2823:
2811:Norman Davies.
2810:
2806:
2799:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2714:
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2419:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2398:
2383:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2319:Bijeli Hrvati I
2316:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2290:Bijeli Hrvati I
2287:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2270:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2228:
2224:
2210:"Lemberg"
2206:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2185:
2130:
2095:Avto-Pogruzchik
2087:television sets
2078:
2054:Western Ukraine
1950:
1854:
1846:Main articles:
1844:
1838:or imprisoned.
1762:(OUN) declared
1698:When the Nazis
1688:interwar Poland
1627:
1610:All Saints' Day
1581:Targi Wschodnie
1550:
1462:
1351:
1320:Semyon Budyonny
1300:
1294:
1216:Dmytro Vitovsky
1212:Eastern Galicia
1185:
1174:Wojciech Kossak
1160:
1154:
1148:
1128:Austria-Hungary
1112:
1106:
1039:Roman Catholics
1030:
1021:Lviv University
975:Austria-Hungary
971:Austrian Empire
958:and in 1900 to
919:
875:Austrian Empire
868:
855:Polish nobility
851:
742:
710:
629:
502:
494:Kings of Poland
439:Latin Cathedral
381:
249:Halych-Volhynia
237:
189:
179:
73:
51:
49:
48:
47:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4059:
4057:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4033:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3961:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3892:
3890:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3841:Sapieha Palace
3838:
3836:Potocki Palace
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3731:Arsenal Museum
3728:
3722:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
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3645:
3640:
3635:
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3625:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3595:
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3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
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3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
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3535:
3530:
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3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3385:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3342:
3316:
3286:
3271:
3251:
3237:
3207:
3179:
3168:
3150:
3143:
3116:
3098:
3082:
3073:
3064:
3027:
3016:
2990:
2970:
2958:
2949:
2922:(3): 477–478.
2899:
2880:
2865:
2850:
2848:, Warsaw, 1939
2834:
2821:
2804:
2798:978-1557536716
2797:
2775:
2758:Orest Subtelny
2747:
2740:
2720:
2708:
2692:
2671:
2658:
2646:
2628:
2616:
2597:
2568:
2555:
2538:
2531:
2513:
2497:
2481:
2466:
2452:
2432:
2404:
2381:
2373:Orest Subtelny
2365:
2358:
2338:
2331:
2323:White Croats I
2309:
2302:
2294:White Croats I
2280:
2239:
2222:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2129:
2126:
2001:Migrants from
1949:
1946:
1889:Einsatzgruppen
1874:Symon Petliura
1858:Einsatzgruppen
1843:
1840:
1812:armed uprising
1784:Stepan Bandera
1756:intelligentsia
1659:was launched.
1653:Battle of Lwów
1641:invaded Poland
1626:
1623:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1491:
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1485:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1463:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1375:
1353:Following the
1350:
1347:
1296:Main article:
1293:
1290:
1150:Main article:
1147:
1144:
1108:Main article:
1105:
1102:
1091:Jewish culture
1063:Polish Theater
1029:
1026:
952:kerosene lamps
918:
915:
867:
864:
850:
847:
793:Greek Catholic
741:
738:
709:
706:
694:Battle of Lwów
676:, however the
634:Semper fidelis
628:
625:
589:Greek Catholic
585:Roman Catholic
501:
498:
380:
377:
375:, until 1349.
236:
233:
209:Cherven Cities
200:attributed to
178:
175:
141:and later the
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4058:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4021:
4020:
4011:
4010:
4007:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3883:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3846:Scottish Café
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3796:Market Square
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3703:Jesuit Church
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3599:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3578:Lwów Uprising
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3558:Battle (1939)
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3538:Battle (1920)
3536:
3534:
3533:Pogrom (1918)
3531:
3529:
3528:Battle (1918)
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3488:Galician Rada
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3406:
3401:
3399:
3394:
3392:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3378:
3370:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3317:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3255:
3252:
3248:. 9 May 2009.
3247:
3241:
3238:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3208:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3169:0-253-21418-1
3165:
3161:
3154:
3151:
3146:
3144:0-670-03284-0
3140:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3125:Norman Davies
3120:
3117:
3112:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3095:966-02-2535-0
3092:
3086:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3054:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3017:0-7864-0371-3
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2986:0-901342-24-6
2983:
2979:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2916:Slavic Review
2913:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2884:
2881:
2876:
2869:
2866:
2861:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2772:0-8020-8390-0
2769:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2693:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2579:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2532:1-57958-282-6
2528:
2524:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2494:966-603-048-9
2491:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2455:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2417:
2416:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2342:
2339:
2334:
2332:953-7029-04-2
2328:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2310:
2305:
2303:953-7029-04-2
2299:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2281:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2217:
2211:
2203:
2200:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2134:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2066:Russification
2061:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2050:Joseph Stalin
2047:
2043:
2039:
2038:Synod of Lviv
2035:
2031:
2027:
2026:Russification
2022:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1973:Joseph Stalin
1970:
1967:. During the
1966:
1959:
1958:Vysokyi Zamok
1954:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1798:
1793:
1792:Einsatzgruppe
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1723:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1661:Soviet troops
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1631:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1549:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1508:
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1398:
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1383:
1380:
1379:
1374:
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1371:Scottish Café
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1355:Peace of Riga
1348:
1346:
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1332:
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1326:
1321:
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1309:
1305:
1299:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1278:Symon Petlura
1275:
1271:
1270:Polish forces
1267:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1220:Sich Riflemen
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1188:Lwów Uprising
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
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1164:
1159:
1153:
1145:
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1137:
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1117:
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1103:
1101:
1100:
1096:
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1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:Russification
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1003:opera theater
1000:
999:
994:
990:
989:Galician Sejm
986:
982:
981:
976:
972:
968:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
944:street lights
940:
938:
934:
933:
928:
924:
916:
914:
911:
907:
903:
898:
895:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
873:
865:
863:
860:
856:
848:
842:
838:
836:
834:
830:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
807:
803:
799:
794:
790:
786:
782:
779:reopened the
778:
775:In 1784, the
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
739:
733:
726:
722:
714:
707:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
662:Transylvanian
658:
656:
652:
651:Mother of God
648:
644:
640:
636:
635:
626:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
587:(est. 1375),
586:
582:
577:
575:
571:
567:
559:
555:
547:
543:
539:
531:
527:
523:
519:
511:
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358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
339:Rurik Dynasty
336:
331:
329:
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321:
317:
313:
312:Polish people
309:
305:
300:
298:
293:
289:
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205:
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199:
193:
188:
184:
177:Early history
176:
174:
172:
171:Ottoman Turks
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
119:
113:
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96:
92:
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84:
80:
76:
71:
67:
63:
58:
54:
43:
39:
31:
27:
19:
4017:
3942:Briukhovychi
3930:City Council
3921:Zaliznychnyi
3906:Lychakivskyi
3523:Lwów Eaglets
3419:
3371:Bibliography
3358:. Retrieved
3354:
3345:
3335:December 29,
3333:. Retrieved
3329:
3319:
3308:. Retrieved
3304:the original
3300:Times Online
3299:
3289:
3261:
3254:
3240:
3228:. Retrieved
3219:
3210:
3200:November 26,
3198:. Retrieved
3191:
3182:
3173:
3159:
3153:
3129:
3119:
3110:
3085:
3076:
3067:
3036:
3030:
3021:
3003:
2993:
2977:
2973:
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2919:
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2883:
2874:
2868:
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2841:
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2829:
2824:
2816:
2807:
2784:
2778:
2761:
2730:
2723:
2711:
2703:
2695:
2683:. Retrieved
2674:
2666:
2661:
2653:
2649:
2641:
2619:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2577:
2571:
2563:
2558:
2546:
2545:Jacob Caro:
2541:
2522:
2516:
2511:(in German).
2504:
2500:
2484:
2476:
2457:. Retrieved
2442:
2435:
2427:
2420:. Retrieved
2414:
2407:
2399:
2376:
2368:
2348:
2341:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2271:. Retrieved
2259:
2255:
2242:
2225:
2214:
2202:
2176:has been hit
2169:
2162:
2139:
2117:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2069:
2062:
2023:
2000:
1962:
1939:Metropolitan
1927:
1922:
1908:
1878:
1855:
1848:Lviv pogroms
1829:
1801:
1776:Adolf Hitler
1728:
1710:held in the
1697:
1677:
1638:Nazi Germany
1636:
1625:World War II
1605:
1600:
1598:
1586:
1579:
1551:
1547:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1418:Protestant:
1377:
1376:
1352:
1330:Red Cossacks
1328:
1301:
1263:
1249:. After the
1246:Lwów Eaglets
1244:
1233:
1199:
1193:
1166:
1113:
1104:20th century
1098:
1047:
1031:
998:Belle Époque
996:
978:
964:
941:
932:Sejm Krajowy
930:
927:Lwów dialect
920:
905:
899:
891:
869:
852:
833:Metropolitan
827:
810:
774:
765:
757:
743:
740:18th century
708:Habsburg Era
670:Ottoman army
659:
632:
630:
578:
565:
515:
482:Polish Crown
455:
434:
431:city council
424:
412:Red Ruthenia
405:
393:Dmytro Dedko
385:Piast dynast
382:
369:Dmytro Dedko
359:
333:In 1323 the
332:
301:
296:
283:
273:
268:
260:
256:
238:
207:In 981, the
206:
202:White Croats
180:
163:Soviet Union
146:
134:
90:
87:Leopoldstadt
86:
61:
36:
26:
3896:Frankivskyi
3718:Attractions
3628:Boim Chapel
3573:Lwów Ghetto
2685:23 December
2148:during the
2142:Lviv Oblast
2114:Perestroika
2079: [
1923:In Darkness
1914:Nazi-hunter
1897:death camps
1881:Lwów Ghetto
1852:Lwów Ghetto
1716:Zamarstynów
1552:During the
1349:Interbellum
1302:During the
1168:The Eaglets
1130:. With the
960:electricity
910:martial law
472:, but soon
420:Catholicise
408:Casimir III
401:Casimir III
263:(hence the
257:Leo's lands
190: [
123:other names
121:, see also
4035:Categories
3970:Trolleybus
3916:Sykhivskyi
3756:Forum Lviv
3726:Arena Lviv
3483:Ossolineum
3375:See also:
3360:2023-12-29
3355:Al Jazeera
3310:2009-07-25
3230:August 27,
3224:Yad Vashem
2459:29 January
2422:29 January
2195:References
1904:labor camp
1814:(see also
1557:including
1429:Orthodox:
1310:forces of
1286:Bolsheviks
1255:referendum
1214:, Captain
1051:Ossolineum
892:After the
877:led to an
829:Archbishop
820:Ossolineum
785:Obstetrics
617:Protestant
609:Englishmen
581:fortresses
470:Hungarians
464:, Duke of
399:when King
351:Romanovich
328:Archbishop
261:Leo's City
225:Mieszko II
217:Kyivan Rus
153:and later
3957:Transport
3901:Halytskyi
3887:Districts
3866:Town Hall
3458:Lwów Oath
3281:646810103
3053:cite book
2936:0037-6779
2700:"Lemberg"
2586:cite book
2375:. (1988)
2093:factory (
2042:Exarchate
1808:Home Army
1731:Ukrainian
1571:Georgians
1563:Armenians
1517:Russian:
1396:Judaism:
1325:Bug river
1204:Bucovinan
985:Ruthenian
967:Ausgleich
923:sociolect
859:Germanise
674:Mehmed IV
655:Lwów Oath
570:Black Sea
562:Peremyshl
558:Ukrainian
546:Ukrainian
530:Ukrainian
462:Władysław
453:in 1363.
322:lived in
320:Armenians
245:Ruthenian
231:in 1031.
112:romanized
75:‹See Tfd›
42:Ukrainian
4019:Category
3826:Old Town
3610:Religion
3498:Prosvita
3428:Timeline
3127:(2004).
3045:48053561
2910:(1990).
2891:Archived
2268:41036810
2250:(2000).
2183:See also
2110:Glasnost
2099:Progress
2076:Elektron
1991:) whose
1901:Janowska
1820:Red Army
1804:Red Army
1748:Janowska
1712:Brygidki
1693:deported
1601:polskość
1542:312,200
1506:German:
1501:(11.2%)
1490:(24.1%)
1479:(63.5%)
1476:198,200
1473:Polish:
1454:312,200
1413:(16.0%)
1402:(31.9%)
1391:(50.4%)
1388:157,500
1339:Red Army
1308:Red Army
1236:garrison
1075:Prosvita
980:de facto
872:Habsburg
806:Smallpox
762:Austrian
684:and the
682:Ottomans
639:Cossacks
613:Scotsmen
605:Italians
572:and the
554:Przemyśl
447:Armenian
416:Polonise
280:Burundai
269:Leopolis
169:and the
151:Austrian
3985:Airport
3965:Tramway
3937:Vynnyky
3518:Batiars
3420:History
3008:177–259
2988:Page 36
2944:2500020
2273:18 June
2174:, Lviv
2103:Svitoch
2097:), the
2044:of the
1989:Wrocław
1802:As the
1665:invaded
1567:Karaims
1559:Germans
1539:Total:
1534:(0.2%)
1523:(0.2%)
1512:(0.8%)
1498:35,100
1487:75,300
1451:Total:
1446:(0.2%)
1435:(0.4%)
1424:(1.2%)
1410:49,800
1399:99,600
1345:medal.
1266:Galicia
1218:of the
937:Galicia
906:Rathaus
835:of Lviv
758:Lemberg
750:Austria
597:Germans
492:of the
490:vassals
478:Jogaila
474:Jadwiga
366:voivode
324:Galicia
286:of the
243:in the
147:Lemberg
131:Ukraine
127:Ukraine
114::
103:Russian
99:לעמבערג
95:Yiddish
91:archaic
83:Lemberg
3279:
3269:
3226:. 2004
3188:"Lvov"
3166:
3141:
3093:
3043:
3014:
2984:
2942:
2934:
2795:
2770:
2738:
2551:online
2529:
2492:
2450:
2356:
2329:
2300:
2266:
2262:: 48.
2233:
2019:German
2015:Jewish
2011:Polish
1893:ghetto
1866:pogrom
1740:ghetto
1736:Poland
1606:Obrona
1594:Prague
1576:Poznań
1509:2,500
1432:1,100
1421:3,600
1363:Poland
1182:Warsaw
1061:, the
1057:, the
826:, the
798:Kraków
789:Polish
688:, but
686:Tatars
641:under
574:Baltic
552:) and
550:Halych
542:Halicz
422:them.
373:Lubart
316:Kraków
282:. The
276:Tatars
167:Swedes
149:, the
139:Poland
79:German
66:Polish
3947:Rudne
3023:three
2940:JSTOR
2613:: 54.
2321:[
2292:[
2264:JSTOR
2083:]
2032:(see
2024:With
1208:Poles
664:Duke
538:Sanok
534:Kholm
526:Chełm
512:House
466:Opole
347:Piast
314:from
267:name
265:Latin
194:]
107:Львов
62:L’viv
52:Львів
3412:Lviv
3337:2023
3277:OCLC
3267:ISBN
3232:2006
3202:2020
3164:ISBN
3139:ISBN
3091:ISBN
3059:link
3041:OCLC
3012:ISBN
2982:ISBN
2932:ISSN
2793:ISBN
2768:ISBN
2736:ISBN
2687:2020
2592:link
2527:ISBN
2490:ISBN
2461:2011
2448:ISBN
2424:2011
2354:ISBN
2327:ISBN
2298:ISBN
2275:2022
2231:ISBN
2118:Rukh
2112:and
2017:and
1879:The
1860:and
1850:and
1714:and
1704:NKVD
1531:600
1520:500
1443:600
1200:Rada
601:Jews
591:and
418:and
223:and
183:gord
135:Lwów
118:Lvov
70:Lwów
38:Lviv
3975:Bus
3135:784
2924:doi
2846:GUS
1799:).
1318:of
1172:by
1118:'s
956:gas
756:as
672:of
657:).
536:),
484:by
271:).
259:or
253:Lev
185:at
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