163:. The waveplate may modify the incoming horizontally polarized light to a different polarization based on the light's wavelength. The second horizontal polarizer passes only the horizontal polarization component of the light exiting the waveplate. For example, at one wavelength, if the light exiting the waveplate is horizontally polarized, then the light passes through the second horizontal polarizer fully, exiting the optical filter with no
802:
96:
525:
866:
are the most common tunable electro-optic filters. In comparison to the Fabry-Perót filter, the tunable Lyot filter has broader and more stable adjustable range, but the Lyot filter transmits less light. Poor transmittance occurs due to the large number of highly absorbing polarizers and imperfect
440:
Multiplate filters are a series of consecutive single-plate filters, with each waveplate half the thickness of the preceding plate. Using this design, a graph describing the transmitted light intensity at each wavelength will show sharper major peaks (narrower bandwidth) of transmitted light and a
851:
allow analog tuning of the transmitted wavelength by carefully adjusting the voltage over the liquid crystal cells. Liquid crystal Lyot filter spectral bandpass may range from 30 nm to 0.05 nm. The two categories of Lyot liquid crystal filters are polarizing interference retardance
99:
The light's path (red dashed line) through a single-plate Lyot filter. The first polarizer transmits horizontally polarized light to the waveplate. The waveplate's fast (F) and slow (S) transmission directions make a 45-degree angle to the horizontal. For the wavelength in this example, the
830:
waveplate in the middle increases the filter's field of view. The separation and narrowness of the transmission peaks depends on the number, thicknesses, and orientation of the plates. Due to the temperature dependent birefringent properties of quartz and calcite, the Lyot filter requires a
797:{\displaystyle I_{T}=I_{X}\cdot \operatorname {cos} ^{2}\left({\frac {2\pi (n_{o}-n_{e})d}{2\lambda }}\right)\cdot \operatorname {cos} ^{2}\left({\frac {2\pi (n_{o}-n_{e})d}{2^{2}\lambda }}\right)\cdot \operatorname {cos} ^{2}\left({\frac {2\pi (n_{o}-n_{e})d}{2^{3}\lambda }}\right)}
100:
waveplate transforms the light's horizontal polarization to a circular polarization. The second polarizer transmits only part of the light, the horizontal component of the circularly polarized light, leading to a wavelength dependent amount of light transmission.
167:. At a different wavelength, if the light exiting the waveplate is vertically polarized, then no light passes through the second horizontal polarizer, and no light exits the optical filter. At most wavelengths, some wavelength-dependent attenuation will occur.
867:
waveplate action. Lyot filters may contain up to 12 individual filters, making the Lyot filter expensive, limiting its use in compact instruments. In contrast to Lyot filters, the Solc filter relies on only two polarizers, leading to less light reduction.
430:
852:
filters and electro-optical photonic crystals. Often these filters are based on the original Lyot design, but many other designs exist in order to achieve other properties such as narrow or broad band transmission, or polarization selectivity.
847:
contains tuneable electro-optic or liquid crystal birefringent elements. The tunable electro-optic Lyot filter uses lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN-PT) opto-ceramic to tune the filter.
926:
losses from the plate and other intracavity elements are usually sufficient to produce the polarizing effect, and no additional polarizers are required. Lyot filters are used also in
327:
128:
polarization). For a typical single-plate Lyot filter, light passes through three consecutive optical elements that modify the light's polarization: the first horizontal
159:
The first horizontal polarizer transforms the incoming light's polarization to horizontally polarized light by passing only the incoming light's horizontal polarization
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Another application has been use of Lyot filters is for Raman chemical imaging. Other applications have been in microspectrometer and
862:
1530:
Lizana, Angel; Yzuel, María Josefa; Escalera, Juan Carlos; Campos, Juan (2019). Poulin-Girard, Anne-Sophie; Shaw, Joseph A. (eds.).
963:
136:(retarder) and a second horizontal polarizer. Linearly polarized light travels fastest when aligned with the waveplate's fast
820:. Rotating the waveplate may shift the wavelength of the transmission peaks. Splitting the crystals in half and adding a
1000:
848:
445:). As an example, extending the single-plate equation to a 3-plate optical filter with maximum waveplate thickness
1531:
104:
This section describes how the Lyot filter's wavelength dependent transmission of light arises from birefrigence.
1629:
156:. This example assumes that the horizontal makes a 45-degree angle with the waveplate's F and S directions.
967:
425:{\displaystyle I_{T}=I_{X}\cdot \operatorname {cos} ^{2}\left({\frac {\pi (n_{o}-n_{e})d}{\lambda }}\right)}
125:
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Beeckman, Jeroen; Hui, Tian; Vanbrabant, Pieter J. M.; Zmijan, Robert; Neyts, Kristiaan (2009).
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Lyot, B. (1933). "Optical apparatus with wide field using interference of polarized light".
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Ammann, E.O. (1971). "Synthesis of optical birefringent networks". In Wolf, E. (ed.).
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direction. The speed difference depends on the difference between the waveplate's
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1470:
Handbook of Raman
Spectroscopy: From the Research Laboratory to the Process Line
952:
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164:
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or used to give each suburban home its own return-signal laser wavelength in a
1367:
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832:
225:
55:
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941:
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927:
133:
129:
77:
66:
59:
1272:
Physics of the
Invisible Sun: Instrumentation, Observations, and Inferences
441:
greater wavelength interval between the major peaks of transmitted light (
934:
930:
908:
140:
direction, and slowest when aligned with the waveplate's orthogonal slow
51:
1428:
Ultra-Fast Fiber Lasers: Principles and
Applications with MATLAB® Models
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
95:
1547:
904:
817:
1512:
Applications of
Vibrational Spectroscopy in Food Science, 2 Volume Set
1051:
1049:
1047:
813:
70:
112:
The Lyot filter relies on light's polarization property, a vector (
919:
94:
1532:"Training in polarization through a virtual learning environment"
1136:
1134:
1509:
Li-Chan, Eunice; Chalmers, John M.; Griffiths, Peter R. (2010).
914:
Single- and multi-plate Lyot filters are often used inside the
1386:
Spectrochemical
Analysis Using Infrared Multichannel Detectors
63:
116:) perpendicular to light's path that has a fixed direction (
1240:
465:, this multiplate optical filter transmits light intensity
170:
This single-plate optical filter transmits light intensity
1178:
1055:
887:), such as a Lyot filter, using wavelengths for viewing
492:
from an input of horizontally polarized light intensity
197:
from an input of horizontally polarized light intensity
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38:
filter), named for its inventor and French astronomer
1449:
Liquid
Crystals: Frontiers in Biomedical Applications
1212:
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1121:
1119:
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471:
451:
330:
300:
273:
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1404:Bhatnagar, A.; Livingston, William Charles (2005).
1140:
955:of multiple wavelengths which can be placed on the
1491:Imaging Sunlight Using a Digital Spectroheliograph
1334:"Polarization Selective Wavelength Tunable Filter"
1022:
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1016:
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313:
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259:
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879:, the sun's second atmospheric layer, requires
1228:
951:lasers and Lyot-filter lasers both produce a
294:and waveplate extraordinary refractive index
8:
1252:
922:to allow tuning of the laser. In this case,
1314:Ferroelectrics: Principles and Applications
1605:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1357:
1110:
947:Although their mechanisms are different,
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120:) or a time-varying rotating direction (
1467:Lewis, Ian R.; Edwards, Howell (2001).
1425:Binh, Le Nguyen; Ngo, Nam Quoc (2018).
1383:Bhargava, Rohit; Levin, Ira W. (2008).
1311:Bain, Ashim Kumar; Chand, Prem (2017).
1125:
1012:
1338:Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals
1216:
1056:Li-Chan, Chalmers & Griffiths 2010
875:In solar astronomy, viewing the sun's
835:to minimize temperature fluctuations.
267:, waveplate ordinary refractive index
16:Astronomical spectral light processor
7:
1038:
1026:
981:devices and biomedical photonics.
14:
1446:Crawford, Gregory Philip (2007).
961:dense wave division multiplexing
845:electrically tunable Lyot filter
1407:Fundamentals of Solar Astronomy
1141:Bhatnagar & Livingston 2005
1296:. Elsevier. pp. 125–180.
849:Liquid crystal tunable filters
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153:extraordinary refractive index
1:
1275:. CRC Press. pp. 2.5.2.
1001:Liquid crystal tunable filter
1293:Progress in Optics Volume IX
812:The waveplates are commonly
108:Single-plate optical filter
58:. Lyot filters are used in
1646:
944:for wavelength selection.
1578:Meschede, Dieter (2004).
1515:. John Wiley & Sons.
1488:Harrison, Ken M. (2016).
1389:. John Wiley & Sons.
1368:10.1080/15421400902813626
1317:. John Wiley & Sons.
1229:Bhargava & Levin 2008
436:Multiplate optical filter
147:ordinary refractive index
1602:The Sun: An Introduction
1581:Optics, Light and Lasers
1269:Ambastha, Ashok (2020).
1253:Lewis & Edwards 2001
240:{\displaystyle \lambda }
968:passive optical network
856:Comparative performance
1599:Stix, Michael (2012).
970:(PON) used to provide
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247:, waveplate thickness
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1111:Bain & Chand 2017
979:hyperspectral imaging
974:(Fiber To The Home).
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485:{\displaystyle I_{T}}
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316:
314:{\displaystyle n_{e}}
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287:{\displaystyle n_{o}}
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217:{\displaystyle I_{X}}
192:
190:{\displaystyle I_{T}}
98:
1452:. World Scientific.
1410:. World Scientific.
1241:Beeckman et al. 2009
860:The Lyot filter and
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50:to produce a narrow
1536:Proceedings of SPIE
1350:2009MCLC..502...19B
1126:Binh & Ngo 2018
443:free spectral range
118:linear polarization
62:, particularly for
1548:10.1117/12.2523772
1179:Lizana et al. 2019
863:Fabry-Perót filter
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512:{\textstyle I_{X}}
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1612:978-3-642-56042-2
1591:978-3-527-40364-6
1557:978-1-5106-2979-0
1522:978-0-470-74299-0
1501:978-3-319-24874-5
1480:978-1-4200-2925-3
1459:978-981-277-887-1
1438:978-1-4398-1130-6
1417:978-981-256-787-1
1396:978-0-470-99412-2
1324:978-3-527-80533-4
1303:978-0-08-087973-4
1282:978-1-000-76087-3
959:channel grid for
885:spectroheliograph
883:optical filters (
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458:{\displaystyle d}
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260:{\displaystyle d}
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44:optical filter
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1473:. CRC Press.
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1431:. CRC Press.
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893:prominences
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56:wavelengths
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1263:References
881:narrowband
833:thermostat
226:wavelength
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46:that uses
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