564:
1072:
45:
643:, described the growth of the "pervert population" of Brisbane, largely men aged 18 to 25, whose activities presented "a scandal of evil almost unprecedented". It called for police action to suppress and end their gatherings. It reported clandestine weddings between gay men there: "In the last two weeks there have been two 'weddings'—ghastly, horrifying spectacles of painted men and primping lads united in a sacrilegious blasphemy that they call the 'bonds of matrimony'."
455:
952:. This was stated by the West Australian to be on the basis of a challenge by MacFarlane, using an "indeterminate" birth certificate issued by the State of Victoria. Australian government policy between 2003 and 2011 was to issue passports with an 'X' marker only to people who could "present a birth certificate that notes their sex as indeterminate".
1011:' document required by some European countries before marriage, to prove foreigners are in fact single. Under Ruddock's instructions, no such documents were to be released to gay and lesbians individuals intending to marry overseas. Following a request for the certificate the following statement was received:
1224:, would amend 85 pieces of Commonwealth legislation to allow same-sex couples equal access to a range of areas including taxation, superannuation, health, social security, aged care and child support, immigration, citizenship and veterans' affairs. In time however, glaring examples of deficiencies between
1030:
In 2007, following the successful same-sex adoption of a boy in
Western Australia by two gay men the Howard government made plans to introduce a federal bill, The Family Law (Same Sex Adoption) Bill, which sought to prevent same-sex couples from adopting. The idea was taken off the legislative agenda
955:
The UN Human Rights
Commission declared Australia's federal government in violation of equality and privacy rights under the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights in September 2003 after it had denied a man a de facto spouse veteran's pension based on his 38-year same-sex relationship.
607:
suggests that sodomy became more common in the 1820s and 1830s. Some historians have suggested that anti-sodomy rhetoric was utilised effectively against the practice of transportation, contributing to its eventual conclusion in the 1840s, although the emergence of gold mining also led to an increase
1026:
In June 2006, the ACT's civil union legislation was passed by the ACT Legislative
Assembly however the law was subsequently disallowed by the Governor General on instruction from the Howard government. A second attempt to legislate for civil unions for same-sex couples in 2007 was again disallowed.
858:
in
Australia and other countries. Police attacked a late night street party or Mardi Gras that night and arrested 53 revelers. This response, coupled with the publication of the names of the activists arrested in the local press over the next few days, attracted considerable public sympathy and led
674:
of male homosexuality in
Britain in 1957. Ten years later there was little comment from any Australian public figure (state or federal) when Britain finally decriminalised homosexuality in England and Wales. Some historians have attributed this to the association of homosexuality with the 'convict
901:, section four of which legalised sexual activity between consenting adults (in private) throughout Australia. It was not until 1997 however when the law in Tasmania prohibiting gay male sexual conduct was repealed. The ban on gay male sexual conduct was overturned in the courts in 1996 following
1003:
In March 2006, after the ACT government announced plans to create civil unions within the territory, the federal government vowed to block it. Following the public outcry over Howard's move to kill the ACT bill, in April the Human Rights and Equal
Opportunity Commission (HREOC) began a six-month
963:
In March 2004, Howard condemned
Australia's first laws which would allow gay couples to adopt children in the ACT as part of a new ACT Bill of Rights. Howard said, "I think the idea of the ACT having a bill of rights is ridiculous. I'm against gay adoption, just as I'm against gay marriage." The
611:
In 1796 Francis
Wilkinson became the first man to be charged with buggery (but acquitted). Class differences appear to have been involved in tolerance and indulgence of gay sex amongst convicts, with little attention paid by working-class convicts, but condemnation from middle-class or upwardly
991:
were amended in order to define marriage as a "union of a man and a woman to the exclusion of all others, voluntarily entered into for life". Amendments were also made to prevent the recognition in
Australia of marriages conducted in other countries between a man and another man or a woman and
937:
interview where he placed himself on a scale of acceptance of homosexuality, one end being total acceptance and the other total rejection, Howard replied, "Oh I'd place myself somewhere in the middle. I certainly don't think you should give the same status to homosexual liaisons as you give to
766:
This visibility and increasing publicity around the emergence of gay and lesbian groups in major
Australian cities soon encouraged more groups to form. Additional gay and lesbian rights organisations included The Gay Teachers Group, and The Homosexual Law Reform Coalition, all gay rights
622:
In a secret dispatch of 1843 the Lieutenant Governor of Van Diemen's Land stated that women in the Hobart female factory have "their Fancy-women, or lovers, to who they are attached with as much ardour as they would be to the opposite sex, and practice onanism to the greatest extent".
1063:, in Victoria, provided a "Relationship Declaration Register" for all relationships and carers starting in 2007, which was followed in December with Victoria introducing a statewide registry and amending 69 pieces of legislation to include couples who are in registered relationships.
555:. While there is not a lot of evidence that there were formal structures and formal roles within mainland Aboriginal communities in the Tiwi Islands, language that names sexual and gender diversity exists, and there is evidence that there were roles that were quite set out.
1099:
schemes in many states and territories, which allowed men who had been charged with anti-homosexuality laws to apply to have their convictions removed from the record. As of November 2018, all of the eight states and territories have passed expungement laws.
602:
period there was a severe imbalance between the sexes, convict and free, and large numbers of convicts were kept in relative or complete isolation from the other sex. Homosexual behaviour was prevalent among Europeans in colonial Australia; Historian
705:
CAMP set out to publicly campaign for political and social change, rather than focusing on law reform. This was apparent when activists John Ware and Christobell Poll announced its formation in an article on the front page of the magazine section of
1209:(known as "stage 2 treatment") without court approval needing to be sought, in cases where there is no dispute between a child, their parents, and their treating doctors, hormone treatment can be prescribed without court permission.
1004:
inquiry to hear from Australians about the federal government's treatment of gays. The Howard government banned its departments from making submissions to the inquiry into financial discrimination experienced by same-sex couples.
738:
The emergence of this movement in the early 1970s was aided by the growing visibility of the gay and lesbian community in the Australian media. Reform of Australia's tough censorship rules by then Minister for Customs and Excise,
874:
Law reform and the emergence of visible gay and lesbian communities did not however lead to the end of police harassment of individuals, which would continue into the 1990s. The last gay man was arrested on 14 December 1984 in
1236:. Same-sex marriage legislation would fail 22 times in the Federal Parliament between 2004 and 2017, most notably in September 2012 when legislation was rejected by large majorities in both houses of Parliament, despite the
1034:
Despite the reluctance of the federal government, individual states and territories were continuing to make inroads towards same-sex marriage. Since 2001, Victoria has amended 60 Acts to advance same-sex marriage. In 2002,
1015:
Following the advice of the Australian Attorney-General's Department we herewith certify that Australian law does not allow the issue of a Certificate of No Impediment to Marriage to persons wishing to enter into a same-sex
813:. In 1975, South Australia became the first Australian state to legalise sexual conduct between consenting adult males. This action prompted other Australian jurisdictions to debate law reform for the first time, with the
1339:
3073:
563:
3066:
1171:
relationship for the purpose of federal law. Some of these laws included the option for a couple to have a formal, state-sanctioned ceremony. Queensland made history in this regard by legislating for
731:
was the federal Liberal Attorney-General and had spoken out in favour of limited homosexual law reform, so CAMP mounted a demonstration. In January 1971, the Melbourne-based gay rights organisation
2327:
2442:
1087:
By the late 2000s and early 2010s, support for LGBT rights in Australia generally grew, and a number of significant legal achievements were made. Nationwide equalisation with respect to the
2138:
3236:
3115:
712:
newspaper on 19 September 1970. CAMP was officially launched on 6 February 1971, at the first public gathering of gay women and men in Australia, which took place in a church hall in
3054:
1051:
removed legislative discrimination against same-sex couples in most areas of territory law, and the ACT began allowing same-sex couples to adopt. In 2005, the city of Sydney, in
927:
made his position clear on the gay rights issue. In January 1997, Howard refused to offer a message of support to Sydney Gay & Lesbian Mardi Gras and said on the TV program
1047:
became the first state to create a relationship registry for same sex couples, giving same-sex couples nearly equal rights to married couples, excluding adoption. In 2004, the
630:
inquiring into racism in 1832 and 1837 heard much evidence of the prevalence of scandalism. Major James Mudie testified that the prisoners called each other "sods" and that at
3128:
1976:
678:
However, it was in the wake of decriminalisation in Britain that the first Australian gay and lesbian rights groups were organised. The ACT Homosexual Law Reform Society, a
839:
did the same. Following in the wake of South Australia and the ACT the other Australian states and territories reformed their laws between 1976 and 1991. The exception was
2734:
650:
Crimes Act was amended to ensure that "buggery" remained a criminal act "with or without the consent of the person", removing legal loophole of consent. The government of
1189:, the Northern Territory, South Australia, Tasmania and Western Australia also benefited from landmark reforms which allowed them to change their gender marker on their
3044:
2506:
995:
The passage of the legislation was made possible because the Australian Labor Party supported the Howard government's proposed ban on same-sex marriages at the time.
1347:
2968:
1007:
In May 2006, Attorney General Philip Ruddock blocked a gay Australian man from marrying in Europe. Ruddock refused to grant a gay man living in the Netherlands a '
3271:
1059:, the last state to recognise same-sex couples, amended 97 Acts, dispensing with the term "de facto" and categorising couples as "domestic partners". The city of
483:
753:
broadcast an interview with a lesbian couple featuring the first same-sex kiss seen on Australian television. Further exposure occurred when another ABC TV's
2885:
2933:
332:
1159:
laws in 2016 ensured same-sex couples had equal access to these methods in all jurisdictions. By 2018, all states and territories, with the exception of
223:
143:
71:
2335:
1039:
removed all remaining legislative discrimination toward sexual orientation (including adoption) by adding the new definition of "de facto partner", and
981:
to prevent any possible court rulings allowing same-sex marriages or civil unions. In August 2004, same-sex marriage was officially prohibited when the
3039:
1206:
666:
While Britain's influence on Australian political culture was still strong in the fifties there was no local appetite for a political response to the
293:
1256:
on same-sex marriage, which resulted in a 61.6% "Yes" vote in favour of legalisation. Consequently, the Federal Parliament passed a law amending the
3256:
3029:
1128:
1008:
743:, meant that by the early 1970s gay and lesbian content was no longer automatically censored. In February 1970 the first gay themed Australian film
2674:
is the largest repository of library, archive and museum material relating to Australian LGBT history, and international LGBT history in Australia.
2142:
879:, Tasmania, when he was found engaging in sexual conduct with another man on the side of the road in a car. He was sentenced to eight months jail.
99:
2708:
2349:
929:
2487:
897:
228:
76:
2071:
3059:
3049:
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1287:
1253:
1080:
1076:
854:
in Sydney on 24 June 1978. Organisers said the march and rally were part of "international homosexual solidarity day" to demonstrate against
2272:
2108:
2072:
Sex Files: the legal recognition of sex in documents and government records. Concluding paper of the sex and gender diversity project (2009)
956:
The request from the UN that Australia take steps to treat same sex couples equally was ignored. When directly questioned, Attorney General
94:
89:
84:
2749:
2639:
1774:
1176:
183:
2243:
615:
In 1822 an official inquiry into the sexual scandal that resulted from the movement of thirty female prisoners to the male prison farm at
892:
to allow Australian Citizens and Permanent Residents to sponsor their same-sex partners to Australia through a new Interdependency Visa.
831:
passed a motion in favour of the decriminialization of homosexual acts between consenting adults in private. While at the same time, the
3322:
3261:
3246:
2647:
1405:
810:
497:
421:
158:
123:
2594:
2298:
1830:
728:
724:
699:
476:
1432:
3157:
1499:
Daniels, Kay (December 1993). "The flash mob: Rebellion, rough culture and sexuality in the female factories of Van Diemen's Land".
1468:
1369:
1312:
860:
356:
273:
2367:
2191:
1698:
907:
that gay male sexual conduct became formally legal in all Australian states and territories when the federal government passed the
2386:
1071:
809:
type reform bill. This led to a later more comprehensive reform bill introduced by Murray Hill, father of former defence minister
3286:
3095:
3003:
2850:
2812:
2769:
933:
that he would be "disappointed" if one of his children were to tell him they were gay or lesbian. In August 2001 when asked in a
836:
716:. Within 12 months local CAMP groups had formed in each capital city, creating an informal gay rights network around Australia.
691:
683:
580:
298:
278:
233:
213:
193:
118:
2640:"'A bunch of ratbag, lesbian feminists': The coming-out story of the Adelaide Armpits, Australia's first LGBTQIA+ football club"
2217:
3281:
3024:
2926:
163:
138:
824:
were carried out by the Builders Laborers Federation to protest discrimination against gay people by universities in Sydney.
3276:
3034:
2988:
2973:
2835:
832:
266:
153:
57:
1984:
1075:
A wall with the signage "Yes" painted in the colours of the LGBT flag, designed to demonstrate the support for Australia's
3162:
2890:
2164:
2008:
1258:
983:
469:
283:
218:
208:
168:
3251:
3019:
2461:
1569:
1186:
1167:, had implemented a relationships registration scheme, which allowed couples to demonstrate proof of the existence of a
814:
416:
261:
2900:
2845:
3301:
2860:
2840:
2759:
2701:
2681:
1826:
1194:
920:
188:
2779:
2677:
2425:"Explanatory Memorandum: Same-Sex Relationships (Equal Treatment in Commonwealth Laws - General Law Reform) Act 2008"
2880:
2568:
3110:
2919:
2875:
2855:
2424:
969:
720:
631:
604:
568:
540:
and other non-binary behaviours, but not of homosexuality as such. While there is no evidence of these cultures on
441:
380:
344:
198:
2613:
2532:
3087:
2983:
2729:
2671:
2550:
2411:
1221:
1202:
288:
203:
128:
2953:
2744:
2443:"Explanatory Memorandum: Same-Sex Relationships (Equal Treatment in Commonwealth Laws—Superannuation) Act 2008"
1723:
Kirby, Michael (1 December 2003). "The 1973 Deletion of Homosexuality as a Psychiatric Disorder: 30 Years on".
1292:
1249:
1055:, created a Relationship Declaration Program offering limited legal recognition for same-sex couples. In 2006,
713:
619:
reported the rumour that the women had been placed there to prevent "unnatural crimes" on the part of the men.
1395:
1079:
from 2017. Advertising in Australian media frequently used the phrase "Australia said yes" in response to the
772:
1043:
created a new, non-discriminatory definition of "de facto partner" within 61 pieces of legislation. In 2003,
3167:
3105:
2998:
2993:
2895:
2794:
1213:
1116:
844:
735:
was formed, inspired by CAMP, and was to become the largest gay organisation in Australia during the 1970s.
178:
66:
2764:
1201:
in 2016. Arguably the most significant reform in the transgender space was a November 2017 ruling from the
771:
was established in Sydney, which in 1978 saw the launch of Australia's first gay focused news publications
544:, this may not confirm that homosexual and other queer behaviours and identities were absent from mainland
44:
2870:
2789:
2694:
1198:
802:
791:
767:
organisations which started in the late 1970s. In May 1973 Australia's first LGBTI focused social service
517:
148:
3296:
3172:
2784:
2774:
2754:
2306:
1851:
1229:
1156:
828:
759:
639:
545:
520:
today there is no record of it being a phenomenon in pre-colonial Australian societies. Anthropologists
368:
967:
On 27 May 2004, approximately two months after Tony Blair's Labour Government in Britain proposed its
863:, which celebrated its 30th anniversary in 2008. It also inspired similar events in other cities like
3291:
3100:
2865:
2817:
2739:
2059:
1574:"Catholic Action, Sydney Style: Catholic lay organisations from friendly societies to the Vice Squad"
1140:
599:
409:
238:
30:
3135:
1245:
1112:
945:
reduced the number of interdependency visas, making migration for same-sex couples more difficult.
903:
787:
667:
404:
392:
385:
373:
337:
256:
1606:
2116:
2042:
1899:
1756:
1237:
1164:
1152:
1048:
888:
627:
541:
2407:
2387:"Transgender Teens Can Now Access Treatment Without Going To Court, Following Landmark Decision"
1778:
948:
Reported in 2003, the government was pushed into permitting passports with an 'X' sex marker by
2247:
1951:
1489:: Australia's Birthstain: The Startling Legacy of the Convict Era: Sydney Allen and Unwin: 2008
1460:
1121:
Sex Discrimination Amendment (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status) Act 2013
757:
program broadcast an interview with a gay couple in February 1972 and Australian TV soap opera
3187:
3177:
2943:
1874:
1748:
1740:
1516:
1464:
1233:
1190:
1160:
1108:
1036:
942:
855:
671:
595:. The punishment for "buggery" (sodomy) was reduced from execution to life in prison in 1899.
397:
361:
349:
2507:"Chronology of same-sex marriage bills introduced into the federal parliament: a quick guide"
1650:
3241:
3207:
3141:
2034:
1732:
1573:
1508:
1452:
1275:
1270:
In 1982, the first LGBTQI football team, the Adelaide Armpits, played their first season in
1155:
2018) to allow same-sex couples the right to adopt children. South Australia's amendment of
882:
In 1991, after consistent pressure from Gay and Lesbian Immigration Task Force (GLITF), the
795:
749:
533:
459:
173:
2595:"Same-sex marriage bill passes House of Representatives, paving way for first gay weddings"
1921:
2012:
1436:
1429:
1241:
1148:
1132:
1104:
1056:
1052:
949:
783:
779:
647:
1666:"Towards homosexual equality in Australian criminal law - A brief history (revised ed.)"
3214:
3182:
1801:"Toonen v. Australia, Communication No. 488/1992, U.N. Doc CCPR/C/50/D/488/1992 (1994)"
1088:
974:
957:
768:
744:
708:
525:
1665:
835:
removed homosexuality from its list of illnesses and disorders, two months before the
3316:
3193:
2221:
2046:
1736:
1632:
1486:
1453:
651:
576:
2195:
1760:
763:
introduced the first sympathetic gay character, Don Finlayson, to local audiences.
1172:
851:
821:
732:
552:
521:
2462:"Same-sex couples 'invisible' and financially vulnerable because they can't marry"
1800:
1512:
2488:"SSM: What legal benefits do married couples have that de facto couples do not?"
2328:"Same-sex couples in South Australia to have access to IVF and unpaid surrogacy"
2273:"Govt defends block to same sex marriage (January 18, 2006 – 9:29 am)"
1182:
1096:
924:
799:
723:
headquarters in Sydney when a right-wing Christian fundamentalist stood against
529:
2368:"Landmark Transgender Rights Bill Passes In South Australia, Nixed In Victoria"
2005:
3266:
2038:
1544:
1144:
1092:
1040:
850:
It was in this context that an estimated 500 people marched to and rallied in
616:
1744:
1520:
1095:
amended the law in 2016. The decade was also marked by the implementation of
1060:
864:
740:
687:
591:
laws, however, were part of Australian law, from 1788 through to 1994 under
501:
133:
1752:
1212:
In the relationships recognition space, federal law would be critical. The
2686:
2095:
1175:
twice in the decade, once in 2011 and again in 2016 after the intervening
1021:
Australian Embassy, Netherlands on behalf of the Attorney-General's Office
3220:
1400:
1271:
1136:
1124:
1044:
934:
840:
679:
537:
1699:"Revolution Is For Us: Gay Liberation, Unions and the Left in the 1970s"
3200:
3121:
584:
2086:, Organisation Intersex International (OII) Australia, 19 January 2013
702:(CAMP), founded in 1970, that was to gain the most public attention.
571:
in Sydney, where some convicts identified themselves with female names
2911:
2678:
Museum of Brisbane: Prejudice and Pride Exhibition Material 1980-2010
2098:, Organisation Intersex International (OII) Australia, 9 October 2011
876:
695:
682:-based organisation formed in mid 1969; and an Australian arm of the
588:
587:
was never illegal in Britain nor its colonies, including Australia.
2109:"Getting a passport made easier for sex and gender diverse people"
1070:
868:
719:
CAMP's first demonstration took place in October 1971 outside the
655:
562:
513:
2084:
Ten years of 'X' passports, and no protection from discrimination
2915:
2690:
2218:"Australian Gay Marriage Treatment Like Apartheid Inquiry Told"
1651:"Melbourne" "A gay bibliography – Melbourne Gay Teachers Group"
1637:
The Meagre Harvest: The Australian Women's Movement 1950s–1990s
654:
increased arrests of male homosexuals and reopened a prison at
634:
in Sydney boy prisoners went by names such as Kitty and Nancy.
1370:"Homosexuality and Aboriginal culture: a lore unto themselves"
1313:"Homosexuality and Aboriginal culture: a lore unto themselves"
2569:"Australia wants same-sex marriage. Here's what happens next"
1533:
Wayne Dynes, The Encyclopaedia of Homosexuality, London 1990
2083:
575:
Early laws in Australia were based on then-current laws in
2350:"Queensland brings back civil unions for same-sex couples"
2015:, West Australian, via bodieslikeours.org. 11 January 2003
1031:
after the 2007 election, which Coalition government lost.
790:. In 1972, in response to public outrage at the murder of
2494:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 21 September 2017.
2192:"Australian Federal Gov't Moves To Block Civil Union Bid"
964:
Commonwealth, however, did not overturn the legislation.
3237:
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome Support Group Australia
2141:. Parliament of Australia. 24 June 2004. Archived from
2025:
Holme, Ingrid (2008). "Hearing People's Own Stories".
960:
said that the government is not bound by the ruling.
859:
to this event becoming an annual community event, the
2614:"Marriage Equality Campaign Timeline and Reflections"
2551:"Australian Senate votes down same-sex marriage bill"
1262:
to allow same-sex couples to marry in December 2017.
49:
Rally for Marriage Equality in Melbourne, August 2017
1193:, irrespective of whether or not they had undergone
3229:
3150:
3086:
3012:
2961:
2952:
2826:
2803:
2722:
1725:Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
1581:Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society
690:in January 1970, are considered Australia's first
2074:, Australian Human Rights Commission, March 2009.
1852:"Human Rights (Sexual Conduct) Act 1994 – Sect 4"
1396:"What do we know about queer Indigenous history?"
778:However, homosexual law reform first occurred in
1545:"Wide Open Immorality among Brisbane's Perverts"
1232:would be identified, enhancing the momentum for
2533:"Lower House votes down same-sex marriage bill"
1777:. NEWS.com.au. 22 February 2008. Archived from
1248:, having been denied the opportunity to hold a
1013:
3272:Kaleidoscope Australia Human Rights Foundation
3129:Re Kevin – validity of marriage of transsexual
1103:States and territories, with the exception of
2927:
2702:
2513:. Canberra: Parliamentary Library (Australia)
2220:. 365Gay.com. 11 October 2006. Archived from
1205:which allowed transgender children to access
817:following the South Australian lead in 1976.
747:was released. While in October 1970 ABC TV's
477:
8:
1131:were amended in six states and territories (
504:, from the colonial era to the present day.
1945:
1943:
1220:recognition in 2008/09, spearheaded by the
2958:
2934:
2920:
2912:
2709:
2695:
2687:
1775:"Original report – 500 march in city"
884:Migration Amendment Act (No. 2) 1991 (Cth)
484:
470:
17:
1827:"Same-Sex: Same Entitlements: Chapter 15"
1340:"Marriages in Aboriginal Societies Today"
3257:Coalition of Activist Lesbians Australia
2299:"Gay couples face overseas adoption ban"
1900:"HUMAN RIGHTS (SEXUAL CONDUCT) ACT 1994"
1425:
1423:
1009:Certificate of No Impediment to Marriage
496:This article details the history of the
2279:. Melbourne, Australia. 18 January 2006
2267:
2265:
2096:On Australian passports and "X" for sex
1304:
1111:in common law and the first nationwide
658:exclusively for gay prisoners in 1957.
29:
23:This article is part of a series on the
2246:. Sydney Star Observer. Archived from
1977:"MIGRATION LEGISLATION AMENDMENT BILL"
1956:www.smh.com.au (Sydney Morning Herald)
1873:Commons Librarian (22 December 2023).
1179:had repealed the legislation in 2012.
1123:, the provisions of which extended to
909:Human Rights (Sexual Conduct) Act 1994
898:Human Rights (Sexual Conduct) Act 1994
593:Human Rights (Sexual Conduct) Act 1994
2468:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
2062:, Sydney Morning Herald. 27 June 2010
1952:"Howard attacks ACT gay adoption law"
1692:
1690:
1673:Australian Lesbian & Gay Archives
1288:Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey
895:In 1994, the Commonwealth passed the
7:
2612:Commons Librarian (12 August 2021).
2505:McKeown, Deirdre (1 December 2017).
2006:"X marks the spot for intersex Alex"
1482:
1480:
1446:
1444:
1246:Turnbull Liberal/National government
843:, which retained its laws until the
184:1901 Federal Flag Design Competition
3262:Community Action Against Homophobia
3247:Australian Lesbian and Gay Archives
2648:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
2460:Holman, Julia (27 September 2017).
2115:. 14 September 2011. Archived from
1406:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
979:Marriage Legislation Amendment Bill
919:Since the beginning of his term as
3116:LGBTI holders of political offices
2334:. 28 February 2017. Archived from
2244:"Howard Bans Submissions to HREOC"
1983:. 13 December 1996. Archived from
1831:Australian Human Rights Commission
1197:, though this was rejected by the
700:Campaign Against Moral Persecution
608:in free migration and settlement.
14:
3158:Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras
2618:The Commons Social Change Library
2165:"Labor backs ban on gay marriage"
1879:The Commons Social Change Library
1875:"Campaigns that Changed Tasmania"
1703:The Commons Social Change Library
861:Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras
3287:Safe Schools Coalition Australia
3221:Joy 94.9 Melbourne radio station
3060:Marriage Equality Act 2013 (ACT)
2638:Lewis, Samantha (18 June 2022).
2385:Lane Sainty (30 November 2017).
1854:. Commonwealth Consolidated Acts
1737:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2003.01269.x
1430:The Development Of Homosexuality
1107:, also abolished the use of the
837:American Psychiatric Association
662:20th century gay rights movement
637:In 1932, an Australian tabloid,
453:
43:
3282:Intersex Human Rights Australia
2429:Federal Register of Legislation
2190:Hacker, Peter (29 March 2006).
1922:"Howard rules on gay marriages"
999:State and territory initiatives
3277:National LGBTI Health Alliance
3178:ChillOut Festival (Daylesford)
2735:Federated States of Micronesia
2139:"Marriage Amendment Bill 2004"
847:forced their repeal in 1997.
833:Australian Medical Association
1:
3188:Midsumma Festival (Melbourne)
3163:Melbourne Queer Film Festival
1543:Andrew Potts (4 March 1932).
1513:10.1080/08164649.1993.9994701
1455:Colonialism and Homosexuality
3252:Australian Marriage Equality
2969:Australian Capital Territory
2194:. 365Gay.com. Archived from
1338:Anonymous (18 August 2010).
1252:, succeeded in conducting a
1187:Australian Capital Territory
815:Australian Capital Territory
807:consenting adults in private
579:, which were inherited upon
3302:Zoe Belle Gender Collective
3067:Marriage Amendment Act 2017
2408:[2017] FamCAFC 258
1607:"Australia's queer history"
1501:Australian Feminist Studies
1278:competitions for 30 years.
1274:, and continued to play in
1244:on the issue. In 2017, the
1207:cross-sex hormone treatment
1195:sexual reassignment surgery
973:, federal Attorney-General
921:prime minister of Australia
77:European exploration (land)
3339:
3323:LGBTQ history in Australia
3111:Suicide of Tyrone Unsworth
1697:Ross, Liz (3 April 2023).
1639:. St Leonards. p. 93.
1067:Major reforms in the 2010s
970:Civil Partnership Act 2004
721:Liberal Party of Australia
442:List of years in Australia
72:European exploration (sea)
3183:Feast Festival (Adelaide)
2672:Australian Queer Archives
2412:Family Court (Full Court)
2410: (30 November 2017),
2039:10.1080/09505430802280784
1926:www.abc.net.au (lateline)
1435:October 13, 2008, at the
1203:Family Court of Australia
886:was passed, amending the
626:Select committees of the
508:The Indigenous experience
2886:Northern Mariana Islands
2682:State Library Queensland
1664:Carbery, Graham (2014).
1451:Aldrich, Robert (2002).
1293:LGBT rights in Australia
1238:Gillard Labor government
1077:Marriage Equality survey
889:Migration Act 1958 (Cth)
805:government introduced a
773:The Sydney Star Observer
692:gay rights organisations
670:, which recommended the
516:is not uncommon amongst
3168:Brisbane Pride Festival
3106:Murder of George Duncan
2851:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2717:LGBT history in Oceania
2447:Parliament of Australia
2332:Human Rights Law Centre
2060:"Neither man nor woman"
1254:voluntary postal survey
1127:people. Significantly,
1091:laws was achieved when
559:Colonial period to 1951
551:An exception is in the
3030:Adoption and parenting
1459:. Routledge. pp.
1115:law was passed by the
1084:
1024:
792:University of Adelaide
572:
518:Indigenous Australians
512:Whilst identifying as
3297:Victorian Pride Lobby
3173:Cairns Tropical Pride
2829:and other territories
2307:Sydney Morning Herald
2113:The Hon Kevin Rudd MP
1177:Newman LNP Government
1157:assisted reproduction
1074:
829:Australian Parliament
694:. Although, it was a
612:mobile transportees.
566:
546:Aboriginal Australian
3292:Transgender Victoria
3101:Tasty nightclub raid
3096:Daughters of Bilitis
2954:LGBT rights and laws
1950:AAP (8 March 2004).
1199:Victorian Parliament
938:marriage, I don't."
827:In October 1973 the
684:Daughters of Bilitis
460:Australia portal
59:Timeline and periods
3136:Toonen v. Australia
2224:on 17 February 2008
2145:on 27 November 2012
2119:on 19 November 2011
1987:on 18 February 2011
1981:Anthony Albanese MP
1119:in the form of the
1113:anti-discrimination
904:Toonen v. Australia
727:for pre-selection.
668:Wolfenden Committee
3151:Culture and events
3025:Transgender rights
2979:Northern Territory
2601:. 7 December 2017.
2575:. 15 November 2017
2374:. 6 December 2016.
2356:. 3 December 2015.
2027:Science as Culture
2011:2013-11-10 at the
1613:. 28 November 2018
1549:The Arrow (Sydney)
1228:relationships and
1214:Federal Parliament
1165:Northern Territory
1153:Northern Territory
1117:Federal Parliament
1085:
1049:Northern Territory
845:federal government
698:organisation, the
632:Hyde Park Barracks
628:British Parliament
573:
569:Hyde Park Barracks
542:mainland Australia
536:found evidence of
357:Northern Territory
267:Chinese Australian
257:African Australian
224:Telecommunications
144:Capital punishment
3310:
3309:
3082:
3081:
3004:Western Australia
2945:LGBT in Australia
2909:
2908:
2901:Wallis and Futuna
2846:Clipperton Island
2804:Associated states
2449:. 1 January 2009.
2431:. 1 January 2009.
1805:hrlibrary.umn.edu
1350:on 23 August 2019
1319:. 20 October 2014
1259:Marriage Act 1961
1234:same-sex marriage
1191:birth certificate
1161:Western Australia
1109:gay panic defence
1037:Western Australia
984:Marriage Act 1961
943:Howard government
941:In July 1996 the
915:Howard government
856:sexual repression
672:decriminalisation
494:
493:
427:
426:
417:Western Australia
279:Jewish Australian
274:Indigenous people
34:
3330:
3242:The Aurora Group
3208:Queensland Pride
3142:Gay Gang Murders
3074:Military service
2959:
2946:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2913:
2891:Pitcairn Islands
2861:French Polynesia
2841:Christmas Island
2770:Papua New Guinea
2750:Marshall Islands
2723:Sovereign states
2711:
2704:
2697:
2688:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2635:
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2547:
2541:
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2415:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2338:on 7 March 2017.
2324:
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2016:
2003:
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1962:
1947:
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1937:
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1907:
1902:. Austlii.edu.au
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1611:O&G Magazine
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1355:
1346:. Archived from
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1309:
1276:South Australian
1022:
992:another woman.
930:A Current Affair
796:Dr George Duncan
750:This Day Tonight
534:Ralph Piddington
486:
479:
472:
458:
457:
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317:
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262:Asian Australian
174:Eureka Rebellion
60:
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3225:
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3020:Intersex rights
3008:
2989:South Australia
2974:New South Wales
2948:
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2780:Solomon Islands
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2199:
2189:
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2174:
2172:
2171:. 5 August 2004
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2019:
2013:Wayback Machine
2004:
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1807:. 31 March 1994
1799:
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1781:on 2 March 2008
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1590:
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1576:
1570:Franklin, James
1568:
1567:
1563:
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1537:
1532:
1528:
1507:(18): 133–150.
1498:
1497:
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1471:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1437:Wayback Machine
1428:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1374:Archer Magazine
1368:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1351:
1344:www.alrc.gov.au
1337:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1317:Archer Magazine
1311:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1284:
1268:
1242:conscience vote
1222:Rudd government
1149:South Australia
1133:New South Wales
1105:South Australia
1069:
1057:South Australia
1053:New South Wales
1023:
1020:
1001:
977:introduced the
950:Alex MacFarlane
917:
784:New South Wales
780:South Australia
664:
648:New South Wales
598:Throughout the
561:
510:
490:
454:
452:
447:
446:
437:
429:
428:
381:South Australia
345:New South Wales
321:State/Territory
314:
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114:
106:
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62:
58:
50:
35:
31:
22:
12:
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3254:
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3215:QNews Magazine
3211:
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3047:
3045:Public opinion
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2881:Norfolk Island
2878:
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2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2836:American Samoa
2832:
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2824:
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2821:
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2815:
2809:
2807:
2806:of New Zealand
2801:
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2666:External links
2664:
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2511:www.aph.gov.au
2497:
2479:
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2396:
2377:
2359:
2341:
2319:
2303:www.smh.com.au
2290:
2261:
2250:on 6 July 2011
2235:
2209:
2198:on 10 May 2008
2182:
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2130:
2100:
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2064:
2052:
2033:(3): 341–344.
2017:
1998:
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1818:
1792:
1766:
1731:(6): 674–677.
1715:
1686:
1656:
1642:
1633:Kaplan, Gisela
1624:
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1297:
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1283:
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1267:
1264:
1240:agreeing to a
1216:'s reforms of
1185:people in the
1089:age of consent
1068:
1065:
1018:
1000:
997:
989:Family Law Act
975:Philip Ruddock
958:Philip Ruddock
916:
913:
769:Phone-a-Friend
709:The Australian
663:
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605:Robert Aldrich
600:transportation
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1348:the original
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574:
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550:
522:Bill Stanner
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500:movement in
498:LGBTQ rights
495:
325:
320:
159:Constitution
149:Civil rights
129:Antisemitism
100:1945–present
21:
15:
2760:New Zealand
2579:15 November
2517:27 December
2414:(Australia)
2312:22 February
2283:3 September
2123:23 December
1991:17 November
1858:3 September
1785:22 February
1183:Transgender
1097:expungement
925:John Howard
811:Robert Hill
652:J.J. Cahill
530:A. P. Elkin
299:Transgender
194:Immigration
124:Agriculture
33:History of
3267:Equal Love
3055:in the ACT
2984:Queensland
2404:Re: Kelvin
2228:6 December
2202:6 December
1906:20 January
1617:9 February
1412:12 January
1299:References
1250:plebiscite
1145:Queensland
1093:Queensland
1041:Queensland
729:Tom Hughes
725:Tom Hughes
617:Emu Plains
585:Lesbianism
369:Queensland
179:Federation
67:Prehistory
2730:Australia
2175:23 August
2047:143528047
1811:8 October
1745:0004-8674
1679:31 August
1591:2 January
1521:0816-4649
1380:23 August
1354:23 August
1323:23 August
1230:marriages
1061:Melbourne
1016:marriage.
923:in 1996,
865:Melbourne
822:Pink Bans
794:academic
760:Number 96
741:Don Chipp
688:Melbourne
640:The Arrow
583:in 1788.
548:culture.
502:Australia
410:Melbourne
313:By region
169:Economics
164:Diplomacy
134:Anzac Day
95:1901–1945
90:1851–1900
85:1788–1850
36:Australia
3317:Category
3035:Marriage
3013:By topic
2999:Victoria
2994:Tasmania
2962:By state
2745:Kiribati
2644:ABC News
2599:ABC News
2573:ABC News
2555:ABC News
2537:ABC News
2492:ABC News
2466:ABC News
2391:BuzzFeed
2372:BuzzFeed
2009:Archived
1761:44818542
1753:14636380
1635:(1996).
1572:(2022).
1433:Archived
1401:Triple j
1282:See also
1272:Adelaide
1266:In sport
1226:de facto
1218:de facto
1169:de facto
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1137:Tasmania
1125:intersex
1045:Tasmania
1019:—
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841:Tasmania
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680:Canberra
675:stain'.
538:polygamy
436:See also
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393:Tasmania
386:Adelaide
374:Brisbane
338:Canberra
294:Marriage
251:By group
234:Religion
214:Monarchy
209:Military
119:Abortion
3201:SX News
3122:Re Alex
3088:History
3040:History
2896:Tokelau
2795:Vanuatu
2653:18 June
2623:6 April
2277:The Age
2254:29 June
2169:The Age
1884:6 April
1708:6 April
800:Dunstan
745:The Set
714:Balmain
577:Britain
326:Capital
139:Banking
3050:Survey
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2790:Tuvalu
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1932:9 June
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1139:2013;
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798:, the
782:, not
696:Sydney
589:Sodomy
398:Hobart
362:Darwin
350:Sydney
219:Sports
199:Labour
154:Cinema
113:Topics
2785:Tonga
2775:Samoa
2765:Palau
2755:Nauru
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2043:S2CID
1757:S2CID
1669:(PDF)
1577:(PDF)
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803:Labor
656:Cooma
514:LGBTQ
422:Perth
284:Women
2866:Guam
2818:Niue
2740:Fiji
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2625:2024
2581:2017
2519:2016
2474:2017
2314:2015
2285:2007
2256:2006
2230:2009
2204:2009
2177:2019
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1963:2013
1934:2013
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1860:2007
1838:2014
1813:2019
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1749:PMID
1741:ISSN
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