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finishes, both in ease of application and in colour retention. The preferred method of applying quick-drying lacquers is by spraying, and the development of nitrocellulose lacquers led to the first extensive use of spray guns. Nitrocellulose lacquers produce a hard yet flexible, durable finish that can be polished to a high sheen. Drawbacks of these lacquers include the hazardous nature of the solvent, which is flammable and toxic, and the hazards of nitrocellulose in the manufacturing process. The lacquer grade of soluble nitrocellulose is closely related to the more highly nitrated form which is used to make explosives. They become relatively non-toxic after approximately a month since, at this point, the lacquer has evaporated most of the solvents used in its production.
393:
1151:. As Asian lacquer work became popular in England, France, the Netherlands, and Spain in the 17th century, the Europeans developed imitation techniques. The European technique, which is used on furniture and other objects, uses finishes that have a resin base similar to shellac. The technique, which became known as japanning, involves applying several coats of varnish which are each heat-dried and polished. In the 18th century, japanning gained a large popular following. Although traditionally a pottery and wood coating, japanning was the popular (mostly black) coating of the accelerating metalware industry. By the twentieth century, the term was freely applied to coatings based on various
920:
1112:
water-based lacquer's fumes are considerably less hazardous, and it does not have the combustibility issues of solvent-based lacquers, the product still dries fairly quickly. Even though its odor is weaker, water-based lacquers can still produce airborne particulates that can get into the lungs, so proper protective wear still needs to be worn. More and more water-based colored lacquers are replacing solvent-based clear and colored lacquers in under-hood and interior applications in the automobile and other similar industrial applications. Water-based lacquers are used extensively in wood furniture finishing as well.
830:
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58:
645:, giving red or black depending on the oxide. There is some evidence that its use is even older than 8,000 years from archaeological digs in Japan and China. Later, pigments were added to make colours. It is used not only as a finish, because if mixed with ground fired and unfired clays applied to a mould with layers of hemp cloth, it can produce objects without need for another core like wood. The process is called "kanshitsu" in Japan. In the lacquering of the Chinese musical instrument, the
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1366:... The word lacquer derives, in fact, from the Sanskrit 'Laksha' and has the same meaning as the Hindi word 'Lakh' which signifies one-hundred thousand ... enormous number of those parasitical insects which infest the plants Acacia catecu, Ficus and Butea frondosa ... great quantity of reddish colored resinous substance ... used in ancient times in India and other parts of Asia ...
873:
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1309:... Along with valuable woods from the East, the ancients imported lac, a resinous incrustation produced on certain trees by the puncture of the lac insect. In India, lac was used as sealing wax, dye and varnish ... Sanskrit, laksha; Hindi, lakh; Persian, lak; Latin, lacca. The Western word 'lacquer' is derived from this term ...
1115:
One drawback of water-based lacquer is that it has a tendency to be highly reactive to other fresh finishes such as quick-dry primer (excluding waterborne lacquer primers), caulking and even some paints that have a paint/primer aspect. Tannin bleed-through can also be an issue, depending on the brand
1026:
The problem with using nitrocellulose in lacquers was its high viscosity, which necessitated dilution of the product with large amounts of thinner for application, leaving only a very thin film of finish not durable enough for outdoor use. This problem was overcome by decreasing the viscosity of the
529:. The ornaments woven with lacquered red thread were discovered in a pit grave dating from the first half of the Initial Jōmon period. Also, at Kakinoshima "A" Excavation Site, earthenware with a spout painted with vermilion lacquer, which was made 3200 years ago, was found almost completely intact.
487:
enzymes, yielding a substrate that, upon proper evaporation of its water content, is hard. These lacquers produce very hard, durable finishes that are both beautiful and very resistant to damage by water, acid, alkali or abrasion. The resin is derived from trees indigenous to East Asia, like lacquer
946:
in
Chinese). This is directly from the tree itself with some impurities filtered out. Raw lacquer has a water content of around 25% and appears in a light brown colour. This comes in a standard grade made from Chinese lacquer, which is generally used for ground layers by mixing with a powder, and a
1018:
a massive overcapacity of nitrocellulose production, and soon greatly displaced much use of the slower-drying paints and lacquers that preceded them; they were extensively used in the automotive industry and others for the next 30 years until further chemical advancements replaced them. Prior to
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Nitrocellulose lacquers are also used to make firework fuses waterproof. The nitrocellulose and other resins and plasticizers are dissolved in the solvent, and each coat of lacquer dissolves some of the previous coat. These lacquers were a huge improvement over earlier automobile and furniture
1111:
Due to health risks and environmental considerations involved in the use of solvent-based lacquers, much work has gone into the development of water-based lacquers. Such lacquers are considerably less toxic, more environmentally friendly, and, in many cases, produce acceptable results. While
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materials, debuted in the 19th century along with nitrocellulose's other commercial applications. They were used, for example, on brass items such as musical instruments. Faster-drying and more durable versions of these lacquers were developed in the early 1920s, when the end of the
192:
or related trees, applied in several coats to a base that is usually wood. This dries to a very hard and smooth surface layer which is durable, waterproof, and attractive in feel and look. Asian lacquer is sometimes painted with pictures, inlaid with shell and other materials, or
114:
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and great care is therefore required in its use. The
Chinese treated the allergic reaction with crushed shellfish, which supposedly prevents lacquer from drying properly. Lacquer skills became very highly developed in Asia, and many highly decorated pieces were produced.
157:
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Lacquer sheen is a measurement of the shine for a given lacquer. Different manufacturers have their own names and standards for their sheen. The most common names from least shiny to most shiny are: flat, matte, eggshell, satin, semi-gloss, and gloss (high).
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alone. The active ingredient of the resin is urushiol, a mixture of various phenols suspended in water, plus a few proteins. In order for it to set properly it requires a humid and warm environment. The phenols oxidize and polymerize under the action of
622:
The trees must be at least ten years old before cutting to bleed the resin. It sets by a process called "aqua-polymerization", absorbing oxygen to set; placing in a humid environment allows it to absorb more oxygen from the evaporation of the water.
652:
There are a number of forms of urushiol. They vary by the length of the R chain, which depends on the species of plant producing the urushiol. Urushiol can also vary in the degree of saturation in the carbon chain. Urushiol can be drawn as follows:
974:
to create a yellow-tinged lacquer and is especially used for the sprinkled-gold technique. These lacquers are generally used for the middle layers. Japanese lacquers of this type are generally used for the top layers and are prefixed by the word
1419:... Shellac, a natural resin secreted by the scaly lac insect, has been used in India for centuries as a decorative coating for surfaces. The word lacquer in English is derived from the Sanskrit word laksha. which means one hundred thousand ...
1341:... The word 'lacquer' itself stems from the term 'Laksha', from the pre-Christian, sacred Indian language Sanskrit, and originally referred to shellac, a resin produced by special insects ('lac insects') from the sap of an Indian fig tree ...
1892:– A concise compilation of technical terms. Attached is a register of all German terms with their corresponding English terms and vice versa, in order to facilitate its use as a means for technical translation from one language to the other.
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tradename. In 1924 the other GM makes followed suit, and by 1925 nitrocellulose lacquers were thoroughly disrupting the traditional paint business for automobiles, appliances, furniture, musical instruments, caskets, and other products.
575:
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and is the oldest lacquer tree in the world found as of 2011. Lacquer was used in Japan as early as 7000 BCE, during the Jōmon period. Evidence for the earliest lacquerware was discovered at the
Kakinoshima "B" Excavation Site in
567:
Trade of lacquer objects travelled through various routes to the Middle East. Known applications of lacquer in China included coffins, music instruments, furniture, and various household items. Lacquer mixed with powdered
1095:, which have the advantage of not needing to be buffed to obtain a shine. Enamels, however, are slow drying. The advantage of acrylic lacquer is its exceptionally fast drying time. The use of lacquers in
216:, and it can be further polished as required. Lacquer finishes are usually harder and more brittle than oil-based or latex paints and are typically used on hard and smooth surfaces.
1939:
1035:
explaining polymer solution viscosity by length of molecular chains not yet experimentally proven in 1920s) with heat treatments, either with 2% of mineral acid or in an
552:(206 BC – 220 AD), many centres of lacquer production became firmly established. The knowledge of the Chinese methods of the lacquer process spread from China during the
265:. Although synthetic lacquer is more durable than shellac, traditional shellac finishes are nevertheless often preferred for their aesthetic characteristics, as with
536:(1600–1046 BC), the sophisticated techniques used in the lacquer process were first developed and it became a highly artistic craft, although various prehistoric
638:. The result is similar but softer than the Chinese or Japanese lacquer. Burmese lacquer sets slower, and is painted by craftsmen's hands without using brushes.
1518:
392:
1384:
451:). It is used for wood finish, lacquerware, skin cosmetic, ornaments, dye for textiles, production of different grades of shellac for surface coating.
1543:
1932:
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1226:
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591:. Until the 19th century, lacquerware was one of Japan's major exports, and European royalty, aristocrats and religious people represented by
1639:
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coatings were developed. The system usually consists of a primer, colour coat and clear topcoat, commonly known as clear coat finishes.
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A Chinese six-pointed tray, red lacquer over wood, from the Song dynasty (960–1279), 12th–13th century, Metropolitan Museum of Art.
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their introduction, mass-produced automotive finishes were limited in colour, damaged easily, and took a long time to dry, with
649:, the lacquer is mixed with deer horn powder (or ceramic powder) to give it more strength so it can stand up to the fingering.
2449:
1433:
1829:
1050:
brand automobile was the first to introduce one of the new fast-drying nitrocellulose lacquers, a bright blue, produced by
1042:
The first practical nitrocellulose enamel Glossy White S.2567, still for interior use, was introduced in 1919 in the UK by
954:
The processed form (in which the lacquer is stirred continuously until much of the water content has evaporated) is called
587:
From the 16th century to the 17th century, lacquer was introduced to Europe on a large scale for the first time through
389:, representing the number one hundred thousand (100,000), used as wood finish in ancient India and neighbouring areas.
213:
72:
66:
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that dry by solvent evaporation to produce a hard, durable finish. The finish can be of any sheen level from ultra
188:
1948:
1522:
1047:
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It has been confirmed that the lacquer tree has existed in Japan since nearly 12,600 years ago in the incipient
83:
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125:
1204:
1381:
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Water-based lacquer used for wood finishing is also not rated for exterior wear, unless otherwise specified.
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Types of lacquer vary from place to place but they can be divided into unprocessed and processed categories.
2556:
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2439:
2927:
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of lacquer used. Once it happens, there is no easy fix as the lacquer is so reactive to other products.
1612:. Translated by K.C. Chang and Collaborators. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 80.
958:(光漆) in Chinese but comes under many different Japanese names depending on the variation, for example,
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772:
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186:, which may be called "true lacquer", are objects coated with the treated, dyed and dried sap of
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1901:
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635:
1803:
1083:, a synthetic polymer, were developed in the 1950s. Acrylic resin is colourless, transparent
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and mother-of-pearl inlay cabinet that was exported from Japan to Europe in the 16th century.
2997:
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2019:
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was discontinued when tougher, more durable, weather- and chemical-resistant two-component
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were introducing nitrocellulose lacquers at the same time, and soon the market flourished.
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2623:
2535:
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1630:
Institute of the
History of Natural Sciences and Chinese Academy of Sciences, ed. (1983).
1388:
966:(黒呂色漆) is the same but pre-mixed with iron hydroxide to produce a black coloured lacquer.
544:
period. The earliest extant
Chinese lacquer object, a red wooden bowl, was unearthed at a
284:
257:
27:
Liquid or powder coating material which is applied thinly to objects to form a hard finish
513:
1911:– A Comprehensive Guide to the Technology and Conservation of Asian and European Lacquer
3002:
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630:, are slightly different; they do not contain urushiol, but similar substances called
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144:
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1487:
The
Huainanzi: A Guide to the Theory and Practice of Government in Early Han China
1787:
1749:
1401:
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or finish applied to materials such as wood or metal. It is most often made from
2883:
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2319:
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1521:. Hokkaido Prefectural Government, Hokkaido Tourism Organization. Archived from
1439:
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1020:
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Processed lacquers can have oil added to them to make them glossy, for example,
902:
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1438:. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from
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1694:. Netherlands: National Museum of Ethnology Museum Volkenkunde. Archived from
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151:
1917:
1830:
Characterization of
Natural Resin Films and Identification of Ancient Coating
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2014:
906:
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1241:"lacquer – Origin and meaning of lacquer by Online Etymology Dictionary"
962:(木地呂漆) is standard transparent lacquer sometimes used with pigments and
17:
2915:
2910:
2900:
2873:
2793:
2693:
2648:
2633:
2390:
2301:
2170:
2165:
2044:
1169:
971:
484:
470:-based lacquers differ from most others, being slow-drying, and set by
443:
was used since ancient times. Shellac is the secretion of the lac bug (
436:
426:
400:
399:
is a traditional form of lacquerware from Sri Lanka which is made from
386:
262:
220:
205:
172:
31:
990:(釦漆) which is thick and used mainly for applying gold or silver leaf.
626:
Lacquer-yielding trees in
Thailand, Vietnam, Burma and Taiwan, called
269:, as well as their "all-natural" and generally food-safe ingredients.
209:
2958:
2942:
2920:
2905:
2868:
2826:
2821:
2721:
2476:
2380:
2049:
2009:
1051:
860:
619:" which means lacquer in Mexican Spanish, are derived from Japanese.
608:
580:
312:
198:
130:
655:
179:
extracted from trees and waxes and has been in use since antiquity.
1485:
Major, John S., Sarah Queen, Andrew Meyer, Harold D. Roth, (2010),
1147:
is an old name to describe the
European technique to imitate Asian
1027:
polymer (the term actually post-dates the empirical solution, with
986:(朱合漆) is mixed with linseed oil. Other specialist lacquers include
2888:
2763:
2683:
2668:
2615:
2365:
2324:
2116:
1994:
1969:
918:
646:
641:
Raw lacquer can be "coloured" by the addition of small amounts of
574:
458:
391:
204:
In modern techniques, lacquer means a range of clear or pigmented
176:
156:
124:
113:
35:
2895:
2878:
2863:
2108:
1759:
1266:"lac – Origin and meaning of lac by Online Etymology Dictionary"
1055:
854:
372:
235:
to distinguish them from synthetic lacquer, often called simply
135:
1921:
572:
is used to produce the traditional red lacquerware from China.
2703:
2408:
1964:
1722:"Writ in Lacquer: A Genteel Courtship on a Mexican Sewing Box"
1689:"Mexican lacquers from Guerrero /La laca Mexicana de Guerrero"
1023:
being the fastest drying and thus the most economical to use.
1012:
51:
1435:
Non-Wood Forest
Products 4: Natural colourants and dyestuffs
564:
dynasties. Eventually it was introduced to Korea and Japan.
362:
219:
In terms of modern finishing products, finishes based on
1322:
Thomas Brock; Michael Groteklaes; Peter Mischke (2000),
1290:
Donald Frederick Lach; Edwin J. Van Kley (1994-02-04),
373:
356:
121:
with Chinese character for longevity, mid 16th century
45:. For phonograph records made on a cutting lathe, see
1205:"Urushi: All You Need to Know About Japanese Lacquer"
947:
high-quality grade made from Japanese lacquer called
330:
951:(生正味漆) which is used for the last finishing layers.
315:
306:
2951:
2814:
2702:
2614:
2399:
2315:
2216:
2103:
1990:
1955:
1773:W.H. Dyson (July 1932). "Nitrocellulose lacquers".
1087:, obtained by the polymerization of derivatives of
344:
338:
1634:. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. p. 211.
970:(梨子地漆) is the transparent lacquer but mixed with
540:have been unearthed in China dating back to the
297:
1860:The Standard Catalog of American Cars 1805–1942
1724:. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art
1591:. Malden, MA : Blackwell Pub. p. 30.
1403:Polyurethanes: coatings, adhesives and sealants
201:and given other further decorative treatments.
1743:
1741:
1739:
1293:Asia in the making of Europe, Volume 2, Book 1
1155:and lacquers besides the traditional shellac.
852:
380:
1933:
1828:Niimura, Noriyasu; Miyakoshi, Tetsuo (2003) "
1497:
1495:
336:
278:
8:
1567:. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 3.
1352:
1350:
998:Solvent-based dipping lacquers that contain
321:
288:
41:For decorative items made with lacquer, see
1858:Kimes, Beverly R.; Clark, Henry A. (1996),
1406:, Vincentz Network GmbH & Co KG, 2007,
1360:The art of dyeing in the history of mankind
1328:, Vincentz Network GmbH & Co KG, 2000,
836:Clothing box decorated with peony scrolls,
350:
161:Lacquer plate, Nam Định province, Vietnam,
1940:
1926:
1918:
1786:
879:Picnic Box with Design of the Scene from
102:Learn how and when to remove this message
1805:House Paints, 1900-1960: History and Use
934:The basic unprocessed lacquer is called
611:. The terms related to lacquer such as "
65:This article includes a list of general
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1519:"Kakinoshima Jomon Archaeological Site"
1432:Green, C. L. (1995). "5: Insect Dyes".
1400:Ulrich Meier-Westhues (November 2007),
1377:
1375:
1196:
768:
1914:Michiko, Suganuma. "Japanese lacquer".
1632:Ancient China's technology and science
1296:, University of Chicago Press, 1971,
548:(5000–4500 BC) site in China. By the
7:
3031:
1898:Lacquer: Technology and Conservation
1751:Du Pont: One Hundred and Forty Years
1565:Lacquer: Technology and conservation
1489:, Columbia University Press, p. 219.
171:is a type of hard and usually shiny
1720:Kathryn Santner (October 2, 2012).
1382:Wood Finishers Depot: Lacquer Sheen
1227:"Safety Data Sheet Acrylic Lacquer"
506:urushiol-induced contact dermatitis
322:
302:, itself an unexplained variant of
1775:South African Journal of Chemistry
1462:"Oriental lacquer – varnish resin"
71:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1802:Standeven, Harriet A. L. (2011).
520:of the lacquer tree found at the
3030:
3021:
3020:
927:, ready for applying to surface.
894:
872:
845:
829:
810:
783:
771:
654:
293:, "a kind of sealing wax", from
56:
1655:Urushi once attracted the world
979:(上) which means 'top (layer)'.
261:, a mixture of various organic
824:container, dated 16th century.
239:, which consists of synthetic
1:
1881:, Vincentz Verlag, Hannover,
923:Lacquer mixed with water and
799:
1002:, a resin obtained from the
357:
1754:, Charles Scribner's Sons,
1748:Dutton, William S. (1942),
1544:Kakinoshima Excavation Site
1046:. In 1923, General Motors'
853:
607:luxuriously decorated with
500:. The fresh resin from the
374:
345:
331:
316:
311:"resinous substance," from
3095:
3069:Non-timber forest products
1949:Non-timber forest products
1834:J. Mass Spectrom. Soc. Jpn
1325:European coatings handbook
1126:
1091:. Acrylic is also used in
1039:at considerable pressure.
885:in Maki-e Lacquer, Edo or
491:Toxicodendron vernicifluum
424:
363:
249:cellulose acetate butyrate
189:Toxicodendron vernicifluum
40:
29:
3016:
1900:, Butterworth Heinemann,
1587:Stark, Miriam T. (2005).
1387:October 26, 2014, at the
518:radioactive carbon dating
497:Toxicodendron succedaneum
381:
351:
337:
1608:Wang, Zhongshu. (1982).
1357:Franco Brunello (1973),
1033:modern structural theory
516:. This was confirmed by
30:Not to be confused with
1896:Webb, Marianne (2000),
1877:Nanetti, Paolo (2006),
1842:10.5702/massspec.51.439
1563:Webb, Marianne (2000).
1502:1万2千年前のウルシ木片 世界最古、福井で出土
994:Nitrocellulose lacquers
455:Urushiol-based lacquers
86:more precise citations.
2963:(Iberian agroforestry)
2201:Pacific mountain onion
1862:, Kraus Publications,
1808:. Getty Publications.
928:
584:
464:
421:Shellac-based lacquers
408:
307:
298:
289:
279:
165:
154:
122:
2983:Indian forest produce
2454:Hydnocarpus wightiana
1788:10520/AJA03794350_530
1670:p.24. Me no Me, 2017
1137:is a common name for
922:
901:Lacquered vases from
578:
462:
395:
160:
128:
117:
2226:Bare-toothed russula
1879:Coatings from A to Z
1701:on December 13, 2014
1107:Water-based lacquers
1006:of cotton and other
840:Korea, 17th century.
605:Japanese lacquerware
601:The Society of Jesus
522:Torihama shell mound
439:derived from insect
283:is from the archaic
2837:musical instruments
2095:Woodland strawberry
1687:Ted J.J. Leyenaar.
1589:Archaeology of Asia
1546:Hokkaido Government
1097:automobile finishes
889:Japan, 19th century
867:Japan, 18th century
803: 13th century
615:", "Urushiol" and "
589:trade with Japanese
367:), itself from the
1508:, November 6, 2011
929:
585:
465:
409:
166:
155:
123:
3046:
3045:
1666:Masayuki Murata.
1657:urushi-joboji.com
1641:978-0-8351-1001-3
1574:978-0-7506-4412-9
1442:on 12 August 2011
1413:978-3-87870-334-1
1335:978-3-87870-559-8
1303:978-0-226-46730-6
882:The Tale of Genji
478:, rather than by
412:Sheen measurement
227:are often called
112:
111:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3086:
3034:
3033:
3024:
3023:
2998:Resin extraction
2988:Mushroom hunting
2964:
2710: / etc.
2564:
2457:
2292:Saffron milk cap
2282:Parasol mushroom
2122:Fiddlehead ferns
1942:
1935:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1891:
1872:
1845:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1799:
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1764:
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1717:
1711:
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1706:
1700:
1693:
1684:
1678:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1627:
1621:
1610:Han Civilization
1606:
1600:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1560:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
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1515:
1509:
1499:
1490:
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1429:
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1397:
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1319:
1313:
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1287:
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1262:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1201:
1185:Lacquer painting
1075:Acrylic lacquers
1063:and, in the UK,
1044:Nobel Explosives
964:kuroroiro-urushi
915:Types of lacquer
898:
876:
858:
849:
833:
814:
804:
801:
787:
775:
658:
593:Marie-Antoinette
384:
383:
377:
366:
365:
360:
354:
353:
348:
342:
341:
340:
334:
325:
324:
319:
310:
301:
292:
282:
199:dusted with gold
107:
100:
96:
93:
87:
82:this article by
73:inline citations
60:
59:
52:
21:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3064:Decorative arts
3049:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3012:
2962:
2947:
2938:Vegetable ivory
2810:
2698:
2610:
2558:
2451:
2413:
2395:
2329:
2311:
2277:Oyster mushroom
2267:Meadow mushroom
2212:
2196:Twincrest onion
2099:
2003:
1986:
1957:Animal products
1951:
1946:
1908:
1895:
1889:
1876:
1870:
1857:
1854:
1852:Further reading
1849:
1848:
1827:
1823:
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1746:
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1426:
1414:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1389:Wayback Machine
1380:
1373:
1363:, AATCC, 1973,
1356:
1355:
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1234:
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1220:
1210:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1161:
1131:
1125:
1109:
1079:Lacquers using
1077:
996:
917:
910:
899:
890:
877:
868:
850:
841:
834:
825:
815:
806:
802:
788:
779:
778:Armorial screen
776:
767:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
673:
669:
665:
502:T. vernicifluum
494:, and wax tree
457:
445:Tachardia lacca
433:
425:Main articles:
423:
414:
275:
258:lacquer thinner
255:) dissolved in
108:
97:
91:
88:
78:Please help to
77:
61:
57:
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3092:
3090:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3051:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3028:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3003:Rubber tapping
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2969:Forest farming
2966:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
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2881:
2876:
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2839:
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2798:
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2781:
2776:
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2746:
2741:
2736:
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2719:
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2711:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
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2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2605:Vateria indica
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:Shorea robusta
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
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2479:
2474:
2469:
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2447:
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2406:
2400:
2397:
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2373:
2368:
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2327:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2253:
2251:Honey mushroom
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2134:
2132:Mahuwa flowers
2129:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1937:
1930:
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1916:
1915:
1912:
1906:
1893:
1887:
1874:
1868:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1821:
1814:
1794:
1765:
1735:
1712:
1679:
1676:978-4907211110
1659:
1647:
1640:
1622:
1601:
1580:
1573:
1548:
1536:
1525:on 7 July 2020
1510:
1491:
1478:
1466:Britannica.com
1453:
1424:
1412:
1392:
1371:
1346:
1334:
1314:
1302:
1282:
1270:Etymonline.com
1257:
1245:Etymonline.com
1232:
1218:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1180:Cupping tester
1177:
1172:
1167:
1160:
1157:
1127:Main article:
1124:
1121:
1108:
1105:
1076:
1073:
1065:Herbert Austin
1000:nitrocellulose
995:
992:
968:Nashiji-urushi
916:
913:
912:
911:
900:
893:
891:
878:
871:
869:
851:
844:
842:
838:Joseon dynasty
835:
828:
826:
816:
809:
807:
792:carved lacquer
789:
782:
780:
777:
770:
766:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
737:
733:
729:
725:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
671:
667:
663:
546:Hemudu culture
476:polymerization
456:
453:
449:Laccifer lacca
422:
419:
413:
410:
343:), from Hindi
304:Medieval Latin
274:
271:
245:nitrocellulose
163:Nguyễn dynasty
110:
109:
64:
62:
55:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3091:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3039:
3038:
3029:
3027:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2978:Honey hunting
2976:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2922:
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2914:
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2899:
2897:
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2833:
2830:
2829:
2828:
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2823:
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2817:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2734:Coconut sugar
2732:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
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2677:
2675:
2672:
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2667:
2665:
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2640:
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2627:
2625:
2622:
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2617:
2613:
2607:
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2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
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2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2555:
2553:
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2548:
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2543:
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2537:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
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2483:
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2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
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2460:
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2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
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2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
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2418:
2417:
2415:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2392:
2389:
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2379:
2377:
2374:
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2369:
2367:
2364:
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2349:
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2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2308:
2307:Yellow knight
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2297:Slippery jack
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
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2260:
2257:
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2252:
2249:
2247:
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2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
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2215:
2207:
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2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
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2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
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2178:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2157:
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2151:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2127:Heart of palm
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2105:Edible plants
2102:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2070:Juniper berry
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
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2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
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1996:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1968:
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1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1913:
1909:
1907:0-7506-4412-5
1903:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1888:3-87870-173-X
1884:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1869:0-87341-428-4
1865:
1861:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1815:9781606060674
1811:
1807:
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1789:
1784:
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1776:
1769:
1766:
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1713:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1618:0-300-02723-0
1615:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1597:1-4051-0213-6
1594:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1549:
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1524:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1496:
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1488:
1482:
1479:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1286:
1283:
1271:
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1261:
1258:
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1242:
1236:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1207:. 5 June 2020
1206:
1200:
1197:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1093:enamel paints
1090:
1086:
1085:thermoplastic
1082:
1081:acrylic resin
1074:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
993:
991:
989:
988:ikkake-urushi
985:
980:
978:
973:
969:
965:
961:
960:kijiro-urushi
957:
952:
950:
949:kijomi-urushi
945:
942:in Japanese,
941:
937:
932:
926:
921:
914:
908:
904:
903:B.Thulhaadhoo
897:
892:
888:
884:
883:
875:
870:
866:
862:
857:
856:
848:
843:
839:
832:
827:
823:
819:
813:
808:
797:
793:
786:
781:
774:
769:
764:
762:
660:
657:
650:
648:
644:
639:
637:
633:
629:
624:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
597:Maria Theresa
594:
590:
582:
577:
573:
571:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
534:Shang dynasty
530:
528:
523:
519:
515:
510:
507:
504:trees causes
503:
499:
498:
493:
492:
486:
481:
477:
473:
469:
461:
454:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
432:
428:
420:
418:
411:
406:
403:derived from
402:
398:
394:
390:
388:
378:
376:
370:
359:
347:
333:
329:
318:
314:
309:
305:
300:
296:
291:
286:
281:
272:
270:
268:
267:French polish
264:
260:
259:
254:
253:acrylic resin
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
223:dissolved in
222:
217:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
197:, as well as
196:
191:
190:
185:
180:
178:
174:
170:
164:
159:
153:
149:
147:
142:
141:Tokugawa clan
138:
137:
133:
132:
127:
120:
116:
106:
103:
95:
85:
81:
75:
74:
68:
63:
54:
53:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
3035:
3008:Wildcrafting
2993:Naval stores
2971: /
2959:
2928:Tendu leaves
2884:Natural dyes
2754:Gutta-percha
2706: /
2658:
2644:Frankincense
2604:
2560:
2517:Mango butter
2462:Cocoa butter
2453:
2450:Chaulmoogra
2420:Allanblackia
2351:Black pepper
2236:Birch bolete
2186:Canada onion
2171:Wild ginseng
2166:Saw palmetto
2107: /
1997: /
1897:
1878:
1873:p. 1050
1859:
1833:
1824:
1804:
1797:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1750:
1726:. Retrieved
1715:
1703:. Retrieved
1696:the original
1682:
1667:
1662:
1650:
1631:
1625:
1609:
1604:
1588:
1583:
1564:
1539:
1527:. Retrieved
1523:the original
1513:
1486:
1481:
1469:. Retrieved
1465:
1456:
1444:. Retrieved
1440:the original
1434:
1427:
1418:
1417:
1402:
1395:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1340:
1339:
1324:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1292:
1285:
1273:. Retrieved
1269:
1260:
1248:. Retrieved
1244:
1235:
1221:
1209:. Retrieved
1199:
1175:Acetate disc
1142:
1134:
1132:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1101:polyurethane
1089:acrylic acid
1078:
1069:
1054:under their
1041:
1025:
997:
987:
984:shuai-urushi
983:
981:
976:
967:
963:
959:
955:
953:
948:
943:
939:
935:
933:
930:
887:Meiji period
880:
818:Ming dynasty
796:Yuan dynasty
736:CH=CHCH=CHCH
661:
651:
640:
625:
621:
616:
586:
566:
538:lacquerwares
531:
514:Jōmon period
511:
501:
495:
489:
466:
448:
444:
434:
415:
396:
277:The English
276:
256:
251:("CAB"), or
236:
232:
228:
218:
203:
187:
181:
168:
167:
145:
139:bottle with
134:
129:
119:Lacquer dish
98:
89:
70:
47:Acetate disc
2943:Willow bark
2774:Maple syrup
2769:Maple sugar
2744:Fruit syrup
2727:chewing gum
2717:Birch syrup
2574:Shea butter
2246:Chanterelle
2191:Crow garlic
2181:Bear garlic
2176:Wild onions
2154:filé powder
2075:Lingonberry
2060:Huckleberry
1836:. 51, 440.
1529:13 November
1165:Lacquerware
1149:lacquerware
1021:Japan black
936:raw lacquer
822:lacquerware
794:oval tray,
643:iron oxides
550:Han dynasty
532:During the
480:evaporation
355:); Prakrit
184:lacquerware
84:introducing
43:Lacquerware
3053:Categories
2854:Birch beer
2849:Birch bark
2806:Spruce gum
2789:akpeteshie
2779:Palm sugar
2749:Gum arabic
2739:Date sugar
2689:Turpentine
2569:Sandalwood
2472:Eucalyptus
2467:Eucalyptol
2356:Brazil nut
2231:Bay bolete
2085:Strawberry
2040:Cocoa bean
2035:Breadfruit
2025:Blackberry
1999:tree fruit
1506:The Nikkei
1471:27 October
1275:27 October
1250:27 October
1191:References
1061:Henry Ford
1029:Staudinger
1008:cellulosic
925:turpentine
865:Edo period
790:A Chinese
603:collected
295:Portuguese
152:Edo period
67:references
2973:gardening
2933:Thatching
2784:Palm wine
2629:Birch tar
2557:Sal-seed
2482:Japan wax
2435:Candlenut
2376:Malva nut
2341:Areca nut
2262:Matsutake
2218:Mushrooms
2159:root beer
2149:Sassafras
2137:Sago palm
2080:Raspberry
2065:Jackfruit
2030:Blueberry
1982:Wild game
1153:varnishes
1144:japanning
1139:porcelain
1129:Japanning
1123:Japanning
1037:autoclave
1004:nitration
940:ki-urushi
863:Lacquer,
659:, where:
613:Japanning
542:Neolithic
472:oxidation
447:Kerr. or
435:In India
273:Etymology
243:(such as
150:, Japan,
92:June 2010
3059:Coatings
3026:Category
2842:textiles
2674:Pine tar
2639:Creosote
2589:Tea-tree
2584:Tea-seed
2552:Pongamia
2542:Phulwara
2527:Nagkesar
2522:Murumuru
2497:Kpangnan
2445:Carnauba
2386:Pine nut
2371:Hazelnut
2361:Cinnamon
2346:Bay leaf
2336:Allspice
2258:(reishi)
2090:Tamarind
2055:Gambooge
2015:Bilberry
1760:42011897
1728:June 10,
1705:June 10,
1385:Archived
1159:See also
1133:Just as
907:Maldives
820:Chinese
710:CH=CH(CH
684:CH=CH(CH
636:thitsiol
570:cinnabar
527:Hokkaido
468:Urushiol
369:Sanskrit
364:𑀮𑀓𑁆𑀔
326:), from
263:solvents
241:polymers
212:to high
206:coatings
148:(emblem)
18:Lacquers
3037:Commons
2952:Related
2916:Tanbark
2911:Shellac
2901:Quinine
2874:Gambier
2794:ogogoro
2694:Varnish
2659:Lacquer
2649:Gamboge
2634:Camphor
2624:Benzoin
2534: (
2440:Capuacu
2425:Babassu
2391:Vanilla
2302:Truffle
2287:Red cap
2256:Lingzhi
2045:Coconut
2020:Binukaw
1995:Berries
1211:12 June
1170:Varnish
1048:Oakland
972:gamboge
956:guangqi
944:shengqi
765:Gallery
754:CH=CHCH
750:CH=CHCH
742:R = (CH
732:CH=CHCH
724:R = (CH
706:CH=CHCH
698:R = (CH
676:R = (CH
662:R = (CH
485:laccase
437:shellac
427:shellac
401:shellac
387:lac bug
328:Persian
280:lacquer
237:lacquer
229:shellac
225:alcohol
221:shellac
173:coating
169:Lacquer
80:improve
32:Liqueur
3079:Resins
3074:Paints
2960:Dehesa
2921:tannin
2906:Rattan
2869:Forage
2832:edible
2827:Bamboo
2822:Amadou
2801:Rubber
2722:Chicle
2664:Mastic
2616:Resins
2599:Ucuuba
2594:Tucuma
2579:Tamanu
2536:kernel
2507:Mafura
2477:Illipe
2430:Bacuri
2381:Nutmeg
2325:spices
2050:Durian
2010:Banana
1904:
1885:
1866:
1812:
1758:
1674:
1668:明治工芸入門
1638:
1616:
1595:
1571:
1446:3 July
1410:
1332:
1300:
1052:DuPont
1016:caused
861:maki-e
632:laccol
628:Thitsi
609:maki-e
581:maki-e
397:Laksha
385:) for
382:लाक्षा
375:lākshā
358:lakkha
313:Arabic
285:French
195:carved
182:Asian
131:Maki-e
69:, but
2889:henna
2864:Ferns
2815:Other
2764:Latex
2684:Rosin
2679:Pitch
2669:Myrrh
2654:Kauri
2512:Mahua
2502:Kusum
2492:Kombo
2487:Kokum
2409:waxes
2366:Clove
2272:Morel
2206:Ramps
2142:queen
2117:Betel
2109:roots
1970:Honey
1781:(2).
1699:(PDF)
1692:(PDF)
1135:china
938:(生漆:
758:CH=CH
647:guqin
617:maque
488:tree
371:word
308:lacca
299:lacre
290:lacre
287:word
214:gloss
210:matte
177:resin
36:Lager
2896:Peat
2879:Moss
2859:Cork
2759:Kino
2547:Pilu
2532:Palm
2320:Nuts
1975:pine
1965:Furs
1902:ISBN
1883:ISBN
1864:ISBN
1810:ISBN
1756:LCCN
1730:2015
1707:2015
1672:ISBN
1636:ISBN
1614:ISBN
1593:ISBN
1569:ISBN
1531:2022
1473:2017
1448:2014
1408:ISBN
1330:ISBN
1298:ISBN
1277:2017
1252:2017
1213:2022
1056:Duco
855:Inro
599:and
562:Song
560:and
558:Tang
474:and
429:and
346:lākh
339:لاک
317:lakk
136:sake
2708:gum
2704:Sap
2404:Oil
2241:Cep
1838:doi
1832:".
1783:hdl
1031:'s
1013:WWI
977:jo-
859:in
634:or
554:Han
441:lac
431:lac
405:Lac
352:लाख
332:lāk
233:lac
231:or
146:mon
143:'s
34:or
3055::
1779:15
1777:.
1738:^
1551:^
1504:,
1494:^
1464:.
1416:,
1374:^
1349:^
1338:,
1306:,
1268:.
1243:.
1141:,
905:,
800:c.
798:,
740:or
722:or
718:CH
696:or
692:CH
674:or
670:CH
668:14
595:,
579:A
556:,
361:,
323:لك
247:,
2563:)
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2538:)
2456:)
2452:(
1941:e
1934:t
1927:v
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1840::
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1475:.
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760:2
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744:2
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726:2
720:3
716:2
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712:2
708:2
704:7
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700:2
694:3
690:5
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686:2
682:7
680:)
678:2
672:3
666:)
664:2
407:.
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349:(
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320:(
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94:)
90:(
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49:.
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20:)
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