3713:"Classical Political Economy borrowed from every-day life the category "price of labour" without further criticism, and then simply asked the question, how is this price determined? It soon recognized that the change in the relations of demand and supply explained in regard to the price of labour, as of all other commodities, nothing except its changes i.e., the oscillations of the market-price above or below a certain mean. If demand and supply balance, the oscillation of prices ceases, all other conditions remaining the same. But then demand and supply also cease to explain anything. The price of labour, at the moment when demand and supply are in equilibrium, is its natural price, determined independently of the relation of demand and supply. And how this price is determined is just the question. Or a larger period of oscillations in the market-price is taken, e.g., a year, and they are found to cancel one the other, leaving a mean average quantity, a relatively constant magnitude. This had naturally to be determined otherwise than by its own compensating variations. This price which always finally predominates over the accidental market-prices of labour and regulates them, this "necessary price" (Physiocrats) or "natural price" of labour (Adam Smith) can, as with all other commodities, be nothing else than its value expressed in money. In this way Political Economy expected to penetrate to the value of labour through the medium of the accidental prices of labour. As with other commodities, this value was then further determined by the cost of production. But what is the cost of production-of the labourer, i.e., the cost of producing or reproducing the labourer himself? This question unconsciously substituted itself in Political Economy for the original one; for the search after the cost of production of labour as such turned in a circle and never left the spot. What economists therefore call value of labour, is in fact the value of labour-power, as it exists in the personality of the labourer, which is as different from its function, labour, as a machine is from the work it performs. Occupied with the difference between the market-price of labour and its so-called value, with the relation of this value to the rate of profit, and to the values of the commodities produced by means of labour, &c., they never discovered that the course of the analysis had led not only from the market-prices of labour to its presumed value, but had led to the resolution of this value of labour itself into the value of labour-power. Classical economy never arrived at a consciousness of the results of its own analysis; it accepted uncritically the categories "value of labour," "natural price of labour," &c.,. as final and as adequate expressions for the value-relation under consideration, and was thus led, as will be seen later, into inextricable confusion and contradiction, while it offered to the vulgar economists a secure basis of operations for their shallowness, which on principle worships appearances only."
3787:
casualisation of labour and more "contingent labour". It is argued that, because the positions of employees and employers in the market are unequal (it is usually easier for an employer to loose an employee than an employee to loose an employer), employees must be legally protected against undue exploitation. Otherwise employers will simply hire workers as and when it suits them, without regard for their needs as citizens. A further twist in some countries is that unions are part of the political establishment, and not interested in collecting complaints and suggestions from individual employees, employing staff in proportion to dues received, backing employees' legal cases, or rocking the boat in their public statements. For example, in China some workers are in prison for criticising the official unions.
3205:
live, and which acts as capital (variable) only in the hands of the buyer, the capitalist. The fact that a man is continually compelled to sell his labour-power, i.e., himself, to another man proves, according to those economists, that he is a capitalist, because he constantly has "commodities" (himself) for sale. In that sense a slave is also a capitalist, although he is sold by another once and for all as a commodity; for it is in the nature of this commodity, a labouring slave, that its buyer does not only make it work anew every day, but also provides it with the means of subsistence that enable it to work ever anew.
3274:"Labor is a commodity, like any other, and its price is therefore determined by exactly the same laws that apply to other commodities. In a regime of big industry or of free competitionâas we shall see, the two come to the same thingâthe price of a commodity is, on the average, always equal to its cost of production. Hence, the price of labor is also equal to the cost of production of labor. But, the costs of production of labor consist of precisely the quantity of means of subsistence necessary to enable the worker to continue working, and to prevent the
4632:
3225:
3516:
intervene or mediate in the process of the reproduction of labour power, through family legislation, laws regulating sexual conduct, medical provisions, education policies, and housing policies. Such interventions always carry an economic cost, but that cost can be socialized or forced upon workers themselves, especially women. In these areas of civil society, there has been a constant battle between conservatives, social reformists and radicals.
2189:
5034:
109:
5084:
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3844:
sold by a party other than the bearer? What prevents the person who provides labour (his or her own or that of somebody else) from offering packages combining the labour with labour means? And why can a slave not perform wage labour for his master at the estate of some third party?" This difficulty was first noted in research conducted during the 1980s by Tom Brass, gathered together in his 1999 book.
5024:
3511:"The maintenance and reproduction of the working-class is, and must ever be, a necessary condition to the reproduction of capital. But the capitalist may safely leave its fulfilment to the labourer's instincts of self-preservation and of propagation. All the capitalist cares for, is to reduce the labourer's individual consumption as far as possible to what is strictly necessary..."
32:
2213:
2279:
5074:
5054:
3392:" in the sense that it creates no new net addition to total capital value, but it may be essential and indispensable labour, because without it a capital value would reduce or disappear. The larger the stock of assets which is neither an input nor an output to real production, and the wealthier society's elite becomes, the more labour is devoted only to
2201:
3681:, Penguin edition, p. 683), but did not accomplish it, mainly because of bad health. Nevertheless, Marx made quite clear his belief that capitalism "overturns all the legal or traditional barriers that would prevent it from buying this or that kind of labour-power as it sees fit, or from appropriating this or that kind of labour" (
3826:
from the "natural price of labour" of the classical political economists, because the "free play of market forces" does not gravitate spontaneously and automatically toward the "natural price" (the value) of labour power. Precisely because labour power is a unique and peculiar commodity, being lodged
3523:
show that formally unpaid and voluntary labour is a very large part of the total hours worked in a society. Markets depend on that unpaid labour to function at all. Some feminists have therefore demanded that the government pay "wages for housework". This demand conflicts with the legal framework of
3408:
of labour power (though workers can also be paid "in kind"), normally related to hours worked or output produced. That price may contingently be higher or lower than the value of labour power, depending on market forces of supply and demand, on skill monopolies, legal rules, the ability of negotiate,
3774:
are over-regulated, and that the costs and obligations of hiring labour weigh too heavily on employers. Moreover, it is argued that over-regulation prevents the free movement of labour to where it is really necessary. If labour markets were deregulated by removing excessive legal restrictions, it is
3498:
of work, though some argue the incidence of work accidents are a reliable yardstick. If workers are laid off by an organization, but the organization continues to produce the same amount of output or services as before, or even more, with the same technology, we can often conclude that the intensity
3485:
Medical estimates of the average holiday time necessary for fulltime workers to fully recuperate in a physiological and psychological sense from work stress during the year differ from country to country; but as an approximate gauge, three weeks continuous holiday is physiologically optimal for the
3204:
Apologetic economists... say:... labour-power, then, represents his capital in commodity-form, which yields him a continuous revenue. Labour-power is indeed his property (ever self-renewing, reproductive), not his capital. It is the only commodity which he can and must sell continually in order to
3515:
This understanding, however, only captures the sense in which the reproduction of labour power comes at no cost to capitalists, like the reproduction of ecological conditions, but unlike the reproduction of, say, machine bolts and plastic wrap. Elites and governments have always sought to actively
3424:
The labour-costs of an employer are not the same as the real buying power a worker acquires through working. An employer usually also has to pay taxes & levies to the government in respect of workers hired, which may include social security contributions or superannuation benefits. In addition
3258:
Normally, the worker is legally the owner of his labour power, and can sell it freely according to his own wishes. However, most often the trade in labour power is regulated by legislation, and the sale may not be truly "free"âit may be a forced sale for one reason or another, and indeed it may be
3153:
of human beings and other living things to perform work, including mental labour and skills such as manual dexterity, in addition to sheer physical exertion. Labour power is, in this sense, also the aspect of labour that becomes a commodity within capitalist society and is alienated from labourers
3843:
is as follows: "Marx's thesis is based on two dubious assumptions, namely that labour needs to be offered for sale by the person who is the actual bearer and owner of such labour, and that the person who sells the labour sells nothing else. Why does this have to be the case? Why can labour not be
3433:
There is typically a constant conflict over the level of wages between employers and employees, since employers seek to limit or reduce wage-costs, while workers seek to increase their wages, or at least maintain them. How the level of wages develops depends on the demand for labour, the level of
3296:
sell it to someone else; in that case, they would be a slave, and a slave does not own himself. Yet, although workers can hire themselves out, they cannot "hire out" or "lease" their labour, since they cannot reclaim or repossess the labour at some point after the work is done, in the same way as
3835:
trade at prices well above, or below, its real value. Marx only assumed that labour power traded at its value, in order to show that even if that was the case, the worker was still economically exploited. But he was well aware that often labour power did not trade at its value, either because of
3437:
Marx regarded wages as the "external form" of the value of labour power. The compensation of workers in capitalist society could take all kinds of different forms, but there was always both a paid and unpaid component of labour performed. The "ideal" form of wages for capitalism, he argued, were
3454:
When labour power has been purchased and an employment contract signed, normally it is not yet paid for. First, labour power must be put to work in the production process. The employment contract is only a condition for uniting labour power with the means of production. From that point on, Marx
3322:
The general concept of the "value of labour power" is necessary because both the conditions of the sale of labour power, and the conditions under which goods and services are purchased by the worker with money from a salary, can be affected by numerous circumstances. If, for example, the state
3429:
expenditure on labour by employers, the workers get about 60% as take-home pay, but about 40% consists of taxes, benefits and ancillary costs. Employers may be able to claim back part of the surcharge on labour by means of various tax credits, or because the tax on business income is lowered.
3376:
capital value. If labour is withdrawn from the workplace for any reason, typically the value of capital assets deteriorates; it takes a continual stream of work effort to maintain and preserve their value. When materials are used to make new products, part of the value of materials is also
3786:
However, trade union representatives often argue that the real effect of deregulation is to reduce wages and conditions for workers, with the effect of reducing market demand for products. In turn, the effect would be lower economic growth and a decline in living standards, with increased
3478:
assets, and transfers part of the value of materials and equipment used to the new products. The result aimed for is the valorisation of invested capital, i.e. other things being equal, the value of capital is maintained and has also increased through the activity of living labour.
3628:
and factory inspector's reports. Part of the role of the state is to secure those general (collective) conditions for the reproduction and maintenance of workers which individuals and private enterprise cannot secure by themselves for one reason or anotherâfor example, because:
3855:. Marx said himself that "Above all overturns all the legal or traditional barriers that would prevent it from buying this or that kind of labour-power as it sees fit, or from appropriating this or that kind of labour". The concept of the value of labour power referred to the
3493:
Several researchers have questioned however to what extent additional hours worked really increase the marginal productivity of labour; particularly in services, the work that gets done in five days could often also be done in four. The most difficult aspect to measure is the
3802:. The term "flexibility" is used because, while capital must be able to move freely around the globe, the movement of labour must be strictly controlled. If that control does not exist, it is argued, it could mean additional costs to employers and taxpayers.
3247:
During that time, the worker does actual labour, producing goods and services. The capitalist can then sell these and obtain surplus value; since the wages paid to the workers are lower than the value of the goods or services they produce for the capitalist.
3352:, which is the outcome of a combination of factors: productivity; the supply and demand for labour; the assertion of human needs; the costs of acquiring skills; state laws stipulating minimum or maximum wages, the balance of power between
3547:
The state can influence both the value and price of labour-power in numerous different ways, and normally it regulates wages and working conditions in the labour market to a greater or lesser extent. It can do so for example by:
3363:
interesting proposition only if it can yield more value than it costs to buy, i.e. employing it yields a net positive return on capital invested. However, in Marx's theory, the value-creating function of labour power is not its
3259:
bought and sold against the real wishes of the worker even although he owns his own labour power. Various gradations of freedom and unfreedom are possible, and free wage labour can combine with slave labour or semi-slavery.
3489:
ILO statistics show a wide range of average hours worked and average holidays for different countries; for example, Korean workers work the most hours per year, and
Americans have fewer formal holidays than West Europeans.
3094:"Labour-power, however, becomes a reality only by its exercise; it sets itself in action only by working. But thereby a definite quantity of human muscle, nerve. brain, &c., is wasted, and these require to be restored."
3311:, i.e. the cost of meeting the established human needs which must be satisfied in order for the worker to turn up for work each day, fit to work. This involves goods and services representing a quantity of labour equal to
3278:
from dying out. The worker will therefore get no more for his labor than is necessary for this purpose; the price of labor, or the wage, will, in other words, be the lowest, the minimum, required for the maintenance of
3184:
resulting from profit normally arises out of the process of production itselfârather than in the investment of capital (e.g. the advance of money-capital in the form of wages) in labour-power (acquired from labourers).
3327:
or goods and services tax), then what the worker can buy with his wage-money is reduced. Or, if price inflation increases, then again the worker can buy less with his wage money. The point is that this can occur quite
3042:. Marx distinguished between the capacity to do work, i.e. labour power, and the physical act of working, i.e. labour. Labour power exists in any kind of society, but on what terms it is traded or combined with
3700:. If the state claims just as much money from workers through taxes and levies as it pays out to them, then it is of course doubtful whether the state really "pays a social wage". However, more often the state
3336:
of a worker can rise or fall quite independently of how much he is paidâsimply because goods and services become more expensive or cheaper to buy, or because he is blocked from access to goods and services.
3057:. Indeed, "labour power at work" becomes a component of capital, it functions as working capital. Work becomes just work, workers become an abstract labour force, and the control over work becomes mainly a
3413:
will raise wages, in accordance with the laws of supply and demand. But wages can also be reduced through high price inflation and consumer taxes. Therefore, a distinction must always be drawn between
380:
350:
3519:
Marxist-Feminists have argued that in reality, household (domestic) labour by housewives which forms, maintains and restores the capacity to work is a large "free gift" to the capitalist economy.
3304:
subjects who are free to sell it, and can enter into labour contracts. Once actualised and consumed through working, the capacity to work is exhausted, and must be replenished and restored.
3524:
the government in capitalist society, which usually assumes a financial responsibility only for the upkeep of "citizens" and "families" lacking other sources of income or subsistence.
3384:
which, if this labour did not occur, would decline in value by an even greater amount than the labour cost involved in maintaining its value; or because it is a necessary expense which
3082:"By labour-power or capacity for labour is to be understood the aggregate of those mental and physical capabilities existing in a human being, which he exercises whenever he produces a
170:
3236:– it is sold and bought on the market. A worker tries to sell his or her labour-power to an employer, in exchange for a wage or salary. If successful (the only alternative being
3348:
component (the satisfaction of needs beyond the physical minimum which have become an established part of the lifestyle of the average worker). The value of labour power is thus a
3751:
In turn, this has meant that governments have typically strongly regulated the sale of labour power with laws and rules for labour contracts. These laws and rules affect e.g. the
3689:
in
Britain, and therefore, he might have got into major trouble personally, if he had criticized the state publicly in his writings in ways not acceptable to the British state.
3251:
Labour power can also be sold by the worker on "own account", in which case he is self-employed, or it can be sold by an intermediary, such as a hiring agency. In principle a
4769:
2995:
2659:
3677:
However, Marx did not provide a general theory of the state and the labour market. He intended to write a separate book on the subject of wages and the labour market (see
3535:), with a new system granting retirement benefits proportional to the income of one's own children. Such a system could theoretically introduce a return on investment for
4631:
3255:
of workers can also sell their labour-power as an independent contracting party. Some labour contracts are very complex, involving a number of different intermediaries.
4320:
1636:
3297:
rental equipment is returned to the owner. Once labour has been expended, it is gone, and the only remaining issue is who benefits from the results, and by how much.
3157:
By contrast, "labour" may refer to all or any activity by humans (and other living creatures) that is concerned with producing goods or services (or what Marx calls
4546:, "Marx on Ricardo", in: Ian Bradley and Michael Howard (eds), Classical and Marxian Political EconomyâEssays in honour of Ronald L. Meek". London: Macmillan, 1982.
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495:
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because in that case the capitalist paid only for labour which directly created those outputs adding value to his capital. It was the most efficient form of
125:
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The buying and selling of human work effort can and has taken many more different forms than Marx acknowledgesâespecially in the area of services. A modern
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270:
145:
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The commercial value of human labour power is strongly linked to the assertion of human needs by workers as citizens. It is not simply a question of
3482:
At the end of the working day, labour power has been more or less consumed, and must be restored through rest, eating and drinking, and recreation.
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4795:
3307:
In general, Marx argues that in capitalism the value of labour power (as distinct from fluctuating market prices for work effort) is equal to its
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Labour power is a peculiar commodity, because it is an attribute of living persons, who own it themselves in their living bodies. Because they
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1051:
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1441:
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3685:., p. 1013). It is possibleâapart from bad healthâthat he did not write a general critique of the state, because he lived himself as an
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1964:
1891:
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concept proposes the replacement of existing government payments to the elderly based on an individual's payroll tax contributions (e.g.
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295:
225:
200:
3692:
In modern times, the fact that the state has a big effect on wages and the value of labour power has given rise to the concepts of the
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3989:
2399:
709:
365:
315:
75:
42:
1026:
4877:
4723:
2950:
2022:
1969:
634:
280:
4825:
4801:
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3532:
1476:
882:
724:
602:
305:
205:
160:
1771:
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2434:
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522:
420:
310:
235:
400:
3612:
Stipulating legal requirements relating to the accommodation, health, sex life, family situation and pregnancy of workers.
3119:
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2236:
674:
443:
330:
4781:
3576:
Subsidizing workers or their employers in various ways through eligibility to various benefits or supplements to salary.
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Consequently, labour power may be hired not "because it creates more value than it costs to buy", but simply because it
2414:
1446:
1326:
500:
415:
260:
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1226:
3300:
Labour power can become a marketable object, sold for a specific period, only if the owners are constituted in law as
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2875:
2686:
2449:
1954:
1756:
360:
285:
180:
108:
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and, therefore, that Marx was not saying anything really new. However, Marx's interpretation is (as he himself said)
3527:
Other social scientists have tackled this issue from a supercapitalist perspective. Economist
Shirley P. Burggraf's
57:
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4095:
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2719:
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1866:
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989:
787:
230:
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53:
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335:
265:
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2424:
2229:
1959:
325:
245:
195:
3434:
unemployment, and the ability of workers and employers to organise and take action with regard to pay claims.
3831:
conform to all the same laws as other kinds of commodities. Depending on social conditions, labour power may
5057:
4971:
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3106:
3100:
2444:
2419:
2309:
2124:
2104:
937:
669:
552:
405:
370:
190:
185:
140:
3597:
Policing workers on the job and off-work, and prosecuting criminal activity with respect to workers' lives.
3567:
Adjusting direct and indirect tax rates, levies and tariffs for wage earners and employers in various ways.
4976:
4775:
4691:
3878:
3603:
Creating additional jobs and employment by means of various policies, or, permitting unemployment to grow.
3443:
3170:
2925:
2905:
2593:
2539:
2429:
2339:
2052:
1376:
782:
714:
704:
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624:
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3558:
Stipulating minimum requirements for working conditions, workplace health and safety issues and the like.
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4996:
4787:
4340:
3840:
3764:
3763:, the obligations of employers in respect of employees, hiring and firing procedures, labour taxes, and
3704:
income from one group or workers to another, reducing the income of some and increasing that of others.
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3028:
2638:
2534:
2349:
1196:
1041:
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617:
475:
425:
345:
290:
4917:
1861:
836:
4549:
175:
5087:
4732:
4670:
4567:
4486:
4160:
3799:
2544:
2524:
2404:
2394:
2109:
2062:
2057:
2042:
2032:
1999:
1974:
1836:
1736:
1451:
1021:
906:
792:
597:
562:
512:
454:
300:
165:
118:
4852:
4837:
4660:
4645:
4616:
4203:
3859:, not to be confused with the formalities of all the kinds of labour contracts which are possible.
3848:
3795:
3176:
The distinction between labour and labour-power, according to Marx, helped to solve a problem that
3043:
2945:
2910:
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2529:
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2439:
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2314:
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2168:
2119:
1821:
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1131:
772:
752:
747:
639:
629:
577:
567:
485:
465:
320:
240:
135:
4449:
4023:
3775:
argued that costs to business would be reduced and more labour could be hired, thereby increasing
3748:
been simply an "economic" or "commercial" matter, but also a moral, cultural and political issue.
3098:
Another explanation of labour-power can be found in the introduction and second chapter of Marx's
1166:
4927:
4882:
4257:
4073:
3536:
3389:
3133:
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2787:
2623:
2389:
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2181:
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2141:
2067:
2004:
1994:
1944:
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1331:
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1136:
996:
822:
802:
742:
490:
393:
355:
215:
4335:
Caneisha Mills, "Hustling and the problems of daily life: individual or collective solutions?".
1949:
1786:
1656:
4301:
4222:
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4902:
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4665:
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4621:
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916:
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777:
649:
612:
592:
582:
572:
545:
507:
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3409:
etc. Normally, unless government action prevents it, high unemployment will lower wages, and
3196:, the purpose of which was to imply that workers were a kind of capitalist. For instance, in
5077:
5037:
5027:
4981:
4892:
4857:
4696:
4611:
4466:
4057:
3561:
Stipulating requirements for labour contracts, trade union organization and wage bargaining.
3475:
3460:
3425:
there are often also administrative costs. So, in the United States for example, out of the
3312:
3263:
2782:
2732:
2691:
2633:
2598:
2549:
2494:
2324:
2217:
2193:
2129:
2114:
1916:
1906:
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1601:
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664:
607:
210:
92:
5067:
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5001:
4922:
4606:
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Marx's Wage Theory in
Historical Perspective: Its Origins, Development, and Interpretation
4423:
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4178:
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3520:
3410:
3324:
3020:
3012:
2822:
2564:
2464:
2146:
2037:
1984:
1896:
1831:
1811:
1751:
1646:
1621:
1586:
1581:
1571:
1541:
1496:
1486:
1351:
1291:
1246:
1211:
1191:
1151:
1126:
972:
891:
587:
517:
255:
4897:
3323:
imposes a tax on consumer goods and services (an indirect tax or consumption tax such as
2772:
1989:
1556:
3228:
An advertisement for labour from Sabah and
Sarawak, seen in Jalan Petaling, Kuala Lumpur
4942:
4912:
4872:
4867:
4701:
4372:
3883:
3609:
Permitting or preventing the inflow of immigrant workers, or the emigration of workers.
3588:
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1091:
1016:
1001:
947:
921:
679:
460:
3149:("labour-ability" or "labour-capacity") refers to a "force of nature": the physical
4907:
4887:
4706:
4554:
Real wages in 19th and 20th
Century Europe; Historical and comparative perspectives
4543:
4391:
Towards a
Comparative Political Economy of Unfree Labour: Case Studies and Debates.
4240:
HARVEY, PHILIP (1983). "Marx's Theory of the Value of Labor Power: An
Assessment".
3811:
3752:
3741:
3464:
3421:
adjusted for tax and price inflation, and indirect tax imposts must be considered.
3237:
2802:
2757:
2752:
2479:
2359:
2089:
1911:
1886:
1851:
1781:
1776:
1761:
1746:
1696:
1686:
1536:
1521:
1511:
1461:
1431:
1416:
1401:
1366:
1186:
1146:
1096:
1046:
967:
911:
4745:
4119:
4506:, The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx. Monthly Review Press, 1969.
4481:
The Basic Theory of
Capitalism: The Forms and Substance of the Capitalist Economy
4400:(International and Comparative Social History, 5). New York: Peter Lang AG, 1997.
4966:
4711:
4675:
4591:
4515:
4476:
4061:
3893:
3760:
3737:
3693:
3633:
providing those conditions practically requires an authority which stands above
3619:
3074:
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962:
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557:
532:
220:
155:
20:
5023:
4655:
4081:
3819:
3776:
3708:
Quotation by Marx on the value of labour power and classical political economy
3058:
3036:
2672:
2484:
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1921:
1731:
1561:
1471:
1466:
1456:
1336:
1261:
1221:
1216:
1056:
856:
831:
527:
150:
4253:
4069:
3192:, Marx himself may have considered a concept such as "human capital" to be a
5011:
4956:
4509:
4445:
4408:
Labor and
Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century
4386:
3471:
3241:
3233:
3158:
3083:
3069:
3032:
2727:
2469:
2278:
2156:
2099:
2047:
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1856:
1481:
1076:
1031:
841:
3573:
Instituting and adjusting unemployment benefits and other social benefits.
3262:
The concept of labour power as a commodity was first explicitly stated by
4961:
4428:
3852:
3570:
Adjusting social insurance policies, pension charges/claims and the like.
3344:
component (the minimum physical requirements for a healthy worker) and a
2082:
2077:
1876:
957:
410:
5073:
5053:
4461:
Global Capital, Human Needs and Social Policies: Selected Essays 1994-99
4417:
4261:
2212:
4986:
4684:
4382:
3836:
unfavourable wage-bargaining conditions or because of labour scarcity.
3644:
for private agencies, requiring investment funds not available to them.
3319:. It represents an average cost of living, an average living standard.
2915:
851:
100:
3555:
Stipulating maximum and minimum working hours, and the retirement age.
846:
60:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
3798:, to block any movement of labour which would be only a burden for
3686:
3564:
Legally defining the civil rights and entitlements of the workers.
3301:
3223:
3188:
While Marx's concept of labour power has been compared to that of
4440:
Hidden in the Household: Women's Domestic Labour Under Capitalism
3600:
Requiring military service from young workers at fixed pay rates.
3104:(1847). Marx also provided a short exposition of labour power in
4498:
The Workers and the World; Essays toward a Global Labour History
4563:
3046:
to produce goods and services has historically varied greatly.
4559:
4375:, "The Problem with Human Capital TheoryâA Marxian Critique",
381:
Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice
25:
4223:"Economic Manuscripts: Capital Vol. I - Chapter Twenty-Three"
4179:"Chapter 19: The Transformation of the Value of Labour-Power"
3654:
the conditions that have to be supplied are not sufficiently
3396:
the mass of capital assets rather than increasing its value.
4279:(Updated ed.). Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley.
3594:
Regulating the consumption of goods and services by workers.
3470:
Functioning as variable capital, living labour creates both
3232:
Under capitalism, according to Marx, labour-power becomes a
3606:
Encouraging or preventing labour mobility and job mobility.
3072:
introduces the concept in chapter 6 of the first volume of
351:
An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital
3814:
that Marx's own concept of labour power was in truth very
3539:, thereby incentivizing the care and rearing of children.
3141:) and gave this distinction a new significance. For Marx,
4302:"Economic Manuscripts: Capital Vol. I - Chapter Nineteen"
3388:
from one owner to another. Marx regards such labour as "
171:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
4536:, "Marx's Theory of Wages", a chapter in Bob Rowthorn,
3770:
This has led to repeated criticism from employers that
49:
3332:
of how much a worker is actually paid. Therefore, the
3942:"Economic Manuscripts: Capital Vol. I - Chapter Six"
3552:
Stipulating minimum and maximum wage rates for work.
4950:
4846:
4770:
Confederation of Revolutionary Anarcho-Syndicalists
4731:
4683:
4639:
4599:
3624:provides many illustrations, often taken from the
4433:Labour Market Theory: A Constructive Reassessment
3916:(5th ed.). London: Pluto Press. p. 20.
3579:Influencing the general price level, by means of
3244:of the capitalist for a specific period of time.
3340:Included in the value of labour power is both a
3711:
3509:
3272:
3202:
4575:
4146:An Introduction to Marx's 'Capital': Volume 2
4008:An Introduction to Marx's 'Capital': Volume 1
3404:Marx regards money-wages and salaries as the
3180:had failed to solve, i.e. explaining why the
3169:is somewhat similar to the later concept, in
2989:
2237:
131:The Condition of the Working Class in England
8:
4513:
4398:Free and Unfree Labour: The Debate Continues
4396:Tom Brass and Marcel Van Der Linden (eds.),
3617:
3240:), this exchange involves submitting to the
126:Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
4161:"Economic Manuscripts: Capital: Volume Two"
3651:not possible to privatize those conditions.
4820:Irish Transport and General Workers' Union
4582:
4568:
4560:
3935:
3933:
3145:, which he sometimes instead refers to as
2996:
2982:
2255:
2244:
2230:
818:
271:Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses
146:The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte
87:
3851:makes possible all kinds of new forms of
3794:" is combined with the demand for strong
3049:Under capitalism, according to Marx, the
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
4410:. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1974.
3161:). In this sense, the usage of labour (
3912:Fine, Ben; Saad-Filho, Alfredo (2010).
3904:
2267:
929:
881:
821:
99:
4838:Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation
4752:Argentine Regional Workers' Federation
4740:International Workingmen's Association
3673:reason why the state should intervene.
3474:and new value, conserves the value of
3386:transfers the value of a capital asset
3382:conserves the value of a capital asset
3359:Buying labour power usually becomes a
3309:normal or average (re-)production cost
1052:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
4277:The Feminine Economy and Economic Man
4024:"Critique of the Gotha Programme-- I"
1965:Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory
341:Change the World Without Taking Power
7:
4538:Capitalism, Conflict, and Inflation
3869:Abstract labour and concrete labour
3616:Marx was very aware of this and in
3124:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
296:Marxism and the Oppression of Women
226:Theses on the Philosophy of History
4764:ConfederaciĂłn Nacional del Trabajo
4471:Capitalism, Value and Exploitation
4381:, vol. 65(2), pages 74â82, (1975)
3292:it within themselves, they cannot
14:
4540:, Lawrence & Wishart, London.
4473:(Martin Robertson, Oxford, 1982).
4356:, Pelican edition 1976, p. 1013).
4041:BIERNACKI, RICHARD (2001-06-01).
3377:transferred to the new products.
316:Time, Labor and Social Domination
5083:
5082:
5072:
5062:
5052:
5043:
5042:
5032:
5022:
4630:
4043:"Labor as an Imagined Commodity"
3857:underlying economic relationship
3591:for consumer goods and services.
3455:argues, labour power at work is
3154:when it is sold to capitalists.
2277:
2211:
2199:
2187:
2023:21st-century communist theorists
366:Towards Socialism or Capitalism?
281:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
201:Essays on Marx's Theory of Value
107:
30:
4826:Fagoppositionens Sammenslutning
4802:Industrial Workers of the World
4796:General Confederation of Labour
4758:Brazilian Workers Confederation
3118:Marx adapted a distinction, in
725:Theory of historical trajectory
603:Dictatorship of the proletariat
306:Hegemony and Socialist Strategy
206:History and Class Consciousness
161:Critique of the Gotha Programme
4528:The Making of Marx's "Capital"
4414:The Critical Lawyer's Handbook
3827:in the living worker, it does
3740:which must be met. Therefore,
3640:meeting the conditions is too
3368:function; it also importantly
2435:Socially necessary labour time
2380:Organic composition of capital
523:Socially necessary labour time
421:Philosophy in the Soviet Union
311:The Sublime Object of Ideology
236:A Critique of Soviet Economics
16:Capacity to do work in Marxism
1:
4204:"The Principles of Communism"
3818:to that of David Ricardo and
3728:Labour market flexibilisation
3499:of work must have increased.
2662:Critique of Political Economy
2330:Critique of political economy
2305:Capitalist mode of production
444:Critique of political economy
4782:Norsk Syndikalistisk Forbund
4530:. London: Pluto Press, 1977.
4456:, Macmillan Press Ltd. 1991.
3839:A recent criticism by Prof.
2589:Falling profit-rate tendency
2440:Socialist mode of production
2415:Real prices and ideal prices
2320:Concrete and abstract labuor
481:Falling profit-rate tendency
261:The Society of the Spectacle
4483:. Barnes & Noble, 1988.
4393:(Frank Cass, London, 1999).
4062:10.1177/0032329201029002002
3978:Marx, Karl (21 July 2018).
3268:The Principles of Communism
3051:productive powers of labour
2941:Schools of economic thought
2876:Real-World Economics Review
2687:The Accumulation of Capital
2450:Simple commodity production
1955:Capitalism Nature Socialism
471:Concrete and abstract labor
361:Capital in the Anthropocene
286:Social Justice and the City
181:The Accumulation of Capital
56:the claims made and adding
5124:
4493:. Westport: Praeger 1998.
4435:. Routledge, London, 1998.
4275:Burggraf, Shirley (1997).
4149:. Sweet Home Publications.
4011:. Sweet Home Publications.
3507:Marx himself argued that:
2931:Perspectives on capitalism
2871:New School Economic Review
2679:Economic and Philosophical
2575:Technological unemployment
231:Dialectic of Enlightenment
18:
5019:
4628:
3961:"Wage Labour and Capital"
3874:Compensation of employees
3792:labour market flexibility
3090:He adds further on that:
3055:creative power of capital
2570:Technological determinism
376:Literature and Revolution
336:Late Victorian Holocausts
266:Pedagogy of the Oppressed
251:The Wretched of the Earth
4717:Workers' self-management
4378:American Economic Review
3457:transformed into capital
3214:, chapter 20, section 10
3173:, of "labour services".
3031:, a key concept used by
3027:) is the capacity to do
2858:International Journal of
326:The Origin of Capitalism
196:The State and Revolution
19:Not to be confused with
4972:Criticism of capitalism
4832:National Workers' Union
4556:. New York; Berg, 1989.
4496:Marcel van der Linden,
4463:London: Palgrave, 2000.
4120:"Glossary of Terms: La"
3463:which accomplishes the
3107:Value, Price and Profit
3101:Wage Labour and Capital
2951:Critiques of capitalism
2420:Relations of production
1027:MarxismâLeninismâMaoism
670:Relations of production
553:Base and superstructure
406:Dialectical materialism
371:The Revolution Betrayed
191:Terrorism and Communism
186:Philosophical Notebooks
141:The Communist Manifesto
4977:Criticism of copyright
4692:Co-operative economics
4514:
4500:. Leiden: Brill, 2008.
4454:A Theory of Human Need
4442:, Women's Press, 1980.
4050:Politics & Society
3879:Reserve army of labour
3810:It has been argued by
3790:Often the demand for "
3725:
3698:collective consumption
3618:
3513:
3444:exploitation of labour
3281:
3229:
3217:
3171:neoclassical economics
3127:between labour power (
3024:
3016:
2926:Neoclassical economics
2906:Evolutionary economics
2700:Capitalist Development
2594:Transformation problem
2581:Temporal single-system
2540:Historical materialism
2430:Reserve army of labour
2400:Primitive accumulation
2350:Labour theory of value
1970:Historical Materialism
715:Proletarian revolution
710:Primitive accumulation
705:Historical determinism
4997:Libertarian socialism
4788:Solidarity Federation
3841:Marcel van der Linden
3765:unemployment benefits
3662:for private agencies.
3543:The role of the state
3227:
2660:A Contribution to the
2639:Neo-Marxian economics
2206:Philosophy portal
2000:Science & Society
618:Democratic centralism
476:Factors of production
346:Caliban and the Witch
291:Women, Race and Class
3800:capital accumulation
3796:immigration controls
3665:there is a specific
3587:, or by instituting
3086:of any description."
2849:Cambridge Journal of
2525:Economic determinism
2405:Rate of exploitation
2395:Prices of production
2218:Socialism portal
2194:Communism portal
2063:History of communism
2058:Economic determinism
2043:Criticism of Marxism
2033:Creative destruction
793:Marxism and religion
513:Scientific socialism
416:Philosophy of nature
301:Imagined Communities
166:Dialectics of Nature
4776:Free Workers' Union
4712:Labour unionisation
4617:Revolutions of 1848
3849:information society
3759:, the operation of
3415:nominal gross wages
3044:means of production
3035:in his critique of
2946:Socialist economics
2911:Classical economics
2886:Science and Society
2681:Manuscripts of 1844
2530:Immiseration thesis
2515:Capital controversy
2375:Monopoly capitalism
2365:Means of production
2355:Law of accumulation
1950:Capital & Class
630:False consciousness
578:Commodity fetishism
568:Class consciousness
486:Means of production
321:The Age of Extremes
241:The Long Revolution
176:What Is to Be Done?
136:The German Ideology
4422:2016-03-03 at the
4323:2007-09-28 at the
4202:Frederick Engels.
3779:opportunities and
3537:reproductive labor
3533:US Social Security
3334:standard of living
3230:
2881:Rethinking Marxism
2788:Nikolai Kondratiev
2624:Analytical Marxism
2370:Mode of production
2164:Worker cooperative
2142:Left-wing populism
2068:Left-wing politics
2005:Socialist Register
1995:Rethinking Marxism
788:Literary criticism
491:Mode of production
356:Capitalist Realism
216:The Black Jacobins
41:possibly contains
5108:Marxian economics
5095:
5094:
4790:(SFâIWA, Britain)
4784:(NSFâIAA, Norway)
4651:Council communism
4622:Utopian socialism
4353:Capital, Volume I
4337:Liberation School
3981:Capital, Volume 1
3923:978-0-7453-3016-7
3734:supply and demand
3529:parental dividend
3317:necessary product
3167:Marxian economics
3040:political economy
3006:
3005:
2936:Political economy
2921:Marxist sociology
2860:Political Economy
2768:Antonie Pannekoek
2748:Rudolf Hilferding
2629:Classical Marxism
2555:Overdetermination
2545:Okishio's theorem
2385:Productive forces
2270:Marxian economics
2254:
2253:
2095:Political ecology
2073:Marxian economics
1012:Council communism
980:
979:
907:Neue Marx-LektĂŒre
869:Regulation school
758:Cultural analysis
650:Lumpenproletariat
593:Cultural hegemony
583:Communist society
573:Classless society
508:Productive forces
246:Guerrilla Warfare
119:Theoretical works
86:
85:
78:
43:original research
5115:
5086:
5085:
5078:Socialism portal
5076:
5066:
5058:Organized Labour
5056:
5048:Labour economics
5046:
5045:
5038:Communism portal
5036:
5028:Anarchism portal
5026:
4982:Critique of work
4813:IWW-South Africa
4766:(CNTâAIT, Spain)
4697:Labour economics
4634:
4612:Orthodox Marxism
4594:
4584:
4577:
4570:
4561:
4550:Peter Scholliers
4519:
4467:Geoffrey Hodgson
4357:
4348:
4342:
4333:
4327:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4272:
4266:
4265:
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4212:
4211:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4143:Ranganayakamma.
4140:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4124:www.marxists.org
4116:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4080:. Archived from
4047:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4028:www.marxists.org
4019:
4013:
4012:
4005:Ranganayakamma.
4002:
3996:
3995:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3937:
3928:
3927:
3909:
3723:
3623:
3521:Time use surveys
3486:average worker.
3476:constant capital
3461:variable capital
3346:moral-historical
3313:necessary labour
3264:Friedrich Engels
3215:
3025:force de travail
2998:
2991:
2984:
2965:Economics portal
2783:Richard D. Wolff
2733:Friedrich Engels
2692:Monopoly Capital
2634:Orthodox Marxism
2599:Underconsumption
2550:Overaccumulation
2495:Variable capital
2325:Constant capital
2281:
2271:
2256:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2216:
2215:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2169:Workers' council
1990:Race & Class
897:Frankfurt School
864:Neo-Gramscianism
837:MarxismâLeninism
819:
763:Cultural Studies
720:World revolution
665:Private property
211:Prison Notebooks
111:
88:
81:
74:
70:
67:
61:
58:inline citations
34:
33:
26:
5123:
5122:
5118:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5091:
5068:Politics portal
5015:
5002:Post-capitalism
4946:
4842:
4834:(UON, Portugal)
4748:and affiliates
4727:
4679:
4635:
4626:
4607:Guild socialism
4595:
4590:
4588:
4524:Roman Rosdolsky
4487:Kenneth Lapides
4424:Wayback Machine
4404:Harry Braverman
4365:
4360:
4349:
4345:
4334:
4330:
4325:Wayback Machine
4317:
4313:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4287:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4242:Social Research
4239:
4238:
4234:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4187:
4185:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4128:
4126:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4104:
4102:
4096:"Marxism Terms"
4094:
4093:
4089:
4045:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4004:
4003:
3999:
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3977:
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3958:
3957:
3953:
3939:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3889:Surplus product
3865:
3808:
3781:economic growth
3757:wage bargaining
3730:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3585:monetary policy
3545:
3505:
3459:, specifically
3452:
3411:full employment
3402:
3350:historical norm
3325:value-added tax
3286:
3222:
3216:
3209:
3200:, Marx states:
3147:Arbeitsvermögen
3116:
3078:, as follows:
3067:
3002:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2900:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2862:
2859:
2853:
2850:
2842:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2823:Stephen Resnick
2722:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2706:Finance Capital
2702:
2699:
2683:
2680:
2664:
2661:
2653:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2618:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2585:
2582:
2565:Kondratiev wave
2509:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2465:Surplus product
2289:
2269:
2250:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2174:
2173:
2147:Universal class
2038:Conflict theory
2018:
2010:
2009:
1985:New Left Review
1940:
1932:
1931:
1072:
1062:
1061:
992:
982:
981:
892:Budapest School
816:
815:Common variants
808:
807:
738:
730:
729:
695:
685:
684:
588:Critical theory
548:
538:
537:
518:Surplus product
446:
436:
435:
396:
386:
385:
256:Reading Capital
121:
82:
71:
65:
62:
47:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5121:
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4959:
4954:
4952:
4951:Related topics
4948:
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4865:
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4855:
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4848:
4844:
4843:
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4840:(SAC, Sweden)
4835:
4829:
4823:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4810:
4799:
4793:
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4785:
4779:
4778:(FAU, Germany)
4773:
4772:(CRAS, Russia)
4767:
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4755:
4743:
4737:
4735:
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4702:General strike
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4394:
4384:
4373:Herbert Gintis
4364:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4343:
4339:, 2 July 2012.
4328:
4311:
4292:
4286:978-0738200361
4285:
4267:
4248:(2): 305â344.
4232:
4213:
4194:
4170:
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4111:
4100:cla.purdue.edu
4087:
4084:on 2023-04-26.
4056:(2): 173â206.
4033:
4014:
3997:
3990:
3970:
3951:
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3922:
3914:Marx's Capital
3903:
3901:
3898:
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3896:
3891:
3886:
3884:Surplus labour
3881:
3876:
3871:
3864:
3861:
3807:
3804:
3772:labour markets
3729:
3726:
3720:Capital Vol. 1
3715:
3709:
3706:
3679:Capital Vol. 1
3675:
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3652:
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3607:
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3598:
3595:
3592:
3589:price controls
3577:
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3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
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3398:
3354:social classes
3285:
3282:
3221:
3218:
3212:Capital Vol. 2
3207:
3198:Capital Vol. 2
3115:
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3053:appear as the
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2986:
2978:
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2972:
2970:Marxism portal
2967:
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2953:
2948:
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2899:Related topics
2898:
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2878:
2873:
2868:
2866:Monthly Review
2863:
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2843:
2840:
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2830:
2828:MichaĆ Kalecki
2825:
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2800:
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2743:Rosa Luxemburg
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2560:Overproduction
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2017:Related topics
2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
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2002:
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1980:Monthly Review
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874:Third-worldist
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431:Marxist ethics
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4828:(FS, Denmark)
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4733:Organisations
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4710:
4708:
4707:Labour rights
4705:
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4504:Ernest Mandel
4502:
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4369:Samuel Bowles
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4183:la.utexas.edu
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4010:
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3743:
3739:
3736:here, but of
3735:
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3703:
3702:redistributes
3699:
3695:
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3622:
3621:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3596:
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3590:
3586:
3582:
3581:fiscal policy
3578:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3542:
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3534:
3530:
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3508:
3502:
3500:
3497:
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3466:
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3458:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3431:
3428:
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3416:
3412:
3407:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3330:independently
3326:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3303:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3276:working class
3271:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3226:
3219:
3213:
3206:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3190:human capital
3186:
3183:
3182:surplus value
3179:
3178:David Ricardo
3174:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3114:Versus labour
3113:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3077:
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3071:
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3061:prerogative.
3060:
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2855:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2838:
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2829:
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2824:
2821:
2819:
2818:Paul A. Baran
2816:
2814:
2813:David Laibman
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2798:Nobuo Okishio
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2778:Andrew Kliman
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2763:Ernest Mandel
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2715:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:The Theory of
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2649:
2648:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2614:
2613:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2520:Crisis theory
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2505:
2504:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2490:Value product
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2455:Surplus value
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2445:Socialization
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2310:Class process
2308:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2247:
2242:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2125:Revolutionary
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2105:Authoritarian
2103:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1907:Moufawad-Paul
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
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1868:
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1805:
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1800:
1798:
1795:
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1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
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1690:
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1685:
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1680:
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1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
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1660:
1658:
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1630:
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1625:
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1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
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1588:
1585:
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1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
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1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
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1433:
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1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
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1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1017:Eurocommunism
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1002:Austromarxism
1000:
998:
995:
994:
991:
986:
985:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
948:Communization
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
934:
933:
928:
923:
922:Praxis School
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
889:
888:
887:
884:
880:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
839:
838:
835:
833:
830:
829:
828:
827:
824:
820:
812:
811:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
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771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
740:
734:
733:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
697:
694:
689:
688:
681:
680:Working class
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
600:
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594:
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589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
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571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
550:
547:
542:
541:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
461:Crisis theory
459:
456:
452:
449:
448:
445:
440:
439:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
398:
395:
390:
389:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
123:
120:
115:
114:
110:
106:
105:
102:
98:
94:
90:
89:
80:
77:
69:
59:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
28:
27:
22:
4992:Labour power
4991:
4798:(CGT, Spain)
4553:
4544:Ian Steedman
4537:
4534:Bob Rowthorn
4527:
4497:
4490:
4480:
4470:
4460:
4453:
4450:Leslie Doyal
4439:
4438:Bonnie Fox,
4432:
4413:
4407:
4397:
4390:
4376:
4351:
4346:
4336:
4331:
4314:
4306:marxists.org
4305:
4295:
4276:
4270:
4245:
4241:
4235:
4227:marxists.org
4226:
4216:
4208:marxists.org
4207:
4197:
4186:. Retrieved
4182:
4173:
4165:marxists.org
4164:
4155:
4145:
4138:
4127:. Retrieved
4123:
4114:
4103:. Retrieved
4099:
4090:
4082:the original
4053:
4049:
4036:
4027:
4022:Marx, Karl.
4017:
4007:
4000:
3980:
3973:
3965:marxists.org
3964:
3954:
3946:marxists.org
3945:
3913:
3907:
3856:
3846:
3838:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3815:
3812:Ian Steedman
3809:
3789:
3785:
3769:
3761:trade unions
3753:minimum wage
3750:
3745:
3742:labour costs
3731:
3722:, chapter 19
3719:
3712:
3701:
3691:
3682:
3678:
3676:
3670:
3666:
3659:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3615:
3546:
3526:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3503:Reproduction
3495:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3469:
3465:valorisation
3456:
3453:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3405:
3403:
3393:
3390:unproductive
3385:
3381:
3379:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:commercially
3360:
3358:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3339:
3333:
3329:
3321:
3308:
3306:
3299:
3293:
3289:
3287:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3238:unemployment
3231:
3220:As commodity
3211:
3203:
3197:
3187:
3175:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3146:
3143:Arbeitskraft
3142:
3138:
3132:
3129:Arbeitskraft
3128:
3122:
3117:
3105:
3099:
3097:
3089:
3073:
3068:
3054:
3050:
3048:
3017:Arbeitskraft
3009:Labour power
3008:
3007:
2803:Ian Steedman
2773:JĂĄnos Kornai
2758:Karl Kautsky
2753:Leon Trotsky
2480:Wage slavery
2425:Reproduction
2360:Law of value
2345:Labour power
2344:
2340:Exploitation
2299:accumulation
2090:Municipalism
1902:Bhattacharya
1047:Situationist
1022:Instrumental
675:State theory
640:Immiseration
635:Human nature
625:Exploitation
455:accumulation
72:
63:
40:
5088:Syndicalism
5007:Revisionism
4967:Corporatism
4883:Griffuelhes
4742:(1864â1876)
4676:Sorelianism
4671:Nationalist
4592:Syndicalism
4520:, Volume 1.
4516:Das Kapital
4477:Makoto Itoh
4459:Ian Gough,
4350:Karl Marx,
4300:Karl Marx.
4221:Karl Marx.
3959:Karl Marx.
3940:Karl Marx.
3894:Wage labour
3738:human needs
3694:social wage
3649:technically
3620:Das Kapital
3450:Consumption
3440:piece wages
3394:maintaining
3294:permanently
3210:Karl Marx,
3194:reification
2808:John Roemer
2793:Paul Sweezy
2668:Das Kapital
2535:Imperialism
2475:Wage labour
2053:Communalism
1452:Wallerstein
1042:Revisionist
773:Film theory
753:Criminology
748:Archaeology
660:Proletariat
645:Imperialism
558:Bourgeoisie
533:Wage labour
426:Reification
221:On Practice
21:labor force
4928:Pelloutier
4903:Lagardelle
4878:Fitzgerald
4724:Mutual aid
4656:De Leonism
4600:Precursors
4363:References
4188:2023-02-02
4129:2020-08-04
4105:2023-02-02
3820:Adam Smith
3777:employment
3656:profitable
3637:interests.
3626:Blue Books
3472:use values
3419:real wages
3159:use-values
3065:Definition
3059:management
3037:capitalist
2673:Grundrisse
2485:Value-form
2110:Democratic
1975:Mediations
1587:Przeworski
1527:Poulantzas
1377:Sivanandan
1332:Bettelheim
1232:Horkheimer
1227:MariĂĄtegui
1202:Pashukanis
1127:Liebknecht
1057:Wertkritik
997:Analytical
857:Trotskyism
832:Autonomist
823:Structural
803:Philosophy
743:Aesthetics
528:Value-form
496:Capitalist
401:Alienation
394:Philosophy
151:Grundrisse
50:improve it
5012:Socialism
4957:Communism
4873:Delesalle
4863:De Ambris
4808:IWW-Chile
4685:Economics
4646:Anarchist
4510:Karl Marx
4446:Ian Gough
4387:Tom Brass
4254:0037-783X
4078:154113394
4070:0032-3292
3824:different
3806:Criticism
3667:political
3660:too risky
3635:competing
3496:intensity
3467:process.
3374:transfers
3370:conserves
3242:authority
3234:commodity
3084:use-value
3070:Karl Marx
3033:Karl Marx
2851:Economics
2728:Karl Marx
2470:Use value
2315:Commodity
2157:Economism
2120:Reformist
2100:Socialism
2048:Communism
2028:Anarchism
1882:Coulthard
1807:McDonnell
1767:Screpanti
1677:Rowbotham
1542:Harnecker
1352:Althusser
1292:Deutscher
1132:Kollontai
1122:Luxemburg
1102:Plekhanov
1032:Nkrumaism
943:Classical
917:Political
842:Guevarism
798:Sociology
778:Geography
598:Democracy
546:Sociology
501:Socialist
466:Commodity
66:July 2019
54:verifying
5102:Category
4962:Copyleft
4923:Panunzio
4640:Variants
4429:Ben Fine
4420:Archived
4321:Archived
4262:40970881
3863:See also
3853:hustling
3716:â
3342:physical
3270:(1847):
3208:â
3110:(1865).
2841:Journals
2617:Variants
2288:Concepts
2261:a series
2259:Part of
2083:Old Left
2078:New Left
1945:Antipode
1939:Journals
1842:Heinrich
1817:Roediger
1812:Douzinas
1802:Hennessy
1757:Holloway
1672:Hartsock
1662:Eagleton
1647:Federici
1622:Bannerji
1597:Therborn
1577:RanciĂšre
1572:Easthope
1552:Anderson
1547:Altvater
1447:O'Connor
1442:MĂ©szĂĄros
1437:Guattari
1392:Thompson
1382:Miliband
1362:Williams
1347:Hobsbawm
1322:Emmanuel
1302:Beauvoir
1267:Lefebvre
1212:Benjamin
1177:Bukharin
1157:Zinoviev
1152:Grossman
1137:Bogdanov
1112:Connolly
1092:Lafargue
1037:Orthodox
1007:Centrist
958:Leninism
953:Feminist
902:Humanist
883:Hegelian
411:Ideology
93:a series
91:Part of
4987:Fascism
4913:Monatte
4898:Jouhaux
4893:Janvion
4888:Haywood
4868:De Leon
4822:(ITGWU)
4746:IWAâAIT
4661:Fascist
4552:(ed.),
3833:durably
3816:similar
3446:power.
3356:, etc.
3315:or the
3151:ability
3120:Hegel's
3075:Capital
2916:Marxism
2297: (
2295:Capital
2182:Outline
2135:Utopian
1912:Srnicek
1897:Toscano
1892:Seymour
1847:Prashad
1797:Sankara
1792:Berardi
1777:Hampton
1752:Burawoy
1722:Panitch
1717:Haraway
1707:Cleaver
1692:Brenner
1657:Balibar
1612:Postone
1602:Losurdo
1532:Vattimo
1502:Gonzalo
1497:Jameson
1487:Parenti
1427:Liebman
1422:Guevara
1312:Nkrumah
1307:Sombart
1282:Padmore
1252:Kalecki
1247:Marcuse
1207:Bordiga
1192:Gramsci
1147:Trotsky
1107:Du Bois
1097:Kautsky
973:Western
852:Titoism
737:Aspects
693:History
613:Radical
451:Capital
156:Capital
101:Marxism
48:Please
4943:Valois
4933:Rocker
4918:GarcĂa
4908:Larkin
4847:People
4804:(IWW)
4754:(FORA)
4448:&
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4283:
4260:
4252:
4076:
4068:
3988:
3920:
3718:Marx,
3647:it is
3642:costly
3163:per se
3139:Arbeit
3134:labour
3131:) and
3021:French
3013:German
2720:People
2508:Topics
2390:Profit
2130:Social
2115:Market
1917:Horvat
1872:Fisher
1867:Linera
1862:Lordon
1852:Kelley
1837:Marcos
1832:Ghandy
1822:Foster
1747:Fraser
1742:Wright
1732:Jessop
1727:Clarke
1712:Bishop
1702:Massey
1682:Mouffe
1632:Newton
1627:Spivak
1617:Rodney
1582:Berman
1537:Badiou
1517:Laclau
1512:Harvey
1507:Dussel
1467:Debord
1462:Tronti
1432:Heller
1417:Castro
1412:Berger
1397:Bauman
1387:Cabral
1372:Mandel
1367:Freire
1357:Hinton
1337:Draper
1317:Sweezy
1287:Sartre
1277:Adorno
1242:Brecht
1197:Galiev
1172:Korsch
1167:LukĂĄcs
1142:Stalin
1087:Morris
1082:Engels
1070:People
847:Maoism
768:Ethics
608:Soviet
331:Empire
4938:Sorel
4858:Berth
4760:(COB)
4666:Green
4258:JSTOR
4074:S2CID
4046:(PDF)
3900:Notes
3746:never
3744:have
3687:exile
3671:moral
3658:, or
3427:total
3406:price
3400:Wages
3302:legal
3284:Value
3279:life.
3253:group
3165:) in
2652:Works
2604:Value
1927:Saito
1922:Hamza
1787:ĆœiĆŸek
1772:TamĂĄs
1737:Davis
1697:Davis
1687:Geras
1652:Wolff
1637:Sakai
1592:Cohen
1567:Sison
1562:Vogel
1522:Bahro
1492:Negri
1482:Nairn
1407:Kosik
1402:Fanon
1342:Jones
1297:Hoxha
1272:James
1257:Fromm
1187:Serge
1162:Bloch
1117:Lenin
938:Black
563:Class
4853:Bain
4281:ISBN
4250:ISSN
4066:ISSN
3986:ISBN
3918:ISBN
3696:and
3683:Ibid
3583:and
3417:and
3372:and
3366:only
3029:work
1887:Malm
1857:Dean
1827:West
1782:Cano
1762:Rose
1667:Kurz
1642:Wood
1607:Ture
1557:Löwy
1477:Hall
1472:Amin
1457:Mies
1327:Hill
1237:Dutt
1222:Basu
1077:Marx
968:Post
930:Both
912:Open
4058:doi
3829:not
3669:or
3290:own
3266:in
1262:Cox
1217:Mao
963:Neo
52:by
5104::
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