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heights and angles of any two rays. For these rays, the optical invariant is a constant throughout all space.
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is a measure of the light propagating through an optical system. It is defined by
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is a generalization of the
Lagrange invariant which is formed using the
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is proportional to the throughput of the optical system (related to
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Measure of the light propagating through an optical system
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104:height and angle respectively, and
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201:Field Guide to Geometrical Optics
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199:Greivenkamp, John E. (2004).
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203:. SPIE Field Guides vol.
172:Smith-Helmholtz invariant
130:may be used in place of
260:-related article is a
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207:. SPIE. p. 28.
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228:Optics Fundamentals
177:Abbe sine condition
316:Geometrical optics
233:2016-01-11 at the
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161:See also
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256:This
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