54:
726:
439:
702:
848:
714:
2500:
860:
74:
419:
81:
589:, forming Chungará Lake, at some time between 8,000 and 15,000 - 17,000 years ago. This collapse involved about 6 cubic kilometres (1.4 cu mi) and covered about 140 square kilometres (54 sq mi) with debris; before the collapse took place the lake floor of Chungará Lake consisted of
2230:
Pueyo, Juan José; Sáez, Alberto; Giralt, Santiago; Valero-Garcés, Blas L.; Moreno, Ana; Bao, Roberto; Schwalb, Antje; Herrera, Christian; Klosowska, Bogumila; Taberner, Conxita (July 2011). "Carbonate and organic matter sedimentation and isotopic signatures in Lake
Chungará, Chilean Altiplano, during
365:
northwestern corner. Its deepest point is 26 metres (85 ft)-40 metres (130 ft) deep and lies in the northwestern sector of the lake. The northern and western side of the lake have steep shores, while the southern and eastern ones are much more gentle; the eastern shore is covered by a large
2042:
Hernández, Armand; Bao, Roberto; Giralt, Santiago; Leng, Melanie J.; Barker, Philip A.; Sáez, Alberto; Pueyo, Juan J.; Moreno, Ana; Valero-Garcés, Blas L.; Sloane, Hilary J. (2008). "The palaeohydrological evolution of Lago
Chungará (Andean Altiplano, northern Chile) during the Lateglacial and early
458:
The present-day water levels are the highest in the history of the lake and there is no evidence of former lake highstands, and the depth of the lake has generally increased during the course of its history. There are some long-term fluctuations in water levels, including a deepening episode during
454:
The water temperature reaches its maximum during March with 13.5 °C (56.3 °F) and a minimum in
January with 3.5 °C (38.3 °F) according to one study, while temperatures on the lake floor range between 6.4–6.2 °C (43.5–43.2 °F). Water levels vary by 0.5 metres (1 ft
364:
The lake is about 8.75 kilometres (5.44 mi) wide and covers an irregular surface of about 21.5 square kilometres (8.3 sq mi)-22.5 square kilometres (8.7 sq mi), with two large embayments in the northeastern and the southern sectors of the lake and a narrower one in its
2270:
Sáez, A.; Valero-Garcés, B. L.; Moreno, A.; Bao, R.; Pueyo, J. J.; González-Sampériz, P.; Giralt, S.; Taberner, C.; Herrera, C.; Gibert, R. O. (6 August 2007). "Lacustrine sedimentation in active volcanic settings: the Late
Quaternary depositional evolution of Lake Chungará (northern Chile)".
541:
imply that they receive water from
Chungará Lake at a rate of about 0.25 cubic metres per second (8.8 cu ft/s); this constitutes over half of the inflow to the Cotacotani Lakes. The role of this underground outflow has progressively decreased through the history of the lake as
510:. Other tributaries are the Chachapay, Mal Paso (15 litres per second (0.53 cu ft/s)), Ajata (20 litres per second (0.71 cu ft/s)) and Sopocalane (30–160 litres per second (1.1–5.7 cu ft/s) only during wet periods) creeks which originate on
601:
also played a minor role in the formation of the lake basin, with a southwest-northeast trending fault disrupting sediments in the northwestern sector of the lake. Since the birth of
Chungará Lake, about 10 metres (33 ft) of sediment have accumulated on its floor.
2164:
Moreno, A.; Giralt, S.; Valero-Garcés, B.; Sáez, A.; Bao, R.; Prego, R.; Pueyo, J.J.; González-Sampériz, P.; Taberner, C. (February 2007). "A 14kyr record of the tropical Andes: The Lago
Chungará sequence (18°S, northern Chilean Altiplano)".
490:-covered volcanoes. The largest tributary of the lake is the Río Chungara with a discharge of about 0.3–0.46 cubic metres per second (11–16 cu ft/s) which originates on Guallatiri volcano and drains the area of the
2397:
635:
Temperatures at the lake average 4.2 °C (39.6 °F), fluctuating between 20–12 °C (68–54 °F) at day and 3 – −10 °C (37–14 °F) at night. The climate of
Chungará Lake is
2328:"Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis of the genusOrestias(Teleostei: Cyprinodontidae) in the southern Chilean Altiplano: the relevance of ancient and recent divergence processes in speciation"
639:
and annual precipitation on
Chungará Lake amounts to about 330 millimetres per year (13 in/year), considerably smaller than the evaporation rate. This precipitation occurs during summer when
2390:
237:. It has a surface area of about 21.5–22.5 square kilometres (8.3–8.7 sq mi) and has a maximum depth of about 26–40 metres (85–131 ft). It receives inflow through the
768:
need to be considered by the
Chilean government and prohibited the use of the waters of Chungará Lake; the ruling by disallowing the use of the waters of Chungará Lake forced the
1890:
2383:
847:
408:(5,516 metres (18,097 ft)) on the eastern shore of the lake are moderately eroded. Farther south from Chungará Lake lies the 6,063 metres (19,892 ft) high
1074:
725:
522:
supply water into the lake from its western and northern shores where volcanoes border the lake. There are no inflows on the eastern side of Chungará Lake.
2545:
1078:
317:"beard" which together with the suffix means "bearded" and refers to a myth of a bearded man that came to the area and destroyed a community with fire.
749:, but quickly ceased when water levels dropped and the flora and fauna of the lake were damaged. For this purpose, the Canal Chungará was built by the
701:
713:
597:
which drained the area. Upon damming, water from the river accumulated and formed Chungará Lake. The exact time of the collapse is controversial.
373:
tributary. The lake floor features platforms, flat areas and sloping areas. 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) northwest from Chungará Lake lies the
1839:
438:
2499:
1211:"Determinación de los Niveles Basales de Metales Traza en Sedimentos de Tres Lagos Andinos de Chile: Lagos Chungará, Laja y Castor"
106:
561:/well mixed and its waters transparent enough that sunlight can reach most of the lake floor. The waters of the lake are slightly
750:
468:
2327:
859:
73:
609:
and has continued until recent times, which has influenced Chungará Lake. A number of volcanoes such as Parinacota, Ajoya and
53:
760:
This project was opposed by environmentalists. On 19 December 1985 the lake was the subject of a major legal case when the
506:); this river contributes about 4/5 of the water to the lake and enters Chungará Lake on its southeastern corner through a
783:
road between Chile and Bolivia. The Chilean government has thus organized cleanup operations to remove some of the waste.
2100:"Relation of surface and underground waters in Chungará and Cotacotani lake districts, northern Chile: an isotopic study"
1968:"Conociendo los peces de Bolivia: Las ninfas de las montañas (Orestias spp.): Peces que habitan el Altiplano de Bolivia"
1029:
1286:"Variaciones temporales de parámetros físicos, químicos y biológicos de un lago de altura: el caso del lago Chungará"
780:
1589:
779:
in the area of Chungará Lake has become a major issue, as a lot of waste is discarded by for example drivers on the
2550:
425:
2012:
418:
2410:
769:
230:
31:
1770:"TEMPORAL TRENDS OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHs) IN A DATED SEDIMENT CORE OF A HIGH ATITUDE [
985:
876:
2540:
2484:
2099:
882:
2203:
973:
491:
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761:
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rocks. This lake chemistry is homogeneous throughout the lake and the lake waters are subject to strong
269:
153:
979:
557:
The total volume of the lake is about 0.426 cubic kilometres (0.102 cu mi). Chungará Lake is
2326:
Vila, I.; Morales, P.; Scott, S.; Poulin, E.; Véliz, D.; Harrod, C.; Méndez, M. A. (8 February 2013).
623:
that crops out east of the lake; of these only Parinacota has been active in the Holocene, depositing
311:
that signifies "covered by"; but this meaning appears to have fallen into disuse. A second meaning is
2464:
2280:
2204:"Water quality and limnological features of a high altitude Andean lake, Chungani, in northern Chile"
2202:
Mühlhauser, Hermann A.; Hrepic, Nicolas; Mladinic, Pedro; Montecino, Vivian; Cabrera, Sergio (1995).
2174:
2052:
967:
443:
253:
59:
2459:
2449:
2143:
Mamani, Manuel M. (1994). "Antecedentes Míticos y Ecológicos del Significado del Vocablo Chungara".
2489:
1840:"Jurisprudencia nacional, nuevos Tribunales Ambientales y derecho internacional del medio ambiente"
1046:
537:
table at a rate of 0.2 cubic metres per second (7.1 cu ft/s). The water chemistry of the
338:
261:
260:. Since then the lake has progressively grown owing to decreasing seepage. The lake is part of the
234:
1109:
651:; this is known as the "Bolivian Winter". Annual precipitation varies under the influence of the "
610:
405:
370:
238:
146:
2314:
2152:
2086:
1070:
620:
582:
529:; its waters evaporate at a rate of about 1.2 millimetres per year (0.047 in/year) and also
519:
455:
8 in) between seasons and fluctuations of 3–2 metres (9.8–6.6 ft) have been recorded.
381:
138:
474:
The Lake Chungará is part of a 260 square kilometres (100 sq mi) large high-elevation
1069:
is among the fish with the highest occurrences in the world. They are further considered to be
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2258:
2190:
2131:
2078:
1992:
1857:
1805:
1307:
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age lie north and west of the lake, respectively; the northern shore of the lake is formed by
30:
This article is about the lake in the Arica and Parinacota Region, Chile. For other uses, see
2342:
2296:
2288:
2248:
2240:
2182:
2121:
2111:
2098:
Herrera, Christian; Pueyo, Juan Jose; Saez, Alberto; Valero-Garces, Blas L. (30 June 2010).
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1967:
1847:
1795:
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1297:
1222:
1097:
1089:
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The lake hosts a diverse plant and animal community. The landscape around the lake includes
672:
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393:
2519:
2439:
2424:
2013:"PLAN DE ACCIÓN ESTRATÉGICO PARA EL DESARROLLO HIDRICO DE LA REGIÓN DE ARICA Y PARINACOTA"
1041:
812:
754:
598:
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The lake was formed by volcanic-tectonic phenomena; specifically, a major collapse of the
570:
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538:
471:
years ago. Since about 5,000 calibrated radiocarbon years ago lake levels have been high.
374:
354:
289:
246:
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1891:"Más de 30 toneladas de basura son extraídas en operativo de limpieza del Lago Chungará"
1065:. In Chungará Lake these fish occur at elevations of over 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi);
550:
through which the groundwater seeps out. The Cotacotani Lakes eventually drain into the
325:
Chungará Lake is located in the northernmost part of Chile and close to the border with
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2444:
648:
499:
475:
358:
342:
171:
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1821:
1819:
1768:
Pozo, Karla; Perra, Guido; Gomez, Victoria; Barra, Ricardo; Urrutia, Roberto (2014).
1564:
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871:
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live in Chungará Lake and are particularly noticeable on the southern shores, where
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watershed and on the east by the Bolivian frontier; the watershed is surrounded by
366:
333:; it is one of the highest lakes in the world and the second highest-largest after
265:
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913:
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838:
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257:
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and three or four episodes of water level lowstand during the middle and late
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where they enter the lake; some of the deltas are submerged. In addition,
329:. It lies at an elevation of 4,517 metres (14,820 ft) in the Chilean
2019:
1800:
1596:
1018:
998:
924:
892:
640:
590:
562:
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389:
385:
2156:
1970:(in Spanish). Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Bolivia. 6 July 2017
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1340:
1338:
801:; otherwise the vegetation in the region of the lake consists mainly of
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from Parinacota volcano. While Parinacota is well preserved, Ajoya and
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154:
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990:
961:
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680:
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refuge lies close to the western shores of the lake. There is also a
303:
1995:(in Spanish). Subsecretaría de Pesca y Acuicultura. 9 November 2015.
1874:
1825:
1595:(in Spanish). DIRECC!ON GENERAL DE AGUAS. p. 95. Archived from
1568:
1448:
1209:
Urrutia, Roberto; Yevenes, Mariela; Barra, Ricardo (December 2002).
1096:
fish; the Chilean government has thus envisaged to take measures to
252:
The lake formed between 8,000 and 17,000 years ago when the volcano
1993:"Acuerdan medidas para erradicar trucha arcoiris del lago Chungará"
241:
with some minor additional inflows, and loses most of its water to
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808:
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688:
684:
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346:
222:
1930:
1918:
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The most important and only native fish in Chungará Lake are two
950:
692:
652:
636:
543:
530:
487:
299:
2379:
655:" phenomenon. In addition, the area is characterized by a high
1743:
1683:
1644:
1632:
1396:
1365:
1329:
1523:
1271:
361:
passes by the southern and western shores of Chungará Lake.
1774:] MOUNTAIN LAKE: CHUNGARA LAKE- NORTHERN CHILE (18° S)"
1009:. Microbial colonies occur on the shores of Chungará Lake.
1893:(in Spanish). División de Gobierno Interior. 21 April 2016
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1719:
1707:
1695:
1620:
1547:
1535:
1498:
1467:
1436:
1415:
870:
Aided by the highly transparent waters, large amounts of
225:
at an elevation of 4,517 metres (14,820 ft), in the
772:
to seek other sources of water for the growing economy.
741:
In the 1970s water was pumped from Chungará Lake to the
1250:
1248:
1246:
1954:
1942:
1656:
1346:
1284:
Dorador, Cristina; Pardo, Rodrigo; Vila, Irma (2003).
853:
Birdlife, including Chilean flamingo, at Chungará Lake
256:
collapsed and the debris from the collapse dammed the
2011:
División de estudios y planificación (October 2010).
196:
21.5–22.5 square kilometres (8.3–8.7 sq mi)
1590:"HOYAS HIDROGRÁFICAS DE CIDLE : PRIMERA REGIÓN"
1204:
1202:
1200:
264:; a planned diversion of the lake's waters into the
2507:
2417:
369:and the southern one by sediments deposited by the
208:
200:
192:
184:
180:
170:
152:
137:
98:
41:
2043:Holocene using oxygen isotopes in diatom silica".
1039:of Chungará Lake is most closely related to other
757:which is the headwater of the Lauca-Azapa system.
2233:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
764:ruled that international obligations such as the
605:Volcanism in the area has been ongoing since the
821:The shoreline vegetation draws birds in such as
99:
1987:
1985:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1057:. This reflects that these waterbodies and the
27:Lake situated in the Lauca National Park, Chile
1185:(in Spanish). Servicio de Evaluación Ambiental
1075:International Union for Conservation of Nature
341:, a nationally and internationally designated
2391:
8:
2022:: DIRECCION GENERAL DE AGUAS. Archived from
1088:also lives in the lake and is considered an
312:
306:
293:
357:in the northwestern area of Chungará Lake.
221:is a lake situated in the extreme north of
176:260 square kilometres (100 sq mi)
2398:
2384:
2376:
1885:
1883:
1079:Chilean National Museum of Natural History
450:volcanoes as seen from the ISS. June 2023.
337:in the Altiplano. The lake is part of the
38:
2300:
2252:
2145:Chungara: Revista de Antropología Chilena
2125:
2115:
2072:
1875:División de estudios y planificación 2010
1851:
1826:División de estudios y planificación 2010
1799:
1789:
1569:División de estudios y planificación 2010
1449:División de estudios y planificación 2010
1301:
1226:
1215:Boletín de la Sociedad Chilena de Química
643:is transported into the region from the
467:at about 10,500, 9,800, 7,800 and 6,700
268:being abandoned after a decision by the
1778:Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society
1121:
843:
697:
1254:
1169:
1157:
667:The area of the lake is inhabited by
80:
7:
1092:there as it feeds on the threatened
292:and has several different meanings:
2211:Revista Chilena de Historia Natural
1290:Revista Chilena de Historia Natural
886:occur. The shores are inhabited by
396:(5,293 metres (17,365 ft)) of
384:(6,342 metres (20,807 ft)) of
2546:Lakes of Arica y Parinacota Region
865:Shoreline vegetation and landscape
719:Road and roadsign on Chungará Lake
514:/Ajoya volcano, which have formed
25:
565:and saline and show influence of
2498:
2293:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2007.00878.x
858:
846:
751:Chilean Ministry of Public Works
724:
712:
700:
593:and river sediments left by the
417:
79:
72:
52:
1853:10.4067/S0718-68512013000100015
1844:Revista de Derecho (Valparaíso)
1838:Urrutia Silva, Osvaldo (2013).
1791:10.4067/S0717-97072014000300008
1303:10.4067/S0716-078X2003000100002
1228:10.4067/S0366-16442002000400017
1061:were once joined by the former
989:; the second and the third are
207:
199:
191:
183:
1183:"Región de Arica y Parinacota"
482:, bordered on the west by the
188:8.75 kilometres (5.44 mi)
1:
2045:Journal of Quaternary Science
212:4,517 metres (14,820 ft)
204:26–40 metres (85–131 ft)
2245:10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.05.036
2187:10.1016/j.quaint.2006.10.020
1030:Trichomycterus chungaraensis
941:of the lake is dominated by
753:to transfer water into the
707:The marina of Chungará Lake
2567:
29:
2496:
2411:Arica y Parinacota Region
986:Nephroclamys subsolitaria
770:Arica y Parinacota Region
428:Panorama of Chungará Lake
231:Arica y Parinacota Region
67:
51:
46:
2167:Quaternary International
1100:the fish from the lake.
1049:but also those found in
877:Myriophyllum elatinoides
585:volcano dammed a former
2335:Journal of Fish Biology
2117:10.5027/andgeoV33n2-a05
953:include both the large
546:has accumulated in the
1931:Mühlhauser et al. 1995
1919:Mühlhauser et al. 1995
1756:Mühlhauser et al. 1995
1672:Mühlhauser et al. 1995
1480:Mühlhauser et al. 1995
1146:Mühlhauser et al. 1995
883:Potamogeton filifolius
781:Chungara–Tambo Quemado
492:Nevados de Quimsachata
469:calibrated radiocarbon
451:
313:
307:
294:
1698:, pp. 1199–1200.
1657:Hernández et al. 2008
1538:, pp. 1217–1218.
1347:Hernández et al. 2008
1037:Orestias chungarensis
1024:Orestias chungarensis
965:genera and the small
762:Chilean Supreme Court
731:Road on Chungará Lake
695:and pastoral refuges.
671:people who engage in
525:Chungará Lake has no
441:
270:Chilean Supreme Court
974:Cocconeis placentula
968:Botryococcus braunii
737:Environmental issues
298:, a type of bush or
288:is derived from the
249:plays a minor role.
2285:2007Sedim..54.1191S
2231:the last 12.3kyr".
2179:2007QuInt.161....4M
2057:2008JQS....23..351H
1684:Herrera et al. 2010
1645:Herrera et al. 2010
1633:Herrera et al. 2010
1602:on 11 November 2018
1366:Herrera et al. 2010
1330:Herrera et al. 2010
1047:Lauca National Park
339:Lauca National Park
262:Lauca National Park
245:; seepage into the
235:Lauca National Park
118: /
62:rises over Chungará
1744:Moreno et al. 2007
1588:Niemeyer, Hans F.
1397:Moreno et al. 2007
1071:threatened species
452:
442:Chungara Lake and
375:Lagunas Cotacotani
247:Laguna Quta Qutani
2551:Lava dammed lakes
2528:
2527:
2347:10.1111/jfb.12031
1524:Pueyo et al. 2011
1272:Pueyo et al. 2011
980:Cyclotella andina
945:in winter and by
755:Laguna Cotacotani
627:within the lake.
216:
215:
209:Surface elevation
122:18.233°S 69.150°W
16:(Redirected from
2558:
2502:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2377:
2366:
2332:
2322:
2304:
2279:(5): 1191–1222.
2266:
2256:
2239:(1–4): 339–355.
2226:
2224:
2222:
2208:
2198:
2160:
2139:
2129:
2119:
2094:
2076:
2065:10.1002/jqs.1173
2038:
2036:
2034:
2029:on 3 August 2016
2028:
2017:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1964:
1958:
1955:Vila et al. 2013
1952:
1946:
1943:Vila et al. 2013
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1887:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1855:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1814:
1813:
1803:
1793:
1784:(3): 2564–2567.
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1732:Sáez et al. 2007
1729:
1723:
1720:Sáez et al. 2007
1717:
1711:
1708:Sáez et al. 2007
1705:
1699:
1696:Sáez et al. 2007
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1621:Sáez et al. 2007
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1601:
1594:
1585:
1572:
1566:
1551:
1548:Sáez et al. 2007
1545:
1539:
1536:Sáez et al. 2007
1533:
1527:
1521:
1502:
1499:Sáez et al. 2007
1496:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1468:Sáez et al. 2007
1465:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1437:Sáez et al. 2007
1434:
1419:
1416:Sáez et al. 2007
1413:
1400:
1394:
1369:
1363:
1350:
1344:
1333:
1327:
1316:
1315:
1305:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1258:
1252:
1241:
1240:
1230:
1206:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1090:invasive species
1055:Salar de Carcote
1051:Salar de Ascotan
862:
850:
827:Chilean flamingo
775:Accumulation of
728:
716:
704:
673:animal husbandry
657:solar insolation
573:at the surface.
539:Cotacotani Lakes
421:
316:
310:
297:
156:
155:Primary outflows
141:
133:
132:
130:
129:
128:
127:-18.233; -69.150
123:
119:
116:
115:
114:
111:
101:
83:
82:
76:
56:
39:
21:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2520:Cotacotani Lake
2503:
2494:
2413:
2404:
2374:
2369:
2330:
2325:
2269:
2229:
2220:
2218:
2206:
2201:
2163:
2142:
2097:
2041:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1983:
1973:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1873:
1869:
1846:(40): 475–507.
1837:
1836:
1832:
1824:
1817:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1734:, p. 1219.
1730:
1726:
1722:, p. 1196.
1718:
1714:
1710:, p. 1218.
1706:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1623:, p. 1214.
1619:
1615:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1587:
1586:
1575:
1567:
1554:
1550:, p. 1220.
1546:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1505:
1501:, p. 1194.
1497:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1470:, p. 1193.
1466:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1439:, p. 1195.
1435:
1422:
1418:, p. 1215.
1414:
1403:
1395:
1372:
1364:
1353:
1345:
1336:
1328:
1319:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1270:
1261:
1253:
1244:
1208:
1207:
1198:
1188:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1123:
1118:
1106:
1045:species in the
1015:
866:
863:
854:
851:
789:
739:
732:
729:
720:
717:
708:
705:
665:
633:
579:
436:
431:
430:
429:
427:
422:
323:
290:Aymara language
278:
140:Primary inflows
126:
124:
120:
117:
112:
109:
107:
105:
104:
94:
93:
92:
91:
90:
89:
88:
84:
63:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2564:
2562:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2541:Lakes of Chile
2533:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2480:Canal Uchusuma
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2380:
2373:
2372:External links
2370:
2368:
2367:
2341:(3): 927–943.
2323:
2267:
2227:
2199:
2161:
2151:(1): 117–124.
2140:
2110:(2): 299–326.
2106:(in Spanish).
2104:Andean Geology
2095:
2051:(4): 351–363.
2039:
2018:(in Spanish).
2007:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1981:
1959:
1957:, p. 938.
1947:
1945:, p. 931.
1935:
1933:, p. 348.
1923:
1921:, p. 344.
1904:
1879:
1867:
1830:
1815:
1760:
1758:, p. 346.
1748:
1736:
1724:
1712:
1700:
1688:
1686:, p. 308.
1676:
1674:, p. 347.
1661:
1659:, p. 361.
1649:
1647:, p. 316.
1637:
1635:, p. 309.
1625:
1613:
1573:
1552:
1540:
1528:
1526:, p. 340.
1503:
1484:
1482:, p. 343.
1472:
1453:
1441:
1420:
1401:
1370:
1368:, p. 306.
1351:
1349:, p. 352.
1334:
1332:, p. 300.
1317:
1276:
1274:, p. 341.
1259:
1257:, p. 118.
1242:
1221:(4): 457–467.
1196:
1174:
1172:, p. 121.
1162:
1160:, p. 119.
1150:
1148:, p. 342.
1120:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1105:
1102:
1021:; the pupfish
1014:
1011:
872:aquatic plants
868:
867:
864:
857:
855:
852:
845:
788:
785:
738:
735:
734:
733:
730:
723:
721:
718:
711:
709:
706:
699:
664:
661:
649:Atlantic Ocean
632:
629:
578:
575:
435:
432:
424:
423:
416:
415:
414:
380:The volcanoes
359:Chile Route 11
343:protected area
322:
319:
277:
274:
214:
213:
210:
206:
205:
202:
198:
197:
194:
190:
189:
186:
182:
181:
178:
177:
174:
172:Catchment area
168:
167:
158:
150:
149:
143:
135:
134:
102:
96:
95:
86:
85:
78:
77:
71:
70:
69:
68:
65:
64:
57:
49:
48:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2563:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2515:Chungará Lake
2513:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
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2431:
2428:
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2423:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2401:
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2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2273:Sedimentology
2268:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1994:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1892:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1831:
1828:, p. 18.
1827:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1801:11380/1303883
1797:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1749:
1746:, p. 16.
1745:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1614:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1571:, p. 17.
1570:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
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1510:
1508:
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1493:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1451:, p. 38.
1450:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1410:
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1356:
1352:
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1234:
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1163:
1159:
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1147:
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1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1111:
1110:K'isi K'isini
1108:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:rainbow trout
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1034:
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1031:
1026:
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1020:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
987:
982:
981:
976:
975:
970:
969:
964:
963:
958:
957:
952:
948:
947:chlorophyceae
944:
940:
939:phytoplankton
935:
933:
932:
927:
926:
921:
920:
915:
911:
907:
906:
901:
900:
895:
894:
889:
885:
884:
879:
878:
873:
861:
856:
849:
844:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
817:
814:
810:
807:dwarf trees,
806:
805:
800:
799:
794:
786:
784:
782:
778:
773:
771:
767:
763:
758:
756:
752:
748:
745:to allow for
744:
736:
727:
722:
715:
710:
703:
698:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
662:
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658:
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619:
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568:
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536:
532:
528:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
472:
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466:
462:
456:
449:
445:
440:
433:
426:
420:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
378:
376:
372:
368:
362:
360:
356:
355:pumping plant
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
335:Lake Titicaca
332:
328:
320:
318:
315:
309:
305:
301:
296:
291:
287:
283:
275:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
211:
203:
195:
187:
179:
175:
173:
169:
166:
162:
159:
157:
151:
148:
144:
142:
136:
131:
103:
97:
87:Chungará Lake
75:
66:
61:
55:
50:
45:
42:Chungará Lake
40:
37:
33:
19:
18:Lake Chungara
2514:
2338:
2334:
2276:
2272:
2236:
2232:
2219:. Retrieved
2214:
2210:
2170:
2166:
2148:
2144:
2107:
2103:
2048:
2044:
2031:. Retrieved
2024:the original
1972:. Retrieved
1962:
1950:
1938:
1926:
1895:. Retrieved
1877:, p. 5.
1870:
1843:
1833:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1763:
1751:
1739:
1727:
1715:
1703:
1691:
1679:
1652:
1640:
1628:
1616:
1604:. Retrieved
1597:the original
1543:
1531:
1475:
1444:
1399:, p. 5.
1296:(1): 15–22.
1293:
1289:
1279:
1218:
1214:
1187:. Retrieved
1177:
1165:
1153:
1093:
1083:
1066:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1028:
1027:and catfish
1022:
1016:
1005:make up the
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
936:
929:
923:
917:
903:
897:
891:
881:
875:
869:
831:crested duck
820:
802:
796:
790:
774:
759:
743:Azapa Valley
740:
691:and live on
666:
634:
611:Quisiquisini
604:
580:
556:
524:
516:river deltas
512:Choquelimpie
473:
457:
453:
406:Quisiquisini
379:
371:Río Chungara
367:alluvial fan
363:
324:
285:
281:
279:
266:Azapa Valley
251:
239:Río Chungara
218:
217:
193:Surface area
147:Río Chungara
58:The volcano
36:
2475:Canal Mauri
2470:Canal Lauca
2407:Hydrography
2302:2445/102006
2221:10 November
2173:(1): 4–21.
2127:2445/161864
2074:2445/102002
2033:11 November
1974:10 November
1897:10 November
1606:11 November
1255:Mamani 1994
1189:10 November
1170:Mamani 1994
1158:Mamani 1994
1059:Lauca River
1007:zooplankton
949:in summer.
914:turbellaria
905:Telmatobius
839:Puna plover
823:Andean gull
552:Lauca River
535:groundwater
508:river delta
484:Lauca River
461:Pleistocene
459:the latest
258:Lauca River
243:evaporation
185:Max. length
161:Evaporation
125: /
100:Coordinates
2535:Categories
2254:2445/34509
1116:References
1063:Lake Tauca
956:Cladophora
899:Pleurodema
888:amphibians
835:giant coot
747:irrigation
618:ignimbrite
613:grew on a
583:Parinacota
559:polymictic
444:Parinacota
410:Guallatiri
402:lava flows
382:Parinacota
254:Parinacota
201:Max. depth
60:Parinacota
2465:Viscacham
2440:Camarones
2425:Cosapilla
2355:0022-1112
2311:0037-0746
2263:0031-0182
2217:: 341–349
2195:1040-6182
2136:0718-7106
2083:0267-8179
1862:0718-6851
1810:0717-9707
1312:0716-078X
1237:0366-1644
1098:eradicate
1003:cladocera
999:calanoids
908:, and by
804:Polylepis
798:bofedales
795:known as
663:Human use
607:Paleozoic
595:Rio Lauca
587:Rio Lauca
533:into the
480:Altiplano
476:watershed
434:Hydrology
331:Altiplano
321:Geography
302:plus the
280:The name
227:Altiplano
2485:San José
2460:Tignamar
2450:Rivilcar
2445:Uchusuma
2363:23464552
2319:41112076
2157:27801993
2091:55897264
2020:Santiago
1104:See also
1094:Orestias
1077:and the
1067:Orestias
1042:Orestias
1019:endemics
997:such as
995:Copepods
925:Pisidium
916:such as
910:molluscs
893:Rhinella
890:such as
793:wetlands
675:, using
647:and the
641:moisture
621:basement
599:Faulting
591:alluvial
571:currents
567:dolomite
563:alkaline
500:Capurata
496:Acotango
465:Holocene
448:Pomerape
392:age and
390:Holocene
386:Pliocene
345:, and a
286:Chungara
282:Chungará
219:Chungará
145:Chiefly
47:Chungara
32:Chunkara
2490:Atajama
2281:Bibcode
2175:Bibcode
2053:Bibcode
2004:Sources
1073:by the
991:diatoms
943:diatoms
931:Taphius
919:Ancylus
816:grasses
813:tussock
787:Biology
777:rubbish
677:alpacas
631:Climate
615:Miocene
577:Geology
548:breccia
520:springs
504:Umurata
478:in the
398:Miocene
327:Bolivia
314:Chunkha
233:in the
165:seepage
113:69°09′W
110:18°14′S
2418:Rivers
2361:
2353:
2317:
2309:
2261:
2193:
2155:
2134:
2089:
2081:
1860:
1808:
1310:
1235:
962:Nostoc
809:shrubs
685:llamas
681:cattle
669:Aymara
645:Amazon
625:tephra
527:outlet
353:and a
351:marina
304:suffix
295:Chunka
2508:Lakes
2435:Lauca
2430:Lluta
2331:(PDF)
2315:S2CID
2207:(PDF)
2153:JSTOR
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