2316:
20:
97:. Depending on how much the ice shelf expanded, two different sizes of the lakes are possible, the smaller of which would have been limited to the Lake Bonney basin at the western end of the valley. Delta deposits that were reinterpreted as river deposits and salt accumulations below the maximum lake levels point to a small size of Lake Washburn as do the properties of soils around the hypothesized shorelines, while soil
2328:
2304:
2292:
203:
block glaciers and moisture from reaching the valleys. Despite mean temperatures of −30 – −14.8 °C (−22.0–5.4 °F), meltwater from glaciers supply fresh water to the valleys, where it forms closed lakes (lakes without an outflow) that are perennially ice-covered. During
December and
163:
appears to be responsible for the decrease in water levels at the beginning of the
Holocene, after which it split into Lake Fryxell and Lake Hoare. It is possible that leftover ice from the Ross Ice Sheet delayed the decline of the lake for millennia, into the middle Holocene.
1172:
204:
January, meltwater flows from the glaciers to the lakes. Occasionally, during summer strong winds blow from the
Antarctic Ice Sheet through the valleys to the sea; these winds warm as they descend into the valleys and can melt the ice, causing water levels to rise.
215:
to more intense winds that warmed the valleys, inducing ice melt, have been proposed. The water in these lakes would have been prevented from discharging to the sea by the expanded Ross Ice Shelf, which at that time penetrated the valleys and blocked the outlet at
1358:
711:
Barrett, J. E.; Virginia, Ross A.; Wall, Diana H.; Parsons, Andrew N.; Powers, Laura E.; Burkins, Melody B. (November 2004). "Variation in
Biogeochemistry and Soil Biodiversity Across Spatial Scales in a Polar Desert Ecosystem".
211:, these lakes expanded in size despite drier and colder conditions; several different mechanisms ranging from more effective melting of glaciers during drought, increased temperatures, supply of subglacial water from the
1070:
Myers, Krista F.; Doran, Peter T.; Tulaczyk, Slawek M.; Foley, Neil T.; Bording, Thue S.; Auken, Esben; Dugan, Hilary A.; Mikucki, Jill A.; Foged, Nikolaj; Grombacher, Denys; Virginia, Ross A. (3 August 2021).
940:
Konfirst, Matthew A.; Sjunneskog, Charlotte; Scherer, Reed P.; Doran, Peter T. (August 2011). "A diatom record of environmental change in
Fryxell Basin, Taylor Valley, Antarctica, late Pleistocene to present".
1277:
Stuiver, M.; Denton, G.H.; Hughes, T.J.; Fastook, J.L. (1981). "History of the marine ice sheet in West
Antarctica during the last glaciation: A working hypothesis". In Denton, G.H.; Hughes, T.J. (eds.).
46:. It formed when climatic changes and an expansion of ice caused the flooding of the valley, between 23,000 and 8,340 radiocarbon years ago. Its extent and elevation are unclear but
1124:"Fine scale distribution of mtDNA haplotypes for the springtail Gomphiocephalus hodgsoni (Collembola) corresponds to an ancient shoreline in Taylor Valley, continental Antarctica"
1289:"Glacier meltwater stream chemistry in Wright and Taylor Valleys, Antarctica: Significant roles of drift, dust and biological processes in chemical weathering in a polar climate"
1428:
143:
from the Ross Ice Sheet pushed the lake ice away and transported debris into the lake, where it generated ridges and mounds on the now exposed lakefloor. Wind transported
980:"Luminescence dating of paleolake deltas and glacial deposits in Garwood Valley, Antarctica: Implications for climate, Ross ice sheet dynamics, and paleolake duration"
101:
and the presence of unfrozen groundwater in the area that would have been covered by a large Lake
Washburn implies a large size. The lake extended into Hjorth Valley.
187:
populations bear imprints of the former existence of the lake. Later water level fluctuations in the valleys could have caused the lakes to dry out and overspill.
852:"Radiocarbon chronology of ross sea drift, eastern taylor valley, antarctica: evidence for a grounded ice sheet in the ross sea at the last glacial maximum"
813:
Hall, Brenda L.; Denton, George H.; Hendy, Chris H. (1 August 2000). "Evidence from taylor valley for a grounded ice sheet in the ross sea, antarctica".
175:
in these sediments constitutes an important component of and organic matter input the present-day soils in the valley while the presence of non-marine
783:
1173:"The influence of föhn winds on Glacial Lake Washburn and palaeotemperatures in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, during the Last Glacial Maximum"
1421:
1011:
Mikucki, J. A.; Auken, E.; Tulaczyk, S.; Virginia, R. A.; Schamper, C.; Sørensen, K. I.; Doran, P. T.; Dugan, H.; Foley, N. (28 April 2015).
1414:
803:
1324:
Wagner, Bernd; Melles, Martin; Doran, Peter T.; Kenig, Fabien; Forman, Steven L.; Pierau, Roberto; Allen, Phillip (November 2006).
901:"Lake-ice conveyor deposits: Geomorphology, sedimentology, and importance in reconstructing the glacial history of the Dry Valleys"
231:
Precise dating of these paleolakes is rendered difficult, however, by the rarity of dateable deposits and the unreliability of
2346:
159:
years ago and the extent of the lake fluctuated in response to climatic and glacier changes, but they are poorly documented.
1073:"Thermal legacy of a large paleolake in Taylor Valley, East Antarctica, as evidenced by an airborne electromagnetic survey"
1637:
129:
2390:
2385:
2066:
743:"Use of soil chronosequences for testing the existence of high-water-level lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica"
2139:
2129:
1507:
1287:
Stumpf, A. R.; Elwood Madden, M. E.; Soreghan, G. S.; Hall, B. L.; Keiser, L. J.; Marra, K. R. (5 September 2012).
78:; the present-day lakes in Taylor Valley may be remnants of Lake Washburn. The former lake was named in 1960 after
2276:
2260:
2225:
1359:"The Holocene environmental history of Lake Hoare, Taylor Valley, Antarctica, reconstructed from sediment cores"
979:
1326:"Glacial and postglacial sedimentation in the Fryxell basin, Taylor Valley, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica"
200:
71:
47:
1357:
Wagner, Bernd; Ortlepp, Sabrina; Doran, Peter T.; Kenig, Fabien; Melles, Martin; Burkemper, Andy (June 2011).
1730:
1888:
79:
784:"Pedogenic carbonate distribution within glacial till in Taylor Valley, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica"
2250:
1977:
1972:
2230:
2215:
2046:
1942:
1937:
1825:
1815:
1761:
1755:
1735:
851:
1288:
900:
742:
1883:
1370:
1337:
1296:
1233:
1184:
1135:
1084:
1024:
950:
912:
863:
822:
754:
721:
208:
121:
94:
2172:
196:
67:
39:
1394:
1265:
1257:
1208:
1159:
1110:
966:
887:
838:
236:
1740:
1406:
978:
Levy, Joseph S.; Rittenour, Tammy M.; Fountain, Andrew G.; O’Connor, Jim E. (1 September 2017).
104:
Water levels reached an elevation of 300–336 metres (984–1,102 ft) and its shores featured
2210:
1958:
1455:
1386:
1312:
1249:
1200:
1151:
1123:
1102:
1058:
1040:
999:
928:
879:
799:
770:
239:. The existence of Lake Washburn appears to be secure; a proposal that a lake also existed in
144:
2296:
2051:
1996:
1947:
1932:
1378:
1345:
1304:
1241:
1192:
1143:
1092:
1048:
1032:
991:
958:
920:
871:
830:
791:
762:
729:
2149:
1844:
1791:
1720:
1535:
1440:
240:
180:
86:
19:
1374:
1341:
1300:
1237:
1188:
1139:
1088:
1028:
954:
916:
867:
826:
782:
Foley, Kelly K.; Lyons, W. Berry; Barrett, John E.; Virginia, Ross A. (1 January 2006).
758:
725:
2308:
2061:
2056:
1904:
1893:
1873:
1868:
1801:
1776:
1725:
1689:
1684:
1592:
1545:
1053:
1012:
217:
212:
172:
125:
117:
90:
2379:
2332:
2162:
2124:
2094:
2089:
1967:
1927:
1922:
1912:
1878:
1849:
1705:
1679:
1587:
1582:
1540:
1398:
1269:
1114:
970:
891:
875:
842:
834:
63:
35:
1212:
1013:"Deep groundwater and potential subsurface habitats beneath an Antarctic dry valley"
179:
in the sediments demonstrates that they were not deposited by the sea. The Alpine I
2327:
2320:
2235:
2167:
2157:
2030:
2016:
1810:
1771:
1766:
1700:
1656:
1627:
1622:
1613:
1530:
1497:
1492:
1460:
1163:
1072:
924:
75:
51:
1325:
1308:
1349:
788:
Paleoenvironmental Record and
Applications of Calcretes and Palustrine Carbonates
766:
2220:
2134:
2119:
2099:
2025:
2006:
1917:
1859:
1835:
1781:
1750:
1745:
1715:
1695:
1671:
1661:
1632:
1437:
1222:"Multiple Glaciation in the McMurdo Sound Region, Antarctica: A Progress Report"
690:
688:
232:
160:
156:
140:
105:
31:
1122:
Nolan, Liam; Hogg, Ian D.; Stevens, Mark I.; Haase, Martin (1 September 2006).
370:
368:
251:
may resemble the former Lake
Washburn although it has a distinct diatom fauna.
2255:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2081:
2071:
2001:
1987:
1820:
1786:
1550:
1382:
1196:
1147:
962:
795:
248:
184:
43:
2361:
2348:
1390:
1316:
1253:
1204:
1155:
1106:
1044:
1003:
932:
883:
774:
2190:
1710:
1647:
1566:
1171:
Obryk, M. K.; Doran, P. T.; Waddington, E. D.; Mckay, C. P. (October 2017).
1097:
244:
168:
132:
contributed runoff to Lake
Washburn. The Ross Ice Sheet formed a subaqueous
113:
109:
98:
1062:
603:
601:
599:
355:
353:
325:
323:
321:
319:
317:
265:
263:
1502:
340:
338:
221:
1261:
1221:
1036:
183:
from later glacial advances overlies the Lake Washburn deposits. Local
137:
133:
280:
278:
2182:
995:
176:
899:
Hall, Brenda L.; Hendy, Chris H.; Denton, George H. (1 April 2006).
733:
1245:
228:
even after the ice had retreated at the beginning of the Holocene.
2245:
18:
2240:
225:
23:
Present-day geography, glaciers and waterbodies in Taylor Valley
1410:
530:
694:
667:
470:
70:. It either covered the southwestern part of the valley where
741:
Bockheim, J. G.; Campbell, I. B.; McLeod, M. (15 July 2008).
679:
655:
374:
89:
that filled the northwestern part of Taylor Valley, when the
359:
631:
542:
128:
probably reached its shores, while other glaciers such as
643:
619:
607:
398:
329:
269:
224:; presumably their outlets were still blocked by glacier
590:
506:
344:
296:
554:
494:
482:
386:
578:
422:
284:
74:
now lies, or the northeastern part above present-day
850:
Hall, Brenda L.; Denton, George H. (1 August 2000).
2269:
2203:
2181:
2148:
2080:
2039:
2015:
1986:
1956:
1902:
1858:
1834:
1800:
1670:
1646:
1612:
1605:
1575:
1559:
1523:
1516:
1485:
1469:
1448:
1330:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
856:Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography
815:Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography
566:
458:
446:
434:
54:are considered to be its present-day remnant.
1422:
8:
247:rather than from a former lake. Present-day
1609:
1520:
1429:
1415:
1407:
518:
410:
1096:
1052:
171:and lake sediments in the Taylor Valley;
155:The ice dam existed between 23,000-8,340
259:
220:. Some of the lakes persisted into the
7:
387:Bockheim, Campbell & McLeod 2008
308:
207:There is evidence that during the
199:are presently unglaciated, as the
14:
191:Geographical and climatic context
2326:
2314:
2302:
2290:
876:10.1111/j.0435-3676.2000.00127.x
835:10.1111/j.0435-3676.2000.00126.x
925:10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.11.025
243:was contested as being due to
1:
1638:Proglacial lakes of Minnesota
1309:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.06.009
567:Hall, Denton & Hendy 2000
459:Hall, Denton & Hendy 2000
447:Hall, Denton & Hendy 2000
435:Hall, Hendy & Denton 2006
62:Lake Washburn was located in
1350:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.04.003
767:10.1016/j.catena.2008.03.016
151:Chronology and disappearance
58:Location of the former lake
2407:
1508:West Siberian Glacial Lake
32:lake that formerly existed
2285:
2277:List of prehistoric lakes
2261:Great Tehuelche Paleolake
1383:10.1017/S0954102011000125
1280:The Last Great Ice Sheets
1197:10.1017/S0954102017000062
1148:10.1007/s00300-006-0119-4
963:10.1007/s10933-011-9537-6
943:Journal of Paleolimnology
16:Former lake in Antarctica
201:Transantarctic Mountains
1731:Lake Houghton (glacial)
1098:10.5194/tc-15-3577-2021
80:Albert Lincoln Washburn
1973:Kankakee Outwash Plain
1889:Glacial Lake Sammamish
1226:The Journal of Geology
1220:Péwé, Troy L. (1960).
519:Hall & Denton 2000
411:Hall & Denton 2000
24:
1938:Lake Jordan (Montana)
1826:Glacial Lake Missoula
1816:Glacial Lake Columbia
1756:Nipissing Great Lakes
1736:Glacial Lake Iroquois
1017:Nature Communications
796:10.1130/2006.2416(06)
22:
2297:Geography portal
2067:Lake Nantucket Sound
1884:Glacial Lake Russell
695:Konfirst et al. 2011
668:Konfirst et al. 2011
471:Konfirst et al. 2011
209:last glacial maximum
122:Commonwealth Glacier
95:Last Glacial Maximum
93:expanded during the
2391:McMurdo Dry Valleys
2386:Lakes of Antarctica
2358: /
1375:2011AntSc..23..307W
1342:2006PPP...241..320W
1301:2012ChGeo.322...79S
1238:1960JG.....68..498P
1189:2017AntSc..29..457O
1140:2006PoBio..29..813N
1089:2021TCry...15.3577M
1029:2015NatCo...6.6831M
990:(9–10): 1071–1084.
955:2011JPall..46..257K
917:2006Geomo..75..143H
868:2000GeAnA..82..305H
827:2000GeAnA..82..275H
759:2008Caten..74..144B
726:2004Ecol...85.3105B
632:Stuiver et al. 1981
543:Barrett et al. 2004
360:Mikucki et al. 2015
197:McMurdo Dry Valleys
68:McMurdo Dry Valleys
40:McMurdo Dry Valleys
2309:History portal
1762:Early Lake Ontario
1295:. 322–323: 79–90.
1037:10.1038/ncomms7831
555:Wagner et al. 2006
531:Stumpf et al. 2012
507:Wagner et al. 2011
495:Wagner et al. 2006
483:Wagner et al. 2006
297:Wagner et al. 2011
136:in Lake Washburn.
25:
2341:
2340:
2333:Oceans portal
2199:
2198:
1869:Glacial Lake Hood
1758:(Multiple basins)
1692:(Multiple basins)
1601:
1600:
1456:Lake Makgadikgadi
1363:Antarctic Science
1177:Antarctic Science
720:(11): 3105–3118.
644:Obryk et al. 2017
620:Obryk et al. 2017
608:Obryk et al. 2017
591:Myers et al. 2021
579:Nolan et al. 2006
423:Nolan et al. 2006
399:Foley et al. 2006
345:Myers et al. 2021
330:Obryk et al. 2017
285:Nolan et al. 2006
270:Obryk et al. 2017
237:reservoir effects
145:aeolian sediments
2398:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2362:77.65°S 162.76°E
2359:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2331:
2330:
2321:Lakes portal
2319:
2318:
2317:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2173:Lake San Agustín
2052:Lake Connecticut
1997:Lake Monongahela
1948:Lake Musselshell
1933:Lake Great Falls
1610:
1521:
1443:and related seas
1441:proglacial lakes
1431:
1424:
1417:
1408:
1402:
1353:
1320:
1293:Chemical Geology
1283:
1273:
1216:
1167:
1118:
1100:
1083:(8): 3577–3593.
1066:
1056:
1007:
996:10.1130/B31539.1
974:
936:
895:
862:(2–3): 305–336.
846:
821:(2–3): 275–303.
809:
778:
737:
698:
692:
683:
680:Levy et al. 2017
677:
671:
665:
659:
656:Levy et al. 2017
653:
647:
641:
635:
629:
623:
617:
611:
605:
594:
588:
582:
576:
570:
564:
558:
552:
546:
540:
534:
528:
522:
516:
510:
504:
498:
492:
486:
480:
474:
468:
462:
456:
450:
444:
438:
432:
426:
420:
414:
408:
402:
396:
390:
384:
378:
375:Levy et al. 2017
372:
363:
357:
348:
342:
333:
327:
312:
306:
300:
294:
288:
282:
273:
267:
130:Crescent Glacier
85:It was probably
2406:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2376:
2375:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2337:
2325:
2315:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2291:
2289:
2281:
2265:
2195:
2177:
2150:Rio Grande rift
2144:
2076:
2035:
2011:
1982:
1952:
1898:
1854:
1845:Lake Bonneville
1830:
1796:
1792:Lake Whittlesey
1721:Early Lake Erie
1666:
1642:
1597:
1571:
1555:
1536:Baltic Ice Lake
1512:
1481:
1465:
1444:
1435:
1405:
1356:
1323:
1286:
1276:
1219:
1170:
1134:(10): 813–819.
1121:
1069:
1010:
977:
939:
898:
849:
812:
806:
781:
740:
734:10.1890/03-0213
710:
706:
701:
693:
686:
682:, p. 1082.
678:
674:
666:
662:
658:, p. 1071.
654:
650:
642:
638:
630:
626:
618:
614:
606:
597:
593:, p. 3591.
589:
585:
577:
573:
565:
561:
553:
549:
545:, p. 3107.
541:
537:
529:
525:
517:
513:
505:
501:
493:
489:
481:
477:
469:
465:
457:
453:
445:
441:
433:
429:
421:
417:
409:
405:
397:
393:
385:
381:
377:, p. 1073.
373:
366:
358:
351:
347:, p. 3578.
343:
336:
328:
315:
307:
303:
295:
291:
283:
276:
268:
261:
257:
241:Victoria Valley
193:
153:
147:into the lake.
60:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2404:
2402:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2378:
2377:
2367:-77.65; 162.76
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2323:
2311:
2299:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2211:Lake Ballivián
2207:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2187:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2086:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2062:Lake Merrimack
2059:
2057:Lake Hitchcock
2054:
2049:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1978:Lake Wisconsin
1975:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1905:Missouri River
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1894:Lake Skokomish
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1874:Lake Nisqually
1871:
1865:
1863:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1839:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1802:Columbia River
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1777:Lake Tonawanda
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1726:Lake Frontenac
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1690:Lake Algonquin
1687:
1685:Lake Admiralty
1682:
1676:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1651:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1617:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1593:Lake Pickering
1590:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1546:Mastogloia Sea
1543:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1525:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1411:
1404:
1403:
1369:(3): 307–319.
1354:
1336:(2): 320–337.
1321:
1284:
1274:
1246:10.1086/626684
1232:(5): 498–514.
1217:
1183:(5): 457–467.
1168:
1119:
1077:The Cryosphere
1067:
1008:
975:
949:(2): 257–272.
937:
911:(1): 143–156.
896:
847:
810:
804:
779:
753:(2): 144–152.
738:
707:
705:
702:
700:
699:
697:, p. 265.
684:
672:
670:, p. 258.
660:
648:
646:, p. 461.
636:
634:, p. 366.
624:
622:, p. 460.
612:
610:, p. 457.
595:
583:
581:, p. 818.
571:
569:, p. 278.
559:
557:, p. 320.
547:
535:
523:
521:, p. 334.
511:
509:, p. 316.
499:
497:, p. 335.
487:
485:, p. 321.
475:
473:, p. 264.
463:
461:, p. 301.
451:
449:, p. 298.
439:
437:, p. 148.
427:
425:, p. 817.
415:
413:, p. 330.
403:
391:
389:, p. 151.
379:
364:
349:
334:
332:, p. 459.
313:
311:, p. 507.
301:
299:, p. 307.
289:
287:, p. 813.
274:
272:, p. 458.
258:
256:
253:
218:Explorers Cove
213:Ross Ice Shelf
192:
189:
173:organic matter
152:
149:
126:Howard Glacier
118:Canada Glacier
91:Ross Ice Shelf
59:
56:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2403:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2374:
2371:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2312:
2310:
2300:
2298:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:South America
2202:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2163:Lake Estancia
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2140:Lake Thompson
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2125:Lake Panamint
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2095:Lake Corcoran
2093:
2091:
2090:Lake Cahuilla
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2047:Lake Cape Cod
2045:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1968:Lake Kankakee
1966:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1943:Lake McKenzie
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1928:Lake Glendive
1926:
1924:
1923:Lake Cut Bank
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1913:Lake Chouteau
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1879:Lake Puyallup
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1850:Lake Lahontan
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1706:Lake Chippewa
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1680:Champlain Sea
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1606:North America
1604:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1588:Lake Lapworth
1586:
1584:
1583:Lake Harrison
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:Great Britain
1574:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1541:Littorina Sea
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1477:Lake Washburn
1475:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1439:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:Polar Biology
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
905:Geomorphology
902:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
807:
805:9780813724164
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
709:
708:
703:
696:
691:
689:
685:
681:
676:
673:
669:
664:
661:
657:
652:
649:
645:
640:
637:
633:
628:
625:
621:
616:
613:
609:
604:
602:
600:
596:
592:
587:
584:
580:
575:
572:
568:
563:
560:
556:
551:
548:
544:
539:
536:
533:, p. 80.
532:
527:
524:
520:
515:
512:
508:
503:
500:
496:
491:
488:
484:
479:
476:
472:
467:
464:
460:
455:
452:
448:
443:
440:
436:
431:
428:
424:
419:
416:
412:
407:
404:
401:, p. 89.
400:
395:
392:
388:
383:
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
356:
354:
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
322:
320:
318:
314:
310:
305:
302:
298:
293:
290:
286:
281:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
254:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
235:dates due to
234:
229:
227:
223:
219:
214:
210:
205:
202:
198:
190:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
162:
158:
150:
148:
146:
142:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
87:dammed by ice
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
64:Taylor Valley
57:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
36:Taylor Valley
33:
29:
28:Lake Washburn
21:
2343:
2236:Lake Minchin
2168:Lake Palomas
2158:Lake Alamosa
2130:Lake Russell
2031:Lake Passaic
1811:Lake Allison
1772:Lake Stanley
1767:Lake Saginaw
1701:Lake Chicago
1657:Lake Ojibway
1628:Lake Bassano
1623:Lake Agassiz
1614:Nelson River
1531:Ancylus Lake
1498:Lake Tengger
1493:Lake Bandung
1476:
1461:Lake Ptolemy
1366:
1362:
1333:
1329:
1292:
1279:
1229:
1225:
1180:
1176:
1131:
1127:
1080:
1076:
1020:
1016:
987:
984:GSA Bulletin
983:
946:
942:
908:
904:
859:
855:
818:
814:
787:
750:
746:
717:
713:
675:
663:
651:
639:
627:
615:
586:
574:
562:
550:
538:
526:
514:
502:
490:
478:
466:
454:
442:
430:
418:
406:
394:
382:
362:, p. 5.
304:
292:
230:
206:
194:
166:
154:
103:
84:
76:Lake Fryxell
61:
52:Lake Fryxell
27:
26:
2365: /
2221:Lake Escara
2135:Lake Tecopa
2120:Lake Mojave
2100:Lake Harper
2040:New England
2026:Lake Albany
2007:Teays River
1959:Mississippi
1918:Lake Circle
1860:Puget Sound
1836:Great Basin
1782:Lake Warren
1751:Lake Minong
1746:Lake Maumee
1716:Lake Duluth
1696:Lake Arkona
1672:Great Lakes
1662:Tyrrell Sea
1633:Lake Souris
1438:Pleistocene
1023:(1): 6831.
233:radiocarbon
161:Evaporation
157:radiocarbon
72:Lake Bonney
48:Lake Bonney
2380:Categories
2256:Lake Tauca
2226:Inca Huasi
2115:Lake Modoc
2110:Lake Manly
2105:Lake Manix
2082:California
2072:Lake Stowe
2002:Lake Tight
1821:Lake Lewis
1787:Lake Wayne
1741:Lake Lundy
1551:Yoldia Sea
1524:Baltic Sea
1470:Antarctica
255:References
249:Lake Vanda
245:landslides
185:springtail
169:carbonates
114:algal mats
110:shorelines
99:carbonates
44:Antarctica
2191:Lake Atna
1711:Lake Dana
1648:James Bay
1567:Lake Komi
1399:129461827
1391:1365-2079
1317:0009-2541
1270:128490964
1254:0022-1376
1205:0954-1020
1156:1432-2056
1115:238855951
1107:1994-0416
1045:2041-1723
1004:0016-7606
971:128907135
933:0169-555X
892:140583040
884:0435-3676
843:129844638
775:0341-8162
309:Péwé 1960
2353:162°46′E
1990:drainage
1961:drainage
1650:drainage
1616:drainage
1503:Mundafan
1262:30059351
1213:67782566
1063:25919365
222:Holocene
167:It left
138:Icebergs
2350:77°39′S
2270:Summary
2251:Salinas
1371:Bibcode
1338:Bibcode
1297:Bibcode
1234:Bibcode
1185:Bibcode
1164:6915287
1136:Bibcode
1085:Bibcode
1054:4423215
1025:Bibcode
951:Bibcode
913:Bibcode
864:Bibcode
823:Bibcode
755:Bibcode
722:Bibcode
714:Ecology
704:Sources
177:diatoms
141:calving
134:moraine
34:in the
2231:Mataro
2216:Cabana
2183:Alaska
2019:valley
2017:Hudson
1957:Upper
1903:Upper
1862:system
1838:system
1804:system
1560:Russia
1517:Europe
1449:Africa
1397:
1389:
1315:
1268:
1260:
1252:
1211:
1203:
1162:
1154:
1113:
1105:
1061:
1051:
1043:
1002:
969:
931:
890:
882:
841:
802:
773:
747:CATENA
116:. The
106:deltas
2246:Sajsi
1395:S2CID
1266:S2CID
1258:JSTOR
1209:S2CID
1160:S2CID
1111:S2CID
967:S2CID
888:S2CID
839:S2CID
226:tills
181:Drift
112:with
30:is a
2241:Ouki
1988:Ohio
1486:Asia
1387:ISSN
1313:ISSN
1250:ISSN
1201:ISSN
1152:ISSN
1103:ISSN
1059:PMID
1041:ISSN
1000:ISSN
929:ISSN
880:ISSN
800:ISBN
771:ISSN
195:The
124:and
108:and
50:and
1379:doi
1346:doi
1334:241
1305:doi
1242:doi
1193:doi
1144:doi
1093:doi
1049:PMC
1033:doi
992:doi
988:129
959:doi
921:doi
872:doi
831:doi
792:doi
763:doi
730:doi
82:.
2382::
1393:.
1385:.
1377:.
1367:23
1365:.
1361:.
1344:.
1332:.
1328:.
1311:.
1303:.
1291:.
1264:.
1256:.
1248:.
1240:.
1230:68
1228:.
1224:.
1207:.
1199:.
1191:.
1181:29
1179:.
1175:.
1158:.
1150:.
1142:.
1132:29
1130:.
1126:.
1109:.
1101:.
1091:.
1081:15
1079:.
1075:.
1057:.
1047:.
1039:.
1031:.
1019:.
1015:.
998:.
986:.
982:.
965:.
957:.
947:46
945:.
927:.
919:.
909:75
907:.
903:.
886:.
878:.
870:.
860:82
858:.
854:.
837:.
829:.
819:82
817:.
798:.
790:.
786:.
769:.
761:.
751:74
749:.
745:.
728:.
718:85
716:.
687:^
598:^
367:^
352:^
337:^
316:^
277:^
262:^
120:,
66:,
42:,
38:,
1430:e
1423:t
1416:v
1401:.
1381::
1373::
1352:.
1348::
1340::
1319:.
1307::
1299::
1282:.
1272:.
1244::
1236::
1215:.
1195::
1187::
1166:.
1146::
1138::
1117:.
1095::
1087::
1065:.
1035::
1027::
1021:6
1006:.
994::
973:.
961::
953::
935:.
923::
915::
894:.
874::
866::
845:.
833::
825::
808:.
794::
777:.
765::
757::
736:.
732::
724::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
