2086:
109:
132:
372:. At least 51 species have been recognized and the group have been heavily studied for biogeography, morphology, ecology, and phylogenetics. The internal relationships among the genera has been disputed, but generally the most supported placement of the genera are as follows:
2085:
733:
Lampropeltini section from Pryon et al. (2013) in their large scale squamate phylogeny using 4,161 species on 12,896 base pairs from 12 loci (7 nDNA and 5 mtDNA):
1024:
Lampropeltini section from
Figueroa et al. (2016) in their large scale snake phylogeny using 1,745 species on 9,523 base pairs from 10 loci (5 nDNA and 5 mtDNA):
2127:
1675:) in North America. A lot of species also have evolved to predate and consume other species of snakes, most notably among the species in the genus
1709:
Pyron, R. A.; Burbrink, F. T. (2009). "Neogene diversification and taxonomic stability in the snake tribe
Lampropeltini (Serpentes: Colubridae)".
1947:
1963:
108:
2120:
2063:
1923:
1989:
2151:
2001:
Sterner, RT; Petersen, BE; Shumake, SA; Gaddis, SE; Bourassa, JB; Felix, TA; Ames, AD (2002). "Movements of a bullsnake (
2113:
2050:
131:
1679:. All species kill their prey through constriction. Many species are in captivity such as kingsnakes and corn snakes.
2146:
118:
1665:
1757:"Hidden diversity within the depauperate genera of the snake tribe Lampropeltini (Serpentes, Colubridae)"
228:
2032:(1975). "Weight-Length Relationships in Thirteen Species of Snakes in the Southeastern United States".
1967:
396:, with at least one study in 2016 suggesting the former genus is paraphyletic in respect to the latter
2029:
1878:
1867:"A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus"
1671:
1807:"A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes"
126:
2059:
1985:
1943:
1906:
1838:
1778:
1726:
439:
2097:
2055:
A Field Guide to
Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition
1937:
1896:
1886:
1828:
1818:
1768:
1718:
1520:
1105:
888:
623:
427:
305:
1882:
2093:
1901:
1866:
1833:
1806:
2140:
1755:
Dahn, H. A.; Strickland, J. L.; Osorio, A.; Colston, T. J.; Parkinson, C. L. (2018).
66:
28:
1865:
Figueroa, A.; McKelvy, A. D.; Grismer, L. L.; Bell, C. D.; Lailvaux, S. P. (2016).
1585:
1544:
1423:
1305:
1193:
1164:
1081:
964:
864:
800:
673:
606:
509:
415:
407:
386:
325:
285:
255:
1891:
434:
Pyron and
Burbink (2009) phylogeny of the tribe using 31 species using 7 loci (1
1773:
1756:
1722:
1480:
1463:
1264:
1122:
905:
833:
566:
549:
435:
421:
295:
275:
41:
1375:
1043:
752:
461:
378:
365:
361:
343:
245:
213:
203:
86:
51:
1823:
1568:
1406:
1288:
1213:
947:
783:
656:
492:
401:
392:
369:
357:
353:
315:
265:
143:
91:
35:
1910:
1842:
1782:
1730:
183:
163:
81:
76:
61:
56:
46:
349:
173:
96:
71:
1356:
Dahn et al. (2018) use 20 out of the 51 known species using 14 loci:
153:
2005:) following predation of a radio-collared northern pocket gopher (
346:
193:
2101:
1984:. Washington, District of Columbia: Smithsonian Books.
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
442:), as well as incorporating the fossil record:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
2121:
8:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1663:Some species are among the longest species (
1926:. Dnr.state.mn.us. Retrieved on 2012-12-19.
2128:
2114:
1942:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 89.
370:gopher snakes, pine snakes, and bullsnakes
107:
20:
1900:
1890:
1832:
1822:
1772:
1688:
1982:Snakes of the United States and Canada
1761:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1711:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
7:
2082:
2080:
2057:. Houghton Mifflin. Boston. 429 pp.
1980:Ernst, Carl; Ernst, Evelyn (2003).
1964:"Western North American Naturalist"
1560:
1536:
1512:
1505:
1455:
1448:
1398:
1391:
1367:
1359:
1280:
1256:
1185:
1156:
1097:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1035:
1027:
939:
880:
856:
849:
825:
775:
768:
744:
736:
648:
598:
591:
541:
534:
484:
477:
453:
445:
2100:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
14:
2011:Western North American Naturalist
2084:
413:A clade consisting of genera of
399:The sister relationship between
384:The sister relationship between
130:
1805:Pyron; Burbrink; Wiens (2013).
1924:Species profile: Minnesota DNR
1:
300:Mertens & Rosenberg, 1943
1892:10.1371/journal.pone.0161070
1774:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.08.018
1723:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.02.008
2168:
2079:
1582:
1565:
1558:
1541:
1534:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1477:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1420:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1372:
1365:
1302:
1285:
1278:
1261:
1254:
1210:
1190:
1183:
1161:
1154:
1119:
1102:
1095:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1040:
1033:
961:
944:
937:
902:
885:
878:
861:
854:
847:
830:
823:
797:
780:
773:
766:
749:
742:
670:
653:
646:
620:
603:
596:
589:
563:
546:
539:
532:
506:
489:
482:
475:
458:
451:
280:Dowling & Price, 1988
250:Dowling & Fries, 1987
241:
236:
127:Scientific classification
125:
115:
106:
23:
1811:BMC Evolutionary Biology
290:Baird & Girard, 1853
1824:10.1186/1471-2148-13-93
1669:) and largest species (
376:The basal placement of
119:Lampropeltis triangulum
1666:Pantherophis obsoletus
1936:Roots, Clive (2006).
2152:Alethinophidia stubs
2066:(paperback). (Genus
356:. These include the
2003:Pituophis catenifer
1883:2016PLoSO..1161070F
1672:Pituophis catenifer
2007:Thomomys talpoides
2109:
2108:
1949:978-0-313-33544-0
1660:
1659:
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1650:
1642:
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1234:
1233:
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1224:
1143:
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1134:
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1021:
1020:
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1011:
1003:
1002:
994:
993:
985:
984:
976:
975:
926:
925:
917:
916:
812:
811:
730:
729:
721:
720:
712:
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703:
702:
694:
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684:
635:
634:
578:
577:
521:
520:
337:
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321:
311:
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291:
281:
271:
261:
251:
232:
2159:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2088:
2081:
2071:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2025:
2019:
2018:
1998:
1992:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1966:. Archived from
1960:
1954:
1953:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1904:
1894:
1862:
1847:
1846:
1836:
1826:
1802:
1787:
1786:
1776:
1752:
1735:
1734:
1706:
1561:
1537:
1513:
1506:
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1449:
1399:
1392:
1368:
1360:
1281:
1257:
1186:
1157:
1098:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1036:
1028:
940:
881:
857:
850:
826:
776:
769:
745:
737:
649:
599:
592:
542:
535:
485:
478:
454:
446:
329:
319:
309:
299:
289:
279:
269:
259:
249:
227:
135:
134:
111:
101:
38:
27:Temporal range:
21:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2058:
2049:
2045:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1979:
1975:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1877:(9): e0161070.
1864:
1863:
1850:
1804:
1803:
1790:
1754:
1753:
1738:
1708:
1707:
1690:
1685:
1661:
1652:
1643:
1634:
1625:
1616:
1607:
1598:
1493:
1436:
1354:
1345:
1336:
1327:
1318:
1244:
1235:
1226:
1144:
1135:
1022:
1013:
1004:
995:
986:
977:
927:
918:
813:
731:
722:
713:
704:
695:
686:
636:
579:
522:
330:Fitzinger, 1843
310:Kennicott, 1859
260:Fitzinger, 1843
226:
129:
102:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
33:
32:
25:
17:
16:Tribe of snakes
12:
11:
5:
2165:
2163:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2147:Alethinophidia
2139:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2094:Alethinophidia
2089:
2073:
2072:
2043:
2020:
1993:
1973:
1970:on 2013-08-20.
1955:
1948:
1928:
1916:
1848:
1788:
1736:
1717:(2): 524β529.
1687:
1686:
1684:
1681:
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1657:
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1653:
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1402:
1397:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1363:Lampropeltini
1358:
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1219:
1218:
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1201:
1189:
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1179:
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1140:
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1136:
1132:
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1128:
1127:
1118:
1115:
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1111:
1110:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1031:Lampropeltini
1026:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1001:
1000:
997:
996:
992:
991:
988:
987:
983:
982:
979:
978:
974:
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956:
953:
952:
943:
938:
936:
933:
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901:
898:
897:
894:
893:
884:
879:
877:
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873:
870:
869:
860:
855:
853:
848:
846:
843:
842:
839:
838:
829:
824:
822:
819:
818:
815:
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805:
796:
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792:
789:
788:
779:
774:
772:
767:
765:
762:
761:
758:
757:
748:
743:
741:
740:Lampropeltini
735:
728:
727:
724:
723:
719:
718:
715:
714:
710:
709:
706:
705:
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619:
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498:
497:
488:
483:
481:
476:
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470:
467:
466:
457:
452:
450:
449:Lampropeltini
444:
432:
431:
411:
397:
382:
342:is a tribe of
335:
334:
333:
332:
322:
312:
302:
292:
282:
272:
270:Holbrook, 1842
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65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
39:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2164:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2096:article is a
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2083:
2078:
2069:
2065:
2064:0-395-19977-8
2061:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2034:Herpetologica
2031:
2028:Kaufman, GA;
2024:
2021:
2017:(2): 240β242.
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1956:
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1508:
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1229:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1198:sensu stricto
1196:
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1188:
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1176:
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1051:
1050:
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1046:
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1038:
1037:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1016:
1008:
1007:
999:
998:
990:
989:
981:
980:
972:
971:
968:
967:
966:
959:
958:
955:
954:
951:
950:
949:
942:
941:
935:
934:
931:
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922:
921:
913:
912:
909:
908:
907:
900:
899:
896:
895:
892:
891:
890:
883:
882:
876:
875:
872:
871:
868:
867:
866:
859:
858:
852:
851:
845:
844:
841:
840:
837:
836:
835:
828:
827:
821:
820:
817:
816:
808:
807:
804:
803:
802:
795:
794:
791:
790:
787:
786:
785:
778:
777:
771:
770:
764:
763:
760:
759:
756:
755:
754:
747:
746:
739:
738:
734:
726:
725:
717:
716:
708:
707:
699:
698:
690:
689:
681:
680:
677:
676:
675:
668:
667:
664:
663:
660:
659:
658:
651:
650:
644:
643:
640:
639:
631:
630:
627:
626:
625:
618:
617:
614:
613:
610:
609:
608:
601:
600:
594:
593:
587:
586:
583:
582:
574:
573:
570:
569:
568:
561:
560:
557:
556:
553:
552:
551:
544:
543:
537:
536:
530:
529:
526:
525:
517:
516:
513:
512:
511:
504:
503:
500:
499:
496:
495:
494:
487:
486:
480:
479:
473:
472:
469:
468:
465:
464:
463:
456:
455:
448:
447:
443:
441:
437:
430:
429:
424:
423:
418:
417:
412:
410:
409:
404:
403:
398:
395:
394:
389:
388:
383:
381:
380:
375:
374:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
348:
345:
341:
340:Lampropeltini
328:
327:
323:
318:
317:
313:
308:
307:
303:
298:
297:
293:
288:
287:
283:
278:
277:
273:
268:
267:
263:
258:
257:
253:
248:
247:
243:
242:
240:
235:
230:
225:
224:Lampropeltini
222:
219:
218:
215:
212:
209:
208:
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
133:
128:
124:
121:
120:
114:
110:
105:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
37:
30:
29:Early Miocene
24:Lampropeltini
22:
19:
2102:expanding it
2091:
2076:
2068:Lampropeltis
2067:
2054:
2046:
2037:
2033:
2023:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1981:
1976:
1968:the original
1958:
1938:
1931:
1919:
1874:
1870:
1814:
1810:
1764:
1760:
1714:
1710:
1677:Lampropeltis
1676:
1670:
1664:
1662:
1586:Lampropeltis
1584:
1583:
1567:
1566:
1545:Rhinocheilus
1543:
1542:
1519:
1518:
1479:
1478:
1462:
1461:
1424:Pantherophis
1422:
1421:
1405:
1404:
1374:
1373:
1355:
1306:Lampropeltis
1304:
1303:
1287:
1286:
1263:
1262:
1212:
1211:
1197:
1194:Pantherophis
1192:
1191:
1169:
1165:Pantherophis
1163:
1162:
1121:
1120:
1104:
1103:
1082:Rhinocheilus
1080:
1079:
1042:
1041:
1023:
965:Lampropeltis
963:
962:
946:
945:
904:
903:
887:
886:
865:Rhinocheilus
863:
862:
832:
831:
801:Pantherophis
799:
798:
782:
781:
751:
750:
732:
674:Lampropeltis
672:
671:
655:
654:
622:
621:
607:Rhinocheilus
605:
604:
565:
564:
548:
547:
510:Pantherophis
508:
507:
491:
490:
460:
459:
433:
426:
420:
416:Rhinocheilus
414:
408:Lampropeltis
406:
400:
391:
387:Pantherophis
385:
377:
339:
338:
326:Lampropeltis
324:
314:
304:
294:
286:Rhinocheilus
284:
274:
264:
256:Pantherophis
254:
244:
223:
117:
116:Milk snake,
18:
2040:(1): 31β37.
2030:Gibbons, JW
1939:Hibernation
1767:: 214β225.
1481:Pseudelaphe
1464:Bogertophis
1265:Bogertophis
1123:Pseudelaphe
906:Pseudelaphe
834:Bogertophis
567:Pseudelaphe
550:Bogertophis
422:Pseudelaphe
296:Pseudelaphe
276:Bogertophis
210:Subfamily:
31:β present,
2141:Categories
2070:, p. 201.)
2051:Conant, R.
1990:1588340198
1683:References
1376:Senticolis
1044:Senticolis
753:Senticolis
462:Senticolis
379:Senticolis
366:corn snake
362:milk snake
358:kingsnakes
320:Cope, 1860
246:Senticolis
214:Colubrinae
204:Colubridae
190:Suborder:
34:23β0
1569:Cemophora
1407:Pituophis
1289:Cemophora
1214:Pituophis
1170:Scotophis
948:Cemophora
784:Pituophis
657:Cemophora
493:Pituophis
402:Cemophora
393:Pituophis
354:New World
316:Cemophora
266:Pituophis
194:Serpentes
150:Kingdom:
144:Eukaryota
2053:(1975).
1911:27603205
1871:PLOS ONE
1843:23627680
1783:30189319
1731:19236930
344:colubrid
200:Family:
184:Squamata
174:Reptilia
164:Chordata
160:Phylum:
154:Animalia
140:Domain:
1902:5014348
1879:Bibcode
1834:3682911
1521:Arizona
1106:Arizona
889:Arizona
624:Arizona
428:Arizona
352:to the
350:endemic
306:Arizona
237:Genera
229:Dowling
220:Tribe:
180:Order:
170:Class:
2062:
1988:
1946:
1909:
1899:
1841:
1831:
1817:: 93.
1781:
1729:
438:and 6
425:, and
231:, 1975
2092:This
440:mtDNA
347:snake
2098:stub
2060:ISBN
2009:)".
1986:ISBN
1944:ISBN
1907:PMID
1839:PMID
1779:PMID
1727:PMID
436:nDNA
405:and
390:and
42:Preκ
1897:PMC
1887:doi
1829:PMC
1819:doi
1769:doi
1765:129
1719:doi
2143::
2038:31
2036:.
2015:62
2013:.
1905:.
1895:.
1885:.
1875:11
1873:.
1869:.
1851:^
1837:.
1827:.
1815:13
1813:.
1809:.
1791:^
1777:.
1763:.
1759:.
1739:^
1725:.
1715:52
1713:.
1691:^
1172:)
1168:(=
419:,
368:,
364:,
360:,
92:Pg
36:Ma
2129:e
2122:t
2115:v
2104:.
1952:.
1913:.
1889::
1881::
1845:.
1821::
1785:.
1771::
1733:.
1721::
97:N
87:K
82:J
77:T
72:P
67:C
62:D
57:S
52:O
47:κ
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