303:, or emotional/behavioral problems. An EEG (electroencephalogram) test is imperative to a diagnosis. Many cases of patients exhibiting LKS will show abnormal electrical brain activity in both the right and left hemispheres of the brain; this is exhibited frequently during sleep. Even though an abnormal EEG reading is common in LKS patients, a relationship has not been identified between EEG abnormalities and the presence and intensity of language problems. In many cases however, abnormalities in the EEG test has preceded language deterioration and improvement in the EEG tracing has preceded language improvement (this occurs in about half of all affected children). Many factors inhibit the reliability of the EEG data: neurologic deficits do not closely follow the maximal EEG changes in time.
251:. This is demonstrated in patients in multiple ways including the inability to recognize familiar noises and the impairment of the ability to lateralize or localize sound. In addition, receptive language is often critically impaired, however in some patients, impairment in expressive language is the most profound. In a study of 77 cases of Landau–Kleffner syndrome, 6 were found to have this type of aphasia. Because this syndrome appears during such a critical period of language acquisition in a child's life, speech production may be affected just as severely as language comprehension. The onset of LKS is typically between 18 months and 13 years, the most predominant time of emergence being between 3 and 7 years.
177:
33:
501:
with LKS consists of a neurologist, a neuropsychologist, and a speech pathologist or audiologist. Some children with behavioral problems may also need to see a child psychologist and a psychopharmacologist. Speech therapy begins immediately at the time of diagnosis along with medical treatment that may include steroids and anti-epileptic or anti-convulsant medications.
142:
500:
Various hospitals contain programs designed to treat conditions such as LKS like the
Children's Hospital Boston and its Augmentative Communication Program. It is known internationally for its work with children or adults who are non-speaking or severely impaired. Typically, a care team for children
647:
used 7 patients in his study (all males, aged 8–27 years of age) with LKS. On long-term followup, most of his patients did not demonstrate total epilepsy remission and language problems continued. Out of the seven patients, one reported a normal quality of life while the other six reported aphasia
265:
Often, behavioral and neuropsychologic disturbances accompany the progression of LKS. Behavioral issues are seen in as many as 78% of all cases. Hyperactivity and a decreased attention span are observed in as many as 80% of patients as well as rage, aggression, and anxiety. These behavior patterns
513:
The prognosis for children with LKS varies. Some affected children may have a permanent severe language disorder, while others may regain much of their language abilities (although it may take months or years). In some cases, remission and relapse may occur. The prognosis is improved when the onset
274:
Most cases of LKS do not have a known cause. Occasionally, the condition may be induced secondary to other diagnoses, such as low-grade brain tumors, closed-head injuries, Neurocysticercosis, and
Demyelinating Disease. Central Nervous System vasculitis may be associated with this condition as well.
492:
in which results were reported for 14 patients with acquired epileptic aphasia who underwent multiple subpial transections. Seven of the fourteen patients recovered age-appropriate speech and no longer required speech therapy. Another 4 of the 14 displayed improvement of speech and understanding
261:
Seizures, especially during the night, are a heavily weighted indicator of LKS. The prevalence of clinical seizures in acquired epileptic aphasia (LKS) is 70–85%. In one third of patients, only a single episode of a seizure was recorded. The seizures typically appear between the ages of 4 and 10
306:
The most effective way of confirming LKS is by obtaining overnight sleep EEGs, including EEGs in all stages of sleep. Many conditions like demyelination and brain tumors can be ruled out by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In LKS, fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and positron emission tomography
246:
Typically, children with LKS develop normally, but then lose their language skills. While many affected individuals have clinical seizures, some only have electrographic seizures, including electrographic status epilepticus of sleep (ESES). The first indication of the language problem is usually
254:
Generally, earlier manifestation of the disease correlates with poorer language recovery, and with the appearance of night seizures that last for longer than 36 months. LKS has a wide range of symptom differences and lacks a uniformity in diagnostic criteria between cases, and many studies don't
514:
of the disorder is after age 6 and when speech therapy is started early. Seizures generally disappear by adulthood. Short-term remissions are not uncommon in LKS but they create difficulties in evaluating a patient's response to various therapeutic modalities.
461:, which should be started early. Some patients improve with the use of corticosteroids or adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) which lead researches to believe that inflammation and vasospasm may play a role in some cases of acquired epileptic aphasia.
1346:
1331:
656:
Globally, more than 200 cases of acquired epileptic aphasia have been described in the literature. Between 1957 and 1980, 81 cases of acquired epileptic aphasia were reported, with 100 cases generally being diagnosed every 10 years.
652:
study is one of few that features long-term follow up reports of LKS and utilizes EEG testing, MRIs, the
Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, the Connor's Rating Scales-revised, and a Short-Form Health Survey to analyze its patients.
504:
Patient education has also proved to be helpful in treating LKS. Teaching them sign language is a helpful means of communication and if the child was able to read and write before the onset of LKS, that is extremely helpful too.
1457:
488:. The cortex is sliced in parallel lines to the midtemporal gyrus and perisylvian area to attenuate the spread of the epileptiform activity without causing cortical dysfunction. There is a study by Morrell
673:
1450:
1242:
1443:
243:). The disorder usually occurs in children between the ages of 3 and 7 years. There appears to be a male dominance in the diagnosis of the syndrome (ratio of 1.7:1, men to women).
258:
Language deterioration in patients typically occurs over a period of weeks or months. However, acute onset of the condition has also been reported as well as episodic aphasia.
310:
Most cases of LKS do not have a known cause. Occasionally, the condition may be induced secondary to other diagnoses such as low-grade brain tumors, closed-head injury,
1759:
266:
are considered secondary to the language impairment in LKS. Impaired short-term memory is a feature recorded in long-standing cases of acquired epileptic aphasia.
1238:
50:
493:
instructions given verbally, but they still required speech therapy. Eleven patients had language dysfunction for two or more years. Another study by
Sawhney
1523:
307:(PET) scanning can show decreased metabolism in one or both temporal lobes – hypermetabolism has been seen in patients with acquired epileptic aphasia.
2188:
2044:
994:
Sinclair DB, Snyder TJ (May 2005). "Corticosteroids for the treatment of Landau–Kleffner syndrome and continuous spike-wave discharge during sleep".
2127:
326:
The table below demonstrates the extensive and differential diagnosis of acquired epileptic aphasia along with
Cognitive and Behavioral Regression:
292:
1721:
97:
1665:
69:
1958:
1111:
Morrell F, Whisler WW, Smith MC, et al. (December 1995). "Landau-Kleffner syndrome. Treatment with subpial intracortical transection".
678:
2091:
1752:
1609:
1361:
76:
2021:
2106:
1978:
1930:
116:
517:
The following table demonstrate the Long-Term Follow-up of
Acquired Epileptic Aphasia across many different instrumental studies:.
83:
2049:
1261:
1852:
1470:
2066:
2039:
1745:
1614:
1591:
1533:
1485:
432:
Note: EEG = electroencephalographic; ESES = electrical status epilepticus of sleep; RL = receptive language; S = sociability
65:
54:
920:
Tütüncüoğlu S, Serdaroğlu G, Kadioğlu B (October 2002). "Landau-Kleffner syndrome beginning with stuttering: case report".
2016:
1726:
1630:
1528:
1498:
465:
288:
1983:
1246:
964:
2071:
1635:
497:
reported improvement in all three of their patients with acquired epileptic aphasia who underwent the same procedure.
1988:
1191:
Duran MH, Guimarães CA, Medeiros LL, Guerreiro MM (January 2009). "Landau-Kleffner syndrome: long-term follow-up".
758:
Landau WM, Kleffner FR (November 1998). "Syndrome of acquired aphasia with convulsive disorder in children. 1957".
255:
include follow-ups on the patients, so no other relationships between symptoms and recovery have been made known.
43:
2139:
1935:
1685:
1680:
1372:
90:
2183:
1900:
1865:
296:
248:
1915:
1895:
1835:
1675:
1490:
232:
154:
1973:
1920:
1548:
1435:
315:
2156:
1950:
1940:
1860:
1811:
176:
2144:
2111:
1568:
1350:
691:
806:
2193:
2031:
2008:
1216:
945:
783:
747:
311:
240:
2096:
1925:
1768:
1655:
1558:
1513:
1383:
1297:
1208:
1173:
1124:
1093:
1052:
1011:
976:
937:
858:
775:
739:
161:
2161:
2150:
1993:
1905:
1806:
1695:
1503:
1289:
1200:
1163:
1155:
1116:
1083:
1042:
1003:
929:
848:
840:
767:
729:
2133:
1998:
1963:
1801:
1796:
1538:
469:
899:
236:
1264:. National Institute on Deafness and other Communication Disorders. 2002. Archived from
1007:
17:
2059:
2054:
1968:
1842:
1827:
1791:
1705:
1690:
1423:
1168:
1143:
458:
450:
446:
216:
212:
1355:
1072:"Language outcome following multiple subpial transection for Landau–Kleffner syndrome"
853:
828:
227:
The Landau–Kleffner syndrome is characterized by the sudden or gradual development of
2177:
1884:
1875:
1786:
1660:
1265:
844:
643:
Lower rates of good outcomes have been reported, ranging between 14% and 50%. Duran
300:
1412:
1220:
1047:
1030:
787:
318:. Central Nervous System vasculitis may be associated with this condition as well.
1543:
1204:
949:
751:
485:
412:
Expressive language, RL, S, verbal and nonverbal communication, possibly behavioral
1377:
933:
235:(EEG). LKS affects the parts of the brain that control comprehension and speech (
1581:
32:
1388:
1293:
1120:
1586:
1553:
1418:
1340:
1088:
1071:
454:
202:
170:
287:, pervasive developmental disorder, hearing impairment, learning disability,
1407:
771:
477:
166:
1301:
1212:
1097:
1056:
1015:
980:
941:
862:
743:
1177:
1159:
1128:
779:
436:
Continuous spike and wave of slow-wave sleep (>85% of slow-wave sleep).
1772:
1700:
1670:
1576:
1466:
426:
Spike-and-wave discharges on the left temporocentral and frontal regions
205:
1737:
1323:
734:
717:
1142:
Sawhney IM, Robertson IJ, Polkey CE, Binnie CD, Elwes RD (March 1995).
228:
150:
464:
A controversial treatment option involves a surgical technique called
1335:
284:
283:
The syndrome can be difficult to diagnose and may be misdiagnosed as
1029:
Santos LH, Antoniuk SA, Rodrigues M, Bruno S, Bruck I (June 2002).
718:"Syndrome of acquired aphasia with convulsive disorder in children"
398:
Developmental dysphasia (developmental expressive language disease)
141:
473:
231:(the inability to understand or express language) and an abnormal
219:, who characterized it in 1957 with a diagnosis of six children.
1518:
1366:
965:"Landau–Kleffner syndrome: an analysis of 10 cases in Venezuela"
481:
1741:
1439:
692:"Landau Kleffner Syndrome - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | NORD"
807:"Landau-Kleffner Syndrome (LKS or Infantile Acquired Aphasia)"
357:
Expressive language, RL, S, verbal and nonverbal communication
346:
Expressive language, RL, S, verbal and nonverbal communication
26:
445:
Treatment for LKS usually consists of medications, such as
1280:
Rotenberg J, Pearl PL (2003). "Landau–Kleffner syndrome".
532:
Number of
Patients with Normal or Mild Language Problems
371:
Left or right temporal or parietal spikes, possibly ESES
1243:
National
Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
262:
and disappear before adulthood (around the age of 15).
1313:
1144:"Multiple subpial transection: a review of 21 cases"
2120:
2084:
2030:
2007:
1949:
1883:
1874:
1851:
1820:
1779:
1714:
1648:
1623:
1602:
1567:
1484:
1477:
1398:
1317:
827:Pearl PL, Carrazana EJ, Holmes GL (November 2001).
160:
134:
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
907:Medscape Part of WebMD Health Professional Network
814:Medscape part of WebMD Health Professional Network
1070:Grote CL, Van Slyke P, Hoeppner JA (March 1999).
468:in which multiple incisions are made through the
963:Guevara-Campos J, González-de Guevara L (2007).
1031:"Landau–Kleffner syndrome: study of four cases"
423:Expressive language, no verbal-auditory agnosia
1753:
1451:
801:
799:
797:
149:Landau–Kleffner syndrome is characterized by
8:
1524:Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder
894:
892:
390:Expressive language, RL, possibly behavioral
1239:"Landau–Kleffner syndrome information page"
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
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874:
872:
401:No; lack of expressive language acquisition
1880:
1760:
1746:
1738:
1481:
1458:
1444:
1436:
1314:
175:
140:
131:
1167:
1087:
1046:
852:
733:
648:to be a substantial struggle. The Duran
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
2128:Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy
519:
328:
293:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
666:
716:Landau WM, Kleffner FR (August 1957).
1666:Learning problems in childhood cancer
379:Expressive language, oromotor apraxia
376:Acquired expressive epileptic aphasia
7:
2045:Dentatorubral–pallidoluysian atrophy
409:Disintegrative epileptiform disorder
55:adding citations to reliable sources
2092:Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
1610:Developmental coordination disorder
1008:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2004.12.006
766:(5): 1241, 8 pages following 1241.
2022:Complex partial status epilepticus
25:
2107:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure
1979:Benign familial neonatal seizures
1931:Sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy
2189:Specific developmental disorders
1471:specific developmental disorders
1148:J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry
845:10.1046/j.1535-7597.2001.00012.x
343:Autistic epileptiform regression
199:aphasia with convulsive disorder
31:
1048:10.1590/s0004-282x2002000200010
42:needs additional citations for
2067:Early myoclonic encephalopathy
2040:Progressive myoclonus epilepsy
1615:Developmental verbal dyspraxia
1592:Disorder of written expression
1534:Speech and language impairment
1205:10.1016/j.braindev.2008.09.007
829:"The Landau–Kleffner Syndrome"
187:Landau–Kleffner syndrome (LKS)
1:
291:/verbal processing disorder,
2017:Epilepsia partialis continua
1631:Auditory processing disorder
1529:Specific language impairment
1499:Expressive language disorder
1245:. 2007-02-13. Archived from
934:10.1177/08830738020170101808
900:"Acquired Epileptic Aphasia"
679:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
472:of the affected part of the
466:multiple subpial transection
404:Temporal or parietal spikes
2072:Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
2050:Unverricht–Lundborg disease
1636:Sensory processing disorder
555:Mantovani and Landau (1980)
2210:
1989:Myoclonic astatic epilepsy
1294:10.1001/archneur.60.7.1019
1262:"Landau–Kleffner syndrome"
922:Journal of Child Neurology
674:"Landau–Kleffner syndrome"
365:Acquired epileptic aphasia
195:acquired epileptic aphasia
191:infantile acquired aphasia
66:"Landau–Kleffner syndrome"
2140:Epilepsy Action Australia
148:
139:
2102:Landau–Kleffner syndrome
1936:Panayiotopoulos syndrome
1681:Multisensory integration
1509:Landau–Kleffner syndrome
1424:Landau–Kleffner syndrome
1121:10.1093/brain/118.6.1529
1115:. 118 ( Pt 6): 1529–46.
484:tracts in the subjacent
135:Landau–Kleffner syndrome
18:Landau-Kleffner syndrome
1984:Lennox–Gastaut syndrome
1866:Epilepsy and employment
1089:10.1093/brain/122.3.561
772:10.1212/wnl.51.5.1241-a
368:RL, possibly behavioral
297:intellectual disability
249:auditory verbal agnosia
1916:Temporal lobe epilepsy
1836:Electroencephalography
1676:Management of dyslexia
597:Robinson et al. (2001)
382:Centrotemporal spikes
349:Centrotemporal spikes
322:Differential diagnosis
1921:Frontal lobe epilepsy
1549:Speech sound disorder
1160:10.1136/jnnp.58.3.344
316:demyelinating disease
201:—is a rare childhood
2157:Epilepsy Research UK
1941:Vertiginous epilepsy
1861:Epilepsy and driving
1812:Epilepsy in children
1727:People with dyslexia
233:electroencephalogram
51:improve this article
2145:Epilepsy Foundation
2112:Epilepsy in animals
1792:Aura (warning sign)
1722:Dyslexia in fiction
1696:Reading acquisition
1569:Learning disability
735:10.1212/wnl.7.8.523
354:Autistic regression
2032:Myoclonic epilepsy
2009:Status epilepticus
1399:External resources
1035:Arq Neuropsiquiatr
526:Number of Patients
312:neurocysticercosis
223:Signs and symptoms
211:It is named after
2171:
2170:
2085:Related disorders
2080:
2079:
1926:Rolandic epilepsy
1735:
1734:
1656:Dyslexia research
1644:
1643:
1559:Tip of the tongue
1514:Language disorder
1433:
1432:
641:
640:
529:Mean Follow-up, y
430:
429:
184:
183:
129:Medical condition
127:
126:
119:
101:
16:(Redirected from
2201:
2162:Epilepsy Society
2151:Epilepsy Outlook
1994:Epileptic spasms
1906:Gelastic seizure
1881:
1807:Neonatal seizure
1762:
1755:
1748:
1739:
1504:Infantile speech
1486:Speech, language
1482:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1437:
1315:
1305:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1225:
1224:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1171:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1091:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1050:
1026:
1020:
1019:
991:
985:
984:
960:
954:
953:
917:
911:
910:
904:
896:
867:
866:
856:
824:
818:
817:
811:
803:
792:
791:
755:
737:
713:
707:
706:
704:
702:
696:rarediseases.org
688:
682:
671:
520:
329:
180:
179:
153:and an abnormal
144:
132:
122:
115:
111:
108:
102:
100:
59:
35:
27:
21:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2134:Epilepsy Action
2116:
2076:
2026:
2003:
1999:Febrile seizure
1964:Absence seizure
1945:
1901:Complex partial
1870:
1853:Personal issues
1847:
1832:Investigations
1828:Anticonvulsants
1816:
1802:Epileptogenesis
1797:Postictal state
1775:
1766:
1736:
1731:
1710:
1686:Neuropsychology
1640:
1619:
1598:
1563:
1539:Speech disorder
1489:
1473:
1464:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1394:
1393:
1326:
1312:
1279:
1271:
1269:
1260:
1252:
1250:
1237:
1234:
1232:Further reading
1229:
1228:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1041:(2–A): 239–41.
1028:
1027:
1023:
996:Pediatr. Neurol
993:
992:
988:
962:
961:
957:
919:
918:
914:
902:
898:
897:
870:
826:
825:
821:
809:
805:
804:
795:
757:
715:
714:
710:
700:
698:
690:
689:
685:
672:
668:
663:
511:
480:, severing the
451:corticosteroids
447:anticonvulsants
443:
324:
281:
272:
241:Wernicke's area
225:
174:
130:
123:
112:
106:
103:
60:
58:
48:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2207:
2205:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2184:Epilepsy types
2176:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2097:Todd's paresis
2094:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2060:Lafora disease
2057:
2055:MERRF syndrome
2052:
2047:
2036:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1969:Atonic seizure
1966:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1896:Simple partial
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1843:Epileptologist
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1804:
1799:
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1757:
1750:
1742:
1733:
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1730:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1706:Writing system
1703:
1698:
1693:
1691:Neurodiversity
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1650:
1649:Related topics
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1541:
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1400:
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1380:
1369:
1358:
1343:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1318:Classification
1311:
1310:External links
1308:
1307:
1306:
1288:(7): 1019–21.
1277:
1258:
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1183:
1134:
1103:
1062:
1021:
986:
971:(in Spanish).
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819:
793:
756:Reproduced as
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683:
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626:
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619:
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604:
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587:
584:
580:
579:
576:
573:
570:
569:Paquier (1992)
566:
565:
562:
559:
556:
552:
551:
548:
545:
542:
534:
533:
530:
527:
524:
510:
507:
459:speech therapy
442:
439:
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428:
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344:
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323:
320:
280:
277:
271:
268:
224:
221:
217:Frank Kleffner
213:William Landau
182:
181:
164:
158:
157:
146:
145:
137:
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128:
125:
124:
39:
37:
30:
24:
14:
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10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2206:
2195:
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2182:
2181:
2179:
2163:
2160:
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2149:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:Organizations
2119:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
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2033:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2006:
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1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
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1980:
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1954:
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1948:
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1939:
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1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
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1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1876:Seizure types
1873:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1834:
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1823:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
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1787:Seizure types
1785:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1744:
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1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
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1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1661:Learning Ally
1659:
1657:
1654:
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1647:
1637:
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1632:
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1507:
1505:
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1500:
1497:
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1359:
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1348:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1268:on 2007-08-13
1267:
1263:
1259:
1249:on 2007-08-21
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
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1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
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1187:
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1138:
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1126:
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1118:
1114:
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1099:
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1090:
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1077:
1073:
1066:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1044:
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1036:
1032:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
990:
987:
982:
978:
975:(11): 652–6.
974:
970:
966:
959:
956:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
928:(10): 785–8.
927:
923:
916:
913:
909:. 2019-03-05.
908:
903:(medicinenet)
901:
895:
893:
891:
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879:
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873:
869:
864:
860:
855:
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842:
838:
834:
833:Epilepsy Curr
830:
823:
820:
815:
810:(medicinenet)
808:
802:
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785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
753:
749:
745:
741:
736:
731:
728:(8): 523–30.
727:
723:
719:
712:
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345:
342:
341:
338:EEG Patterns
337:
335:Deterioration
334:
331:
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327:
321:
319:
317:
313:
308:
304:
302:
301:schizophrenia
298:
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196:
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189:—also called
188:
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133:
121:
118:
110:
107:February 2015
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
68: –
67:
63:
62:Find sources:
56:
52:
46:
45:
40:This article
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
2101:
1959:Tonic–clonic
1544:Speech error
1508:
1469:and related
1417:
1406:
1382:
1371:
1360:
1345:
1330:
1285:
1281:
1270:. Retrieved
1266:the original
1251:. Retrieved
1247:the original
1199:(1): 58–63.
1196:
1192:
1186:
1154:(3): 344–9.
1151:
1147:
1137:
1112:
1106:
1082:(3): 561–6.
1079:
1075:
1065:
1038:
1034:
1024:
1002:(5): 300–6.
999:
995:
989:
972:
968:
958:
925:
921:
915:
906:
839:(2): 39–45.
836:
832:
822:
813:
763:
759:
725:
721:
711:
699:. Retrieved
695:
686:
677:
669:
655:
649:
644:
642:
612:
583:Rossi (1999)
538:
516:
512:
503:
499:
494:
489:
486:white matter
476:beneath the
463:
444:
431:
325:
309:
305:
299:, childhood
282:
273:
264:
260:
257:
253:
245:
237:Broca's area
226:
210:
203:neurological
198:
194:
190:
186:
185:
113:
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
49:Please help
44:verification
41:
1951:Generalised
1582:Dyscalculia
1282:Arch Neurol
637:18 (28.6%)
2178:Categories
1974:Automatism
1821:Management
1587:Dysgraphia
1554:Stuttering
1478:Conditions
1419:Patient UK
1384:DiseasesDB
1272:2007-08-23
1253:2007-08-23
969:Rev Neurol
661:References
455:prednisone
420:Stuttering
171:psychiatry
77:newspapers
2194:Syndromes
1413:neuro/182
1408:eMedicine
1193:Brain Dev
760:Neurology
722:Neurology
509:Prognosis
478:pia mater
453:(such as
441:Treatment
332:Diagnosis
279:Diagnosis
167:Neurology
162:Specialty
1912:Epilepsy
1892:Seizures
1773:epilepsy
1769:Seizures
1701:Spelling
1671:Literacy
1577:Dyslexia
1467:Dyslexia
1302:12873863
1221:25248883
1213:18930363
1098:10094262
1057:12068352
1016:15866429
981:17557221
942:12546439
863:15309183
788:45332481
744:13451887
701:21 April
537:Soprano
289:auditory
206:syndrome
1624:Sensory
1378:D018887
1178:7897419
1169:1073374
1129:8595482
950:3173640
780:9867583
752:2093377
457:), and
360:Normal
229:aphasia
151:aphasia
91:scholar
1780:Basics
1488:, and
1367:245570
1300:
1219:
1211:
1176:
1166:
1127:
1096:
1055:
1014:
979:
948:
940:
861:
854:320814
851:
786:
778:
750:
742:
650:et al.
645:et al.
615:(2009)
613:et al.
611:Duran
541:(1994)
539:et al.
495:et al.
490:et al.
482:axonal
470:cortex
387:(ESES)
314:, and
285:autism
173:
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
1885:Focal
1715:Lists
1603:Motor
1389:31407
1356:345.8
1341:F80.3
1217:S2CID
1113:Brain
1076:Brain
946:S2CID
784:S2CID
748:S2CID
629:Total
523:Study
474:brain
415:ESES
393:ESES
270:Cause
98:JSTOR
84:books
2164:(UK)
2153:(UK)
2147:(US)
2136:(UK)
2130:(US)
1771:and
1519:Lisp
1373:MeSH
1362:OMIM
1351:9-CM
1298:PMID
1209:PMID
1174:PMID
1125:PMID
1094:PMID
1053:PMID
1012:PMID
977:PMID
938:PMID
859:PMID
776:PMID
740:PMID
703:2024
449:and
239:and
215:and
70:news
1347:ICD
1332:ICD
1290:doi
1201:doi
1164:PMC
1156:doi
1117:doi
1084:doi
1080:122
1043:doi
1004:doi
930:doi
849:PMC
841:doi
768:doi
730:doi
676:at
621:9.5
603:5.6
589:9.7
575:8.1
197:or
155:EEG
53:by
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1241:.
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1162:.
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1150:.
1146:.
1123:.
1092:.
1078:.
1074:.
1051:.
1039:60
1037:.
1033:.
1010:.
1000:32
998:.
973:44
967:.
944:.
936:.
926:17
924:.
905:.
871:^
857:.
847:.
835:.
831:.
812:.
796:^
782:.
774:.
764:51
762:.
746:.
738:.
724:.
720:.
694:.
632:63
624:1
606:3
600:18
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586:11
578:3
564:6
561:22
550:3
544:12
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208:.
193:,
169:,
1761:e
1754:t
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1292::
1275:.
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1223:.
1203::
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1131:.
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1100:.
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816:.
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114:(
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105:(
95:·
88:·
81:·
74:·
47:.
20:)
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