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221:, but an extensive, almost deserted fallow land of forests and marshes was not cleared. Around 1300, the population of Europe is estimated to have reached a peak of as high as 70 million, and the population density reached a peak of over 20 inhabitants per square kilometre. The clearing of woods and the drainage of wetlands for the creation of new settlement and cultivation areas became necessary.
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During the intense phase of
Landesausbau, the area that was settled and cultivated increased by a third. It must be emphasized that cultivation and settlement were carried out by a multitude of ethnic groups and, in most cases, peacefully on the initiative of landowners and landlords. The settlement
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After an early phase of
Landesausbau at the end of the 7th century, the land expansion and the establishment of new settlements increased from the 10th century onwards and reached its peak at the 12th century. It came to a halt at the 14th century because of natural catastrophes, the outbreak of the
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The
Landesausbau can also be seen in relation to the changing social pattern. The spread of a new money system in the 12th century, the birth of towns with market privileges, the creation of new distant trade routes to the
347:
THistoriographical
Approaches to Medieval Colonization of East Central Europe. A Comparative Analysis against the Background of other European Inter-Ethnic Colonization Processes in the Middle Ages
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that were previously only sparsely populated or uninhabitable. By means of clearing of woods and drainage of wetlands, new agricultural areas and new settlement areas were created.
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and craftmen. The merchants and craftmen were attracted by privileges such as free trade and the heritable, interest-free ownership of their enclosed domiciles in urban centres.
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The terminology “inland colonization“ to describe the
Landesausbau has raised controversies between historians because of the linguistic parallelism to modern
362:
Die bäuerliche
Ostsiedlung des Mittelalters in Nordostdeutschland. Untersuchungen zum Landesausbau des 12. bis 14. Jahrhunderts im ländlichen Raum
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As part of the
Landesausbau in High Middle Ages, the Eastern Settlement of peasants, craftsmen and merchants crossing the Eastern borders of the
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from about 950 to 1250, which resulted in a greater exploitation of the natural resources and in longer and more productive growing season.
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to the land diminished. The greater mobility contributed to the resettlement of the population, especially during High Middle Ages.
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The
Eastern Settlement in Northern GErmany during Middle AGes. Research on the Landesausbau of the 12th and 14th century
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as well as crop rotation (the so-called three-field-rotation). They improved the supply of the population with food.
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At the same time, technological breakthroughs such as better harnessing material, including
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of languages, traditions and lifestyles. The
Landesausbau changed the natural and cultural
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The
Landesausbau was caused by several factors, including a moderate climate known as the
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125:, the so-called ″coloni Theutonici″, extending the German-speaking lands to beyond the
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436:
Russell, Josiah C. (1972). "Population in Europe". In Cipolla, Carlo M. (ed.).
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Times of Feast, Times of Famine: a History of Climate Since the Year 1000
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The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change 950-1350
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and intensive commercial relations all greatly increased the mobility of
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went parallel with improved cultivation techniques, including selective
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Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstructions for the past 2000 years
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An Environmental History of the Middle Ages: The Crucible of Nature
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A comparative analysis of the high-medieval Eastern settlement
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Die hochmittelalterliche Ostsiedlung in vergleichender Sicht.
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English Medieval Industries: Craftsmen, Techniques, Products
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and other crises that caused a steep decline in population.
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The Middle Ages. The Fontana Economic History of Europe. 1
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The population of Europe increased significantly at the
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The commercial Revolution of the Middle Ages, 950-1350
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were weakened and so the bonds of serfdom that tied
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and resettlement led to an exchange of cultures and
368:] (in German). Greifswalder Mitteilungen.
360:Biermann, Felix; Mangelsdorf, GĂĽnter (2005).
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236:of medieval society: those who prayed (the
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85:, took place. At the same time, the
393:History of settlement 24page=99-121
440:. Collins/Fontana. pp. 25–71.
165:, Danish and other ethnic groups.
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406:Ladurie, Emmanuel Le Roy (1971).
50:and continues to have an impact.
379:Gringmuth-Dallmer, Eike (2006).
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455:. Cambridge University Press.
410:. Farrar Straus & Giroux.
244:) and those who worked (the
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451:Lopez, Roberto S. (1967).
345:Piskorski, Jan M. (2002).
330:Bartlett, Robert (1994).
291:World Heritage Convention
240:), those who fought (the
189:Technological innovations
301:World Heritage Committee
27:processes in regions of
230:manuscript illustration
197:, traces and dykes and
421:Alberth, John (2013).
275:feudalistic structures
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385:Siedlungsforschung 24
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466:Blair, John (1991).
183:Medieval Warm Period
36:population expansion
296:World Heritage Site
169:Climatic conditions
19:describes medieval
470:. Hambledon Press.
395:] (in German).
311:Cultural Landscape
273:At the same time,
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40:cultural diversity
213:Population growth
103:Iberian Peninsula
75:Holy Roman Empire
34:The processes of
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488:Medieval society
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151:West Prussia
147:East Prussia
119:12th century
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68:Black Plague
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17:Landesausbau
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260:Netherlands
89:settled in
55:colonialism
25:cultivation
482:Categories
349:. Boulder.
334:. Penguin.
317:References
44:landscapes
21:settlement
268:merchants
131:Pomerania
99:Crusaders
79:Black Sea
285:See also
279:peasants
264:Lombardy
246:peasants
203:cropping
109:east of
97:and the
81:and the
242:knights
234:classes
207:grazing
163:Flemish
159:Masurua
143:Moravia
139:Bohemia
135:Silesia
123:Germans
117:at the
91:England
87:Normans
61:History
238:clergy
161:, and
387:[
364:[
199:mills
155:Slavs
115:Saale
262:and
205:and
149:and
127:Oder
113:and
111:Elbe
93:and
83:Sava
23:and
391:In:
383:In:
129:to
46:of
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