Language education - Knowledge (XXG)

1805:

role in students' life and study, such as the children in the bilingual family or in the immigrant family. That is to say, the capability of using code switching, relating to the transformation of phonetics, words, language structure, expression mode, thinking mode, cultural differences and so on, is needed to be guided and developed in the daily communication environment. Most people learn foreign language in the circumstance filled with the using of their native language so that their ability of code switching cannot be stimulated, and thus the efficiency of foreign language acquisition would decrease. Therefore, as a teaching strategy, code switching is used to help students better gain conceptual competences and to provide rich semantic context for them to understand some specific vocabularies.

980:

practise on) covered topics such as getting dressed in the morning (and how to manage the slaves who helped with that task), going to school (and evading punishment for not having been there yesterday), visiting a sick friend (and how to find an individual unit in a Roman apartment block), trading insults (and how to concede a fight gracefully), or getting a new job (a piece of cake if you have studied with me, an ancient teacher assured his students mendaciously). The texts were presented bilingually in two narrow columns, the language you were learning on the left and the one you already knew on the right, with the columns matching line for line: each line was effectively a glossary, while each column was a text.

1445:. Language exchanges tend to benefit oral proficiency, fluency, colloquial vocabulary acquisition, and vernacular usage, rather than formal grammar or writing skills. Across Australasia, 'Education Perfect' – an online learning site- is frequently used as it enables teachers to monitor students' progress as students gain a "point" for every new word remembered. There is an annual international Education Perfect languages contest held in May. 1052: 1627:. Esperanto is completely consistent in its speech and writing. By learning twenty-eight letters and mastering the phonetic rules, one can read and write any words. With further simplification and standardization, Esperanto becomes more easily mastered than other languages. Ease of learning helps one build the confidence and learning Esperanto, as a learning strategy, constitutes a good introduction to foreign language study. 7122: 6130: 6140: 5352: 577: 1457:, it was noted that the use of technology and media has begun to play a heavy role in facilitating language learning in the classroom. With the help of the internet, students are readily exposed to foreign media (music videos, television shows, films) and as a result, teachers are taking heed of the internet's influence and are searching for ways to combine this exposure into their classroom teaching. 1183:, who promote mimicry and memorization with pattern drills. These methods follow from the basic empiricist position that language acquisition results from habits formed by conditioning and drilling. In its most extreme form, language learning is seen as much the same as any other learning in any other species, human language being essentially the same as communication behaviors seen in other species. 50: 7132: 1232: 1920:. As a consequence of this increasing popularity, several international language education agencies have flourished in recent years. Though education systems around the world invest enormous sums of money into language teaching the outcomes in terms of getting students to actually speak the language(s) they are learning outside the classroom are often unclear. 1110: 1916:, perhaps with time to travel in the country afterwards. Language study holidays are popular across Europe (Malta & UK being the most popular) and Asia due to the ease of transportation and variety of nearby countries. These holidays have become increasingly more popular in Central and South America in such countries as Guatemala, Ecuador and 7110: 1022:. The study of Latin diminished from the study of a living language to be used in the real world to a subject in the school curriculum. Such decline brought about a new justification for its study. It was then claimed that its study of Latin developed intellectual ability, and the study of Latin grammar became an end in and of itself. 1937:

The principal policy arguments in favor of promoting minority language education are the need for multilingual workforces, intellectual and cultural benefits and greater inclusion in global information society. Access to education in a minority language is also seen as a human right as granted by the

1389:

Language books have been published for centuries, teaching vocabulary and grammar. The simplest books are phrasebooks to give useful short phrases for travelers, cooks, receptionists, or others who need specific vocabulary. More complete books include more vocabulary, grammar, exercises, translation,

1297:

A method is a plan for presenting the language material to be learned, and should be based upon a selected approach. In order for an approach to be translated into a method, an instructional system must be designed considering the objectives of the teaching/learning, how the content is to be selected

1199:

which is built into our brain structure. This allows us to create sentences that we have never heard before but that can still be immediately understood by anyone who understands the specific language being spoken. The rivalry between the two camps is intense, with little communication or cooperation

1194:

and others. These have led to a wider variety of teaching methods, ranging from the grammar-translation method and Gouin's "series method" to the direct methods of Berlitz and De Sauzé. With these methods, students generate original and meaningful sentences to gain a functional knowledge of the rules

1385:

Most audio recordings teach words in the target language by using explanations in the learner's own language. An alternative is to use sound effects to show meaning of words in the target language. The only language in such recordings is the target language, and they are comprehensible regardless of

1164:

Most books on language teaching list the various methods that have been used in the past, often ending with the author's new method. These new methods are usually presented as coming only from the author's mind, as the authors generally give no credence to what was done before and do not explain how

1868:

Compulsory education, for most people, is the period that they have access to a second or foreign language for the first time. In this period, the most professional foreign language education and academic atmosphere are provided to the students. They can get help and motivation from teachers and be

1216:

or Language Other Than English. In the majority of English-speaking education centers, French, Spanish, and German are the most popular languages to study and learn. English as a Second Language (ESL) is also available for students whose first language is not English and they are unable to speak it

1208:

Over time, language education has developed in schools and has become a part of the education curriculum around the world. In some countries, such as the United States, language education (also referred to as World Languages) has become a core subject along with main subjects such as English, Maths

1174:

version of the direct method). Proponents of new methods have been so sure that their ideas are so new and so correct that they could not conceive that the older ones have enough validity to cause controversy. This was in turn caused by emphasis on new scientific advances, which has tended to blind

1144:

The history of foreign-language education in the 20th century and the methods of teaching (such as those related below) might appear to be a history of failure. Very few students in U.S. universities who have a foreign language as a major attain "minimum professional proficiency". Even the "reading

1804:

Code switching is a special linguistic phenomenon that the speaker consciously alternates two or more languages according to different time, places, contents, objects and other factors. Code switching shows its functions while one is in the environment that mother tongue are not playing a dominant

1749:

as used in the past since it takes the progress learners have made into account and only focuses upon a specific structure at a time. As a didactic device, it can only be used to the extent that it remains intelligible to the learner, unless it is combined with a normal idiomatic translation. This

1666:

In the 1970s and 1980s, the four basic skills were generally taught in isolation in a very rigid order, such as listening before speaking. However, since then, it has been recognized that we generally use more than one skill at a time, leading to more integrated exercises. Speaking is a skill that

1124:

Innovation in foreign language teaching began in the 19th century and became very rapid in the 20th century. It led to a number of different and sometimes conflicting methods, each claiming to be a major improvement over the previous or contemporary methods. The earliest applied linguists included

1859:

Early childhood is the fastest and most critical period for one to master language in their life. Children's language communication is transformed from non-verbal communication to verbal communication from ages of one to five. Their mastery of language is largely acquired naturally by living in a

1883:

Learning a foreign language during adulthood means one is pursuing a higher value of themself by obtaining a new skill. At this stage, individuals have already developed the ability to supervise themself learning a language. However, at the same time, the pressure is also an obstacle for adults.

1670:

More recent textbooks stress the importance of students working with other students in pairs and groups, sometimes the entire class. Pair and group work give opportunities for more students to participate more actively. However, supervision of pairs and groups is important to make sure everyone

1662:

When talking about language skills, the four basic ones are: listening, speaking, reading and writing. However, other, more socially based skills have been identified more recently such as summarizing, describing, narrating etc. In addition, more general learning skills such as study skills and

979:

Ancient learners seem to have started by reading, memorizing and reciting little stories and dialogues that provided basic vocabulary and grammar in naturalistic contexts. These texts (and they seem to have always been coherent texts, never isolated sentences such as those modern learners often

1958:

Suitable resources for teaching and learning minority languages can be difficult to find and access, which has led to calls for the increased development of materials for minority language teaching. The internet offers opportunities to access a wider range of texts, audios and videos. Language

1033:

The study of modern languages did not become part of the curriculum of European schools until the 18th century. Based on the purely academic study of Latin, students of modern languages did much of the same exercises, studying grammatical rules and translating abstract sentences. Oral work was

1178:

There have been two major branches in the field of language learning, the empirical and theoretical, and these have almost completely separate histories, with each gaining ground over the other at one time or another. Examples of researchers on the empiricist side are Jesperson, Palmer, and

1537:

Clearly listening is used to learn, but not all language learners employ it consciously. Listening to understand is one level of listening but focused listening is not something that most learners employ as a strategy. Focused listening is a strategy in listening that helps students listen

1169:

developed for the U.S. Army in World War II). However, there is significant evidence to the contrary. It is also often inferred or even stated that older methods were completely ineffective or have died out completely, though in reality, even the oldest methods are still in use (e.g. the

1145:

knowledge" required for a PhD degree is comparable only to what second-year language students read, and only very few researchers who are native English speakers can read and assess information written in languages other than English. Even a number of famous linguists are monolingual.

1016:. He held that language acquisition must be allied with sensation and experience. Teaching must be oral. The schoolroom should have models of things, and failing that, pictures of them. As a result, he also published the world's first illustrated children's book, 1819:

Practices in language education may vary by region however the underlying understandings which drive it are fundamentally similar. Rote repetition, drilling, memorisation and grammar conjugating are used the world over. Sometimes there are different preferences

1378:

Audio recordings use native speakers, and one strength is helping learners improve their accent. Some recordings have pauses for the learner to speak. Others are continuous so the learner speaks along with the recorded voice, similar to learning a song.

1705:

When modeling a dialogue sentence for students to repeat, the teacher not only gives an oral mother tongue equivalent for unknown words or phrases, but repeats the foreign language phrase before students imitate it: L2 => L1 => L2. For example, a

1292:

The interactive view sees language as a vehicle for the creation and maintenance of social relations, focusing on patterns of moves, acts, negotiation and interaction found in conversational exchanges. This approach has been fairly dominant since the

1892:

Compared to other life stages, this period is the hardest to learn a new language due to gradual brain deterioration and memory loss. Notwithstanding its difficulty, language education for seniors can slow this brain degeneration and active ageing.

925:

has created a great need for people in the workforce who can communicate in multiple languages. Common languages are used in areas such as trade, tourism, diplomacy, technology, media, translation, interpretation and science. Many countries such as

1653:

Some people, though, use the phrase 'Blended Learning' to refer to learning taking place while the focus is on other activities. For example, playing a card game that requires calling for cards may allow blended learning of numbers (1 to 10).

1195:

of grammar. This follows from the rationalist position that man is born to think and that language use is a uniquely human trait impossible in other species. Given that human languages share many common traits, the idea is that humans share a

1274:

An approach is a set of assumptions about the nature of language and language learning, but does not involve procedure or provide any details about how such assumptions should be implemented into the classroom setting. Such can be related to

3532:

Met, M., & Lorenz, E. (1997). Lessons from U.S. immersion programs: Two decades of experience. In R. Johnson & M. Swain (Eds.), Immersion education: International perspectives (pp. 243–264). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University

1411:

Software can pronounce words in the target language and show their meaning by using pictures instead of oral explanations. The only language in such software is the target language. It is comprehensible regardless of the learner's native

3536:

Swain, M. & Johnson, R. K. (1997). Immersion education: A category within bilingual education. In R. K. Johnson & M. Swain (Eds.), Immersion education: International perspectives (pp. 1–16). NY: Cambridge University

1369:

Hundreds of languages are available for self-study, from scores of publishers, for a range of costs, using a variety of methods. The course itself acts as a teacher and has to choose a methodology, just as classroom teachers do.

1740:

or word-for word translation for pedagogical purposes. The aim is to make foreign constructions salient and transparent to learners and, in many cases, spare them the technical jargon of grammatical analysis. It differs from

1923:

With the increasing prevalence of international business transactions, it is now important to have multiple languages at one's disposal. This is also evident in businesses outsourcing their departments to Eastern Europe.

1911:

with language study in the native country. This enables the student to experience the target culture by meeting local people. Such a holiday often combines formal lessons, cultural excursions, leisure activities, and a

1432:

sites connect users with complementary language skills, such as a native Spanish speaker who wants to learn English with a native English speaker who wants to learn Spanish. Language exchange websites essentially treat

1148:

However, anecdotal evidence for successful second or foreign language learning is easy to find, leading to a discrepancy between these cases and the failure of most language programs. This tends to make the research of

2096: 3413: 1701:

and its repetition, in order to convey meaning as rapidly and completely as possible. The mother tongue equivalent can be given almost as an aside, with a slight break in the flow of speech to mark it as an intruder.

1667:

often is underrepresented in the traditional classroom. This is due to the fact that it is considered harder to teach and test. There are numerous texts on teaching and testing writing but relatively few on speaking.

983:

Although the need to learn foreign languages is almost as old as human history itself, the origins of modern language education are in the study and teaching of Latin in the 17th century. In the Ancient Near East,

7539: 1950:. Bilingual Education has been implemented in many countries including the United States, in order to promote both the use and appreciation of the minority language, as well as the majority language concerned. 3495:

Lindholm-Leary, K. (2001). Theoretical and conceptual foundations for dual language education programs. In K. Lindholm-Leary, Dual language education (pp. 39–58). Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters

3429: 1574:

Translation and rote memorization have been the two strategies that have been employed traditionally. There are other strategies that also can be used such as guessing, based on looking for contextual clues,

1360:

A technique (or strategy) is a very specific, concrete stratagem or trick designed to accomplish an immediate objective. Such are derived from the controlling method, and less directly, from the approach.

996:

had been the dominant language of education, commerce, religion, and government in much of the Western world. By the end of the 16th century, it had largely been displaced by French, Italian, and English.

1141:(1877–1949). They worked on setting language teaching principles and approaches based on linguistic and psychological theories, but they left many of the specific practical details for others to devise. 1161:

are dismissed and even ridiculed, as newer methods and approaches are invented and promoted as the only and complete solution to the problem of the high failure rates of foreign language students.

1165:

it relates to the new method. For example, descriptive linguists seem to claim unhesitatingly that there were no scientifically based language teaching methods before their work (which led to the

1939: 1963:(the use of web 2.0 tools for language education) offers opportunities for material development for lesser-taught languages and to bring together geographically dispersed teachers and learners. 1423:

Some publishers use the web to distribute audio, texts and software, for use offline. For example, various travel guides, for example Lonely Planet, offer software supporting language education.

1869:

activated by the peers at any time. One would be able to undergo a lot of specialized learning in order to truly master a great number of rules of vocabulary, grammar and verbal communication.

1034:

minimal, and students were instead required to memorize grammatical rules and apply these to decode written texts in the target language. This tradition-inspired method became known as the

4303: 1025:"Grammar schools" from the 16th to 18th centuries focused on teaching the grammatical aspects of Classical Latin. Advanced students continued grammar study with the addition of rhetoric. 7529: 3834: 3414:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337915547_Teaching_English_to_Young_Learners_More_Teacher_Education_and_More_Children's_Literature/link/5df2c95b299bf10bc3573277/download

1268:. There are many methods of teaching languages. Some have fallen into relative obscurity and others are widely used; still others have a small following, but offer useful insights. 1453:

All countries have websites in their own languages, which learners elsewhere can use as primary material for study: news, fiction, videos, songs, etc. In a study conducted by the

3636: 2230: 2207: 1349: 1860:

verbal communication environment. As long as we are good at guiding and creating opportunities for children, children's language ability is easy to be developed and cultivated.

2216: 1768:

or difficult words. The teacher pronounces the last syllable, the student repeats, and then the teacher continues, working backwards from the end of the word to the beginning.

938:(Kirkpatrick & Zhichang, 2002) frame education policies to teach at least one foreign language at the primary and secondary school levels. However, some countries such as 3922: 3780: 2235: 1943: 3430:

http://www.skwirk.com/p-c_s-16_u-430_t-1103_c-4268/australian-japanese-relations-today/nsw/australian-japanese-relations-today/conflict-consensus-and-care/changing-attitudes

1538:

attentively with no distractions. Focused listening is very important when learning a foreign language as the slightest accent on a word can change the meaning completely.

7467: 5455: 3489:

Hult, F.M., & King, K.A. (Eds.). (2011). Educational linguistics in practice: Applying the local globally and the global locally. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.

1650:, frequently electronic, either computer-based or web-based. It has been a major growth point in the ELT (English Language Teaching) industry over the last ten years. 1062: 7534: 6800: 3877: 3440:

Pérez-Milans, M (2013). Urban schools and English language education in late modern China: A Critical sociolinguistic ethnography. New York & London: Routledge.

1671:

participates as equally as possible. Such activities also provide opportunities for peer teaching, where weaker learners can find support from stronger classmates.

1212:

In some countries, such as Australia, it is so common nowadays for a foreign language to be taught in schools that the subject of language education is referred to

1001:

was one of many people who tried to reverse this trend. He composed a complete course for learning Latin, covering the entire school curriculum, culminating in his

3932: 3657: 877: 3434:

Parry, M. (2016). Australian university students and their Japanese host families in short term stays. The University of Queensland. Retrieved 16 May 2016, from

6768: 6643: 2265: 7168: 3052:

Juyoung, Song (March 2019). "Language Socialization and Code-Switching: A Case Study of a Korean-English Bilingual Child in a Korean Transnational Family".

5600: 1502:

started to be used for foreign language tuition, sometimes with entire businesses being developed. In addition, Spain's language and cultural institute

6951: 6763: 5440: 1382:

Audio recordings for self-study use many of the methods used in classroom teaching, and have been produced on records, tapes, CDs, DVDs and websites.

3257: 1466:

or text to speech (TTS) sites and software let learners hear pronunciation of arbitrary written text, with pronunciation similar to a native speaker.

2295: 1994: 3347: 7457: 6693: 6044: 3854: 7083: 5460: 3882: 3798: 3631: 2171: 6019: 3504: 3486:

Genesee, F. (1987). Learning Through Two Languages: Studies of Immersion and Bilingual Education. Cambridge, Mass.: Newbury House Publishers.

2305: 1821: 1226: 604: 6277: 4350: 4308: 3608: 494: 3483:

Genesee, F. (1985). Second language learning through immersion: A review of U.S. programs. Review of Educational Research, 55(4), 541–561.

1420:

Some software runs on the web itself, with the advantage of avoiding downloads, and the disadvantage of requiring an internet connection.

7218: 6583: 6207: 6064: 4418: 2315: 2300: 1985: 1562:. Language learners can gain experience in speaking foreign languages through in-person language classes, language meet-ups, university 67: 5685: 3195: 6633: 4365: 3971: 3173: 3127: 870: 7135: 6095: 3571: 3150: 1437:

as a commodity, and provide a marketlike environment for the commodity to be exchanged. Users typically contact each other via chat,

7073: 6956: 6815: 3966: 3004: 2679: 2671: 2663: 2655: 2647: 2514: 2480: 1487: 1096: 133: 6738: 1449:

Many other websites are helpful for learning languages, even though they are designed, maintained and marketed for other purposes:

2735: 1460:

Translation sites let learners find the meaning of foreign text or create foreign translations of text from their native language.

7416: 7161: 6648: 6543: 4329: 4112: 3449:

Kirkpatrick, A & Zhichang, X (2002)."Chinese pragmatic norms and "China English". World Englishes. Vol. 21, pp. 269–279.

1416:

Websites provide various services geared toward language education. Some sites are designed specifically for learning languages:

959: 114: 1615:, a Polish-Jewish ophthalmologist, in 1887, aimed to eliminate language barriers in the international contacts. Esperanto is an 7203: 6698: 6516: 6414: 6227: 4714: 4480: 3297: 2530: 1321: 454: 86: 7248: 6916: 6105: 1408:

Software can present additional exercises in areas where a particular learner has difficulty, until the concepts are mastered.

232: 6653: 6475: 6252: 5854: 5475: 3516: 2969: 1454: 745: 514: 459: 71: 6743: 1546:

Many people read to understand but the strategy of reading text to learn grammar and discourse styles can also be employed.

7462: 7185: 6926: 6878: 6835: 5758: 4345: 4087: 3961: 3844: 3734: 2069: 1126: 863: 489: 180: 93: 2580: 1289:

The functional view sees language as a vehicle to express or accomplish a certain function, such as requesting something.

7570: 7544: 7283: 6490: 6442: 6339: 6334: 6059: 5964: 4621: 3829: 3729: 2610: 2270: 2260: 2255: 2245: 2138: 1814: 1526: 1213: 910: 434: 300: 3088: 7565: 7380: 7213: 7154: 6901: 4905: 4459: 4454: 4385: 4355: 4177: 3617: 2156: 2009: 1976: 1686: 1276: 1150: 554: 260: 38: 31: 5711: 1078: 6966: 6911: 100: 7365: 7360: 7078: 6906: 6733: 6299: 6100: 5754: 5515: 4654: 4522: 4512: 4222: 3803: 3793: 3788: 3693: 3480:

Bernhardt, E. B. (Ed.) (1992). Life in language immersion classrooms. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters, Ltd.

2472: 2418: 1470: 1154: 735: 6845: 909:

field. There are four main learning categories for language education: communicative competencies, proficiencies,

60: 7228: 7223: 7198: 6946: 6753: 6014: 5979: 5934: 5750: 5625: 5615: 5420: 5090: 5000: 4985: 4734: 3667: 3662: 3652: 1947: 1854: 1566:

programs, joining online language learning communities, and traveling to a country where the language is spoken.

1515: 1317: 1158: 765: 740: 597: 544: 444: 270: 6941: 6921: 6748: 6447: 6069: 1286:

The structural view treats language as a system of structurally related elements to code meaning (e.g. grammar).

6987: 6825: 6758: 6728: 6638: 6588: 6548: 6452: 6399: 5904: 5899: 5794: 5786: 5630: 5520: 5450: 4950: 4539: 4485: 3813: 3808: 3601: 2310: 2250: 2147: 1341: 816: 775: 449: 392: 207: 82: 3499:

Mammadova, T. (2019). Teaching Grammar to a Grammar-Free Generation. Newcastle-upon-tyne: Cambridge Scholars

3435: 6718: 3557: 7498: 7319: 7288: 7233: 6723: 6713: 6568: 6369: 6329: 6309: 6289: 6192: 6024: 5999: 5914: 5894: 5844: 5814: 5804: 5690: 5610: 5575: 5560: 5545: 5500: 5435: 5305: 4945: 4679: 4564: 4411: 4142: 3770: 3672: 3412:

Bland, J. (2019). Teaching English to Young Learners More Teacher Education and More Children's Literature.

2198: 1731: 1620: 1353: 1345: 1074: 1018: 846: 841: 674: 654: 549: 387: 364: 6500: 6432: 6054: 3540:

Parker, J. L. (2020). Students' attitudes toward project-based learning in an intermediate Spanish course.

7298: 7208: 7050: 6995: 6795: 6708: 6703: 6688: 6623: 6598: 6480: 6304: 6110: 5989: 5984: 5864: 5741: 5737: 5728: 5719: 5565: 5312: 4995: 4990: 4629: 4599: 4594: 4579: 4554: 4495: 4490: 4137: 3997: 3892: 3261: 2924: 2900: 669: 659: 644: 499: 466: 419: 335: 315: 295: 197: 175: 170: 3545: 2849: 1587:). Knowledge about how the brain works can be utilized in creating strategies for how to remember words. 1518:, with no or minimal ads. Some are ad-supported, such as newspapers and YouTube. Some require a payment. 962:(2010), China has recently been putting enormous importance on foreign language learning, especially the 7040: 7030: 7015: 6810: 6673: 6608: 6578: 6553: 6485: 6384: 6379: 6354: 6212: 6004: 5959: 5939: 5929: 5829: 5715: 5665: 5640: 5490: 5485: 5465: 5430: 5415: 4980: 4960: 4799: 4704: 4674: 4574: 4549: 4232: 3912: 3867: 3354: 806: 760: 725: 275: 6470: 5038: 3403:

Barrantes. L. (2009). A Brief View of the ESP Approach. /Dialnet-ABriefViewOfTheESPApproach-5476348.pdf

3220: 3040: 1012:. He is one of the first theorists to write systematically about how languages are learned and about 7355: 7339: 7193: 7045: 7020: 7000: 6961: 6860: 6683: 6613: 6593: 6409: 6359: 6319: 6272: 6267: 6257: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6217: 6202: 6197: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6029: 5944: 5924: 5809: 5799: 5650: 5620: 5605: 5590: 5580: 5570: 5535: 5530: 5480: 5425: 5400: 5288: 5278: 5005: 4817: 4789: 4779: 4739: 4609: 4604: 4584: 4544: 4464: 4132: 4092: 4067: 4052: 4007: 3917: 3897: 3765: 3719: 3714: 3089:"Teachers' Code-Switching in Bilingual Classrooms: Exploring Pedagogical and Sociocultural Functions" 2128: 1616: 1559: 1307: 1298:

and organized, the types of tasks to be performed, the roles of students, and the roles of teachers.

1187: 1166: 1009: 826: 785: 780: 649: 620: 590: 519: 429: 310: 255: 152: 3492:

Hult, F.M., (Ed.). (2010). Directions and prospects for educational linguistics. New York: Springer.

2387: 1558:

Alongside listening and reading exercises, practicing conversation skills is an important aspect of

1271:

While sometimes confused, the terms "approach", "method" and "technique" are hierarchical concepts.

7411: 7401: 7061: 7025: 7005: 6936: 6855: 6628: 6618: 6563: 6558: 6495: 6437: 6404: 6394: 6374: 6364: 6349: 6344: 6324: 6294: 6262: 6247: 6222: 6158: 6084: 6074: 6009: 5974: 5909: 5889: 5879: 5839: 5824: 5819: 5660: 5655: 5595: 5550: 5510: 5405: 5386: 5100: 5012: 4965: 4915: 4863: 4858: 4837: 4759: 4669: 4649: 4639: 4529: 4187: 3907: 3724: 3594: 1742: 1737: 1503: 1441:, or email. Language exchanges have also been viewed as a helpful tool to aid language learning at 1303: 1117: 1035: 906: 902: 699: 360: 290: 265: 237: 6139: 5351: 3383:. 1st International Conference on Language Documentation and Conservation. University of Hawaiʻi. 576: 7324: 7253: 7125: 7010: 6850: 6840: 6830: 6820: 6678: 6603: 6389: 6314: 6284: 6115: 6034: 5994: 5969: 5949: 5884: 5859: 5849: 5834: 5635: 5585: 5540: 5525: 5505: 5495: 5470: 5410: 5105: 4893: 4744: 4644: 4589: 4534: 4446: 4404: 4272: 3902: 3452:

Kubota, K (1998) "Ideologies of English in Japan" World Englishes Vol.17, No.3, pp. 295–306.

3108: 3069: 2606: 1825: 1680: 1647: 1624: 1495: 1426:

Some websites offer learning activities such as quizzes or puzzles to practice language concepts.

1325: 1180: 1171: 998: 811: 755: 730: 639: 634: 580: 559: 529: 484: 439: 407: 397: 285: 280: 2912: 2374: 107: 1529:

have attracted increasing focus as a way of understanding the process of language acquisition.

7375: 7238: 7035: 6931: 6883: 6805: 6573: 5954: 5919: 5874: 5869: 5778: 5645: 5555: 5445: 5283: 5095: 5077: 4955: 4925: 4898: 4888: 4878: 4873: 4842: 4774: 4764: 4749: 4709: 4517: 4500: 4257: 3945: 3862: 3760: 3510: 3500: 3000: 2675: 2667: 2659: 2651: 2643: 2510: 2476: 2370: 2290: 1772: 1576: 1563: 1429: 1196: 1013: 985: 770: 704: 684: 663: 424: 402: 345: 3296:

National Center for Research on Cultural Diversity and Second Language Learning (July 1999).

2739: 1393:

Also, various other "language learning tools" have been entering the market in recent years.

7488: 7293: 7268: 7258: 5355: 5271: 5212: 4975: 4970: 4940: 4827: 4822: 4784: 4689: 4664: 4569: 4370: 4360: 4252: 4182: 4172: 4157: 4032: 3992: 3887: 3698: 3522: 3384: 3100: 3061: 2949: 2464: 2042: 1746: 1711: 1641: 1606: 1480: 1463: 1337: 1246: 1238: 1138: 963: 898: 851: 694: 689: 679: 524: 355: 350: 325: 320: 305: 37:

This article is about classroom learning of a second language. For natural acquisition, see

2875: 1190:, whose rationalist theories of language acquisition dovetail with linguistic work done by 7513: 7508: 7406: 7385: 5028: 4935: 4930: 4812: 4807: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4699: 4659: 4380: 4227: 4127: 4122: 4097: 4047: 4022: 4002: 3688: 2280: 2118: 1902: 1878: 1707: 1698: 1584: 1442: 1265: 894: 821: 709: 4162: 3443:

Gao, Xuesong (Andy). (2010).Strategic Language Learning.Multilingual Matters:Canada, 2010

3024: 1313:

Examples of functional methods include the oral approach / situational language teaching.

3282:

Hult, F.M. (2004). Planning for multilingualism and minority language rights in Sweden.

7303: 7114: 5155: 5048: 4868: 4267: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4167: 4082: 4017: 4012: 3839: 2503: 2240: 2105: 1799: 1612: 1491: 1253: 1134: 989: 369: 2783: 7559: 7370: 7329: 7278: 7263: 6133: 5230: 4832: 4769: 4634: 4507: 4375: 4247: 4212: 4152: 4072: 4037: 3940: 3872: 3744: 3739: 3216: 3112: 3073: 2275: 2109: 1829: 1759: 1694: 1547: 1438: 1333: 1257: 1250: 922: 836: 3301: 3298:"Two-Way Bilingual Education Programs in Practice: A National and Local Perspective" 2584: 1764:

Back-chaining is a technique used in teaching oral language skills, especially with

7243: 5128: 4920: 4287: 4262: 4242: 4217: 4147: 4117: 4107: 4102: 2970:"The European Union's approach to multilingualism in its own communications policy" 2285: 1960: 1765: 1592: 1191: 412: 202: 3104: 3065: 1405:

Some software records the learner, analyzes the pronunciation, and gives feedback.

1264:

Language education may take place as a general school subject or in a specialized

3526: 3428:

Australian-Japanese relations today. (2016). Skwirk. Retrieved 16 May 2016, from

3324: 3234: 1611:

Esperanto, the most widely used international auxiliary language, was founded by

1510:

Some Internet content is free, often from government and nonprofit sites such as

17: 6143: 4910: 4282: 4277: 4192: 4027: 3196:"Travel agents missing out on profitable language travel holidays – Sprachcaffe" 3151:"ECAP Report: Working With Preschool Children Who Are English Language Learners" 1499: 1235: 1130: 1113: 955: 831: 801: 564: 539: 160: 49: 2413: 7493: 7483: 7334: 7273: 5033: 4883: 4324: 4237: 4077: 4057: 4042: 3586: 3512:

Facilitating Adult Learner Interactions to Build Listening and Speaking Skills

2615: 1511: 1329: 534: 217: 1486:

Players of computer games can practice a target language when interacting in

7503: 5121: 5043: 4684: 4427: 4062: 3348:"Language learning 2.0 in action: web .0 tools to enhance language learning" 1837: 1736:

Mother tongue mirroring is the adaptation of the time-honoured technique of

1600: 1186:

On the theoretical side are, for example, Francois Gouin, M.D. Berlitz, and

943: 509: 504: 340: 330: 222: 212: 5058: 3529:, Amsterdam and Philadelphia : John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008 3436:

https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:349330/s3213739_phd_submission.pdf

1231: 5053: 3325:"Community Languages in Higher Education: Towards realising the potential" 3260:. EUMAP: EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program Online Journal. Archived from 3235:"Community Languages in Higher Education: Towards realising the potential" 2954: 2937: 2215:

is a European language education system of many universities based on the

2095:: International Association of Teachers of English as a Foreign Language 4559: 3581: 1913: 1580: 1401:

Software can interact with learners in ways that books and audio cannot:

1242: 951: 947: 1828:

is popular in some European countries, but is not used very much in the

1109: 7421: 4754: 3976: 3455:

Phillips, J. K. (2007). Foreign Language Education: Whose Definition?.

2559:"Reviews of Language Self-Study Courses: Comparison, Problems, Ratings" 2361:

Phillips, J. K. (2007). Foreign Language Education: Whose Definition?.

2212: 1917: 1908: 3546:

http://ijci.wcci-international.org/index.php/IJCI/article/view/254/153

3389: 2097:

International Association of Teachers of English as a Foreign Language

7146: 3561: 2784:"What We Can Learn From Foreign Language Teaching in Other Countries" 1779:

and have the student repeat it. Then the teacher will repeat it with

1474: 227: 3566: 3381:

New Roles for Technology in Language Maintenance and Revitalization

3041:

http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/knowledge-wiki/backchaining

7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 2826: 1690: 1230: 1108: 993: 958:

use a second official language in their governments. According to

939: 935: 931: 927: 1663:

knowing how one learns have been applied to language classrooms.

2805: 1833: 7150: 6979: 6781: 6529: 6156: 5776: 5384: 5373: 5075: 4438: 4400: 3590: 3093:

International Journal of Bilingual Education & Bilingualism

3087:

Cahyani, Hilda; de Courcy, Michele; Barnett, Jenny (May 2018).

3054:

International Journal of Bilingual Education & Bilingualism

3468:

Language Learning in the 21st Century: 21st Century Skills Map

3466:

American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (2011).

2388:"Learning Foreign Languages in Antiquity: How Did They Do It?" 1153:

emotionally charged. Older methods and approaches such as the

1045: 43: 2714:"Workers and Guests Have Different Language Needs in a Hotel" 1061:

deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

4396: 3446:

Kim Yeong-seo (2009) "History of English education in Korea"

1940:

European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms

3576: 2761: 3174:"Language education of seniors as a tool of active ageing" 2713: 2691: 1714:

might engage in the following exchange with the students:

4304:

European Association for the Teaching of Academic Writing

3353:. 4th Plymouth e-Learning Conference 2009. Archived from 1718:

Teacher: "Let me try – lass mich versuchen – let me try."

1623:, absorbing the reasonable factors of commonality of the 30:"Language Teaching" redirects here. For the journal, see 1954:

Materials and e-learning for minority language education

7530:

List of countries where English is an official language

3527:"Phraseology in foreign language learning and teaching" 2531:"American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages" 1070: 3025:

http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/backchaining.html

2558: 2350:

Directions and prospects for educational linguistics.

2231:

American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages

2208:

Teaching Proficiency through Reading and Storytelling

1689:, the sandwich technique is the oral insertion of an 1646:

Blended learning combines face-to-face teaching with

1350:

Teaching Proficiency through Reading and Storytelling

2217:

Common European Framework of Reference for Languages

1750:

technique is seldom referred to or used these days.

7540:

Most commonly learned foreign languages in the U.S.

7522: 7476: 7450: 7394: 7348: 7312: 7184: 7059: 6986: 6892: 6869: 6788: 6662: 6536: 6509: 6461: 6423: 6165: 6083: 6043: 5785: 5699: 5674: 5393: 5021: 4851: 4798: 4620: 4473: 4445: 4338: 4317: 4296: 3985: 3954: 3931: 3853: 3822: 3779: 3753: 3707: 3681: 3645: 3624: 3542:

International Journal of Curriculum and Instruction

2236:

Directorate of Language Planning and Implementation

1944:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

1008:In this work, Comenius also outlined his theory of 74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3379:Ikeda, A. Sho; Doty, Christopher (14 March 2009). 2502: 2179:: teaching English as a foreign language to adults 1579:with a use of various apps, games and tools (e.g. 1477:are used by teachers, including language teachers. 2185:: teaching English to speakers of other languages 2002:: Certificato di Conoscenza della Lingua Italiana 1907:An increasing number of people are now combining 7535:List of countries by English-speaking population 3300:. Center for Applied Linguistics. Archived from 2942:Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems 1014:pedagogical methodology for language acquisition 3258:"The right to education and minority language" 3178:Ad Alta: Journal of Interdisciplinary Research 2335:Spolsky, B., & Hult, F.M. (Eds.). (2008). 2035:: English as an additional language or dialect 1775:' a teacher will pronounce the last syllable: 7162: 4412: 3602: 2266:Glossary of language teaching terms and ideas 1059:The examples and perspective in this article 871: 598: 8: 7085:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 2876:"Apprendre une langue dans un monde virtuel" 1787:and all that remains is the first syllable: 1316:Examples of interactive methods include the 27:Process and practice of acquiring a language 2469:Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching 2017:: Diploma de Español como Lengua Extranjera 7169: 7155: 7147: 6976: 6778: 6526: 6153: 5773: 5381: 5370: 5301: 5296: 5267: 5262: 5226: 5221: 5208: 5203: 5169: 5164: 5151: 5146: 5117: 5112: 5086: 5072: 4435: 4419: 4405: 4397: 3609: 3595: 3587: 2642:, by Donald Rivera, Penton Overseas Inc., 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 878: 864: 616: 605: 591: 147: 3388: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2953: 1483:tools can bring remote learners together. 1175:researchers to precedents in older work. 1097:Learn how and when to remove this message 988:was the language of diplomacy, as in the 893:– the process and practice of teaching a 134:Learn how and when to remove this message 2938:"The Teaching and Learning of Esperanto" 2509:. Rowley, Massachusetts: Newbury House. 2496: 2494: 2492: 2442:International Encyclopaedia of Education 2296:List of language acquisition researchers 1995:content and language integrated learning 1282:There are three principal "approaches": 7458:English as a second or foreign language 3327:. Routes into Languages. pp. 61–62 2692:"Lessons for Beginners in English, mp3" 2328: 2164:: technology-enhanced language learning 1221:Teaching foreign language in classrooms 793: 717: 626: 619: 159: 3883:Generative second-language acquisition 3223:, Language on the Move, August 1, 2018 2995:Holden, Susan; Mickey Rodgers (1998). 2172:teaching English as a foreign language 2023:: diplôme d'études en langue française 1550:may be used to improve comprehension. 2306:Self access language learning centers 1595:strategy for learning other languages 1227:Methods of teaching foreign languages 1116:was a key figure in establishing the 7: 4351:Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 3128:"Preschoolers Study Foreign Tongues" 2392:Antigone: An Open Forum for Classics 2191:: teaching English to young learners 495:Conservative and innovative language 72:adding citations to reliable sources 7219:Computer-assisted language learning 7131: 3509:McKay, Sharon; Schaetzel, Kirsten, 3237:. Routes into Languages. p. 76 2337:Handbook of educational linguistics 2316:Computer-assisted language learning 1986:computer-assisted language learning 1302:Examples of structural methods are 4366:Journal of Second Language Writing 3515:, CAELA Network Briefs, CAELA and 3221:How can we change language habits? 2127:: Lernen durch Lehren (German for 1933:Minority language education policy 1488:massively multiplayer online games 1277:second-language acquisition theory 25: 2874:Dorveaux, Xavier (15 July 2007). 2848:Dorveaux, Xavier (15 July 2007). 2505:The Language Teaching Controversy 1697:between an unknown phrase in the 7130: 7121: 7120: 7108: 6644:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6138: 6129: 6128: 5686:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 5456:Democratic Republic of the Congo 5350: 4330:L2 Syntactic Complexity Analyzer 2850:"Study and teach in Second Life" 2786:. Center for Applied Linguistics 2386:Dickey, Eleanor (19 July 2022). 2301:Monolingual learner's dictionary 2068:: English for specific purposes 1977:Apprenticeship Language Learning 1771:For example, to teach the name ' 1050: 575: 48: 7204:Communicative language teaching 3572:UCLA Language Materials Project 2029:: English as a foreign language 1506:has an "island" on Second Life. 1386:the learner's native language. 1322:communicative language teaching 59:needs additional citations for 6801:Federated States of Micronesia 6096:British Indian Ocean Territory 3517:Center for Applied Linguistics 3323:Sachdev, I; McPake, J (2008). 3233:Sachdev, I; McPake, J (2008). 3149:McEntire, Nancy (March 2004). 3126:Jacobson, Linda (March 2004). 2467:; Theodore S. Rodgers (2001). 2062:: English as a second language 1455:Center for Applied Linguistics 1120:tradition in language teaching 1: 7463:English for specific purposes 3845:Good language learner studies 3256:de Varennes, Fernand (2004). 3198:. TravelWeek. 29 January 2015 3105:10.1080/13670050.2016.1189509 3066:10.1080/13670050.2016.1231165 3039:Retrieved 4 April 2009, from 3023:Retrieved 4 April 2009, from 2979:. September 2022. p. 48. 2070:English for specific purposes 2043:English for academic purposes 1498:. In 2005, the virtual world 1365:Online and self-study courses 1127:Heinrich Gottfried Ollendorff 7545:EF English Proficiency Index 7284:Task-based language learning 6769:United States Virgin Islands 3830:Language learning strategies 2736:"Scoring Your Pronunciation" 2620:ForeignLanguageExpertise.com 2501:Diller, Karl Conrad (1978). 2271:Language education by region 2261:Foreign language reading aid 2256:Foreign language writing aid 2246:Error analysis (linguistics) 2139:Languages Other Than English 2121:(or any additional language) 2089:: heritage language learning 1815:Language education by region 1619:created on the basis of the 1527:Language learning strategies 435:Functional discourse grammar 301:Ethnography of communication 7381:Second-language acquisition 7214:Community language learning 6531:Education in North America 4386:The Modern Language Journal 3618:Second-language acquisition 3457:The Modern Language Journal 2363:The Modern Language Journal 2348:Hult, F.M., (Ed.). (2010). 2157:second-language acquisition 2083:: foreign language teaching 2077:: foreign language learning 2056:: English language teaching 2050:: English language learning 2010:community language learning 1928:Minority language education 1533:Listening as a way to learn 1471:learning management systems 1151:second-language acquisition 1073:, discuss the issue on the 913:, and multiple literacies. 901:– is primarily a branch of 555:Second-language acquisition 39:Second-language acquisition 32:Language Teaching (journal) 7587: 7451:Programs and organizations 7366:English as a lingua franca 7361:Critical period hypothesis 7249:Grammar–translation method 6981:Education in South America 3804:Willingness to communicate 3794:Critical period hypothesis 3789:Language-learning aptitude 2925:How to remember vocabulary 2738:. Lang1234. Archived from 2583:. Lang1234. Archived from 2473:Cambridge University Press 2419:World History Encyclopedia 1967:Acronyms and abbreviations 1900: 1876: 1852: 1812: 1797: 1757: 1729: 1678: 1639: 1604: 1598: 1554:Speaking as a way to learn 1374:Audio recordings and books 1224: 1217:to the required standard. 1155:grammar translation method 1036:grammar-translation method 975:Ancient to medieval period 911:cross-cultural experiences 233:Syntax–semantics interface 36: 29: 7224:Content-based instruction 7199:Automatic Language Growth 7102: 6744:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 6124: 5380: 5369: 5345: 5299: 5265: 5224: 5206: 5167: 5149: 5115: 5091:Early childhood education 5084: 5071: 4434: 3172:Schunova, Romana (2018). 2997:English language teaching 2936:Charters, Duncan (2015). 1948:UN Human Rights Committee 1855:Early Childhood Education 1849:Early childhood education 1687:foreign language teaching 1542:Reading as a way to learn 1516:Foreign Service Institute 545:Philosophy of linguistics 445:Interactional linguistics 6952:Northern Mariana Islands 6764:Turks and Caicos Islands 5845:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 5441:Central African Republic 3835:Communication strategies 3814:Metalinguistic awareness 3809:Foreign language anxiety 2616:"Shadowing Step by Step" 2339:. Malden, MA: Blackwell. 2311:Tandem language learning 2251:Foreign language anxiety 2148:modern foreign languages 1591:Learning Esperanto as a 1342:tandem language learning 7320:Mother tongue mirroring 7289:Total physical response 7234:Dogme language teaching 6917:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 6106:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 3771:Word lists by frequency 3346:Diouri, Mourad (2009). 2199:Total Physical Response 1897:Language study holidays 1844:By different life stage 1732:Mother tongue mirroring 1726:Mother tongue mirroring 1721:Students: "Let me try." 1621:Indo-European languages 1469:Course development and 1435:knowledge of a language 1354:Dogme language teaching 1346:total physical response 1042:19th and 20th centuries 1019:Orbis sensualium pictus 930:(Kim Yeong-seo, 2009), 847:Participant observation 842:Multivariate statistics 675:International education 7299:Vocabulary development 7209:Comprehension approach 6694:British Virgin Islands 6208:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3893:Interaction hypothesis 3878:Dynamic Systems Theory 2999:. Mexico City: DELTI. 1390:and writing practice. 1261: 1121: 992:. For many centuries, 382:Theoretical frameworks 336:Philosophy of language 316:History of linguistics 7417:Competency evaluation 6895:and other territories 6634:Saint Kitts and Nevis 5601:São Tomé and Príncipe 5461:Republic of the Congo 3913:Processability theory 3868:Comprehensible output 3637:Common misconceptions 2955:10.7906/indecs.13.2.7 1691:idiomatic translation 1397:Internet and software 1320:, the series method, 1245:to a class of native 1234: 1112: 1003:Opera Didactica Omnia 807:Conversation analysis 276:Conversation analysis 7356:Bilingual dictionary 7264:Michel Thomas Method 7194:Audio-lingual method 6783:Education in Oceania 6159:Education in Europe 6020:United Arab Emirates 5387:Education in Africa 4610:Instructional design 3923:Skill-based theories 3918:Order of acquisition 3898:Interface hypothesis 3781:Individual variation 3766:Linguistic universal 3720:Contrastive rhetoric 3715:Contrastive analysis 3582:BBC Learning English 2412:Scoville, Priscila. 2129:learning by teaching 1864:Compulsory education 1617:constructed language 1560:language acquisition 1308:audio-lingual method 1167:audio-lingual method 1079:create a new article 1071:improve this article 1010:language acquisition 827:Factorial experiment 621:Educational research 520:Internet linguistics 430:Construction grammar 83:"Language education" 68:improve this article 7571:Applied linguistics 7412:Corrective feedback 7402:Language assessment 7313:Teaching techniques 6649:Trinidad and Tobago 6544:Antigua and Barbuda 6424:States with limited 6047:limited recognition 5676:States with limited 5375:Education by region 5101:Secondary education 5013:Teaching philosophy 4916:Pedagogical pattern 4859:21st century skills 4838:Religious education 4481:Aims and objectives 4346:Applied Linguistics 4318:Computational tools 3986:Notable researchers 3908:Noticing hypothesis 3725:Error (linguistics) 3360:on 22 November 2009 3155:Childhood Education 2977:European Parliament 2913:strategy of reading 2352:New York: Springer. 2108:, native language, 1743:literal translation 1738:literal translation 1631:Teaching strategies 1570:Learning vocabulary 1522:Learning strategies 1504:Instituto Cervantes 1304:grammar translation 1241:taught as a second 1118:applied linguistics 934:(Kubota, 1998) and 903:applied linguistics 700:Religious education 455:Systemic functional 250:Applied linguistics 192:General linguistics 7566:Language education 7325:Sandwich technique 7254:Language immersion 7178:Language education 7115:Schools portal 6584:Dominican Republic 5779:Education in Asia 5106:Tertiary education 5044:Learning resources 4535:Education sciences 3903:Interface position 3754:Linguistic factors 3658:Classroom research 3577:EF Education First 3558:Language Education 3284:Language Policy, 3 2806:"Google Translate" 2742:on 9 February 2013 2587:on 9 February 2013 1826:Language immersion 1681:Sandwich technique 1675:Sandwich technique 1648:distance education 1625:Germanic languages 1326:language immersion 1262: 1181:Leonard Bloomfield 1122: 999:John Amos Comenius 891:Language education 812:Discourse analysis 718:Curricular domains 640:Education sciences 635:Curriculum studies 560:Theory of language 530:Origin of language 485:Autonomy of syntax 440:Grammaticalization 286:Discourse analysis 281:Corpus linguistics 7553: 7552: 7376:Language transfer 7239:Extensive reading 7144: 7143: 7098: 7097: 7094: 7093: 7066:other territories 6975: 6974: 6967:Wallis and Futuna 6912:Clipperton Island 6870:Associated states 6777: 6776: 6666:other territories 6525: 6524: 6152: 6151: 6089:other territories 5772: 5771: 5703:other territories 5476:Equatorial Guinea 5365: 5364: 5340: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5331: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5322: 5321: 5259: 5258: 5254: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5245: 5244: 5200: 5199: 5195: 5194: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5185: 5143: 5142: 5138: 5137: 5096:Primary education 5067: 5066: 4956:Dialogic learning 4926:Teacher retention 4879:Critical thinking 4874:Class arrangement 4843:Special education 4518:Standardized test 4501:Course evaluation 4394: 4393: 4356:Language Learning 3946:Input enhancement 3863:Competition model 3761:Language transfer 3694:Heritage language 3567:Language Academia 3523:Granger, Sylviane 3505:978-1-5275-2288-6 3037:Teaching English. 2901:focused listening 2827:"Bing Translator" 2465:Richards, Jack C. 2291:Linguistic rights 1888:Elderly education 1783:attached before: 1577:spaced repetition 1564:language exchange 1430:Language exchange 1197:universal grammar 1188:Emile B. De Sauzé 1137:(1860–1943), and 1107: 1106: 1099: 1081:, as appropriate. 907:interdisciplinary 888: 887: 705:Teacher education 685:Special education 680:School counseling 615: 614: 403:Distributionalism 346:Psycholinguistics 144: 143: 136: 118: 18:Language teaching 16:(Redirected from 7578: 7489:H. Douglas Brown 7294:TPR Storytelling 7269:Natural approach 7259:Lexical approach 7171: 7164: 7157: 7148: 7134: 7133: 7124: 7123: 7113: 7112: 7111: 7086: 7074:Falkland Islands 6988:Sovereign states 6977: 6957:Pitcairn Islands 6927:French Polynesia 6907:Christmas Island 6836:Papua New Guinea 6816:Marshall Islands 6789:Sovereign states 6779: 6734:Saint Barthélemy 6664:Dependencies and 6537:Sovereign states 6527: 6462:Dependencies and 6166:Sovereign states 6154: 6142: 6132: 6131: 6101:Christmas Island 5787:Sovereign states 5774: 5764: 5763:(United Kingdom) 5759:Tristan da Cunha 5755:Ascension Island 5747: 5734: 5725: 5701:Dependencies and 5394:Sovereign states 5382: 5371: 5354: 5302: 5297: 5272:Higher education 5268: 5263: 5227: 5222: 5213:Secondary school 5209: 5204: 5170: 5165: 5152: 5147: 5118: 5113: 5087: 5073: 5001:Student-centered 4986:Phenomenon-based 4976:Peer instruction 4941:Blended learning 4864:Bloom's taxonomy 4828:Gifted education 4823:Education reform 4655:Computer science 4436: 4421: 4414: 4407: 4398: 4361:Language Testing 3933:In the classroom 3888:Input hypothesis 3708:Learner language 3699:Multi-competence 3611: 3604: 3597: 3588: 3544:, 12(1), 80–97. 3521:Meunier, Fanny; 3416: 3410: 3404: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3359: 3352: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3304:on 14 March 2008 3293: 3287: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3230: 3224: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3049: 3043: 3035:"Backchaining." 3033: 3027: 3019:"Backchaining." 3017: 3011: 3010: 2992: 2981: 2980: 2974: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2764:. Language Guide 2762:"Language Guide" 2758: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2694:. 15 August 2013 2688: 2682: 2640:Amazing Hear-Say 2637: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2603: 2597: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2535: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2508: 2498: 2487: 2486: 2471:. Cambridge UK: 2461: 2446: 2445: 2440:Jemu, Nenchuli. 2437: 2431: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2414:"Amarna Letters" 2409: 2403: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2383: 2377: 2359: 2353: 2346: 2340: 2333: 1822:teaching methods 1747:interlinear text 1699:learned language 1642:Blended learning 1636:Blended learning 1607:Paderborn method 1481:Web conferencing 1464:Speech synthesis 1443:language schools 1338:natural approach 1247:English speakers 1102: 1095: 1091: 1088: 1082: 1054: 1053: 1046: 964:English language 905:, but can be an 899:foreign language 880: 873: 866: 736:Computer science 695:Female education 690:Gifted education 617: 607: 600: 593: 579: 525:LGBT linguistics 515:Internationalism 490:Compositionality 351:Sociolinguistics 326:Neurolinguistics 321:Interlinguistics 306:Ethnomethodology 148: 139: 132: 128: 125: 119: 117: 76: 52: 44: 21: 7586: 7585: 7581: 7580: 7579: 7577: 7576: 7575: 7556: 7555: 7554: 7549: 7518: 7514:Scott Thornbury 7509:Stephen Krashen 7472: 7446: 7407:Washback effect 7390: 7386:World Englishes 7344: 7340:Information gap 7308: 7180: 7175: 7145: 7140: 7109: 7107: 7090: 7084: 7067: 7065: 7055: 6982: 6971: 6894: 6888: 6871: 6865: 6846:Solomon Islands 6784: 6773: 6667: 6665: 6658: 6532: 6521: 6505: 6463: 6457: 6443:Northern Cyprus 6425: 6419: 6340:North Macedonia 6161: 6148: 6120: 6088: 6079: 6060:Northern Cyprus 6046: 6039: 5781: 5768: 5767: 5762: 5745: 5732: 5723: 5704: 5702: 5695: 5679: 5677: 5670: 5389: 5376: 5361: 5360: 5341: 5332: 5323: 5315: 5308: 5286: 5274: 5255: 5246: 5238: 5233: 5215: 5196: 5187: 5179: 5174: 5158: 5139: 5131: 5124: 5080: 5063: 5017: 4936:Active learning 4931:Teaching method 4906:Learning theory 4847: 4813:Autodidacticism 4808:Adult education 4794: 4735:Performing arts 4616: 4523:Teacher quality 4513:Standards-based 4469: 4441: 4430: 4425: 4395: 4390: 4381:TESOL Quarterly 4334: 4313: 4292: 3981: 3950: 3927: 3849: 3818: 3775: 3749: 3735:Error treatment 3703: 3689:Multilingualism 3677: 3641: 3620: 3615: 3554: 3477: 3475:Further reading 3425: 3420: 3419: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3378: 3377: 3373: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3350: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3330: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3307: 3305: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3281: 3277: 3267: 3265: 3264:on 4 April 2009 3255: 3254: 3250: 3240: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3215: 3211: 3201: 3199: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3034: 3030: 3018: 3014: 3007: 2994: 2993: 2984: 2972: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2923:Andrew Weiler: 2922: 2918: 2911:Andrew Weiler: 2910: 2906: 2899:Andrew Weiler: 2898: 2894: 2884: 2882: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2858: 2856: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2832: 2830: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2789: 2787: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2767: 2765: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2745: 2743: 2734: 2733: 2729: 2719: 2717: 2716:. 20 April 2013 2712: 2711: 2707: 2697: 2695: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2638: 2634: 2624: 2622: 2614: 2611:Wayback Machine 2604: 2600: 2590: 2588: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2564: 2562: 2557: 2556: 2552: 2542: 2540: 2533: 2529: 2528: 2524: 2517: 2500: 2499: 2490: 2483: 2463: 2462: 2449: 2439: 2438: 2434: 2424: 2422: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2396: 2394: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2360: 2356: 2347: 2343: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2281:Language policy 2226: 2119:second language 1969: 1956: 1935: 1930: 1905: 1903:Language school 1899: 1890: 1881: 1879:Adult education 1875: 1873:Adult education 1866: 1857: 1851: 1846: 1817: 1811: 1802: 1796: 1762: 1756: 1734: 1728: 1683: 1677: 1660: 1644: 1638: 1633: 1609: 1603: 1597: 1572: 1556: 1544: 1535: 1524: 1399: 1376: 1367: 1266:language school 1229: 1223: 1206: 1103: 1092: 1086: 1083: 1068: 1055: 1051: 1044: 1031: 977: 972: 919: 884: 822:Factor analysis 766:Performing arts 741:Early childhood 710:Teaching method 611: 570: 569: 480: 472: 471: 383: 375: 374: 370:Writing systems 261:Anthropological 251: 243: 242: 193: 185: 140: 129: 123: 120: 77: 75: 65: 53: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7584: 7582: 7574: 7573: 7568: 7558: 7557: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7526: 7524: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7480: 7478: 7474: 7473: 7471: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7454: 7452: 7448: 7447: 7445: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7398: 7396: 7392: 7391: 7389: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7352: 7350: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7316: 7314: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7306: 7304:Whole language 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7190: 7188: 7182: 7181: 7176: 7174: 7173: 7166: 7159: 7151: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7138: 7128: 7118: 7103: 7100: 7099: 7096: 7095: 7092: 7091: 7089: 7088: 7081: 7076: 7070: 7068: 7060: 7057: 7056: 7054: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6992: 6990: 6984: 6983: 6980: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6947:Norfolk Island 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6902:American Samoa 6898: 6896: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6886: 6881: 6875: 6873: 6872:of New Zealand 6867: 6866: 6864: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6792: 6790: 6786: 6785: 6782: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6754:Sint Eustatius 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6699:Cayman Islands 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6670: 6668: 6663: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6540: 6538: 6534: 6533: 6530: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6519: 6517:European Union 6513: 6511: 6510:Other entities 6507: 6506: 6504: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6467: 6465: 6464:other entities 6459: 6458: 6456: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6429: 6427: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6417: 6415:United Kingdom 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6228:Czech Republic 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6169: 6167: 6163: 6162: 6157: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6146: 6136: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6092: 6090: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6051: 6049: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5791: 5789: 5783: 5782: 5777: 5770: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5748: 5735: 5726: 5712:Canary Islands 5708: 5707: 5705: 5700: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5693: 5688: 5682: 5680: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5397: 5395: 5391: 5390: 5385: 5378: 5377: 5374: 5367: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5347: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5338: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5320: 5318: 5317: 5310: 5300: 5293: 5292: 5281: 5276: 5266: 5260: 5257: 5256: 5252: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5243: 5241: 5240: 5235: 5225: 5218: 5217: 5207: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5193: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5184: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5168: 5161: 5160: 5156:Primary school 5150: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5136: 5134: 5133: 5126: 5116: 5109: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5076: 5069: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5025: 5023: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5015: 5010: 5009: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4902: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4869:Cognitive load 4866: 4861: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4804: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4626: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4614: 4613: 4612: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4540:Evidence-based 4537: 4532: 4527: 4526: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4504: 4503: 4488: 4483: 4477: 4475: 4474:By perspective 4471: 4470: 4468: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4451: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4439: 4432: 4431: 4426: 4424: 4423: 4416: 4409: 4401: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4342: 4340: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4332: 4327: 4321: 4319: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4311: 4306: 4300: 4298: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4233:Silva-Corvalan 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4133:Larsen-Freeman 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3989: 3987: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3958: 3956: 3955:Aptitude tests 3952: 3951: 3949: 3948: 3943: 3937: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3859: 3857: 3855:SLA hypotheses 3851: 3850: 3848: 3847: 3842: 3840:Code-switching 3837: 3832: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3785: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3757: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3730:Error analysis 3727: 3722: 3717: 3711: 3709: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3685: 3683: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3639: 3634: 3628: 3626: 3622: 3621: 3616: 3614: 3613: 3606: 3599: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3553: 3552:External links 3550: 3549: 3548: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3519: 3507: 3497: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3471: 3464: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3432: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3417: 3405: 3396: 3371: 3338: 3315: 3288: 3275: 3248: 3225: 3209: 3187: 3164: 3141: 3132:Education Week 3118: 3099:(4): 465–479. 3079: 3044: 3028: 3012: 3005: 2982: 2961: 2948:(2): 288–298. 2928: 2916: 2904: 2892: 2866: 2854:iT's Magazines 2840: 2818: 2797: 2775: 2753: 2727: 2705: 2683: 2632: 2598: 2581:"Good Accents" 2572: 2550: 2522: 2515: 2488: 2481: 2447: 2432: 2404: 2378: 2369:(2), 266–268. 2354: 2341: 2327: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2241:Eikaiwa school 2238: 2233: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2221: 2220: 2210: 2201: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2165: 2159: 2150: 2141: 2132: 2122: 2112: 2106:first language 2099: 2090: 2084: 2078: 2072: 2063: 2057: 2051: 2045: 2036: 2030: 2024: 2018: 2012: 2003: 1997: 1988: 1979: 1968: 1965: 1955: 1952: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1898: 1895: 1889: 1886: 1874: 1871: 1865: 1862: 1853:Main article: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1813:Main article: 1810: 1807: 1800:Code switching 1798:Main article: 1795: 1794:Code switching 1792: 1758:Main article: 1755: 1752: 1730:Main article: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1679:Main article: 1676: 1673: 1659: 1658:Skill teaching 1656: 1640:Main article: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1613:L. L. Zamenhof 1605:Main article: 1599:Main article: 1596: 1589: 1571: 1568: 1555: 1552: 1548:Parallel texts 1543: 1540: 1534: 1531: 1523: 1520: 1508: 1507: 1492:virtual worlds 1484: 1478: 1467: 1461: 1458: 1447: 1446: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1414: 1413: 1409: 1406: 1398: 1395: 1375: 1372: 1366: 1363: 1358: 1357: 1314: 1311: 1295: 1294: 1290: 1287: 1254:private school 1225:Main article: 1222: 1219: 1205: 1202: 1200:between them. 1135:Otto Jespersen 1125:Jean Manesca, 1105: 1104: 1065:of the subject 1063:worldwide view 1058: 1056: 1049: 1043: 1040: 1030: 1027: 990:Amarna letters 976: 973: 971: 968: 918: 915: 886: 885: 883: 882: 875: 868: 860: 857: 856: 855: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 817:Evidence-based 814: 809: 804: 796: 795: 791: 790: 789: 788: 783: 778: 776:Social science 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 720: 719: 715: 714: 713: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 629: 628: 624: 623: 613: 612: 610: 609: 602: 595: 587: 584: 583: 572: 571: 568: 567: 562: 557: 552: 550:Prescriptivism 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 481: 478: 477: 474: 473: 470: 469: 464: 463: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 417: 416: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 384: 381: 380: 377: 376: 373: 372: 367: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 252: 249: 248: 245: 244: 241: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 194: 191: 190: 187: 186: 184: 183: 178: 173: 167: 164: 163: 157: 156: 142: 141: 56: 54: 47: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7583: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7527: 7525: 7521: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7475: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7455: 7453: 7449: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7393: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7371:Interlanguage 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7347: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7330:Back-chaining 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7311: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7279:Suggestopedia 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7229:Direct Method 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7191: 7189: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7172: 7167: 7165: 7160: 7158: 7153: 7152: 7149: 7137: 7129: 7127: 7119: 7117: 7116: 7105: 7104: 7101: 7087: 7082: 7080: 7079:French Guiana 7077: 7075: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7063: 7058: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6993: 6991: 6989: 6985: 6978: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6942:New Caledonia 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6922:Easter Island 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6891: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6868: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6787: 6780: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6661: 6655: 6654:United States 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6535: 6528: 6518: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6508: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6476:Faroe Islands 6474: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6460: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6448:South Ossetia 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6422: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6300:Liechtenstein 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6155: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6135: 6127: 6126: 6123: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6086: 6082: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6070:South Ossetia 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6042: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5775: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5749: 5743: 5739: 5736: 5730: 5727: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5706: 5698: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5673: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5516:Guinea-Bissau 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5383: 5379: 5372: 5368: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5319: 5314: 5311: 5307: 5306:Undergraduate 5304: 5303: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5290: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5261: 5242: 5236: 5232: 5231:Middle school 5229: 5228: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5205: 5202: 5183: 5177: 5172: 5171: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5148: 5145: 5135: 5130: 5127: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5111: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5079: 5074: 5070: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5014: 5011: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4996:Project-based 4994: 4992: 4991:Problem-based 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4951:Demonstration 4949: 4947: 4946:Contemplative 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4850: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4833:Homeschooling 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4797: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4680:Environmental 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4619: 4611: 4608: 4607: 4606: 4605:Instructional 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4508:Psychometrics 4506: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4472: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4444: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4422: 4417: 4415: 4410: 4408: 4403: 4402: 4399: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4376:TESOL Journal 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4337: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4316: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4188:Myers-Scotton 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3984: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3941:Focus on form 3939: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3930: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3873:Connectionism 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3821: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3746: 3745:Silent period 3743: 3741: 3740:Interlanguage 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3706: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3612: 3607: 3605: 3600: 3598: 3593: 3592: 3589: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3518: 3514: 3513: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3463:(2), 266–268. 3462: 3458: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3409: 3406: 3400: 3397: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3375: 3372: 3356: 3349: 3342: 3339: 3326: 3319: 3316: 3303: 3299: 3292: 3289: 3286:(2), 181–201. 3285: 3279: 3276: 3263: 3259: 3252: 3249: 3236: 3229: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3217:Ingrid Piller 3213: 3210: 3197: 3191: 3188: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3168: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3145: 3142: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3122: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3083: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3060:(2): 91–106. 3059: 3055: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3008: 3006:968-6820-12-4 3002: 2998: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2971: 2965: 2962: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2896: 2893: 2881: 2877: 2870: 2867: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2841: 2828: 2822: 2819: 2807: 2801: 2798: 2785: 2779: 2776: 2763: 2757: 2754: 2741: 2737: 2731: 2728: 2715: 2709: 2706: 2693: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2680:1-59125-351-9 2677: 2673: 2672:1-59125-349-7 2669: 2665: 2664:1-59125-353-5 2661: 2657: 2656:1-59125-350-0 2653: 2649: 2648:1-56015-677-5 2645: 2641: 2636: 2633: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2602: 2599: 2586: 2582: 2576: 2573: 2560: 2554: 2551: 2539: 2538:www.actfl.org 2532: 2526: 2523: 2518: 2516:0-912066-22-9 2512: 2507: 2506: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2482:0-521-00843-3 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2436: 2433: 2421: 2420: 2415: 2408: 2405: 2393: 2389: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2358: 2355: 2351: 2345: 2342: 2338: 2332: 2329: 2322: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2276:Language MOOC 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2110:mother tongue 2107: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1971: 1970: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1932: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1904: 1896: 1894: 1887: 1885: 1880: 1872: 1870: 1863: 1861: 1856: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1830:United States 1827: 1823: 1816: 1808: 1806: 1801: 1793: 1791: 1790: 1789:Mus-sorg-sky. 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1761: 1760:Back-chaining 1754:Back-chaining 1753: 1751: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1733: 1725: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1703: 1700: 1696: 1695:mother tongue 1692: 1688: 1682: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1649: 1643: 1635: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1608: 1602: 1594: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1541: 1539: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1452: 1451: 1450: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1402: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1380: 1373: 1371: 1364: 1362: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1334:suggestopedia 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1318:direct method 1315: 1312: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1259: 1258:Massachusetts 1255: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1210: 1209:and Science. 1203: 1201: 1198: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1182: 1176: 1173: 1168: 1162: 1160: 1159:direct method 1156: 1152: 1146: 1142: 1140: 1139:Harold Palmer 1136: 1133:(1845–1912), 1132: 1129:(1803–1865), 1128: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1101: 1098: 1090: 1087:November 2010 1080: 1076: 1072: 1066: 1064: 1057: 1048: 1047: 1041: 1039: 1037: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1020: 1015: 1011: 1006: 1004: 1000: 995: 991: 987: 981: 974: 969: 967: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 924: 923:globalization 916: 914: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 881: 876: 874: 869: 867: 862: 861: 859: 858: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 837:Meta-analysis 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 799: 798: 797: 792: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 723: 722: 721: 716: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 665: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 632: 631: 630: 625: 622: 618: 608: 603: 601: 596: 594: 589: 588: 586: 585: 582: 578: 574: 573: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 500:Descriptivism 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 482: 476: 475: 468: 467:Structuralism 465: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 450:Prague circle 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 422: 421: 418: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 390: 389: 386: 385: 379: 378: 371: 368: 366: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 296:Documentation 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 271:Computational 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 253: 247: 246: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 195: 189: 188: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 168: 166: 165: 162: 158: 154: 150: 149: 146: 138: 135: 127: 116: 113: 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: – 84: 80: 79:Find sources: 73: 69: 63: 62: 57:This article 55: 51: 46: 45: 40: 33: 19: 7349:Key concepts 7244:Focal Skills 7177: 7106: 7062:Dependencies 6893:Dependencies 6879:Cook Islands 6759:Sint Maarten 6739:Saint Martin 6453:Transnistria 6085:Dependencies 6015:Turkmenistan 5980:Saudi Arabia 5751:Saint Helena 5722: 5626:South Africa 5616:Sierra Leone 5421:Burkina Faso 5313:Postgraduate 5129:Kindergarten 4981:Personalized 4961:Experiential 4921:Teacher look 4694: 4630:Agricultural 4486:Anthropology 4297:Associations 3541: 3511: 3467: 3460: 3456: 3408: 3399: 3380: 3374: 3362:. Retrieved 3355:the original 3341: 3329:. Retrieved 3318: 3306:. Retrieved 3302:the original 3291: 3283: 3278: 3266:. Retrieved 3262:the original 3251: 3239:. Retrieved 3228: 3212: 3200:. Retrieved 3190: 3181: 3177: 3167: 3158: 3154: 3144: 3135: 3131: 3121: 3096: 3092: 3082: 3057: 3053: 3047: 3036: 3031: 3020: 3015: 2996: 2976: 2964: 2945: 2941: 2931: 2919: 2907: 2895: 2883:. Retrieved 2879: 2869: 2857:. Retrieved 2853: 2843: 2831:. Retrieved 2821: 2809:. Retrieved 2800: 2788:. Retrieved 2778: 2766:. Retrieved 2756: 2744:. Retrieved 2740:the original 2730: 2718:. Retrieved 2708: 2696:. Retrieved 2686: 2639: 2635: 2623:. Retrieved 2619: 2607:Ghostarchive 2605:Archived at 2601: 2589:. Retrieved 2585:the original 2575: 2563:. Retrieved 2553: 2541:. Retrieved 2537: 2525: 2504: 2468: 2444:. Neelkamal. 2441: 2435: 2423:. Retrieved 2417: 2407: 2395:. Retrieved 2391: 2381: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2349: 2344: 2336: 2331: 2286:Lexicography 2203: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2176: 2167: 2161: 2152: 2143: 2134: 2124: 2114: 2101: 2092: 2086: 2080: 2074: 2065: 2059: 2053: 2047: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2005: 1999: 1990: 1981: 1972: 1961:learning 2.0 1957: 1936: 1922: 1906: 1891: 1882: 1867: 1858: 1818: 1803: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1770: 1766:polysyllabic 1763: 1735: 1704: 1684: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1652: 1645: 1610: 1593:propaedeutic 1573: 1557: 1545: 1536: 1525: 1509: 1448: 1434: 1415: 1400: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1368: 1359: 1296: 1281: 1273: 1270: 1263: 1211: 1207: 1204:21st century 1192:Noam Chomsky 1185: 1177: 1163: 1147: 1143: 1123: 1093: 1084: 1060: 1032: 1029:18th century 1024: 1017: 1007: 1002: 982: 978: 920: 890: 889: 750: 413:Glossematics 393:Constituency 365:interpreting 203:Lexicography 145: 130: 124:January 2021 121: 111: 104: 97: 90: 78: 66:Please help 61:verification 58: 7499:Jim Cummins 7186:Methodology 7136:WikiProject 6826:New Zealand 6729:Puerto Rico 6639:Saint Lucia 6589:El Salvador 6491:Isle of Man 6426:recognition 6400:Switzerland 6335:Netherlands 6144:Asia portal 6045:States with 5965:Philippines 5905:South Korea 5900:North Korea 5795:Afghanistan 5678:recognition 5631:South Sudan 5521:Ivory Coast 5237:High school 5034:Definitions 4911:Lesson plan 4800:Alternative 4705:Mathematics 4675:Engineering 4068:Ervin-Tripp 2829:. Microsoft 1824:by region. 1710:teacher of 1500:Second Life 1494:, commonly 1236:High school 1131:Henry Sweet 1114:Henry Sweet 956:Philippines 921:Increasing 832:Focus group 802:Case method 761:Mathematics 746:Engineering 627:Disciplines 565:Terminology 540:Orthography 460:Usage-based 361:Translating 256:Acquisition 161:Linguistics 7560:Categories 7523:Statistics 7494:Pit Corder 7484:Betty Azar 7477:Key people 7395:Assessment 7335:Dictogloss 7274:Silent way 6724:Montserrat 6719:Martinique 6714:Guadeloupe 6569:Costa Rica 6370:San Marino 6330:Montenegro 6310:Luxembourg 6290:Kazakhstan 6193:Azerbaijan 6025:Uzbekistan 6000:Tajikistan 5915:Kyrgyzstan 5895:Kazakhstan 5815:Bangladesh 5805:Azerbaijan 5733:(Portugal) 5691:Somaliland 5611:Seychelles 5576:Mozambique 5561:Mauritania 5546:Madagascar 5501:The Gambia 5436:Cape Verde 5289:Continuing 5279:Vocational 4884:Curriculum 4818:Democratic 4790:Vocational 4780:Technology 4740:Philosophy 4622:By subject 4600:Technology 4580:Psychology 4565:Philosophy 4555:Leadership 4496:Evaluation 4491:Assessment 4325:Coh-Metrix 4158:MacWhinney 3823:Strategies 3799:Motivation 3390:10125/5011 3184:: 233–238. 3161:: 172–173. 2561:. Lang1234 2425:3 November 2323:References 1901:See also: 1877:See also: 1785:-sorg-sky, 1773:Mussorgsky 1512:BBC Online 1330:Silent Way 954:, and the 786:Vocational 781:Technology 670:Technology 660:Psychology 655:Philosophy 645:Evaluation 535:Orismology 420:Functional 408:Generative 398:Dependency 218:Pragmatics 208:Morphology 198:Diachronic 94:newspapers 7504:Rod Ellis 7051:Venezuela 6996:Argentina 6796:Australia 6709:Greenland 6624:Nicaragua 6599:Guatemala 6481:Gibraltar 6305:Lithuania 6111:Hong Kong 6065:Palestine 5990:Sri Lanka 5985:Singapore 5865:Indonesia 5566:Mauritius 5122:Preschool 5022:Wikimedia 4760:Religious 4685:Euthenics 4670:Economics 4650:Chemistry 4640:Bilingual 4595:Sociology 4550:Inclusion 4530:Economics 4428:Education 4268:VanPatten 4083:van Geert 4003:Bialystok 3998:Argüelles 3668:Phonology 3663:Education 3653:Attrition 3646:Subfields 3113:147719529 3074:151966199 3021:Glossary. 2375:0026-7902 1838:Australia 1809:By region 1601:Esperanto 1514:, Book2, 1412:language. 1075:talk page 944:Singapore 510:Iconicity 505:Etymology 425:Cognitive 388:Formalist 341:Phonetics 331:Philology 223:Semantics 213:Phonology 7126:Category 7041:Suriname 7031:Paraguay 7016:Colombia 6811:Kiribati 6674:Anguilla 6609:Honduras 6579:Dominica 6554:Barbados 6501:Svalbard 6486:Guernsey 6433:Abkhazia 6385:Slovenia 6380:Slovakia 6355:Portugal 6213:Bulgaria 6134:Category 6055:Abkhazia 6005:Thailand 5960:Pakistan 5940:Mongolia 5935:Maldives 5930:Malaysia 5830:Cambodia 5757: / 5753: / 5746:(France) 5740: / 5718: / 5714: / 5666:Zimbabwe 5641:Tanzania 5491:Ethiopia 5486:Eswatini 5466:Djibouti 5431:Cameroon 5416:Botswana 5006:Socratic 4966:Feedback 4852:Concepts 4745:Physical 4715:Military 4695:Language 4645:Business 4585:Research 4575:Politics 4560:Pedagogy 4455:Glossary 4440:Overview 4339:Journals 4273:Verspoor 4213:Pimsleur 4178:Matthews 4098:Guardado 4093:Grosjean 4048:van Dijk 4013:Crossley 3993:Alderson 3682:Learners 2880:Le Monde 2746:5 August 2609:and the 2591:5 August 2397:5 August 2224:See also 1946:and the 1914:homestay 1909:holidays 1581:Duolingo 1473:such as 1306:and the 1251:American 1243:language 1157:and the 1069:You may 1005:, 1657. 986:Akkadian 952:Pakistan 948:Malaysia 756:Literacy 751:Language 731:Business 311:Forensic 291:Distance 238:Typology 153:a series 151:Part of 7422:DIALANG 7046:Uruguay 7021:Ecuador 7001:Bolivia 6962:Tokelau 6861:Vanuatu 6704:Curaçao 6689:Bonaire 6684:Bermuda 6614:Jamaica 6594:Grenada 6549:Bahamas 6410:Ukraine 6360:Romania 6320:Moldova 6278:Ireland 6273:Iceland 6268:Hungary 6258:Germany 6253:Georgia 6243:Finland 6238:Estonia 6233:Denmark 6218:Croatia 6203:Belgium 6198:Belarus 6188:Austria 6183:Armenia 6178:Andorra 6173:Albania 6030:Vietnam 5945:Myanmar 5925:Lebanon 5855:Georgia 5810:Bahrain 5800:Armenia 5742:Réunion 5738:Mayotte 5729:Madeira 5724:(Spain) 5720:Melilla 5651:Tunisia 5621:Somalia 5606:Senegal 5591:Nigeria 5581:Namibia 5571:Morocco 5536:Liberia 5531:Lesotho 5481:Eritrea 5451:Comoros 5426:Burundi 5401:Algeria 5309:→ 5284:Further 5239:→ 5234:→ 5216:→ 5180:→ 5175:→ 5159:→ 5132:→ 5125:→ 4971:Passive 4894:Studies 4775:Teacher 4765:Science 4755:Reading 4750:Physics 4725:Nursing 4710:Medical 4545:History 4465:Outline 4447:General 4309:EUROSLA 4253:Terrell 4228:Schmitt 4223:Schmidt 4173:Matsuda 4163:Manchón 4123:Krashen 4113:Johnson 4103:Harding 4053:Dörnyei 4023:Cumming 4008:Carroll 3977:CANAL-F 3673:Writing 3632:Outline 3625:General 3423:Sources 3364:26 June 3331:26 June 3308:26 June 3268:26 June 3241:26 June 3202:4 March 3138:: 1–17. 2885:15 July 2859:15 July 2768:17 July 2625:17 July 2565:17 July 2213:UNIcert 1712:English 1693:in the 1496:English 1239:Spanish 1172:Berlitz 970:History 794:Methods 771:Science 662: ( 650:History 266:Applied 176:History 171:Outline 108:scholar 7026:Guyana 7006:Brazil 6937:Hawaii 6856:Tuvalu 6629:Panama 6619:Mexico 6564:Canada 6559:Belize 6496:Jersey 6438:Kosovo 6405:Turkey 6395:Sweden 6375:Serbia 6365:Russia 6350:Poland 6345:Norway 6325:Monaco 6295:Latvia 6263:Greece 6248:France 6223:Cyprus 6075:Taiwan 6010:Turkey 5975:Russia 5910:Kuwait 5890:Jordan 5880:Israel 5840:Cyprus 5825:Brunei 5820:Bhutan 5761: 5744: 5731: 5661:Zambia 5656:Uganda 5596:Rwanda 5551:Malawi 5511:Guinea 5406:Angola 5356:Portal 5316: 5275: 5178:Junior 5173:Infant 5078:Stages 5054:Quotes 5039:Images 4899:Theory 4889:Hidden 4785:Values 4690:Health 4665:Design 4590:Rights 4570:Policy 4371:System 4258:Ullman 4243:Storch 4238:Slobin 4218:Rivers 4198:Ortega 4193:Nation 4183:Meisel 4168:Marian 4153:Mackey 4118:Kormos 4108:Jarvis 4043:Corder 4038:Bygate 4028:de Bot 4018:Csizér 3562:Curlie 3537:Press. 3533:Press. 3503: 3111: 3072: 3003: 2678: 2670: 2662: 2654: 2646: 2543:18 May 2513: 2479: 2373: 2093:IATEFL 1942:, the 1836:or in 1781:-sorg- 1708:German 1475:Moodle 1336:, the 1328:, the 1293:1980s. 1249:at an 895:second 852:Reform 664:school 581:Portal 479:Topics 228:Syntax 110: 103: 96: 89: 81: 7468:TESOL 7442:UCLES 7437:TOEIC 7432:TOEFL 7427:IELTS 7011:Chile 6851:Tonga 6841:Samoa 6831:Palau 6821:Nauru 6679:Aruba 6604:Haiti 6471:Åland 6390:Spain 6315:Malta 6285:Italy 6116:Macau 6035:Yemen 5995:Syria 5970:Qatar 5950:Nepal 5885:Japan 5860:India 5850:Egypt 5835:China 5716:Ceuta 5636:Sudan 5586:Niger 5541:Libya 5526:Kenya 5506:Ghana 5496:Gabon 5471:Egypt 5411:Benin 5059:Texts 5029:Books 4730:Peace 4720:Music 4700:Legal 4660:Death 4460:Index 4278:White 4248:Swain 4208:Polio 4148:Lowie 4128:Kroll 4088:Green 4073:Flynn 4063:Ellis 4058:Ellis 4033:Brown 3358:(PDF) 3351:(PDF) 3109:S2CID 3070:S2CID 2973:(PDF) 2833:3 May 2811:3 May 2790:8 May 2720:3 May 2698:3 May 2534:(PDF) 2183:TESOL 2177:TEFLA 2033:EAL/D 1832:, in 1777:-sky, 1077:, or 994:Latin 940:India 936:China 932:Japan 928:Korea 181:Index 115:JSTOR 101:books 7036:Peru 6932:Guam 6884:Niue 6806:Fiji 6749:Saba 6574:Cuba 5955:Oman 5920:Laos 5875:Iraq 5870:Iran 5646:Togo 5556:Mali 5446:Chad 5049:News 4283:Wray 4263:Vaid 4203:Pica 4143:Long 4078:Gass 3972:PLAB 3967:DLAB 3962:MLAT 3501:ISBN 3496:Ltd. 3366:2009 3333:2009 3310:2009 3270:2009 3243:2009 3204:2015 3001:ISBN 2887:2007 2861:2007 2835:2014 2813:2014 2792:2012 2770:2012 2748:2012 2722:2014 2700:2014 2676:ISBN 2668:ISBN 2660:ISBN 2652:ISBN 2644:ISBN 2627:2012 2593:2012 2567:2012 2545:2016 2511:ISBN 2477:ISBN 2427:2018 2399:2023 2371:ISSN 2204:TPRS 2189:TEYL 2168:TEFL 2162:TELL 2135:LOTE 2021:DELF 2015:DELE 2000:CELI 1991:CLIL 1982:CALL 1918:Peru 1834:Asia 1745:and 1585:Anki 1583:and 1490:and 1439:VoIP 1352:and 1214:LOTE 917:Need 726:Arts 363:and 356:Text 87:news 7064:and 6087:and 4770:Sex 4635:Art 4288:Yip 3560:at 3385:hdl 3101:doi 3062:doi 2950:doi 2195:TPR 2153:SLA 2144:MFL 2125:LDL 2087:HLL 2081:FLT 2075:FLL 2066:ESP 2060:ESL 2054:ELT 2048:ELL 2039:EAP 2027:EFL 2006:CLL 1973:ALL 1685:In 1256:in 960:GAO 897:or 70:by 7562:: 4138:Li 3525:, 3461:91 3459:, 3219:, 3180:. 3176:. 3159:23 3157:. 3153:. 3136:23 3134:. 3130:. 3107:. 3097:21 3095:. 3091:. 3068:. 3058:22 3056:. 2985:^ 2975:. 2946:13 2944:. 2940:. 2878:. 2852:. 2674:, 2666:, 2658:, 2650:, 2618:. 2613:: 2536:. 2491:^ 2475:. 2450:^ 2416:. 2390:. 2367:91 2365:, 2206:: 2197:: 2170:: 2155:: 2146:: 2137:: 2117:: 2115:L2 2104:: 2102:L1 2041:: 2008:: 1993:: 1984:: 1975:: 1840:. 1348:, 1344:, 1340:, 1332:, 1324:, 1279:. 1038:. 966:. 950:, 946:, 942:, 155:on 7170:e 7163:t 7156:v 5291:) 5287:( 4420:e 4413:t 4406:v 3610:e 3603:t 3596:v 3470:. 3393:. 3387:: 3368:. 3335:. 3312:. 3272:. 3245:. 3206:. 3182:8 3115:. 3103:: 3076:. 3064:: 3009:. 2958:. 2952:: 2889:. 2863:. 2837:. 2815:. 2794:. 2772:. 2750:. 2724:. 2702:. 2629:. 2595:. 2569:. 2547:. 2519:. 2485:. 2429:. 2401:. 2219:. 2131:) 1356:. 1310:. 1260:. 1100:) 1094:( 1089:) 1085:( 1067:. 879:e 872:t 865:v 666:) 606:e 599:t 592:v 137:) 131:( 126:) 122:( 112:· 105:· 98:· 91:· 64:. 41:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.