93:
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78:
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Whether religious objects or not, the axes must have been of high value, given that they have been "traded" so widely. Some axes appear worn whilst others appear unused, again implying that they were regarded as sacred objects or, perhaps, simply as a display of visible wealth. Some though were used
398:
The
Langdale industry was one of many which extracted hard stone for manufacture into polished axes. The Neolithic period was a time of settlement on the land, and the development of farming on a large scale. Maintenance of the forest cover was necessary in order to plant crops and rear animals, so
539:
An attempt to schedule the sites as ancient monuments in the 1980s was thwarted by the lack of reliable mapping. However, English
Heritage has been considering questions on how the sites should be managed. Particular attention has been paid to the siting of footpaths to avoid damage to axeworking
509:
which used a similar rock until relatively recent times. The variety of rocks used in polished tools and other artefacts is evident in museum collections, not all of the sources of the rocks having been positively identified. Taking sections is necessarily destructive of part of the artefact, and
364:
with fantastic swirling patterns that had been brought out by polishing – but this axe was totally impractical as the patterns were fault lines, making the flint very fragile. However, it must have been valued by its owner and/or maker, bearing in mind the work involved in making it. These facts
535:
The altitude and rough terrain of the archaeological sites have protected them from types of damage caused by human settlement in lowland areas. However, Great
Langdale is much visited by walkers. People have removed axes (although current thinking is that they should be left in situ) and have
344:
The stone axes from
Langdale have been found at archaeological sites across Britain and Ireland. An unusual concentration of finds occurs in the East of England, particularly Lincolnshire. Francis Pryor attributes this to these axes being particularly valued in this region. He mentions possible
645:
352:
Of all the
Neolithic polished stone axes that have been examined in the UK, around 27% come from the Langdale region. This is notable considering there were over 30 sources of material for stone axes from Cornwall to northern Scotland and Ireland.
327:
have been found nearby at
Ehenside tarn, for example where the rough-outs were polished. Large fixed outcrops were also widely used for polishing, and there are numerous examples across Europe, but relatively few in Britain. That at
921:
713:
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present at sharp corners, holes and other defects in the axe surface. Removing those defects by polishing makes the axe much stronger, and able to withstand impact and shock loads from use.
1038:
994:
824:
776:
280:
in the western fringes of the Lake
District, and all were traded on throughout Britain and Ireland. The Langdale tuff was among the most common of the various rocks used to make axes in the
469:, and similar working areas to Langdale have been found there. Many other locations for production of axes have been suggested (but not always found) across the country including
365:
suggest various interpretations of the purpose of the
Langdale axes, which were both beautiful and practical, as well as being traded many miles from their place of production.
132:. The existence of the site, which dates from around 4,000–3,500 BC, was suggested by chance discoveries in the 1930s. More systematic investigations were undertaken by
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1380:
3138:
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religious significance of the axes, perhaps related to the high peaks from which they came. He compares this with confirmed
Neolithic flint mines which, apart from
204:
used for the axes outcrops along a narrow range of the highest peaks in the locality. Other outcrops in the area are known to have been worked, especially on
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2603:
3235:
2926:
2377:
687:
3265:
276:
produced roughly hewn (or so-called "rough-outs") axes and simple blocks. The highly polished final product were usually made elsewhere, such as at
21:
1081:
Houlder, C. H. (1979). "The
Langdale and Scafell Pike Axe Factory Sites: A Field Survey". In Cummins, W. A. & Clough, T. H. McK. (eds.).
510:
thus discouraged by many museums. Likewise, the rocks or anvils used to polish the axes are rare in Britain but common in France and Sweden.
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92:
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as practical tools. The shape of the polished axes suggests that they were bound in wooden staves and used for forest clearance.
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at the Langdale stone axe factory site suggests that it was in operation for about 1,000 years during the Neolithic period.
193:. The nature and extent of the axe-flaking sites making up the Langdale Axe Factory complex are still under investigation.
2736:
2266:
1526:
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Recent research has shown that Langdale tuff was used for tools before the Neolithic 'axe factories' were established. In
399:
axes were a staple tool, not just for clearance but also for wood working timber for houses, boats and other structures.
2731:
2271:
1744:
1303:
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272:. They have been able to reconstruct the production methods and trade patterns employed by the axe makers. The Langdale
264:
Archaeologists are able to identify the unique nature of the Langdale stone by taking sections and examining them using
3240:
1697:
1594:
212:
where rough-outs and flakes have been found on platforms below the peaks at and above the 2000- or 3000-foot level.
181:
suitable for making polished stone axes. Such axes have been found distributed across Great Britain. The rock is an
3250:
2999:
2800:
1082:
2711:
2620:
1202:"Tuff, Flint, and Hazelnuts: Final Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Occupation at Netherhall Road, Maryport, Cumbria"
434:
2994:
2086:
1631:
809:
174:
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sites. Since the 1990s eroded paths in the Lake District, including Great Langdale, have been repaired by a "
3111:
3021:
2193:
1960:
1779:
1712:
1444:
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when used against wood. Fractures occur more easily in brittle materials like stone when rough owing to the
273:
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and others in the 1940s and 1950s, since when several field surveys of varying scope have been carried out.
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3073:
2679:
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1995:
1834:
1471:
1405:
1389:
2141:
2938:
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2748:
2441:
2367:
2136:
2074:
1950:
1891:
1437:
1169:
721:
589:
3155:
3150:
3133:
3128:
3106:
2896:
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2259:
2052:
1737:
1707:
1536:
1479:
730:
646:"The Neolithic Quarries and Axe Factory Sites of Great Langdale and Scafell Pike: A New Field Survey"
424:
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was probably the most widely used, simply because it was available from numerous flint mines in the
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2030:
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1945:
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953:
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677:
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349:(where flint of exceptionally high quality was mined), were all at prominent elevated locations.
194:
714:"New Radiocarbon Dates Show Early Neolithic Date of Flint-mining and Stone Quarrying in Britain"
249:
3187:
3177:
3167:
3116:
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1985:
1970:
1955:
1935:
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greenstone quarried or perhaps just collected from the scree slopes in the Langdale Valley on
96:
Neolithic stone axe from Langdale with well preserved handle, found at Ehenside Tarn near the
288:
was also commonly used to make polished axes, and mined at several places, but especially at
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3182:
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2615:
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81:
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1918:
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66:
505:. The industry was also widely developed elsewhere in the world, such as in Australia at
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1871:
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125:
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85:
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2168:
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2008:
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1511:
1506:
1484:
1237:
1046:
Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society
1002:
Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society
957:
905:
832:
Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society
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Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society
758:
681:
599:
552:
541:
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Current thinking links the manufacturers of the axes to some of the first Neolithic
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information about the stone axes that the Tullie House Museum has in its collection
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458:
423:
could also be used as small knives, arrowheads and other small sharp tools such as
361:
329:
254:
224:
209:
167:
3026:
268:. The minerals in the rock have a characteristic pattern, using a method known as
336:
is an exception, but there must be many more awaiting discovery and publication.
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156:
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62:
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2148:
2013:
1975:
1876:
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1400:
1084:
Stone Axe Studies: Archaeological, Petrological, Experimental and Ethnographic
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665:
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228:
160:
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36:
23:
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320:
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243:
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117:
56:
51:
1090:. Council for British Archaeology Research Reports. Vol. 23. London:
2842:
2778:
2583:
2323:
2318:
2226:
2101:
1923:
1886:
1866:
1358:
1147:
Axe Working Sites on Path Renewal Schemes, Central Lake District, Cumbria
980:
Journal of the Fell & Rock Climbing Club of the English Lake District
482:
478:
416:
412:
404:
312:
293:
216:
198:
163:
140:
777:"A stone-axe factory site, Pike o' Stickle, Great Langdale, Westmorland"
742:
383:
2904:
2810:
2696:
2654:
2630:
2410:
2216:
2126:
1980:
1881:
1839:
1702:
1621:
1574:
1562:
450:
373:
333:
220:
182:
97:
1171:
Neolithic Britain: New Stone Age Sites of England, Scotland, and Wales
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2649:
2509:
2487:
2340:
2276:
2221:
1611:
1589:
1557:
1531:
1214:
1201:
922:"A Stone-Axe Factory at Pike of Stickle, Great Langdale, Westmorland"
148:
1100:
1058:
1014:
844:
796:
139:
Typical finds include reject axes, rough-outs and blades created by
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2057:
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372:
285:
248:
237:
144:
91:
76:
61:
50:
643:
Claris, Philip; Quartermaine, James & Woolley, A. R. (1989).
559:, Carlisle, and in other collections such as the British Museum.
2984:
2945:
2625:
2425:
2281:
2211:
2131:
2003:
1516:
201:
2552:
2191:
1457:
1362:
2588:
2296:
2062:
2020:
1039:"Excavations on a Langdale axe chipping site in 1969 and 1970"
360:
Francis Pryor discusses a flint axe that he found north of
1242:
Britain BC: Life in Britain and Ireland Before the Romans
73:. The central scree run has produced many rough-out axes.
536:
caused inadvertent damage to stone scatters by walking.
441:
in Australia where stone axes were made in recent times
1290:
Article on Castlerigg and the axe industry of Langdale
884:(2). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 238–239.
449:
Grooves used for polishing the edges of stone axes,
307:
Polishing the rough surfaces will have improved the
223:) it was selected for tool manufacture in the Final
3082:
2895:
2722:
2569:
2434:
2398:
2247:
2204:
1994:
1825:
1798:
1723:
1640:
1545:
1470:
457:But other hard and tough stones were used, such as
1168:
920:
868:
660:(1). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 1–25.
644:
1354:Megalithic portal article on Langdale axe factory
870:"Further Notes on the Great Langdale Axe-factory"
704:; Teather, Anne; Baczkowski, Jon; Bevan, Andrew;
1156:. Issue No. 2008-2009/903 (OAN Job No. L10032).
995:"Stone Axe Factory Sites in the Cumbrian Fells"
936:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 1–20.
712:; Pope, Alexander & Schauer, Peter (2020).
1134:. Issue No. 2005-2006/452 (OAN Job No. L9589).
1374:
982:. Vol. 16, no. 2. pp. 121–124.
638:
636:
8:
159:have also been found in the scree and other
116:) is the name given by archaeologists to a
2566:
2549:
2201:
2188:
1646:
1467:
1454:
1381:
1367:
1359:
1266:"Ancient monuments - The Heritage Journal"
919:Bunch, Brian & Fell, Clare I. (1949).
551:Langdale axes are displayed in Cumbria at
419:. Blades from roughing-out from flint and
1213:
1099:
1057:
1013:
843:
795:
729:(1). Cambridge University Press: 75–105.
323:was usually used for polishing axes, and
1304:Axeworking sites on path renewal schemes
1200:Clarke, Ann & Kirby, Magnus (2022).
284:period, and are known as Group VI axes.
3261:History of mining in the United Kingdom
632:
611:
387:The Malone hoard of polished axes from
1175:. London: Routledge. pp. 60, 62.
973:"The Great Langdale Stone Axe Factory"
930:Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society
878:Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society
825:"The Great Langdale stone-axe factory"
654:Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society
173:The area has outcrops of fine-grained
69:on the left, from the summit cairn of
1299:
1297:
1125:Stickle Tarn, Great Langdale, Cumbria
1112:– via Archaeology Data Service.
1070:– via Archaeology Data Service.
1026:– via Archaeology Data Service.
856:– via Archaeology Data Service.
166:from the industry such as blades and
143:large lumps of the rock found in the
7:
557:Tullie House Museum and Art Gallery
88:, in the right centre of the group
14:
3236:Archaeological cultures of Europe
2505:Megalithic architectural elements
569:
3266:Archaeological sites in Cumbria
3124:Evolutionary origin of religion
1316:"National Importance Programme"
1092:Council for British Archaeology
686:(For accompanying material see
311:of the axe as well as lowering
296:, and in continental Europe at
507:Mount William stone axe quarry
439:Mount William stone axe quarry
1:
2737:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
2267:British megalith architecture
2732:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
2272:Nordic megalith architecture
708:; Cook, Gordon; Kerig, Tim;
497:axes were exported from the
1037:Clough, T. H. McK. (1973).
619:Artefact number POA.190.6.
3287:
3256:Stone Age sites in England
2880:British Isles and Brittany
2801:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
1167:Castleden, Rodney (1992).
2565:
2548:
2200:
2187:
1649:
1466:
1453:
1396:
1145:Schofield, Peter (2009).
1123:Schofield, Peter (2005).
942:10.1017/S0079497X00019149
890:10.1017/S0079497X00017710
666:10.1017/S0079497X00005326
493:. It is also likely that
257:, seen from neighbouring
197:has established that the
1154:Oxford Archaeology North
1132:Oxford Archaeology North
810:Archaeology Data Service
16:Stone tool manufacturing
3112:Evolutionary musicology
2515:Oldest extant buildings
2442:Archaeological features
1961:Prepared-core technique
1320:english-heritage.org.uk
867:Fell, Clare I. (1955).
544:" project in which the
378:Castlerigg Stone Circle
3246:History of Westmorland
3074:Unchambered long cairn
2922:Mound Builders culture
2255:Neolithic architecture
1390:Prehistoric technology
548:is the major partner.
454:
442:
395:
380:
261:
246:
120:centre of specialised
105:
89:
74:
59:
2749:List of Stone Age art
1951:Microblade technology
1899:Langdale axe industry
1497:Ard / plough
1152:(Report). Lancaster:
1130:(Report). Lancaster:
993:Plint, R. G. (1962).
971:Plint, R. G. (1952).
448:
437:
386:
376:
317:stress concentrations
252:
242:Pike of Stickle from
241:
234:Petrographic analysis
147:or perhaps by simple
110:Langdale axe industry
95:
84:, the highest of the
80:
65:
54:
3156:Prehistoric medicine
3151:Prehistoric counting
3134:Prehistoric religion
3129:Paleolithic religion
3107:Behavioral modernity
2464:Causewayed enclosure
2356:Abri de la Madeleine
1480:Neolithic Revolution
1206:Internet Archaeology
823:Fell, Clare (1950).
710:Parker Pearson, Mike
700:Edinborough, Kevan;
340:Distribution and use
128:area of the English
3195:Prehistoric warfare
1941:Magdalenian culture
1904:Levallois technique
1835:Earliest toolmaking
790:. Kendal: 214–215.
743:10.1017/RDC.2019.85
735:2020Radcb..62...75E
309:mechanical strength
33: /
3241:History of Cumbria
3146:Origin of language
3139:Spiritual drug use
3049:Rectangular dolmen
2951:Dartmoor kistvaens
2764:Carved stone balls
2476:Circular enclosure
2435:Other architecture
2378:Alp pile dwellings
1966:Solutrean industry
1877:Gravettian culture
1527:Secondary products
1244:. Harper Collins.
1094:. pp. 87–89.
595:History of Cumbria
514:Radiocarbon dating
455:
443:
396:
381:
262:
247:
195:Geological mapping
124:production in the
106:
100:coast (now in the
90:
75:
60:
3251:Stone Age Britain
3223:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3168:Prehistoric music
3117:music archaeology
2774:Cup and ring mark
2599:Clothing/textiles
2544:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2178:
1986:Yubetsu technique
1971:Striking platform
1936:Lithic technology
1821:
1820:
1806:Game drive system
1725:Projectile points
1617:Mortar and pestle
1052:. Kendal: 25–46.
3278:
3183:Divje Babe flute
3090:Archaeoastronomy
2833:Petrosomatoglyph
2567:
2550:
2399:Water management
2202:
2189:
2092:Denticulate tool
1914:Lithic reduction
1647:
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1215:10.11141/ia.59.4
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1187:Internet Archive
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1103:
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1028:
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1008:. Kendal: 1–21.
999:
990:
984:
983:
977:
968:
962:
961:
927:
924:
916:
910:
909:
875:
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838:. Kendal: 1–13.
829:
820:
814:
813:
799:
781:
769:
763:
762:
718:
706:Bradley, Richard
702:Shennan, Stephen
697:
691:
690:of same volume).
685:
651:
648:
640:
621:
616:
579:
574:
573:
523:such as that at
487:Charnwood Forest
300:in Belgium, and
206:Harrison Stickle
187:Harrison Stickle
82:Harrison Stickle
48:
47:
45:
44:
43:
38:
37:54.447°N 3.064°W
34:
31:
30:
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26:
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3225:
3224:
3211:
3078:
3064:Stone box grave
3034:Megalithic tomb
2939:Cotswold-Severn
2891:
2796:Guardian stones
2724:Prehistoric art
2718:
2561:
2536:
2525:Timber trackway
2430:
2394:
2390:Wattle and daub
2243:
2222:Standing stones
2196:
2175:
1990:
1817:
1794:
1719:
1636:
1546:Food processing
1541:
1490:New World crops
1462:
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1101:10.5284/1081696
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1059:10.5284/1062063
1041:
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1015:10.5284/1062406
997:
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102:British Museum
86:Langdale Pikes
71:Pike of Blisco
42:54.447; -3.064
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2985:Funeral pyre
2978:Great dolmen
2934:Chamber tomb
2915:Round barrow
2870:Stone circle
2742:Blombos Cave
2670:Grooved ware
2594:Chalcolithic
2498:Thornborough
2416:Flush toilet
2351:Blombos Cave
2346:Rock shelter
2302:Quiggly hole
2194:Architecture
2169:illustration
1898:
1811:Buffalo jump
1632:Storage pits
1595:Aşıklı Höyük
1585:Ground stone
1421:Subdivisions
1335:
1323:. Retrieved
1319:
1310:
1285:
1273:. Retrieved
1269:
1260:
1241:
1232:
1205:
1195:
1185:– via
1170:
1162:
1140:
1118:
1083:
1076:
1049:
1045:
1032:
1005:
1001:
988:
979:
966:
933:
929:
914:
881:
877:
862:
835:
831:
818:
808:– via
787:
783:
767:
726:
720:
695:
688:Supplement 1
657:
653:
614:
550:
538:
534:
531:Conservation
518:
512:
456:
397:
362:Peterborough
359:
355:
351:
343:
330:Fyfield Down
306:
263:
255:Scafell Pike
225:Palaeolithic
214:
210:Scafell Pike
172:
157:Hammerstones
138:
113:
109:
107:
18:
3022:unchambered
3017:Long barrow
3007:Grave goods
2963:Court cairn
2958:Clava cairn
2910:Bowl barrow
2848:Rock cupule
2791:Golden hats
2784:Hill figure
2685:Unstan ware
2665:Cord-marked
2530:Sweet Track
2452:Burnt mound
2373:Stilt house
2361:Sibudu Cave
2154:Tally stick
2122:Quern-stone
2107:Hammerstone
2097:Fire plough
2068:Pesse canoe
2026:Bannerstone
1996:Other tools
1909:Lithic core
1857:Aurignacian
1745:Bare Island
1627:Quern-stone
773:Fell, Clare
722:Radiocarbon
477:, sites in
467:North Wales
463:Penmaenmawr
304:in Poland.
270:petrography
40: /
3230:Categories
3161:trepanning
3054:Ring cairn
3012:Jar burial
2995:transepted
2927:U.S. sites
2828:Petroglyph
2754:Bird stone
2712:wine press
2385:Stone roof
2368:Roundhouse
2260:long house
2237:Stonehenge
2205:Ceremonial
2149:Stone tool
1976:Tool stone
1946:Metallurgy
1850:Mousterian
1827:Toolmaking
1765:Cumberland
1738:Transverse
1708:Schöningen
1600:Qesem cave
1568:Earth oven
1522:Irrigation
1433:Technology
1401:Prehistory
1325:24 October
1275:24 October
1251:0007126921
1182:0415058457
628:References
585:Great Orme
525:Castlerigg
407:, such as
325:whetstones
302:Krzemionki
266:microscopy
259:Broad Crag
229:Mesolithic
183:epidotised
175:greenstone
134:Clare Fell
122:stone tool
25:54°26′49″N
3205:symbolism
3069:Tor cairn
3027:Grønsalen
2968:Cremation
2860:Sculpture
2838:Pictogram
2823:Petroform
2643:amber use
2611:Cosmetics
2421:Reservoir
2406:Check dam
2336:Pueblitos
2331:Pit-house
2314:Longhouse
2248:Dwellings
2117:Microlith
2048:Bow drill
2043:Bone tool
2036:prismatic
1845:Acheulean
1760:Cresswell
1733:Arrowhead
1659:Boomerang
1575:Granaries
1537:Terracing
1416:Stone Age
1224:1363-5387
1110:0589-9036
1068:0309-7986
1024:0309-7986
958:140588391
950:2050-2729
906:112636558
898:2050-2729
854:0309-7986
806:0309-7986
759:197554465
751:0033-8222
682:130925089
674:2050-2729
495:bluestone
405:downlands
321:Sandstone
282:Neolithic
244:Loft Crag
179:hornstone
149:quarrying
118:Neolithic
57:stone axe
55:Polished
28:3°03′50″W
2843:Rock art
2806:painting
2779:Geoglyph
2604:timeline
2584:Beadwork
2324:Mehrgarh
2319:Mudbrick
2227:megalith
2102:Fire-saw
1924:debitage
1919:analysis
1887:Hand axe
1867:Cupstone
1445:Glossary
1406:Timeline
1240:(2003).
775:(1949).
563:See also
485:and the
483:Scotland
479:Cornwall
453:, Sweden
417:Spiennes
413:Cissbury
313:friction
298:Spiennes
294:Cissbury
274:industry
217:Maryport
199:volcanic
164:debitage
141:knapping
98:Cumbrian
3271:Lithics
3200:Symbols
2811:pigment
2697:Weaving
2660:Cardium
2655:Pottery
2650:Mirrors
2638:Jewelry
2579:Baskets
2559:culture
2411:Cistern
2217:Pyramid
2159:Weapons
2137:Scraper
2127:Racloir
2087:Cleaver
2075:Chopper
1981:Uniface
1892:Grooves
1882:Hafting
1840:Oldowan
1799:Systems
1750:Cascade
1713:woomera
1703:harpoon
1676:history
1642:Hunting
1622:Pottery
1563:Cooking
1472:Farming
1438:history
1411:Outline
731:Bibcode
590:Grooves
451:Gotland
369:Context
334:Avebury
221:Cumbria
114:factory
3178:flutes
2973:Dolmen
2897:Burial
2707:winery
2680:Linear
2510:Midden
2488:Cursus
2481:Goseck
2341:Pueblo
2292:Dugout
2277:Burdei
1956:Mining
1780:Lamoka
1775:Folsom
1755:Clovis
1612:Metate
1590:Hearth
1558:Basket
1532:Sickle
1248:
1222:
1208:(59).
1179:
1108:
1066:
1022:
956:
948:
904:
896:
852:
804:
757:
749:
680:
672:
425:burins
208:, and
168:flakes
161:lithic
3095:sites
3039:Mummy
2759:Cairn
2675:JĹŤmon
2626:shoes
2621:Hides
2493:Henge
2447:Broch
2309:Jacal
2164:Wheel
2112:Knife
2058:Canoe
2053:Burin
2031:Blade
1929:flake
1790:Plano
1698:baton
1688:Spear
1654:Arrow
1607:Manos
1460:Tools
1150:(PDF)
1128:(PDF)
1088:(PDF)
1042:(PDF)
998:(PDF)
976:(PDF)
954:S2CID
926:(PDF)
902:S2CID
874:(PDF)
828:(PDF)
780:(PDF)
755:S2CID
717:(PDF)
678:S2CID
650:(PDF)
606:Notes
461:from
421:chert
401:Flint
332:near
286:Flint
145:scree
3188:gudi
2946:Cist
2875:list
2702:Wine
2631:Ă–tzi
2616:Glue
2589:Beds
2557:and
2555:Arts
2426:Well
2282:Cave
2212:Kiva
2142:side
2132:Rope
2080:tool
2014:bone
2004:Adze
1770:Eden
1683:Nets
1553:Fire
1517:Goad
1502:Celt
1327:2015
1277:2015
1246:ISBN
1220:ISSN
1177:ISBN
1106:ISSN
1064:ISSN
1020:ISSN
946:ISSN
894:ISSN
850:ISSN
802:ISSN
747:ISSN
670:ISSN
600:Mere
555:and
429:awls
427:and
415:and
292:and
227:and
202:tuff
189:and
112:(or
108:The
2297:Hut
2232:row
2063:Oar
2021:Axe
2009:Awl
1210:doi
1096:doi
1054:doi
1010:doi
938:doi
886:doi
840:doi
792:doi
739:doi
662:doi
501:in
489:in
473:in
465:in
391:or
177:or
151:or
3232::
1318:.
1296:^
1268:.
1218:.
1204:.
1104:.
1062:.
1050:73
1048:.
1044:.
1018:.
1006:62
1004:.
1000:.
978:.
952:.
944:.
934:15
932:.
928:.
900:.
892:.
882:20
880:.
876:.
848:.
836:50
834:.
830:.
800:.
788:49
786:.
782:.
753:.
745:.
737:.
727:62
725:.
719:.
676:.
668:.
658:55
656:.
652:.
635:^
527:.
481:,
431:.
411:,
170:.
155:.
1382:e
1375:t
1368:v
1329:.
1279:.
1254:.
1226:.
1212::
1189:.
1098::
1056::
1012::
960:.
940::
908:.
888::
842::
812:.
794::
761:.
741::
733::
684:.
664::
219:(
104:)
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