246:, the significance of the Lapis Niger shrine was obscure and mysterious to later Romans, but it was always discussed as a place of great sacredness and significance. It is constructed on top of a sacred spot consisting of much older artifacts found about 5 ft (1.5 m) below the present ground level. The name "black stone" may have originally referred to the black stone block (one of the earliest known Latin inscriptions) or it may refer to the later black marble paving at the surface. Located in the Comitium in front of the
587:
54:
40:
1923:
27:
1092:
160:
579:
46:
688:(priests) had at their service, and who, in the quoted passage, are to execute orders aimed at preventing profane people from spoiling and, by their inadvertent action thereby rendering void, the sacred operation. Even though impossible to connect meaningfully to the rest of the text, the mention of the
1078:
Whosoever (will violate) this (grove), let him be cursed. (Let no one dump) refuse (nor throw a body ...). Let it be lawful for the king (to sacrifice a cow in atonement). (Let him fine) one (fine) for each (offence). Whom the king (will fine, let him give cows). (Let the king have a —) herald.
315:
In
November 2008 heavy rain damaged the concrete covering that has been protecting the Vulcanal and its monuments since the 1950s. This includes the inscribed stone block accorded the name of "The Black Stone" or Lapis Niger (the marble and cement covering is a mix of the original black marble said
1067:
writes: "The inscription found beneath the black marble ... clearly represents a piece of ritual law ... the opening words are translatable as a warning that a man who damages, defiles or violates the spot will be cursed. One reconstruction of the text interprets it as referring to the
390:
The second version, placed when the first version was demolished in the 1st century BC to make way for further development in the forum, is a far simpler shrine. A pavement of black marble was laid over the original site and was surrounded by a low white wall or parapet. The new shrine lay just
333:
The Lapis Niger went through several incarnations. The initial versions were destroyed by fire or the sacking of the city and buried under the slabs of black marble. It is believed this was done by Sulla; however, it has also been argued that Julius Caesar may have buried the site during his
386:
Archaeological excavations (1899–1905) revealed various dedicatory items from vase fragments, statues and pieces of animal sacrifices around at the site in a layer of deliberately placed gravel. All these artifacts date from very ancient Rome, between the 5th and 7th centuries BC.
419:. Many of the oldest Latin inscriptions are written in this style. The meaning of the inscription is difficult to discern as the beginning and end are missing and only one third to one half of each line survives. It appears, however, to dedicate the shrine to a
375:, described a statue of a resting lion placed on each base, "just as they may be seen today guarding graves". This is sometimes referred to as the Vulcanal. Also added at another period was an honorary column, possibly with a statue topping it.
274:, a high religious official. At some point, the Romans forgot the original significance of the shrine. This led to several conflicting stories of its origin. Romans believed the Lapis Niger marked either the grave of the first king of Rome,
316:
to have been used to cover the site by Sulla, and modern cement used to create the covering and keep the marble in place). An awning now protects the ancient relics until the covering is repaired, allowing the public to view the original
379:
694:
in this context would be significant as at the time of the Roman monarchy, augury was considered as pertaining to the king: Cicero in the same treatise states: "Divination, as well as wisdom, was considered
1950:
1945:
367:. A U-shaped altar, of which only the base still survives, was added some time later. In front of the altar are two bases, which may also have been added separately from the main altar. The antiquarian
212:
The black marble paving (1st century BC) and modern concrete enclosure (early 20th century) of the Lapis Niger overlie an ancient altar and a stone block with one of the earliest known
297:
where the early kings of Rome would speak to the crowds at the forum and to the Senate. The two altars are common at shrines throughout the early Roman or late
Etruscan period.
1955:
1074:
Palmer instead, on the basis of a detailed analysis of every recognisable word, gave the following interpretation of this inscription, which he too considers to be a law:
1079:(Let him yoke) a team, two heads, sterile… Along the route ... (Him) who (will) not (sacrifice) with a young animal .. in ... lawful assembly in grove...
1068:
misfortune which could be caused if two yoked draught cattle should happen while passing by to drop excrement simultaneously. The coincidence would be a perilous omen".
983:
is the ancient dative of the accentuated relative pronoun, but one could suppose that in the enclitic indefinite pronoun the dative could have early been reduced to
639:
Dumézil declined to interpret the first seven lines on the grounds that the inscription was too damaged, while acknowledging it was a prohibition under threat.
320:
for the first time in 50 years. The nature of the coverings and ongoing repairs makes it impossible to see the Lapis Niger which is several meters underground.
1492:
1502:
1598:
601:(pedestal) plus the edge. Fragments on each face are marked with letters (a, b, c). Arabic numbers denote lines. A sign (/) marks the end of a line).
766:, in the descent from the hill to the Forum the first crossing they met, i.e. the first place where the incident in question could happen, was named
250:, this structure survived for centuries due to a combination of reverential treatment and overbuilding during the era of the early Roman Empire.
1205:
1144:
894:
are technical terms used as qualifying auspices, meaning regular, correctly taken and favourable. Moreover, the original form of classic Latin
642:
Dumézil's attempt is based on the assumption of a parallelism of some points of the fragmentary text inscribed on the monument and a passage of
1540:
407:
than any known Latin lettering, since it is chronologically closer to the original borrowing of the Greek alphabet by peoples of Italy from
1926:
1126:
338:
93:
683:
671:
604:(The letters whose reading is uncertain or disputed are given in italics. The extension of the lacuna is uncertain: it may vary from
209:, an early assembly area that preceded the Forum and is thought to derive from an archaic cult site of the 7th or 8th century BC.
1563:
1960:
181:(miniature shrine; left), the truncated tufa column (right) and the rectangular stele with inscriptions (behind column stub).
1487:
1975:
1628:
1593:
220:
during his reorganization of the Forum and
Comitium space. Alternatively, this may have been done a generation earlier by
232:
1965:
1578:
78:
301:
1729:
1533:
1409:
39:
300:
The Lapis Niger is mentioned in an uncertain and ambiguous way by several writers of the early
Imperial period:
1623:
1618:
1568:
1497:
1686:
1169:
1071:
That the inscription may contain some laws of a very early period is also acknowledged by Allen C. Johnson.
437:
Here is the reading of the inscription as given by Dumézil (on the right the reading by Arthur E. Gordon):
1288:"Huic simile est, quod nos augures praecipimus, ne iuges auspicium obveniat, ut iumenta iubeant diiungere".
586:
1714:
1164:
1060:
309:
1900:
1760:
1681:
1643:
1184:
799:
In support of such an interpretation of the inscription, Dumézil emphasises the occurrence of the word
790:
were placed exactly there, as a warning to passers by of the possible occurrence of the order of the
1970:
1637:
1526:
784:
was found, is very close to the left side of this crossing. This fact would make it natural that the
909:
1880:
1734:
1513:
1097:
913:
774:: Dumézil thinks its name should be understood according to the prescription on issue. In fact the
431:
426:
Attempts have been made at interpreting the meaning of the surviving fragment by
Johannes Stroux,
1781:
1675:
1116:
360:
202:
668:, that they order to free from the yoke the animals (which are yoked)". 'They' here denotes the
662:, states: "to this is similar what we augurs prescribe, in order to avoid the occurrence of the
427:
403:
The inscription on the stone block has various interesting features. The lettering is closer to
1776:
1603:
1573:
1875:
1870:
1755:
1719:
1661:
1608:
1588:
364:
283:
279:
216:
inscriptions (c. 570–550 BC). The superstructure monument and shrine may have been built by
143:
1850:
1822:
1698:
1693:
1665:
1633:
1612:
1139:
1111:
759:
709:
677:
368:
345:
The original version of the site, first excavated in 1899, included a truncated cone of
1838:
1833:
1791:
1750:
1671:
1582:
1106:
847:, i.e.: "that he take the yoked animals from under the yoke" (with a separation prefix
769:
649:
239:
225:
1939:
1860:
1812:
1724:
416:
408:
404:
259:
217:
371:(whose work is preserved only in the epitome of Pompeius Festus), a contemporary of
1855:
1796:
1121:
243:
312:. They do not seem to know which old stories about the shrine should be believed.
1905:
1843:
1549:
1021:, it may be an archaic form of a type of which one can cite other instances, as
806:
763:
733:
337:
247:
229:
194:
1895:
1087:
901:
737:
26:
1370:
Dumézil thinks the interpretation of this name that connects it to a cult of
108:
95:
1786:
1653:
882:
The remaining lines could also be interpreted similarly, in Dumézil's view:
727:
591:
356:
287:
213:
654:(II 36. 77). In that passage, Cicero, discussing the precautions taken by
1910:
1817:
1493:
LacusCurtius — Lapis Niger and
Sepulchrum Romuli (Christian Hülsen, 1906)
775:
659:
372:
305:
206:
198:
177:
1508:
946:). Dumézil then proposes the following interpretation for lines 12–16:
732:, states that the augurs, advancing along this street after leaving the
378:
1505:, a 3D computer recreation of the second incarnation of the Lapis Niger
1405:
Allen
Chester Johnson, Paul Robinson Coleman-Norton, Frank Card Bourne
275:
238:
Mentioned in many ancient descriptions of the Forum dating back to the
228:. The site was rediscovered and excavated from 1899 to 1905 by Italian
159:
578:
45:
1890:
643:
392:
351:
128:
590:
Reproduction of the Lapis Niger stone block with the inscription in
1423:
The King and the
Comitium. A Study of Rome's Oldest Public Document
1885:
1828:
721:
655:
585:
577:
423:
or king and to level grave curses at anyone who dares disturb it.
412:
377:
336:
221:
190:
172:
349:(possibly a monument) and the lower portion of a square pillar (
346:
278:, or the spot where he was murdered by the Senate; the grave of
168:
1522:
1518:
1488:
Forum
Romanum: Rostra, Curia, Decennalia Base and Lapis Niger
1383:
Dumézil states such a use is attested three times in
Plautus.
860:
1432:
1969. This interpretation is rejected by G. Dumézil (1970),
440:
293:
The earliest writings referring to this spot regard it as a
718:
occur when an animal under the yoke makes its excrements".
1445:
1970 pp. 1039–1045, who finds it impossible understanding
1338:"iuges auspicium est cum iunctum iumentum stercus fecit".
1951:
Buildings and structures completed in the 1st century BC
1946:
Buildings and structures completed in the 6th century BC
965:
in line 13 would require to read the antecedent word as
359:
inscription, perhaps the oldest in existence if not the
205:) it constitutes the only surviving remnants of the old
815:). Lines 8-9 could be read as: (the augur or the rex)
1805:
1769:
1743:
1707:
1652:
1556:
900:, 'abdomen', and also stools, as still attested in
224:during one of his construction projects around the
149:
139:
134:
124:
87:
74:
1225:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 79.
1242:et les incongruités du teureau attalé de Mugdala"
871:). Line 12 could be accordingly interpreted as:
341:Dedicatory statues found at the Lapis Niger site
1076:
950:... ne, descensa tunc iunctorum iumentoru
597:(Roman numbers represent the four faces of the
516:
444:
1010:
1534:
1185:"Site of Romulus's murder to be tourist draw"
724:in explaining the meaning of the name of the
193:, "Black Stone") is an ancient shrine in the
8:
1433:
1148:In: Philologus, Vol. 86 (1931), p. 460.
290:, foster father of Romulus, fell in battle.
19:
1470:
1460:
1450:
1356:
1350:
1336:
1330:
1286:
1263:
1257:
1246:
1236:
1223:Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1000:
994:
984:
978:
972:
966:
947:
941:
935:
925:
895:
889:
883:
872:
866:
854:
848:
840:
832:
824:
816:
810:
800:
791:
785:
779:
767:
753:
747:
741:
725:
713:
703:
689:
681:
669:
663:
647:
471:III a 8-9 ...m: kalato/rem: ha....
1956:Religious buildings and structures in Rome
1922:
1541:
1527:
1519:
1509:Plan showing location in the Forum Romanum
1435:"À propos de l'inscription du Lapis Niger"
859:before the ablative as in Odyssea IX 416:
25:
18:
1599:Temple of Jupiter Stator (8th century BC)
258:The site is believed to date back to the
632:in line 11 is read inscribed inside the
158:
1157:
624:or even more. In Gordon's reading the
266:, probably referring to either a king (
1374:should be due to an etymological pun.
1206:"Die Foruminschrift beim Lapis niger"
493:b 13-14 ...m: quoiha/uelod: nequ...
474:b 10-11 ...od: io: uxmen/takapia: d
7:
1927:List of monuments of the Roman Forum
1358:"ex arce profecti solent inaugurare"
1127:List of monuments of the Roman Forum
395:, the senatorial speaking platform.
262:. The inscription includes the word
1498:Lapis niger (Bibliotheca Augustana)
1145:Die Foruminschrift beim Lapis niger
457:II a 4-5 ...iaias/recei:
53:
16:Ancient shrine at the Forum Romanum
1259:"Sur l'inscription du Lapis niger"
14:
999:can be an irrational vowel as in
382:Lines 8 to 16 of the inscription.
1921:
1564:Temple of Antoninus and Faustina
1503:Digital Roman Forum: Lapis Niger
1090:
553:od:iovxmen/ta: kapia:duo:tavr...
163:Drawing (1906) of the excavated
52:
44:
38:
481:IV a 12 ...m: i: te:
447:I a 1 quoiho...
197:. Together with the associated
762:and stretches along the whole
355:) which was inscribed with an
334:re-alignment of the Comitium.
1:
1629:Temple of Vespasian and Titus
497:c 15 ...od: iouestod/
415:. The inscription is written
1421:Robert E. A. Palmer (1959).
930:could denote a hiatus as in
746:they should avoid meeting a
740:. While advancing along the
464:b 6-7 ...euam/quos: r
1579:Temple of Castor and Pollux
862:"άπο μεν λίθον ειλε θυράων"
1992:
861:
680:whom the augurs and other
557:...m:qvoiha/velod: neqv...
302:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
242:and the early days of the
1919:
1730:Arch of Septimius Severus
1434:
1427:Historia. Einzelschriften
1410:University of Texas Press
1258:
1237:
1221:Arthur E. Gordon (1983).
948:
873:
841:
833:
825:
817:
33:
24:
1624:Temple of Venus and Roma
1619:Shrine of Venus Cloacina
1569:Temple of Divus Augustus
1514:Lapis Niger and Vulcanal
286:; or the location where
1687:Colossus of Constantine
1455:, from a hypothetical *
1212:Vol. 86 (1931), p. 460.
1170:De verborum significatu
1011:
961:. The hiatus marked by
823:, lines 10–11 could be
167:in the Roman Forum, in
1961:Ancient Roman religion
1471:
1461:
1451:
1425:. Wiesbaden. p.51 ff.
1407:Ancient Roman Statutes
1357:
1351:
1337:
1331:
1329:Paulus ex Festus s.v.
1287:
1264:
1247:
1187:. London: Times Online
1081:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1001:
995:
985:
979:
973:
967:
942:
936:
926:
896:
890:
884:
867:
855:
849:
811:
801:
792:
786:
780:
768:
754:
748:
742:
726:
714:
704:
690:
682:
670:
664:
658:to avoid embarrassing
648:
594:
583:
568:
510:
409:Italian Greek colonies
383:
342:
282:, grandfather of King
182:
1901:Umbilicus urbis Romae
1761:Five-Columns Monument
1682:Basilica of Maxentius
1644:Portico Dii Consentes
1271:1958 pp. 109–111 and
1265:Revue d'études latins
589:
581:
519:qvoiho... (or qvoi ho
500:V 16 loi
381:
340:
162:
109:41.89250°N 12.48472°E
1976:Rome R. X Campitelli
1638:House of the Vestals
708:are defined thus by
525:sakros:es/ed:sord...
454:akros: es/ed:sord...
1881:Puteal Scribonianum
1735:Arch of Constantine
1452:(iumentorum) capita
1098:Ancient Rome portal
582:Diagram of the text
539:...m:kalato/rem: ha
537:...evam/qvos: re...
432:Robert E. A. Palmer
105: /
21:
1966:Latin inscriptions
1782:Clivus Capitolinus
1676:Basilica Sempronia
1396:London 1974 p. 50.
1320:Cicero above I 89.
1307:I 268; Macrobius,
1117:Duenos inscription
916:reconstructs as *
912:on the grounds of
595:
584:
384:
361:Duenos inscription
343:
260:Roman regal period
183:
175:. Visible are the
114:41.89250; 12.48472
1933:
1932:
1777:Milliarium Aureum
1604:Temple of Romulus
1574:Temple of Concord
1204:Johannes Stroux.
1173:s.v. lapis niger.
940:(i.e. bisyllable
843:ō) iumenta capiat
575:
574:
157:
156:
66:Shown within Rome
1983:
1925:
1924:
1876:Plutei of Trajan
1871:Mamertine Prison
1756:Column of Phocas
1720:Arch of Tiberius
1715:Arch of Augustus
1662:Basilica Aemilia
1609:Temple of Saturn
1589:Temple of Caesar
1543:
1536:
1529:
1520:
1476:
1474:
1464:
1454:
1437:
1436:
1419:
1413:
1403:
1397:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1354:
1352:De Lingua latina
1347:
1341:
1340:
1334:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1312:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1232:
1226:
1219:
1213:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1180:
1174:
1162:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1004:
998:
988:
982:
976:
970:
960:
959:
954:m cui aluo, nequ
945:
939:
929:
899:
893:
887:
878:
877:
870:
864:
863:
858:
852:
846:
845:
838:
837:
830:
829:
822:
821:
814:
804:
795:
789:
783:
773:
757:
751:
745:
731:
717:
707:
693:
687:
675:
667:
653:
623:
622:
618:
613:
612:
608:
498:
494:
479:
469:
455:
441:
365:Praeneste fibula
284:Tullus Hostilius
280:Hostus Hostilius
201:(a sanctuary to
144:Tullus Hostilius
120:
119:
117:
116:
115:
110:
106:
103:
102:
101:
98:
56:
55:
48:
42:
29:
22:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1915:
1851:Gemonian stairs
1823:Ficus Ruminalis
1801:
1765:
1739:
1703:
1699:Basilica Porcia
1694:Basilica Opimia
1666:Basilica Fulvia
1648:
1634:Temple of Vesta
1613:Altar of Saturn
1594:Temple of Janus
1552:
1547:
1484:
1479:
1420:
1416:
1404:
1400:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1369:
1365:
1348:
1344:
1332:iuges auspicium
1328:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1298:
1294:
1285:
1281:
1254:1953 p. 249–66.
1240:juges auspicium
1233:
1229:
1220:
1216:
1203:
1199:
1190:
1188:
1183:Owen, Richard.
1182:
1181:
1177:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1140:Johannes Stroux
1136:
1134:Further reading
1131:
1112:Curia of Pompey
1096:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1009:: cf. Etruscan
957:o iusto liquido
749:iuges auspicium
715:iuges auspicium
710:Paul the Deacon
705:iuges auspicium
665:iuges auspicium
620:
616:
615:
610:
606:
605:
576:
567:
560:
559:...od:iovestod/
558:
556:
554:
548:
538:
536:
527:...aas/recei: i
526:
524:
512:
509:
499:
496:
495:
492:
491:
480:
473:
472:
470:
463:
462:
456:
449:
448:
428:Georges Dumézil
401:
399:The inscription
369:Verrius Flaccus
331:
326:
256:
113:
111:
107:
104:
99:
96:
94:
92:
91:
70:
69:
68:
67:
64:
63:
62:
61:
57:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1989:
1987:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1938:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1839:Curia Hostilia
1836:
1834:Curia Cornelia
1826:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1792:Vicus Jugarius
1789:
1784:
1779:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1751:Columna Maenia
1747:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1679:
1672:Basilica Julia
1669:
1658:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1583:Lacus Juturnae
1576:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1546:
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1971:Roman Forum
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1866:Lapis Niger
1844:Curia Julia
1550:Roman Forum
1394:Roman Forum
1299:Suetonius,
1065:Roman Forum
927:quoihauelod
807:dative case
391:beside the
324:Description
248:Curia Julia
195:Roman Forum
187:Lapis Niger
165:Lapis Niger
112: /
88:Coordinates
60:Lapis Niger
20:Lapis Niger
1940:Categories
1896:Tabularium
1412:1961 p. 5.
1309:Saturnalia
1301:Grammatica
1210:Philologus
1191:2008-07-01
1153:References
1018:loi(u)quod
914:Lithuanian
902:Cato Maior
738:inaugurate
684:sacerdotes
555:m: iter...
411:, such as
329:The shrine
97:41°53′33″N
1787:Via Sacra
1654:Basilicas
1372:Juno Juga
1015:. As for
932:ahēn(e)us
875:m iter pe
793:calatores
755:Via Sacra
752:. As the
743:Via Sacra
728:Via Sacra
672:calatores
592:Old Latin
561:loivqviod
357:Old Latin
318:suggestum
295:suggestum
288:Faustulus
214:Old Latin
100:12°29′5″E
1911:Vulcanal
1818:Comitium
1475:'grove'.
1311:I 16, 9.
1084:See also
1036:fluuidus
918:au(e)los
891:liquidum
776:Comitium
736:used to
660:auspices
373:Augustus
306:Plutarch
207:Comitium
199:Vulcanal
178:sacellum
75:Location
1770:Streets
1744:Columns
1557:Temples
1467:louqus-
1440:Latomus
1349:Varro,
1048:liuidus
1042:flŭuius
1024:lucidus
1002:numerus
908:, that
760:Capitol
712:: "The
619:⁄
609:⁄
363:or the
276:Romulus
254:History
150:Founded
140:Builder
135:History
1891:Rostra
1708:Arches
1355:V 47:
1165:Festus
1054:Līuius
1030:Lucius
1007:nom-zo
1005:from *
996:auelod
989:. The
980:quoiei
937:huhuic
920:. The
885:iustum
868:capere
787:cippus
781:cippus
656:augurs
644:Cicero
599:cippus
570:
543:(or ha
478:tau...
393:Rostra
352:cippus
310:Festus
308:, and
203:Vulcan
129:Shrine
1886:Regia
1829:Curia
1806:Other
1472:lūcus
1462:caput
1447:kapia
1262:. In
1245:. In
1208:. In
1027:and
1012:Avile
986:quoiī
968:quoii
906:aulos
904:was *
897:aluus
802:recei
764:Forum
722:Varro
697:regal
531:(or i
504:quiod
413:Cumae
222:Sulla
191:Latin
173:Italy
1469:for
1457:kape
1449:for
1238:"Le
1051:and
1039:and
974:quoi
943:huic
888:and
831:(or
702:The
565:...
523:...)
430:and
347:tuff
185:The
169:Rome
125:Type
993:in
924:in
853:or
839:or
812:rex
809:of
734:arx
699:".
691:rex
646:'s
636:.)
630:duo
628:of
614:to
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421:rex
268:rex
264:rex
1942::
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