432:'s study of the language in the late 1960s. Hale worked with a few dozen speakers of Lardil, some of these fluent older speakers, and others younger members of the community who had only a working or passive understanding. When Norvin Richards, a student of Hale's, returned to Mornington Island to continue work on Lardil in the 1990s, he found Lardil children had no understanding of the language and that only a handful of aging speakers remained; Richards has stated that "Lardil was deliberately destroyed" by assimilation and relocation programs in the years of the "
292:
396:, which are close enough to be mutually intelligible. Though Lardil is not mutually intelligible with either of these, it is likely that many Lardil speakers were historically bilingual in Yangkaal (a close relative of Kayardild), since the Lardil people have long been in contact with the neighboring Yangkaal tribe and trading, marriage and conflict between them seem to have been common. There was also limited contact with mainland tribes including the
304:
436:". A dictionary and grammatical sketch of the language were compiled and published by the Mornington Shire Council in 1997, and the Mornington Island State School has implemented a government-funded cultural education program incorporating the Lardil language. The last fluent speaker of so-called Old Lardil died in 2007, though a few speakers of a grammatically distinct New variety remain.
27:
726:, was phonologically, lexically and semantically distinct from Lardil, though its syntax and morphology seem to be analogous. Research into the language has proved controversial, since the Lardil community regards it as cultural property and no explicit permission was given to make Damin words public.
2518:
compared to the Old variety. Previously minor sentence forms in which the object of a verb takes nominative case have become generalized, even in instances where the verb is in future tense (objects of future verbs historically inflected for futurity). One of a number of negation patterns has become
2163:
language. In an ergative language, the subject of an intransitive verb takes nominative case while the subject of a transitive verb takes ergative case (the object of this verb takes nominative case). In Lardil, subjects of both verb types are inflected for nominative case, and both indirect and
2108:
Lardil nominals may also take one of two derivational (verbalizing) suffixes: the
Inchoative (-e ~ -a ~ -ya), which has the sense 'become X', and the Causative (-ri ~ -iri), which has the sense 'make X Y'; other verbalizing suffixes exist in Lardil but are far less productive than these two.
746:(literally, 'The meat/animal has died') has the sense 'You-know-who has died', and is preferable to a more direct treatment. It is taboo to speak the name of a deceased person, even (for a year or so) when referring to living people with the same name; these people are addressed as
2071:
The object of a verb in the (negative or affirmative) marked non-future also inflects for non-futurity. The non-future marking (-ngarr ~ -nga ~ -arr ~ -a) is also used to mark time adverbials in non-future clauses as well as the locative complement of a non-future verb.
1324:
occurs in inflected forms), but apicalization explains the variation between alveolar /t/ and dental /t̪/ (contrastive but both apical) in surface forms with an underlying non-apical, and does not predict/generate as many invalid forms as does the laminalization model.
1879:
The locative marker (-nge ~ -e ~ -Vː) appears on the locative complement of a verb in plain form. The objective case serves this purpose with negative verbs. Locative case is formed by lengthening the final vowel in instances of vowel-final base forms such as
1441:
A 'harmonic' relationship exists between individuals of alternate generations (e.g. grandparent/grandchild); a 'disharmonic' relation is between individuals of consecutive or odd-numbered generations (e.g. parent/child, great-grandparent/great-grandchild).
1297:, in which the underlying form would end in a non-apical consonant (i.e. one not produced with the tip of the tongue). This process is also fed by apocope, and seems to be lexically governed to an extent, since Lardil words can end in a laminal; compare
2402:
Though part-whole relations are sometimes expressed using the genitive case as in (1) below, it is more common to mark both part and whole with the same case, placing the 'part' nominal immediately after its possessor nominal, as in (2).
957:. The distinction between 'apical' and 'laminal' consonants lies in whether the tip (apex) of the tongue or its flattened blade makes contact with the place of articulation. Hale's 1997 practical orthography has 'k' for
2587:
264:
1888:). While the Locative case can denote a variety of locative relations (such as those expressed in English by at, on, in, along, etc.), such relations may be specified using inherently locative nominals (e.g.
7666:
3395:
and Robin
Horsman). 1990. Chapter 16: Travel and communication. In P. Memmott & R. Horsman, A changing culture. The Lardil Aborigines of Mornington Island. Social Sciences Press, Wentworth Falls, NSW.
1382:
items in Lardil. Some of them are 'canonical nouns' which refer to items, people or concepts; but many, the stative or attributive nominals, are semantically more like adjectives or other predicates.
1127:
Primary word stress in Lardil falls on the initial syllable, and primary phrase stress on the final word in the phrase. These stress rules have some exceptions, notably compounds containing
5430:
1236:'lagoon'. In several historical locative/ergatives, lowering does not occur. It does occur in at least one long, u-final stem, and it coexists with the raising of certain stem-final /a/s.
1896:'under') that do not themselves inflect for this case. Nominals corresponding to animate beings tend not to be marked with Locative case; Genitive is preferred for such constructions as
699:
classifies animals somewhat differently from Lardil, having, for example, a class containing all shellfish (which Lardil lacks) and lacking an inclusive sign for 'dugong+turtle' (Lardil
2131:
In some instances nominal roots may be reduplicated, in their entirety, to indicate plurality, but Lardil nominals are not generally marked for number and this form is fairly rare.
3472:
448:
reflecting the centrality of kin-relations to Lardil society; all members of the community are addressed by the terms as well as by given names. This system also features a few
73:
718:
was essentially a male language, the non-initiated were not forbidden to speak it. Damin, on the other hand, was (at least nominally) a secret language spoken only by
695:(literally, 'hand language'), which, though limited in its semantic scope, was fairly complex. Anthropologist David McKnight's research in the 1990s suggests that
1751:
The contemporaneous ending marks a verb in a subordinate clause when that verb's referent action is contemporaneous with the action described in the main clause.
5423:
3330:
Lardil dictionary : a vocabulary of the language of the Lardil people, Mornington Island, Gulf of
Carpentaria, Queensland: with English-Lardil finder list.
1274:'anthill'. This process is "fed" in a sense by apocope, since some forms that would otherwise end in a short vowel arise as cluster-final after apocope (e.g.
1119:'come here!’/'to stand up'. Long vowels are roughly twice as long as their short counterparts. Some sources describe /e eː/ as low vowels, closer to /æ æː/.
1900:'on the horse' (lit. 'of the horse'). On pronouns, for which case-marking is irregular, Locative case is realized via 'double-expression' of Genitive case:
314:
1976:
The object of a verb in future tense (either negative or affirmative) is marked for futurity by a suffix (-kur ~ -ur ~ -r), as in the sentence below:
3465:
7671:
5416:
1737:, either the proposed outcome of a hypothetical (If you had done X, I would have Y’ed) or an unachieved intention; it also marks embedded verbs in
2080:
In addition to these inflectional endings, Lardil features several morphologically verbal affixes that are semantically similar to case markers ("
1870:
the object of the sequential imperative (see section on verb morphology above). Lardil displays some irregularities in object-marking morphology.
1772:
Negation is semantically straightforward, but is expressed with a complex set of affixes; which is used depends on other properties of the verb.
1131:'man' as a head noun modified by a demonstrative or another nominal; these expressions, and other compound phrases, have phrase-initial stress.
7338:
2690:
1199:
In addition to the common phonological alterations noted above, Lardil features some complex word-final phonology which is affected by both
3458:
4301:
3425:
Understanding
Isolation and Change in Island Human Population though a study of Indigenous Cultural Patterns in the Gulf of Carpentaria
7450:
368:(also Demiin). Damin is regarded by Lardil-speakers as a separate language and has the only phonological system outside Africa to use
5579:
4173:
5537:
3337:
5147:
2160:
175:
7318:
6358:
6314:
4561:
7534:
7378:
5640:
5439:
385:
357:
7661:
7490:
7443:
7405:
5613:
764:'one who died at Wurdu'. Sometimes other strategies are used to refer to the dead, such as circumlocution via kinship terms.
3370:'We're the mob you should be listening to': Aboriginal Elders talk about community-school relationships on Mornington Island
2092:
meanings (i.e. movement to or from) are expressed with these endings; as are the desiderative and a second type of evitave;
722:
initiates and those preparing for second initiation, though many community members seem to have understood it. Damin, like
7529:
7516:
7396:
6766:
7294:
6119:
5697:
3678:
1316:. It has been proposed that the process responsible for some of these forms is better described as laminalization (i.e.
278:
7524:
7430:
7353:
7269:
6443:
5159:
3873:
3444:
361:
6988:
6321:
6265:
5452:
5053:
4852:
4708:
4696:
4511:
4209:
3876:
3481:
3440:
941:
Lardil's consonant inventory is fairly typical with respect to
Australian phonology; it does not distinguish between
1827:
cases, as well as future and non-future; these are expressed via endings that attach to the base forms of nominals.
7656:
7495:
7332:
3845:
7343:
4324:
4152:
3763:
5999:
5589:
5514:
4081:
3954:
2722:
1766:'He might hear' (and we don't want him to); it is somewhat analogous to English 'lest', though more productive.
1394:'weak', and other lexical items with adjectival meanings inflect exactly like other nominals. Determiners (e.g.
7367:
7182:
5899:
5879:
5839:
5726:
5711:
5119:
3830:
3668:
3527:
3512:
1925:
1360:
1200:
52:
7615:
6975:
6790:
6565:
6178:
5584:
4910:
4882:
4030:
3706:
3663:
3596:
1776:
1769:
When one imperative follows another closely, the second verb is marked with a
Sequential Imperative ending.
417:
215:
130:
6983:
6952:
6919:
6886:
6614:
6150:
6019:
5703:
5476:
5083:
5073:
4404:
4389:
4343:
4271:
4229:
3304:
Bowern, Claire and Erich Round. Lectures on
Australian Aboriginal languages. Spring 2011. Yale University.
1843:‘(You) Look at the horse.') is not explicitly marked; uninflected nouns carry nominative case by default.
1190:
Word-initial /r/ is often expressed as /l/; as with /rr ~ d/, either (e.g.) or may be heard for 'mouth'.
1009:
1005:
990:
982:
970:
958:
69:
7627:
6094:
6087:
6075:
5930:
5906:
5293:
4986:
4973:
4785:
4602:
4361:
3778:
3658:
3377:
1308:
In addition to the dropping of non-apicals, a process of apicalization is at work, giving forms such as
1104:
1001:
954:
409:
6471:
5181:
3606:
2514:
both worked with some speakers of a "New Lardil" in the 1990s which displays significant morphological
2319:) of passive verbs also take nominative case, and their objects (i.e. agents), take accusative, as in:
2151:
and other dependents following these. Clitics appear clause-second and/or on either side of the verb.
7609:
7484:
7361:
7308:
7152:
7088:
6942:
6937:
6909:
6904:
6896:
6663:
6453:
6044:
5548:
5542:
5314:
5222:
5168:
5022:
4958:
4821:
4670:
4642:
4637:
4452:
4381:
4366:
4296:
4291:
4281:
4276:
4266:
4234:
4147:
4053:
4038:
3987:
3982:
3972:
3799:
3768:
3616:
3611:
1835:
The nominative case, which is used with sentence subjects and objects of simple imperatives (such as
785:
2558:
752:. The deceased is often known by the name of his/her death or burial place plus the necronym suffix
7326:
7302:
7258:
7187:
7121:
7111:
6927:
6873:
6850:
6736:
6608:
6593:
6571:
6514:
6497:
6208:
6185:
5936:
5850:
5676:
5574:
5497:
5486:
5481:
5443:
5288:
5278:
5268:
5212:
5098:
4963:
4816:
4793:
4770:
4627:
4319:
4221:
4134:
4094:
4061:
3997:
3977:
3888:
3716:
3642:
3522:
3517:
1931:
1004:'nh' and 'ly' are not common in Lardil, but speakers perceive them as distinct, respectively, from
827:
449:
3413:
No. 2, ed. by C.G. von
Brandenstein, A. Capell, and K. Hale. Pacific Linguistics Series A, No. 11.
734:
Death in Lardil tends to be treated euphemistically; it is common, for example, to use the phrase
7277:
7135:
7083:
7070:
7033:
6881:
6840:
6819:
6683:
6598:
6466:
6432:
6401:
6390:
6327:
6309:
6281:
6157:
5943:
5866:
5822:
5682:
5669:
5520:
5384:
5356:
5346:
5273:
5186:
5002:
4798:
4739:
4731:
4716:
4693:
4660:
4584:
4574:
4551:
4480:
4475:
4394:
4356:
4286:
4206:
4142:
4119:
4114:
4104:
4071:
4066:
3962:
3906:
3850:
3809:
3737:
3691:
3686:
3621:
3547:
2533:
1225:
1211:
822:
802:
682:
677:, which involved circumcision, was undergone by all men following the appearance of facial hair;
389:
6141:
5408:
5065:
1952:
1406:'that (distant) west'), are also morphological nominals, as are inherently temporal and spatial
291:
7539:
7459:
7372:
7243:
7223:
7167:
7141:
7129:
7098:
7043:
6960:
6845:
6803:
6669:
6642:
6629:
6549:
6412:
6372:
6341:
6336:
6270:
6260:
5991:
5984:
5978:
5951:
5873:
5815:
5749:
5717:
5689:
5555:
5371:
5338:
5319:
5309:
5258:
5248:
5017:
4905:
4900:
4892:
4849:
4808:
4721:
4665:
4652:
4632:
4612:
4569:
4531:
4508:
4462:
4439:
4419:
4409:
4351:
4250:
4244:
4089:
3944:
3939:
3901:
3825:
3804:
3773:
3711:
3637:
3591:
3532:
3333:
1352:
993:
902:
834:
812:
790:
433:
381:
349:
345:
337:
181:
134:
2519:
generalized, and the augmented forms of monosyllabic verb roots reinterpreted as base forms.
7437:
7414:
7218:
7056:
7051:
7028:
7020:
7010:
7002:
6932:
6775:
6752:
6698:
6647:
6633:
6576:
6476:
6461:
6395:
6236:
6230:
6221:
6194:
6056:
6032:
6005:
5859:
5780:
5773:
5361:
5324:
5263:
5191:
5176:
5093:
4943:
4938:
4928:
4920:
4877:
4775:
4749:
4617:
4597:
4592:
4546:
4536:
4485:
4470:
4447:
4429:
4109:
4020:
4015:
3929:
3911:
3896:
3840:
3758:
3753:
3732:
3601:
3542:
3537:
2538:
2148:
2144:
2040:
the object of a verb in the evitative form (often translated as 'be liable to V', 'might V')
1745:
1652:
817:
795:
458:'pair of people, one of whom is the paternal great uncle/aunt or grandparent of the other'.
397:
393:
369:
7549:
7283:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7106:
6780:
6603:
6544:
6538:
6426:
6420:
6201:
6171:
6164:
6068:
6012:
5913:
5830:
5789:
5737:
5664:
5659:
5646:
5632:
5528:
5491:
5389:
5379:
5283:
5253:
5243:
5124:
5103:
5088:
5078:
5007:
4953:
4933:
4872:
4826:
4757:
4622:
4607:
4541:
4523:
4424:
4399:
4311:
4258:
4183:
4168:
4124:
4099:
4043:
4010:
3921:
3835:
3696:
3573:
3557:
3552:
3494:
2726:
2583:
2511:
2093:
1941:
1865:
1356:
966:
884:
859:
807:
429:
405:
270:
167:
2143:
is somewhat flexible; however, the basic sentence order has been described as SVO, with
7562:
7557:
7172:
6864:
6824:
6731:
6703:
6508:
6502:
6492:
6290:
6275:
6112:
5807:
5619:
5227:
5217:
5207:
5029:
4864:
4178:
4005:
3967:
3794:
2528:
2515:
1948:
1784:
1375:
1364:
1344:
946:
942:
3368:
2510:
While very few speakers of Lardil in its traditional form remain, Norvin
Richards and
2063:
with the future marker, but both may appear on the same nominal in certain instances.
1733:) indicates anticipation/expectation of an event, or, when combined with the particle
1363:. Verbs are both semantically and (as discussed below), morphologically distinct from
777:
The consonant inventory is as follows, with the practical orthography in parentheses.
256:
7650:
7604:
7576:
7567:
7248:
7078:
6965:
6713:
6708:
5800:
5761:
5652:
4414:
4371:
3934:
3583:
2117:
2097:
2089:
2085:
1824:
1820:
1705:
1256:
1252:
1041:
445:
341:
148:
78:
42:
3349:
Round, Erich. Lecture on
Kayardild and related languages. 4/7/2011, Yale University.
691:
initiates took a year-long oath of silence and were taught a sign language known as
7177:
3392:
1762:) case, marks a verb whose event or process is undesirable or to be avoided, as in
1759:
1738:
1108:
1100:
1096:
62:
2124:(where V is a verb), having the sense 'keep on V-ing', and a future durative with
2120:
is productive in verbal morphology, giving a non-future durative with the pattern
673:
Traditionally, the Lardil community held two initiation ceremonies for young men.
7599:
2312:, marking a verb referring to something that actually occurred or is occurring.
2081:
2044:
1861:
the subject of a contemporaneous dependent clause (i.e. a 'while'/'when' clause)
1263:'a species of fish'. Back-vowel apocope also has lexically-governed exceptions.
1221:
1053:
1036:
922:
303:
283:
7621:
2316:
2140:
1780:
1379:
1107:. Phonemic vowel length is an important feature of many Australian languages;
1082:
1046:
986:
950:
401:
353:
138:
2738:
1791:
on the verb. Likewise, nouns may be derived from verbs by adding the suffix (
1266:
Cluster reduction simplifies underlying word-final consonant clusters, as in
7572:
7465:
2060:
1788:
1435:
1239:
In some trimoraic (or longer) forms, final, underlying short vowels undergo
1068:
978:
296:
Location of Wellesley Islands, the area traditionally associated with Lardil
249:
233:
2084:") and, like case endings, mark noun phrases rather than individual nouns.
2034:
the locative complement ('into the house', 'on the stone') of a future verb
3430:
Truckenbrodt, Hubert. 2005. "Lardil syllable structure and stray erasure".
2682:
240:
7582:
7501:
3450:
2262:
413:
119:
2501:'I speared the wallaby in the head.' (lit. 'I speared the wallaby head')
2451:
2330:
2175:
1987:
7423:
1431:
1240:
1204:
1154:'bird/snake', which may be realized as or , depending on the instance.
3418:
Deep-Surface Canonical Disparities in Relation to Analysis and Change
3354:
Word final phonology in Lardil: Implications of an expanded data set.
2719:
2588:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1407:
311:
2164:
direct objects marked for accusative as in the following sentences:
1864:
the locative complement of a verb in the plain negative or negative
2159:
Unlike most other Australian Aboriginal languages, Lardil is a non-
2139:
Given the rich morphology of Lardil, it is not surprising that its
1851:
The objective case (-n ~ -in) has five general functions, marking:
6384:
1684:'Gotcha!’ (said when something is offered and then snatched away).
681:, the second initiation, was purely voluntary and culminated in a
365:
204:
2455:
2426:
2378:
2346:
2334:
2289:
2278:
2266:
2234:
2209:
2179:
1991:
1150:
The distinction between /rr/ and /d/ is lost word-finally, as in
1095:
Lardil has eight phonemically distinct vowels, differentiated by
1348:
428:
The number of Lardil speakers has diminished dramatically since
5412:
5145:
5050:
4847:
4691:
4506:
4204:
3871:
3492:
3454:
2415:
1438:
plurality distinction, a dual number and generational harmony.
1214:
forms, producing, for example, /ʈera/ 'thigh' from underlying
2014:
2003:
20:
2489:
2478:
2367:
1855:
the object of a verb in plain (i.e. unmarked non-future) form
638:
SoSo, SoDa (both male ego); BrSoSo, BrSoDa (both female ego)
3278:
3276:
2198:
949:(such as b/p and g/k), and features a full set of stops and
2030:
The future marker also has four other functions. It marks:
1726:
Nine basic inflectional endings appear on verbs in Lardil:
2252:
416:
tribe (i.e. speakers of Kayardild) also settled on nearby
2466:
2356:
452:, i.e. titles for pairs rather than individuals, such as
7667:
Endangered indigenous Australian languages in Queensland
3400:
Kinship Reflections in Syntax: Some Australian Languages
2586:
Lardil at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
1934:
of a passive verb in the future, non-future or evitative
740:'meat' when referring to a deceased person (or corpse).
614:
Ch, SiCh, WiFaSi, MoMoMo(and siblings) (all female ego)
1164:/d/ and /j/ may assimilate to a following nasal, as in
590:
MoBrDaDa, sister (male ego), elder sister (female ego)
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2825:
2823:
1803:'food-spearer'; the negative counterpart of this is (
1378:
are a semantically and functionally diverse group of
961:
in order to disambiguate nasal+velar clusters (as in
310:
Lardil is classified as Critically Endangered by the
3252:
3250:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2559:"Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+)"
1444:
7592:
7548:
7515:
7475:
7413:
7404:
7391:
7352:
7317:
7293:
7268:
7257:
7236:
7196:
7160:
7151:
7120:
7097:
7069:
7042:
7019:
7001:
6974:
6951:
6918:
6895:
6872:
6863:
6833:
6812:
6789:
6765:
6745:
6724:
6691:
6682:
6656:
6628:
6586:
6558:
6531:
6524:
6485:
6452:
6442:
6411:
6371:
6299:
6253:
6220:
6140:
6133:
6031:
5971:
5964:
5923:
5891:
5849:
5736:
5631:
5602:
5567:
5507:
5469:
5462:
5451:
5370:
5337:
5302:
5236:
5200:
5167:
5158:
5112:
5064:
4995:
4919:
4891:
4863:
4807:
4784:
4748:
4730:
4707:
4651:
4583:
4560:
4522:
4461:
4438:
4380:
4342:
4310:
4257:
4243:
4220:
4161:
4133:
4080:
4052:
4029:
3996:
3953:
3920:
3887:
3818:
3787:
3746:
3725:
3677:
3651:
3630:
3582:
3566:
3505:
3344:
Leerdil Yuujmen bana Yanangarr (Old and New Lardil)
3157:
3155:
3153:
3151:
2606:
2604:
711:had practical applications in hunting and warfare.
277:
263:
247:
231:
226:
212:
197:
164:
154:
144:
126:
114:
100:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3230:
1111:in Lardil with a vowel length distinction include
68:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
3266:
3264:
3262:
3141:
3139:
3102:
3100:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3048:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2910:
2908:
2298:woman+NOM give EV 2SG(ACC) this+ACC medicine+ACC
3328:Ngakulmungan Kangka Leman and K.L. Hale. 1997.
1775:Other processes, which may be characterized as
356:in northern Australia. Lardil is unusual among
3409:(Mornington Island) Syntax, pp. 63–73 in
2739:"Foundation For Endangered Languages Issue 33"
2683:"Professor brings Aboriginal language to life"
1251:'fire'. Front-vowel apocope fails to occur in
408:and Wanyi, which groups ranged as far east as
5424:
3466:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
1819:Lardil nominals are inflected for objective,
1744:The (marked) non-future is used primarily in
1255:, verbal negatives, many historical locative/
8:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2037:the object of a verb in contemporaneous form
1637:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1417:
1411:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1289:Non-apical truncation results in forms like
759:
753:
747:
741:
735:
655:
643:
631:
619:
607:
595:
583:
571:
559:
547:
535:
523:
511:
499:
487:
475:
453:
106:
2387:1SG(ACC) boomerang+ACC PERF steal+R man+ACC
1920:The genitive morpheme (-kan ~ -ngan) marks
1748:to indicate a temporal limit to an action.
1000:'together'). The sounds represented by the
7410:
7401:
7265:
7157:
7016:
6869:
6796:
6688:
6528:
6449:
6137:
5968:
5606:
5466:
5459:
5431:
5417:
5409:
5164:
5155:
5142:
5061:
5047:
4860:
4844:
4704:
4688:
4519:
4503:
4254:
4217:
4201:
3884:
3868:
3502:
3489:
3473:
3459:
3451:
3447:. Digital story discussing Lardil language
2295:Pidngen wutha kun ngimpeen tiin midithinin
1027:
779:
444:Lardil has an intensely complex system of
302:
290:
97:
3323:People, Countries and the Rainbow Serpent
1858:the agent of a passive verb in plain form
1783:, express duration/repetition, passivity/
2498:1SG(NOM) PERF+spear wallaby+OBJ head+OBJ
1944:, if it is a non-subject in the sentence
1937:the pronominal agent of any passive verb
1259:, and a number of i-final stems such as
1012:, and they do occur in some words (e.g.
460:
315:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
3332:Gununa, Qld, Mornington Shire Council.
2550:
1754:The evitative ending, which appears as
1224:tend to undergo lowering at the end of
3024:Hale 1997, 53 and Klokeid 1976 108-110
1811:(man+bite+neg) 'non-biter-of-people'.
118:
3423:Memmott, P., N. Evans and R. Robinsi
2691:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1712:'dry+OPT hat' = "Let (your hat dry)".
1450:
650:SoCh (female ego), SiSoCh (male ego)
196:
7:
3352:Round, Erich R. 2011 (forthcoming).
3307:Hale, Kenneth L. and D. Nash. 1997.
2681:Wright, Sarah H. (22 October 2003).
2059:The instrumental case inflection is
2394:Here, R is a maker of reflexivity.
2390:'My boomerang was stolen by a man.'
2301:'The woman gave you this medicine.'
1961:, ngithun thabuji-kan kubaritharrku
1359:, and intransitive- and transitive
3356:Australian Journal of Linguistics.
2384:Ngithun wangal yuud wuungii tangan
2047:complement of certain verbs (e.g.
58:for transliterated languages, and
38:of its non-English content, using
14:
2565:. Australian Bureau of Statistics
2495:Ngada yuud-latha karnjinin lelkin
360:in that it features a ceremonial
3411:Papers in Australian Linguistics
2854:McKnight 1999, 26 and Round 2011
1351:, which may be subclassified as
1140:Common alternations (consonants)
626:Wi, WiSi, 'second cross-cousin'
25:
7672:Critically endangered languages
7535:South Australian Pidgin English
3407:Some Productive Rules in Lardil
554:WiFa, HuFa, FaFaSiSo, FaMoBrSo
358:Aboriginal Australian languages
2720:Mornington Island State School
2147:either following or preceding
1694:'tomorrow', and other coverbs.
1312:from underlying laminal-final
74:multilingual support templates
16:Australian Aboriginal language
1:
7530:Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin
3309:Damin and Lardil Phonotactics
1680:(a guilty plea, roughly) and
1446:Lardil pronouns (nominative)
965:'arm') from instances of the
703:). In addition to its use by
6905:Malak-Malak (Nguluk Wanggar)
3441:Robyrta Felton digital story
1655:elements in Lardil include:
7525:Port Jackson Pidgin English
6887:Pungu Pungu (Kandjerramalh)
3445:State Library of Queensland
3367:Bond, Hilary (March 2004).
3282:Hale 1997, 54-56 (appendix)
2023:1SG(NOM) catch+FUT fish+FUT
981:’) and to avoid suggesting
384:family of Non-Pama–Nyungan
7688:
6664:Kungarakany (Koongurrukuñ)
3386:The Languages of Australia
3042:Hale 1997 and Klokeid 1976
2155:Syntax and case assignment
1951:construction in which the
1210:Augmentation acts on many
530:MoMo, MoMoBro, MoMoBrSoCh
380:Lardil is a member of the
6799:
6725:Eastern (Goulburn Island)
6354:
6107:
6088:Wilson River (Wangkumara)
5892:Yimidhirr–Yalanji–Yidinic
5609:
5154:
5141:
5060:
5046:
4859:
4843:
4703:
4687:
4518:
4502:
4216:
4200:
3883:
3867:
3501:
3488:
3416:Hale, Kenneth L. . 1973.
2817:McKnight 1999, 24 and 157
2308:, glossed as 'EV', is an
2218:1SG(NOM) see EV horse+ACC
1605:
1565:
1493:
1485:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1072:
934:
926:
906:
888:
794:
789:
784:
782:
602:Ch, BrCh (both male ego)
301:
289:
105:
6961:Matngele (Werret/Dakayu)
6435:(Kurnindirri, southwest)
3405:Hale, Kenneth L. 1967.
3398:Hale, Kenneth L. 1966.
3316:Topics in Lardil Grammar
3314:Klokeid, Terry J. 1976.
3291:Hale 1997, 56 (appendix)
2215:Ngada kudi kun yaramanin
1847:Objective (oblique) case
6804:Gulumoerrgin (Larrakia)
5538:Central New South Wales
2725:10 October 2010 at the
1955:is a non-subject (e.g.
1638:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1418:
1412:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
760:
754:
748:
742:
736:
656:
644:
632:
620:
608:
596:
584:
572:
566:Mo, MoSi, SoWi, BrSoWi
560:
548:
536:
524:
512:
500:
488:
476:
454:
107:
7284:Southwestern Tasmanian
7278:Northwestern Tasmanian
6568:(Kunwinjku, Gunwinggu)
6398:(Ganggalida, Nyangga)
5012:old Wangkumara/Garlali
4981:new Wangkumara/Garlali
3482:Pama–Nyungan languages
3402:WORD, 22:1–3, 318–324,
3391:Evans, Nicholas (with
3384:Dixon, R. M. W. 1980.
2026:'I will catch a fish.'
1912:'I(gen)+gen = on me'.
1305:'a species of shark'.
1105:places of articulation
955:places of articulation
7662:North West Queensland
6882:Batjamalh (Wadjiginy)
6874:Wagaydyic (Anson Bay)
6865:Daly River Sprachbund
6095:Bulloo River (Galali)
5614:Western Torres Strait
5440:Australian Aboriginal
4302:Woiwurrung–Taungurung
3378:James Cook University
2055:'Ask him for water').
2020:Ngada bulethur yakur.
1967:, my brother made.').
1787:, reciprocality, and
1710:Manme-kili barnjibarn
1666:'completely gone' or
1301:'a species of bird',
518:MoFa, MoFaBr, MoFaSi
506:FaMo, FaMoSi, FaMoBr
482:FaFa, FaFaBr, FaFaSi
462:Lardil kinship terms
160:65 (2016 census)
7485:Torres Strait Creole
7397:Aboriginal Englishes
7161:Western (Nyulnyulic)
6057:Arabana–Wangkangurru
5529:Anewan (Nganyaywana)
5362:Gangalidda (Yukulta)
3033:McKnight 1999, 41-43
2563:Stat.data.abs.gov.au
2398:Part-whole compounds
2104:Verbalizing suffixes
1648:Uninflected elements
1434:system featuring an
1195:Word-final phonology
1115:'crow'/'armpit' and
450:dyadic kinship terms
386:Australian languages
376:Associated languages
72:. Knowledge (XXG)'s
36:specify the language
34:This article should
7422:Roper River Kriol (
7373:Southeast Tasmanian
7262:family-level groups
5508:New South Wales P–N
5148:Macro-Pama–Nyungan?
3321:McKnight, D. 1999.
2932:Klokeid 1976, 29-30
2436:woman+GEN head(NOM)
1908:'I(gen) = my' >
1799:'food-gatherer' or
1729:The future marker (
1447:
1436:inclusive-exclusive
1159:/d ~ n, j ~ ny/, _N
1030:
743:Yuur-kirnee yarburr
463:
348:(Kunhanha), in the
7339:Lhotsky/Blackhouse
7303:Northern Tasmanian
6525:Gunwinyguan proper
6359:Proto-Pama–Nyungan
6222:Ngarna/Warluwarric
5972:Arandic–Thura–Yura
5796:Guwa–Yanda ?
4613:Ngarluma-Kariyarra
3342:Richards, Norvin.
2978:Round forthc. 2011
2829:McKnight 1999, 158
2655:McKnight 1999, 3-4
2646:McKnight 1999, 3-5
2619:McKnight 1999, 3-6
2534:Stolen generations
2439:'the woman's head'
2096:, proprietive and
1815:Nominal morphology
1670:'thus, therefore'.
1445:
1430:Lardil has a rich
1320:is underlying and
1243:(deletion), as in
1028:
669:Initiate languages
461:
176:Macro-Pama–Nyungan
7657:Tangkic languages
7644:
7643:
7640:
7639:
7511:
7510:
7460:Mornington Island
7436:Kimberley Kriol (
7387:
7386:
7333:Tyerrernotepanner
7232:
7231:
7065:
7064:
6997:
6996:
6859:
6858:
6761:
6760:
6692:Central (Warrkbi)
6678:
6677:
6624:
6623:
6444:Macro-Gunwinyguan
6367:
6366:
6350:
6349:
6315:Kanyara–Mantharta
6129:
6128:
6040:Northern (Palku)
5960:
5959:
5774:Bidyara–Gungabula
5598:
5597:
5406:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5333:
5332:
5201:Mangarrayi-Marran
5160:Macro-Gunwinyguan
5137:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5037:
4839:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4562:Kanyara–Mantharta
4498:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4338:
4337:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4191:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3846:Mbariman-Gudhinma
3256:Klokeid 1976, 274
2902:Hale 1997, 15, 16
2868:McKnight 1999, 68
2808:McKnight 1999, 25
2799:McKnight 1999, 22
2762:McKnight 1999, 33
2610:McKnight 1999, 26
2433:bidngenngan lelka
1947:the subject of a
1940:the subject of a
1926:possessor nominal
1746:dependent clauses
1722:Verbal morphology
1645:
1644:
1347:in Lardil is its
1093:
1092:
939:
938:
666:
665:
434:Stolen Generation
412:. Members of the
350:Wellesley Islands
346:Mornington Island
338:moribund language
323:
322:
135:Mornington Island
96:
95:
76:may also be used.
7679:
7491:Cape York Creole
7449:Westside Kriol (
7415:Australian Kriol
7411:
7402:
7266:
7197:Eastern (Dyukun)
7158:
7017:
6870:
6813:Limilngan–Wulna?
6797:
6689:
6529:
6450:
6138:
5969:
5900:Guugu Yimidihirr
5607:
5467:
5460:
5433:
5426:
5419:
5410:
5165:
5156:
5143:
5062:
5048:
4861:
4845:
4705:
4689:
4520:
4504:
4329:Kuurn Kopan Noot
4325:Dhauwurd Wurrung
4255:
4218:
4202:
4153:Pallanganmiddang
3885:
3869:
3764:Aghu Tharrnggala
3503:
3490:
3475:
3468:
3461:
3452:
3381:
3375:
3292:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3271:
3268:
3257:
3254:
3245:
3242:
3225:
3224:Klokeid 1976, 66
3222:
3216:
3215:Hale 1997, 50-51
3213:
3207:
3206:Hale 1997, 46-50
3204:
3198:
3197:Hale 1997, 39-41
3195:
3189:
3188:Hale 1997, 36-39
3186:
3180:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3162:
3161:Hale 1997, 41-43
3159:
3146:
3143:
3134:
3131:
3125:
3124:Hale 1997, 29-31
3122:
3116:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3095:
3094:Hale 1997, 27-28
3092:
3086:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3043:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3025:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3007:
3004:
2993:
2990:
2979:
2976:
2947:
2944:
2933:
2930:
2924:
2923:Klokeid 1976, 29
2921:
2915:
2912:
2903:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2878:
2877:Klokeid 1976, 16
2875:
2869:
2866:
2855:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2830:
2827:
2818:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2763:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2735:
2729:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2678:
2665:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2638:
2637:McKnight 1999, 5
2635:
2629:
2628:McKnight 1999, 4
2626:
2620:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2599:
2598:McKnight 1999, 3
2596:
2590:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2555:
2539:Grammatical case
2491:
2480:
2468:
2457:
2453:
2428:
2417:
2380:
2369:
2358:
2348:
2336:
2332:
2291:
2280:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2236:
2221:'I saw a horse.'
2211:
2200:
2181:
2177:
2126:V-thururr V-thur
2016:
2005:
1993:
1989:
1764:niya merrinymerr
1641:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1448:
1422:'in the west').
1421:
1415:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1343:The first major
1293:from underlying
1103:at each of four
1031:
1016:'burnt ground',
1011:
1007:
992:
984:
972:
960:
780:
763:
757:
751:
745:
739:
659:
647:
635:
623:
611:
599:
587:
575:
563:
551:
539:
527:
515:
503:
491:
479:
464:
457:
370:click consonants
317:
306:
294:
273:
259:
243:
236:
218:
170:
122:
120:[leːɖɪl]
110:
98:
91:
88:
82:
67:
61:
57:
51:
47:
41:
29:
28:
21:
7687:
7686:
7682:
7681:
7680:
7678:
7677:
7676:
7647:
7646:
7645:
7636:
7588:
7550:Mixed languages
7544:
7540:Pidgin Ngarluma
7507:
7477:
7471:
7429:Bamyili Kriol (
7395:
7393:
7392:New Indigenous
7383:
7368:Little Swanport
7348:
7335:(North Midland)
7313:
7289:
7286:(Toogee) ?
7261:
7253:
7228:
7192:
7183:Djabirr-Djabirr
7147:
7116:
7093:
7061:
7038:
7015:
6993:
6989:Ngan’gityemerri
6970:
6947:
6914:
6891:
6855:
6829:
6808:
6785:
6757:
6741:
6720:
6674:
6652:
6620:
6617:(Enindhilyagwa)
6582:
6554:
6520:
6481:
6438:
6423:(Garrwa, north)
6407:
6363:
6346:
6295:
6249:
6216:
6125:
6103:
6027:
5956:
5919:
5887:
5845:
5732:
5727:Flinders Island
5698:Southwest Paman
5627:
5594:
5563:
5503:
5455:
5447:
5437:
5407:
5394:
5366:
5329:
5298:
5232:
5196:
5150:
5129:
5108:
5056:
5034:
4991:
4968:Wangka-Yutjurru
4915:
4887:
4855:
4831:
4803:
4780:
4744:
4726:
4699:
4675:
4647:
4579:
4556:
4514:
4490:
4457:
4434:
4376:
4334:
4306:
4272:Dja Dja Wurrung
4253:
4239:
4212:
4188:
4157:
4129:
4076:
4048:
4025:
3992:
3949:
3916:
3879:
3855:
3831:Flinders Island
3814:
3783:
3742:
3721:
3673:
3669:Guugu Yimidhirr
3647:
3626:
3578:
3562:
3528:Arritinngithigh
3513:Adithinngithigh
3497:
3495:Paman languages
3484:
3479:
3437:
3373:
3366:
3363:
3361:Further reading
3301:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3274:
3269:
3260:
3255:
3248:
3244:Klokeid 1976, 9
3243:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3149:
3144:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3005:
2996:
2991:
2982:
2977:
2950:
2945:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2833:
2828:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2747:
2745:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2727:Wayback Machine
2718:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2695:
2693:
2680:
2679:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2582:
2578:
2568:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2525:
2508:
2503:
2493:
2482:
2471:
2460:
2445:
2441:
2431:
2419:
2408:
2400:
2392:
2382:
2371:
2360:
2350:
2339:
2324:
2315:Subjects (i.e.
2310:eventive marker
2303:
2293:
2282:
2271:
2256:
2246:
2238:
2227:
2223:
2213:
2202:
2192:
2184:
2169:
2157:
2149:indirect object
2137:
2115:
2106:
2078:
2069:
2051:'for-water' in
2028:
2018:
2007:
1996:
1981:
1974:
1942:relative clause
1918:
1877:
1849:
1833:
1831:Nominative case
1817:
1724:
1719:
1650:
1531:
1489:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1428:
1373:
1341:
1336:
1334:Parts of speech
1331:
1197:
1142:
1137:
1125:
1029:Vowel phonemes
1026:
775:
770:
732:
671:
442:
426:
418:Bentinck Island
378:
328:, also spelled
319:
318:
309:
297:
269:
255:
239:
232:
219:
214:
193:
171:
168:Language family
166:
157:
156:Native speakers
131:Bentinck Island
92:
86:
83:
77:
65:
59:
55:
53:transliteration
49:
45:
39:
30:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7685:
7683:
7675:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7649:
7648:
7642:
7641:
7638:
7637:
7635:
7634:
7633:Murdi Language
7631:
7625:
7619:
7613:
7607:
7602:
7596:
7594:
7590:
7589:
7587:
7586:
7580:
7570:
7565:
7563:Gurindji Kriol
7560:
7558:Light Warlpiri
7554:
7552:
7546:
7545:
7543:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7521:
7519:
7513:
7512:
7509:
7508:
7506:
7505:
7499:
7496:Lockhart River
7493:
7488:
7481:
7479:
7473:
7472:
7470:
7469:
7463:
7457:
7454:
7451:Victoria River
7447:
7441:
7438:Fitzroy Valley
7434:
7427:
7419:
7417:
7408:
7399:
7394:languages and
7389:
7388:
7385:
7384:
7382:
7381:
7376:
7370:
7365:
7358:
7356:
7350:
7349:
7347:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7330:
7329:(Northeastern)
7323:
7321:
7315:
7314:
7312:
7311:
7306:
7299:
7297:
7291:
7290:
7288:
7287:
7281:
7274:
7272:
7263:
7255:
7254:
7252:
7251:
7246:
7240:
7238:
7234:
7233:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7200:
7198:
7194:
7193:
7191:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7164:
7162:
7155:
7149:
7148:
7146:
7145:
7139:
7133:
7126:
7124:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7114:
7109:
7103:
7101:
7095:
7094:
7092:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7075:
7073:
7067:
7066:
7063:
7062:
7060:
7059:
7054:
7048:
7046:
7040:
7039:
7037:
7036:
7031:
7025:
7023:
7014:
7013:
7007:
7005:
6999:
6998:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6991:
6986:
6980:
6978:
6972:
6971:
6969:
6968:
6963:
6957:
6955:
6949:
6948:
6946:
6945:
6943:Marramaninjsji
6940:
6935:
6930:
6924:
6922:
6916:
6915:
6913:
6912:
6907:
6901:
6899:
6893:
6892:
6890:
6889:
6884:
6878:
6876:
6867:
6861:
6860:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6837:
6835:
6831:
6830:
6828:
6827:
6822:
6816:
6814:
6810:
6809:
6807:
6806:
6800:
6794:
6787:
6786:
6784:
6783:
6778:
6772:
6770:
6767:Marrku–Wurrugu
6763:
6762:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6755:
6749:
6747:
6743:
6742:
6740:
6739:
6734:
6728:
6726:
6722:
6721:
6719:
6718:
6717:
6716:
6711:
6701:
6695:
6693:
6686:
6680:
6679:
6676:
6675:
6673:
6672:
6667:
6660:
6658:
6657:Other isolates
6654:
6653:
6651:
6650:
6645:
6639:
6637:
6626:
6625:
6622:
6621:
6619:
6618:
6612:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6590:
6588:
6584:
6583:
6581:
6580:
6574:
6569:
6562:
6560:
6556:
6555:
6553:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6535:
6533:
6526:
6522:
6521:
6519:
6518:
6512:
6506:
6500:
6495:
6489:
6487:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6458:
6456:
6447:
6440:
6439:
6437:
6436:
6430:
6429:(Wanji, south)
6424:
6417:
6415:
6409:
6408:
6406:
6405:
6399:
6393:
6388:
6377:
6375:
6369:
6368:
6365:
6364:
6362:
6361:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6333:
6332:
6319:
6318:
6317:
6312:
6303:
6301:
6300:South-West P–N
6297:
6296:
6294:
6293:
6288:
6287:
6286:
6278:
6273:
6263:
6257:
6255:
6254:Desert Nyungic
6251:
6250:
6248:
6247:
6246:
6245:
6242:
6234:
6226:
6224:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6214:
6213:
6212:
6198:
6191:
6190:
6189:
6182:
6172:Dhuwal–Dhuwala
6168:
6161:
6154:
6146:
6144:
6135:
6131:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6123:
6116:
6108:
6105:
6104:
6102:
6101:
6100:
6099:
6091:
6081:
6080:
6079:
6072:
6062:
6061:
6060:
6050:
6049:
6048:
6037:
6035:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6025:
6024:
6023:
6016:
6009:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5988:
5975:
5973:
5966:
5962:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5954:
5949:
5948:
5947:
5940:
5927:
5925:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5917:
5910:
5903:
5895:
5893:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5880:Lower Burdekin
5870:
5863:
5855:
5853:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5840:Lower Burdekin
5837:
5836:
5835:
5827:
5813:
5812:
5811:
5804:
5794:
5786:
5785:
5784:
5777:
5767:
5766:
5765:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5742:
5740:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5730:
5723:
5722:
5721:
5712:Southern Paman
5709:
5708:
5707:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5690:Mbarrumbathama
5686:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5667:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5650:
5641:Northern Paman
5637:
5635:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5623:
5620:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
5610:
5604:
5600:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5571:
5569:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5559:
5552:
5545:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5525:
5511:
5509:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5473:
5471:
5464:
5457:
5449:
5448:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5428:
5421:
5413:
5404:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5376:
5374:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5343:
5341:
5335:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5306:
5304:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5240:
5238:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5204:
5202:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5173:
5171:
5162:
5152:
5151:
5146:
5139:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5127:
5122:
5120:Lower Burdekin
5116:
5114:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5070:
5068:
5058:
5057:
5051:
5044:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5027:
5026:
5025:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5005:
4999:
4997:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4925:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4911:Lower Arrernte
4908:
4903:
4897:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4883:Western Desert
4880:
4875:
4869:
4867:
4857:
4856:
4848:
4841:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4813:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4796:
4790:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4763:
4754:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4736:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4713:
4711:
4701:
4700:
4692:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4657:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4589:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4566:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4528:
4526:
4516:
4515:
4507:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4467:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4444:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4386:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4348:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4322:
4316:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4263:
4261:
4249:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4226:
4224:
4214:
4213:
4205:
4198:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4179:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
4176:
4171:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4139:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4086:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4058:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4035:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4002:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3959:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3926:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3893:
3891:
3881:
3880:
3872:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3707:Kuuk Thaayorre
3704:
3703:
3702:
3694:
3689:
3683:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3588:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3509:
3507:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3470:
3463:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3436:
3435:External links
3433:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3421:
3414:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3350:
3347:
3340:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3284:
3272:
3258:
3246:
3226:
3217:
3208:
3199:
3190:
3181:
3172:
3163:
3147:
3135:
3126:
3117:
3108:
3096:
3087:
3078:
3069:
3060:
3044:
3035:
3026:
3017:
3008:
2994:
2980:
2948:
2934:
2925:
2916:
2904:
2895:
2879:
2870:
2856:
2847:
2831:
2819:
2810:
2801:
2792:
2764:
2755:
2730:
2712:
2703:
2666:
2657:
2648:
2639:
2630:
2621:
2612:
2600:
2591:
2576:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2529:Language death
2524:
2521:
2507:
2504:
2483:
2472:
2461:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2420:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2372:
2361:
2351:
2340:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2283:
2272:
2257:
2247:
2239:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2203:
2193:
2185:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2156:
2153:
2136:
2133:
2114:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2077:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2057:
2056:
2053:Lewurda ngukur
2041:
2038:
2035:
2008:
1997:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1945:
1938:
1935:
1928:
1917:
1914:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1848:
1845:
1841:Kurri yarraman
1832:
1829:
1816:
1813:
1809:dangka-be-jarr
1758:in objective (
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1708:suffix, as in
1695:
1685:
1671:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1427:
1424:
1372:
1369:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1124:
1121:
1117:thaldi/thaldii
1091:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1025:
1022:
969:nasal phoneme
947:unvoiced stops
937:
936:
933:
931:
928:
925:
919:
918:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
899:
898:
896:
893:
891:
889:
887:
881:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
856:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
831:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
799:
798:
793:
788:
783:
774:
771:
769:
766:
737:wurdal yarburr
731:
728:
670:
667:
664:
663:
660:
652:
651:
648:
640:
639:
636:
628:
627:
624:
616:
615:
612:
604:
603:
600:
592:
591:
588:
580:
579:
576:
568:
567:
564:
556:
555:
552:
544:
543:
540:
532:
531:
528:
520:
519:
516:
508:
507:
504:
496:
495:
492:
484:
483:
480:
472:
471:
468:
441:
438:
425:
422:
377:
374:
340:spoken by the
321:
320:
308:
307:
299:
298:
295:
287:
286:
281:
275:
274:
267:
261:
260:
253:
245:
244:
237:
229:
228:
227:Language codes
224:
223:
220:
213:
210:
209:
208:
207:
199:
195:
194:
192:
191:
190:
189:
174:
172:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
128:
124:
123:
116:
112:
111:
103:
102:
94:
93:
33:
31:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7684:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7654:
7652:
7632:
7629:
7626:
7623:
7620:
7617:
7614:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7605:Nunga English
7603:
7601:
7598:
7597:
7595:
7591:
7584:
7581:
7578:
7577:Tennant Creek
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7555:
7553:
7551:
7547:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7522:
7520:
7518:
7514:
7503:
7500:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7486:
7483:
7482:
7480:
7476:Northeastern
7474:
7467:
7464:
7461:
7458:
7455:
7452:
7448:
7445:
7442:
7439:
7435:
7432:
7428:
7425:
7421:
7420:
7418:
7416:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7390:
7380:
7377:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:(Paredarerme)
7363:
7360:
7359:
7357:
7355:
7351:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7334:
7331:
7328:
7325:
7324:
7322:
7320:
7316:
7310:
7307:
7304:
7301:
7300:
7298:
7296:
7292:
7285:
7282:
7279:
7276:
7275:
7273:
7271:
7267:
7264:
7260:
7256:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7241:
7239:
7235:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7201:
7199:
7195:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7165:
7163:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7150:
7143:
7140:
7137:
7134:
7131:
7128:
7127:
7125:
7123:
7119:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7104:
7102:
7100:
7096:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7076:
7074:
7072:
7068:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7049:
7047:
7045:
7041:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7026:
7024:
7022:
7018:
7012:
7009:
7008:
7006:
7004:
7000:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6984:Murrinh-patha
6982:
6981:
6979:
6977:
6976:Southern Daly
6973:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6958:
6956:
6954:
6950:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6925:
6923:
6921:
6917:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6898:
6897:Northern Daly
6894:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6879:
6877:
6875:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6862:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6838:
6836:
6832:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6811:
6805:
6802:
6801:
6798:
6795:
6792:
6791:Darwin Region
6788:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6764:
6754:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6744:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6729:
6727:
6723:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6706:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6681:
6671:
6668:
6665:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6655:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6616:
6613:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6585:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6567:
6566:Bininj Kunwok
6564:
6563:
6561:
6557:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6540:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6530:
6527:
6523:
6516:
6513:
6510:
6507:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6484:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6455:
6451:
6448:
6445:
6441:
6434:
6431:
6428:
6425:
6422:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6414:
6410:
6403:
6400:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6386:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6374:
6370:
6360:
6357:
6356:
6353:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6330:
6329:
6325:
6324:
6323:
6320:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6298:
6292:
6289:
6284:
6283:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6252:
6243:
6240:
6239:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6232:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6223:
6219:
6211:
6210:
6206:
6205:
6204:
6203:
6199:
6197:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6187:
6183:
6181:
6180:
6179:Djambarrpuyŋu
6176:
6175:
6174:
6173:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6162:
6160:
6159:
6155:
6153:
6152:
6148:
6147:
6145:
6143:
6139:
6136:
6132:
6122:
6121:
6117:
6115:
6114:
6110:
6109:
6106:
6097:
6096:
6092:
6090:
6089:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6078:
6077:
6073:
6071:
6070:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6059:
6058:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6047:
6046:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6034:
6030:
6022:
6021:
6020:Adnyamathanha
6017:
6015:
6014:
6010:
6008:
6007:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5998:
5994:
5993:
5989:
5987:
5986:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5970:
5967:
5963:
5953:
5950:
5946:
5945:
5941:
5939:
5938:
5934:
5933:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5922:
5916:
5915:
5911:
5909:
5908:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5890:
5881:
5878:
5877:
5876:
5875:
5871:
5869:
5868:
5864:
5862:
5861:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5852:
5848:
5841:
5838:
5833:
5832:
5828:
5825:
5824:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5810:
5809:
5805:
5803:
5802:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5782:
5781:Margany–Gunya
5778:
5776:
5775:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5764:
5763:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5752:
5751:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5739:
5735:
5729:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5719:
5715:
5714:
5713:
5710:
5706:
5705:
5704:Kuuk Thayorre
5701:
5700:
5699:
5696:
5692:
5691:
5687:
5685:
5684:
5680:
5679:
5678:
5675:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5662:
5661:
5658:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5634:
5630:
5622:
5621:
5617:
5616:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5608:
5605:
5601:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5585:Gumbaynggiric
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5566:
5558:
5557:
5553:
5551:
5550:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5539:
5536:
5531:
5530:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5518:
5517:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5506:
5500:
5499:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5470:Victorian P–N
5468:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5445:
5441:
5434:
5429:
5427:
5422:
5420:
5415:
5414:
5411:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5373:
5369:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5340:
5336:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5301:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5199:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5144:
5140:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5111:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5049:
5045:
5031:
5028:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5011:
5010:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4988:
4985:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4972:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4851:
4846:
4842:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4690:
4686:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4510:
4505:
4501:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4390:Adnyamathanha
4388:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4230:Yabula-Yabula
4228:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4203:
4199:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4031:Gumbaynggiric
4028:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3978:Gureng Gureng
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3870:
3866:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3664:Gugu Yalandyi
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
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3516:
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3500:
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3476:
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3464:
3462:
3457:
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3453:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3372:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3339:
3338:0-646-29052-5
3335:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3288:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3270:Hale 1997, 45
3267:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3203:
3200:
3194:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3179:Hale 1997, 36
3176:
3173:
3170:Hale 1997, 43
3167:
3164:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3145:Hale 1997, 34
3142:
3140:
3136:
3133:Hale 1997, 31
3130:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3115:Hale 1997, 28
3112:
3109:
3106:Hale 1997, 29
3103:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3085:Hale 1997, 27
3082:
3079:
3076:Hale 1997, 25
3073:
3070:
3067:Hale 1997, 24
3064:
3061:
3058:Hale 1997, 52
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3015:Hale 1997, 52
3012:
3009:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2992:Hale 1997, 51
2989:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2946:Hale 1997, 17
2943:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2914:Hale 1997, 18
2911:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2842:
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2838:
2836:
2832:
2826:
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2814:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2787:
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2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2716:
2713:
2710:Leman 1997, 2
2707:
2704:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2664:Hale 1997, 54
2661:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2577:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2481:
2475:
2470:
2464:
2459:
2449:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2404:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2343:
2338:
2328:
2320:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2270:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2173:
2165:
2162:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2145:direct object
2142:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2118:Reduplication
2113:Reduplication
2112:
2110:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2075:
2073:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2006:
2000:
1995:
1985:
1977:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1916:Genitive case
1915:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1884:'stone' (LOC
1883:
1875:Locative case
1874:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
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1790:
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1778:
1773:
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1757:
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1742:
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1736:
1732:
1727:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
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1683:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1658:
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1656:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1462:
1449:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:lexical class
1338:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1228:forms, as in
1227:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1201:morphological
1194:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:minimal pairs
1106:
1102:
1101:long variants
1098:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1003:
999:
995:
988:
980:
976:
968:
964:
956:
952:
948:
944:
932:
929:
924:
921:
920:
916:
913:
911:
908:
904:
901:
900:
897:
894:
892:
890:
886:
885:Trill or flap
883:
882:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
861:
858:
857:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
836:
833:
832:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
800:
797:
792:
787:
781:
778:
772:
767:
765:
762:
756:
750:
744:
738:
729:
727:
725:
724:marlda kangka
721:
717:
716:marlda kangka
712:
710:
709:marlda kangka
706:
702:
698:
697:marlda kangka
694:
693:marlda kangka
690:
686:
684:
680:
676:
668:
661:
658:
654:
653:
649:
646:
642:
641:
637:
634:
630:
629:
625:
622:
618:
617:
613:
610:
606:
605:
601:
598:
594:
593:
589:
586:
582:
581:
578:WiMo, WiMoBr
577:
574:
570:
569:
565:
562:
558:
557:
553:
550:
546:
545:
541:
538:
534:
533:
529:
526:
522:
521:
517:
514:
510:
509:
505:
502:
498:
497:
493:
490:
486:
485:
481:
478:
474:
473:
469:
466:
465:
459:
456:
451:
447:
446:kinship terms
440:Kinship terms
439:
437:
435:
431:
423:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
388:, along with
387:
383:
375:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:Lardil people
339:
335:
331:
327:
316:
313:
305:
300:
293:
288:
285:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
252:
251:
246:
242:
238:
235:
230:
225:
222:Marlda kangka
221:
217:
211:
206:
202:
201:
200:
188:
185:
184:
183:
180:
179:
177:
173:
169:
163:
159:
153:
150:
149:Lardil people
147:
143:
140:
136:
133:, north west
132:
129:
125:
121:
117:
115:Pronunciation
113:
109:
104:
99:
90:
80:
75:
71:
64:
54:
44:
37:
32:
23:
22:
19:
7456:Barkly Kriol
7379:Bruny Island
7319:Northeastern
7305:(Tommeginne)
7089:Gajirrawoong
6953:Eastern Daly
6920:Western Daly
6615:Anindilyakwa
6380:
6326:
6322:Kartu–Nhanda
6280:
6266:Ngumpin–Yapa
6229:
6207:
6200:
6193:
6184:
6177:
6170:
6163:
6156:
6149:
6118:
6111:
6093:
6086:
6076:Yandruwandha
6074:
6067:
6055:
6043:
6018:
6011:
6004:
5990:
5983:
5942:
5935:
5912:
5907:Kuku Yalanji
5905:
5898:
5872:
5865:
5858:
5829:
5821:
5806:
5799:
5788:
5779:
5772:
5760:
5748:
5725:
5716:
5702:
5688:
5681:
5670:Umbindhamuic
5660:Middle Paman
5645:
5618:
5580:Bandjalangic
5554:
5547:
5527:
5519:
5496:
5477:Lower Murray
5463:Southeastern
5453:Pama–Nyungan
5351:
5294:Anindilyakwa
5054:Pama–Nyungan
5008:Bulloo River
4987:Yandruwandha
4974:Wilson River
4853:Pama–Nyungan
4765:Yindjilandji
4709:Ngumpin–Yapa
4697:Pama–Nyungan
4638:Yindjibarndi
4603:Martuthunira
4512:Pama–Nyungan
4344:Lower Murray
4210:Pama–Nyungan
3877:Pama–Nyungan
3659:Barrow Point
3424:
3417:
3410:
3406:
3399:
3393:Paul Memmott
3385:
3369:
3353:
3346:. MIT, 1997.
3343:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3287:
3220:
3211:
3202:
3193:
3184:
3175:
3166:
3129:
3120:
3111:
3090:
3081:
3072:
3063:
3038:
3029:
3020:
3011:
2928:
2919:
2898:
2873:
2850:
2813:
2804:
2795:
2758:
2746:. Retrieved
2742:
2733:
2715:
2706:
2694:. Retrieved
2686:
2660:
2651:
2642:
2633:
2624:
2615:
2594:
2579:
2567:. Retrieved
2562:
2553:
2512:Kenneth Hale
2509:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2487:
2484:
2476:
2473:
2465:
2462:
2450:
2447:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2424:
2421:
2413:
2410:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2376:
2373:
2365:
2362:
2355:
2352:
2344:
2341:
2329:
2326:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2287:
2284:
2276:
2273:
2261:
2258:
2251:
2248:
2243:
2240:
2232:
2229:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2207:
2204:
2197:
2194:
2189:
2186:
2174:
2171:
2158:
2138:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2107:
2079:
2070:
2058:
2052:
2048:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2012:
2009:
2001:
1998:
1986:
1983:
1975:
1964:
1958:
1956:
1919:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1850:
1840:
1836:
1834:
1818:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1797:werne-kebe-n
1796:
1792:
1781:inflectional
1779:rather than
1777:derivational
1774:
1771:
1768:
1763:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1743:
1734:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1677:
1674:Exclamations
1673:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1440:
1429:
1416:'long ago',
1374:
1361:complemented
1353:intransitive
1342:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1286:'husband').
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1265:
1260:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1220:
1215:
1209:
1198:
1177:
1173:
1172:'woman', or
1169:
1165:
1151:
1145:/rr ~ d/, _#
1135:Phonotactics
1128:
1126:
1116:
1112:
1094:
1017:
1013:
997:
974:
962:
940:
776:
733:
723:
719:
715:
713:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
687:
678:
674:
672:
470:Relation(s)
455:kangkariwarr
443:
430:Kenneth Hale
427:
379:
333:
329:
325:
324:
248:
216:Signed forms
186:
84:
70:ISO 639 code
66:}}
60:{{
56:}}
50:{{
46:}}
40:{{
35:
18:
7600:Neo-Nyungar
7573:Wumpurrarni
7568:Modern Tiwi
7487:(Yumplatok)
7309:Port Sorell
7280:(Peerapper)
6938:Marrithiyel
6933:Merranunggu
6928:Marri Ngarr
6704:Garig–Ilgar
6383:(register:
6209:Ganhalpuyŋu
6151:Dhaŋu–Djaŋu
6045:Pitta-Pitta
5931:Kalkatungic
5568:North Coast
5549:Barranbinja
5315:Kungarakany
5237:Gunwinyguan
5223:Warndarrang
5023:Barranbinja
4959:Pitta Pitta
4822:Mayi-Kutuna
4786:Kalkatungic
4671:Nyangumarta
4643:Yinhawangka
4453:Ngadjunmaya
4367:Yitha-Yitha
4297:Wemba Wemba
4282:Madhi-Madhi
4277:Ledji-Ledji
4148:Gunaikurnai
4039:Kumbainggar
3800:Mbara-Yanga
3769:Ikarranggal
3617:Wik-Ngathan
3612:Wik-Mungkan
3597:Kugu-Muminh
2411:bidngenngan
2082:verbal case
2076:Verbal case
2061:homophonous
1910:ngithunngan
1898:yarramangan
1839:'horse' in
1801:werne-la-an
1789:causativity
1785:reflexivity
1653:Uninflected
1606:3st person
1566:2nd person
1486:1st person
1480:disharmonic
1470:disharmonic
1413:dilanthaarr
1222:High vowels
1185:/r ~ l/, #_
1087:a aː (aa)
923:Approximant
761:Wurdungalin
707:initiates,
683:subincision
662:DaSo, DaDa
7651:Categories
7444:Daly River
7375:(Nuenonne)
7362:Oyster Bay
7327:Pyemmairre
7188:Nimanburru
7153:Nyulnyulan
7132:(Northern)
7112:Gooniyandi
6851:Bugurnidja
6834:Umbugarlic
6737:Manangkari
6609:Nunggubuyu
6594:Rembarrnga
6579:(Ngalkbun)
6572:Kunbarlang
6515:Mangarrayi
6498:Warndarang
6454:Maningrida
6000:Thura–Yura
5937:Kalkatungu
5590:Waka–Kabic
5543:Wiradhuric
5515:Yuin–Kuric
5498:Bungandidj
5289:Nunggubuyu
5279:Rembarrnga
5269:Kunbarlang
5213:Mangarrayi
5169:Maningrida
4978:Bundhamara
4964:Wanggamala
4948:Yarluyandi
4817:Mayi-Kulan
4794:Kalkatungu
4771:Warluwarra
4750:Warluwaric
4628:Nyiyaparli
4382:Thura-Yura
4320:Bungandidj
4292:Wathaurong
4174:Bandjalang
4095:Darkinjung
4082:Yuin–Kuric
4062:Gamilaraay
4054:Wiradhuric
3955:Waka–Kabic
3851:Umbindhamu
3717:Yir-Yoront
3701:Ogh-Undjan
3643:Morrobolam
3523:Anguthimri
3518:Andjingith
2893:Leman 1999
2845:Round 2011
2790:Leman 1997
2743:Ogmios.org
2696:13 October
2569:29 October
2545:References
2506:New Lardil
2463:yuud-latha
2345:boomerang+
2285:midithinin
2141:word order
2094:comitative
2067:Non-future
1866:imperative
1717:Morphology
1700:, such as
1690:, such as
1676:, such as
1662:, such as
1432:pronominal
1403:baldu(u)rr
1385:Kurndakurn
1357:transitive
1261:wan̪t̪alŋi
1212:monomoraic
1180:'oldtime'.
1113:waaka/waka
1073:e eː (ee)
1063:u uː (uu)
1058:i iː (ii)
1018:balyarriny
987:gemination
786:Peripheral
773:Consonants
685:ceremony.
404:; and the
402:Borroloola
354:Queensland
139:Queensland
7628:Cherbourg
7575:English (
7466:Kowanyama
7259:Tasmanian
7144:(Western)
7138:(Eastern)
7136:Ngarinyin
7122:Worrorran
7084:Miriwoong
7034:Jaminjung
6841:Umbugarla
6820:Limilngan
6630:Yangmanic
6599:Ngalakgan
6472:Ndjébbana
6467:Gurr-goni
6433:Gunindiri
6402:Mingginda
6391:Kayardild
6328:Yinggarda
6282:Warumungu
6186:Gupapuyŋu
6158:Ritharrŋu
6120:Paakantyi
5944:Yalarnnga
5867:Warrgamay
5851:Dyirbalic
5823:Dharumbal
5769:Southern
5745:Northern
5683:Umbuygamu
5677:Lamalamic
5575:Durubalic
5521:Dhanggati
5487:Gippsland
5482:Yotayotic
5456:subgroups
5446:languages
5444:Tasmanian
5385:Gunindiri
5347:Kayardild
5274:Ngalakgan
5259:Kunwinjku
5187:Gurr-goni
5182:Ndjébbana
5099:Ritharrŋu
5003:Baagandji
4799:Yalarnnga
4740:Warumungu
4732:Warumungu
4661:Karajarri
4575:Mantharta
4552:Yinggarda
4481:Natingero
4476:Kalaamaya
4395:Barngarla
4357:Ngayawung
4287:Wadi-Wadi
4251:Kolakngat
4222:Yotayotic
4143:Dhudhuroa
4135:Gippsland
4115:Ngunnawal
4105:Dhanggati
4072:Wiradjuri
4067:Ngiyambaa
3998:Durubalic
3973:Gabi-Gabi
3963:Barunggam
3907:Warrgamay
3889:Dyirbalic
3810:Walangama
3692:Kok Thawa
3687:Koko-Bera
3679:Southwest
3631:Lamalamic
3622:Wik-Ompom
3607:Wik-Me'nh
3567:Northeast
3548:Ndrangith
3006:Hale 1997
2748:3 October
2516:attrition
2474:karnjinin
2288:medicine+
2205:yaramanin
2122:V-tharr V
2098:privative
1965:boomerang
1904:'I' >
1807:), as in
1795:), as in
1741:clauses.
1698:Enclitics
1664:nyingkeni
1660:Particles
1532:inclusive
1490:exclusive
1453:Singular
1380:inflected
1257:ergatives
1253:locatives
1207:factors.
998:ngangkirr
979:boomerang
828:Retroflex
768:Phonology
749:thamarrka
730:Necronyms
701:dilmirrur
494:Fa, FaBr
420:in 1947.
410:Burketown
390:Kayardild
364:, called
250:Glottolog
234:ISO 639-3
145:Ethnicity
87:June 2020
7583:Alyawarr
7502:Napranum
7295:Northern
7244:Giimbiyu
7237:isolates
7224:Ngumbarl
7168:Nyulnyul
7142:Worrorra
7130:Wunambal
7071:Jarrakan
6910:Tyerraty
6846:Ngurmbur
6746:Southern
6684:Iwaidjan
6670:Gaagudju
6643:Wardaman
6550:Uwinymil
6541:(Djauan)
6404:(Minkin)
6310:Ngayarda
6306:Pilbara
6237:Southern
6083:Eastern
6064:Central
6052:Western
5992:Kaytetye
5985:Arrernte
5874:Nyawaygi
5818: ?
5757:Eastern
5750:Warrongo
5718:Mbabaram
5665:Umpilaic
5603:Northern
5556:Muruwari
5320:Wardaman
5310:Gaagudju
5249:Uwinymil
5018:Muruwari
4906:Kaytetye
4901:Arrernte
4694:Northern
4633:Panyjima
4585:Ngayarta
4532:Badimaya
4420:Ngadjuri
4410:Narungga
4267:Bunurong
4235:Yotayota
4207:Southern
4120:Tharawal
4090:Awabakal
3988:Wuliwuli
3983:Wakawaka
3945:Warrongo
3902:Nyawaygi
3841:Kok Narr
3826:Djabugay
3805:Mbabaram
3788:Southern
3712:Kuuk Yak
3652:Yalanjic
3638:Lamalama
3592:Ayabadhu
3533:Awngthim
2723:Archived
2687:MIT News
2523:See also
2477:wallaby+
2317:patients
2259:ngimpeen
2161:ergative
2090:ablative
2086:Allative
1999:bulethur
1894:nyirriri
1892:'near',
1837:yarraman
1825:genitive
1821:locative
1793:-n ~ -Vn
1756:-nymerra
1706:optative
1688:Preverbs
1559:ngakulmu
1538:ngakurri
1475:harmonic
1465:harmonic
1426:Pronouns
1400:'that',
1397:nganikin
1376:Nominals
1371:Nominals
1365:nominals
1276:*jukarpa
1226:bimoraic
1178:yuunymen
1002:digraphs
994:clusters
873:n̪ (nh)
848:t̪ (th)
823:Alveolar
803:Bilabial
758:, as in
645:nginngin
549:wuyinjin
414:Kaiadilt
362:register
257:lard1243
198:Dialects
178: ?
7585:English
7517:Pidgins
7478:creoles
7431:Barunga
7424:Ngukurr
7406:Creoles
7354:Eastern
7270:Western
7219:Nyigina
7099:Bunuban
7057:Wambaya
7052:Ngarnka
7044:Ngurlun
7029:Nungali
7011:Jingulu
6793: ?
6776:Wurrugu
6769: ?
6753:Amurdag
6699:Iwaidja
6666: ?
6648:Wagiman
6634:Wagiman
6611:(Wubuy)
6587:Eastern
6577:Dalabon
6559:Central
6532:Western
6517: ?
6511: ?
6505: ?
6477:Nakkara
6462:Burarra
6446: ?
6413:Garrwan
6396:Yukulta
6373:Tangkic
6337:Mirning
6331: ?
6285: ?
6271:Ngumpin
6261:Marrngu
6231:Yanyuwa
6134:Western
6098: ?
6006:Wirangu
5979:Arandic
5965:Central
5882: ?
5860:Dyirbal
5842: ?
5834: ?
5826: ?
5816:Kingkel
5793: ?
5532: ?
5524: ?
5372:Garrwan
5339:Tangkic
5325:Wagiman
5264:Dalabon
5192:Nakkara
5177:Burarra
4944:Ngamini
4939:Mithaka
4929:Arabana
4893:Arandic
4850:Central
4776:Yanyuwa
4762:Bularnu
4722:Ngumbin
4717:Ngarrga
4666:Mangala
4653:Marrngu
4618:Nhuwala
4598:Kurrama
4593:Jurruru
4570:Kanyara
4547:Wajarri
4537:Malgana
4509:Western
4486:Nyungar
4471:Galaagu
4463:Nyungic
4448:Mirning
4440:Mirniny
4430:Wirangu
4362:Yaralde
4352:Keramin
4245:Kulinic
4110:Ngarigo
4021:Turrbal
4016:Nunukul
3940:Kingkel
3930:Bidjara
3912:Wulguru
3897:Dyirbal
3874:Eastern
3795:Agwamin
3779:Thaypan
3774:Takalak
3759:Angkula
3754:Alungul
3747:Thaypan
3738:Kuthant
3733:Kurtjar
3602:Pakanha
3543:Mbiywom
3538:Luthigh
3376:(PhD).
3299:Sources
2363:wuungii
2327:Ngithun
2230:Pidngen
1906:ngithun
1886:barngaa
1760:oblique
1739:jussive
1625:nyiinki
1585:nyiinki
1571:nyingki
1552:ngakuli
1545:ngakuni
1459:Plural
1408:adverbs
1388:'dry',
1329:Grammar
1299:kakawuɲ
1280:*jukarp
1268:*makark
1245:*jalulu
1241:apocope
1205:lexical
1174:yuujmen
1170:binngen
1166:bidngen
1152:yarburr
1042:Central
996:(as in
991:/ŋ+k~ɡ/
973:(as in
953:at six
917:ɭ (rl)
909:ʎ (ly)
903:Lateral
895:r (rr)
879:ɳ (rn)
870:ɲ (ny)
867:ŋ (ng)
854:ʈ (rd)
845:tʲ (j)
835:Plosive
813:Palatal
791:Laminal
755:-ngalin
633:kangkur
573:kunawun
477:kangkar
424:Outlook
398:Yanyuwa
394:Yukulta
382:Tangkic
336:, is a
334:Leertil
330:Leerdil
265:AIATSIS
182:Tangkic
108:Leerdil
79:See why
7622:Woorie
7610:Yarrie
7593:Others
7504:Creole
7498:Creole
7468:Creole
7462:Creole
7344:Norman
7214:Warrwa
7209:Dyugun
7204:Yawuru
7107:Bunuba
7021:Yirram
7003:Mirndi
6781:Marrgu
6604:Ngandi
6539:Jawoyn
6486:Marran
6427:Waanyi
6421:Garawa
6381:Lardil
6342:Nyunga
6241:Ngarru
6202:Djinba
6195:Djinaŋ
6069:Diyari
6033:Karnic
6013:Kaurna
5914:Yidiny
5831:Bayali
5790:Bindal
5647:Uradhi
5390:Waanyi
5380:Garrwa
5357:Minkin
5352:Lardil
5284:Ngandi
5244:Jawoyn
5125:Bindal
5094:Djinaŋ
5089:Djinba
5079:Dhuwal
5052:Other
5030:Yardli
4934:Diyari
4921:Karnic
4878:Wanman
4873:Ngardi
4827:Ngawun
4758:Wagaya
4623:Nyamal
4608:Ngarla
4542:Nhanda
4425:Nukunu
4405:Kuyani
4400:Kaurna
4184:Yidiny
4169:Anewan
4100:Dharug
4044:Yaygir
4011:Janday
3968:Dappil
3836:Gugadj
3726:Norman
3697:Kunjen
3574:Umpila
3558:Uradhi
3553:Ngkoth
3336:
2485:lelkin
2469:+spear
2414:woman+
2374:tangan
2366:steal+
2342:wangal
2233:woman+
2208:horse+
2135:Syntax
2049:ngukur
2045:dative
2010:yakur.
2002:catch+
1972:Future
1963:'This
1959:wangal
1882:barnga
1692:bilaa-
1524:nyalmu
1503:nyarri
1410:(e.g.
1314:*ŋawic
1303:kulkic
1295:*ŋaluk
1230:*penki
1129:tangka
1123:Stress
1024:Vowels
1014:minhal
975:wangal
951:nasals
943:voiced
935:ɻ (r)
930:j (y)
927:w (w)
914:l (l)
876:n (n)
864:m (m)
851:t (d)
842:k (k)
839:p (b)
818:Dental
796:Apical
720:warama
714:While
705:luruku
689:Luruku
679:warama
675:Luruku
657:benyin
621:kernde
597:kambin
537:merrka
525:nyerre
489:kantha
406:Garawa
326:Lardil
312:UNESCO
284:Lardil
187:Lardil
127:Region
101:Lardil
7612:Lingo
7446:Kriol
7173:Bardi
6825:Wulna
6732:Maung
6714:Ilgar
6709:Garig
6545:Waray
6509:Alawa
6503:Yugul
6493:Marra
6385:Damin
6244:Thawa
6165:Nhaŋu
6142:Yolŋu
6113:Yarli
5808:Yanda
5738:Maric
5633:Paman
5492:Kulin
5303:Other
5254:Waray
5228:Yugul
5218:Marra
5208:Alawa
5113:Other
5104:Nhaŋu
5084:Djaŋu
5074:Dhaŋu
5066:Yolŋu
4996:Other
4954:Ngura
4524:Kartu
4312:Drual
4259:Kulin
4162:Other
4125:Wormi
4006:Guwar
3922:Maric
3819:Other
3506:North
3374:(PDF)
2488:head+
2448:Ngada
2425:head(
2422:lelka
2277:this+
2241:wutha
2172:Ngada
2013:fish+
1984:Ngada
1957:Diin
1953:topic
1949:cleft
1932:agent
1902:ngada
1890:minda
1805:-jarr
1731:-thur
1704:, an
1702:-kili
1682:bardu
1668:niimi
1639:bilmu
1618:birri
1599:kilmu
1578:kirri
1517:nyali
1510:nyaan
1496:ngada
1456:Dual
1391:durde
1349:verbs
1339:Verbs
1322:nawic
1318:nawit
1310:ŋawit
1284:jukar
1282:>
1278:>
1272:makar
1270:>
1249:jalul
1247:>
1234:penke
1232:>
1176:>
1168:>
1097:short
1037:Front
967:velar
963:wanka
959:/k~ɡ/
860:Nasal
808:Velar
609:karda
561:ngama
542:FaSi
513:jembe
467:Title
400:, of
366:Damin
205:Damin
7630:Talk
7624:Talk
7618:Talk
7616:Palm
7249:Tiwi
7178:Jawi
7079:Kija
6966:Kamu
6291:Wati
6276:Yapa
5952:Mayi
5924:Gulf
5801:Guwa
5762:Biri
5442:and
4865:Wati
4809:Mayi
4415:Nauo
4372:Yuyu
3935:Biri
3334:ISBN
2750:2018
2698:2020
2571:2017
2467:PERF
2377:man+
2357:PERF
2353:yuud
2274:tiin
2244:give
2187:kudi
2088:and
2043:the
1930:the
1823:and
1735:mara
1632:bili
1611:niya
1592:kili
1419:bada
1291:ŋalu
1216:*ter
1203:and
1099:and
1054:High
1047:Back
1008:and
945:and
585:yaku
501:babe
392:and
43:lang
5653:Wik
3584:Wik
2584:G38
2490:OBJ
2479:OBJ
2456:NOM
2452:1SG
2444:(2)
2427:NOM
2416:GEN
2407:(1)
2379:ACC
2347:ACC
2335:ACC
2331:1SG
2323:(3)
2306:Kun
2290:ACC
2279:ACC
2267:ACC
2263:2SG
2249:kun
2235:NOM
2226:(2)
2210:ACC
2195:kun
2190:see
2180:NOM
2176:1SG
2168:(1)
2015:FUT
2004:FUT
1992:NOM
1988:1SG
1980:(1)
1678:may
1083:Low
1069:Mid
1020:).
1010:/l/
1006:/n/
989:in
983:/ɡ/
971:/ŋ/
352:of
344:on
332:or
279:ELP
271:G38
241:lbz
63:IPA
7653::
3443:,
3275:^
3261:^
3249:^
3229:^
3150:^
3138:^
3099:^
3047:^
2997:^
2983:^
2951:^
2937:^
2907:^
2882:^
2859:^
2834:^
2822:^
2767:^
2741:.
2689:.
2685:.
2669:^
2603:^
2561:.
2253:EV
2199:EV
2128:.
2100:.
1924:a
1367:.
1355:,
1218:.
372:.
137:,
48:,
7579:)
7453:)
7440:)
7433:)
7426:)
6636:?
6632:–
6387:)
5432:e
5425:t
5418:v
3474:e
3467:t
3460:v
3427:.
3420:.
3388:.
3380:.
3325:.
3318:.
3311:.
2752:.
2700:.
2573:.
2458:)
2454:(
2429:)
2368:R
2337:)
2333:(
2269:)
2265:(
2182:)
2178:(
1994:)
1990:(
985:-
977:‘
203:†
89:)
85:(
81:.
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