500:". In 1997 the APA characterized Singer's hypotheses as "uninformed speculations based on skewed data". It stated in 1987 that the report generally lacked "the scientific rigor and evenhanded critical approach necessary for APA imprimatur." The APA also stated that "the specific methods by which Drs. Singer and Benson have arrived at their conclusions have also been rejected by all serious scholars in the field." Singer sued the APA, and lost on June 17, 1994. Despite the APA rejection of her task-force's report, Singer remained in good standing among psychology researchers. Singer reworked much of the DIMPAC report material into the book
1857:
cults deceive, manipulate, and exploit their members and hope to keep them for as long as possible. The second category consists of the commercially sold large group awareness training programs and other 'self-improvement,' psychology-based or miscellaneaous organizations that use similar intense coordinated persuasion processes but ordinarily do not intend to keep their customers for long periods of membership. They prefer that adherents buy more courses and products and bring in more customers, staying around for perhaps a year or two.
290:, encouraging potential attendees of LGATs to discuss such trainings with any current therapist or counselor, to examine the principles underlying the program, and to determine pre-screening methods, the training of facilitators, the full cost of the training and of any suggested follow-up care. One study noted the many difficulties in evaluating LGATs, from proponents' explicit rejection of certain study models to difficulty in establishing a rigorous
1252:
awareness trainings" or LGATs. Erhard
Seminars Training (est) was the most successful of these groups, and it has been widely imitated. Even though it no longer officially exists, in the minds of many est is identified with the entire LGAT movement. It is in a sense the progenitor of a myriad of programs that have been marketed to the public and the business community.
2033:
age-old influence techniques to perfect amazingly successful programs of persuasion and change. What's new – and crucial – is that these programs change attitudes by attacking essential aspects of a person's sense of self, unlike the earlier brainwashing programs that primarily confronted a person's political beliefs.
297:
Not all professional researchers view LGATs favorably. Researchers such as psychologist Philip
Cushman, for example, found that the program he studied "consists of a pre-meditated attack on the self". A 1983 study on Lifespring found that "although participants often experience a heightened sense of
2032:
There is ... an important distinction ... between the version of thought reform prevalent in the 1940s and 1950s and the version used by a number of contemporary groups, including cults, large group awareness training programs, and assorted other groups. These latter-day efforts have built upon the
1856:
The first is made up of the cults and cultlike groups who expose their recruits and members to organized psychological and social persuasion processes designed to produce attitudinal changes and to establish remarkable degrees of control by the group over these recruits' and members' lives. These
892:
In general, LGATs espouse the idea that people are capable of changing their lives, not so much by modifying their external circumstances, but by changing the way they interpret them (Berger, 1977; Erhard & Gioscia, 1978), which is in accord with the principles of cognitive therapy (e.g. Beck,
1575:
Aside from complaining that they were being put through programs tantamount to a forced religious conversion, employees also objected to specific techniques being used: meditation, neurolinguistic programming, biofeedback, self-hypnosis, bizarre relaxation techniques, mind control, body touching,
1251:
In the 1960s the encounter group movement was born. Advocating enhanced communication and intensified experience, this movement evolved into something that was part psychotherapy, part spirituality, and part business. In some scholarly articles, these groups were referred to as "large group
1264:
Fisher, Marc (October 25, 1987). "I Cried Enough to Fill a Glass: In One
Lifespring Session, Trainees May Find Themselves Crawling on Their Hands and Knees, Wailing Like Infants and Tightly Hugging 200 Total Strangers - All to Get Control of Their Lives. Does it Work? Sometimes".
310:
reactions" including one "transitory psychotic episode". He commented: "Whether would have experienced such stress under other conditions cannot be answered. The clinical evidence, however, is that the reactions were directly attributable to the large group awareness training."
1736:- "BSERP thanks the Task Force on Deceptive and Indirect Methods of Persuasion and Control for Its service but Is unable to accept the report of the Task Force. In general, the report lacks the scientific rigor and evenhanded critical approach necessary for APA Imprimatur."
1604:
Many LGAT principles are codified in catch phrases .... Many such phrases form the unique vocabulary that emerges as the training progresses. Use of LGAT 'jargon' (e.g., 'I got it,' 'that works for me,' 'get off automatic,' and 'shift!') may signal acceptance of LGAT norms
472:
with names such as "love bomb", "lifeboat", "cocktail party" and "cradling", which take place over many hours and days, physically exhausting the participants to make them more susceptible to the trainer's message, whether in the participants' best interests or not.
226:
graduates. It notes minor changes on psychological tests after the training and mentions anecdotal reports of psychiatric casualties among est trainees. The article considers how est compares to more standard psychotherapy techniques such as
1130:
refers to programs that claim to increase self-awareness and facilitate constructive personal change. The Garden
Company, Lifespring, the Forum, the Hoffman Quadrinity Process, and similar commercial programs are examples. ...
485:
420:" sessions. Paglia describes "EST's Large Group Awareness Training": "Marathon, eight-hour sessions, in which were confined and harassed, supposedly led to the breakdown of conventional ego, after which they were in effect
109:, defines the term "Large-group awareness training" as referring to programs claiming "to increase self-awareness and facilitate constructive personal change". Coon further defines Large Group Awareness Training in his book
131:(in operation 1967–1973) as "the first of the genre psychologists call 'large group awareness training'". Leadership Dynamics directly or indirectly influenced several permutations of large-group transformation trainings.
53:
LGAT programs may involve several hundred people at a time. Though early definitions cited LGATs as featuring unusually long durations, more recent texts describe trainings lasting from a few hours to a few days.
1147:
Kilzer, Lou (July 18, 1999). "Desperate
Measures Network of Behavior Modification Compounds Known as Teen Help Has Straightened Out Hundreds of Defiant Adolescents, But Its Methods Aren't For the Faint-hearted".
1310:, p. 1. Quote: "Large Group Awareness Training: An Historical Context. Groups associated with the human potential movement have been a controversial feature of American life during the last three decades."
797:
780:
The groups I'm talking about are est (and its more recent descendant, The Forum) and
Lifespring, both of which use structured activities; involve several hundred or more participants and one central leader
513:
Singer and Lalich state that "large group awareness trainings" tend to last at least four days and usually five. Their book mentions Erhard
Seminars Training ("est") and similar undertakings, such as the
464:. By spending approximately half the time making a person feel bad and then suddenly reversing the feeling through effusive praise, the programs cause participants to experience a stress-reaction and an "
496:, the American Psychological Association (APA) subsequently rejected and strongly criticised the 1986 DIMPAC report, which included large group awareness trainings as one example of what it called "
359:
Tapper mentions that "some [unspecified] large group-awareness training and psychotherapy groups" exemplify non-religious "cults". Benjamin criticizes LGAT groups for their high prices and
349:) the author references many other studies, which postulate that many of the "claimed benefits" of Large Group Awareness Training actually take the form of "a kind of therapy placebo effect".
435:
regards Large Group
Awareness Training organisations as "less open to leader differences", because they follow a "detailed written plan" that does not vary from one training to the next.
211:. They existed alongside but "outside the domains of academic psychology or psychiatry. Their measure of performance was consumer satisfaction and formal research was seldom pursued."
650:
LGATs typically take place over the course of three to five days or over sequential weekends. The time spent in the trainings is intensive, normally consisting of 12 to 15 hour days.
239:
before concluding with a call for "objective and rigorous research" and stating that unknown variables might have accounted for some of the positive accounts. Psychologists advised
750:
561:
76:, discussing behavioral and economic studies, the authors contrast the "enclosed locations" used in Large Group Awareness Trainings with the relatively open environment of a "
427:
Finkelstein's 1982 article provides a detailed description of the structure and techniques of an Erhard
Seminars Training event—techniques similar to those used in some
298:
well-being as a consequence of the training, the phenomenon is essentially pathological", meaning that, in the program studied, "the training systematically undermines
476:
Although extremely critical of some LGATs, McWilliams found positive value in others, asserting that they varied not in technique but in the application of technique.
812:
1576:
yoga, trance inductions, visualization, and in some cases, intense confrontational sessions akin to the "attack" therapy methods that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s.
1418:
1778:, August 31, 1992, Vol 33, Issue 19: "Berkeley professors Margaret Singer and Richard Ofshe ... are viewed by even the lawyer-defendants as reputable scholars".
1391:
The research reported in this volume was awarded the
American Psychological Association, Division 13, National Consultants to Management Award, August 13, 1989.
1729:
147:) trained as an instructor with Mind Dynamics. Michael Langone notes that Erhard Seminars Training (est) became in the popular mind the archetype for LGATs.
1001:
LGATs focus on philosophical, psychological, and ethical issues related to personal effectiveness, decision-making, personal responsibility, and commitment.
1374:
1295:
Most of today's commercial LGATs are modeled after the Leadership Dynamics Institute (LDI), a program developed by William Penn Patrick in the early 1960s.
541:, while pointing out some commonalities. Elsewhere she groups the two phenomena together, in that they both use a shared set of thought-reform techniques.
279:
306:
testing is significantly impaired". Lieberman's 1987 study, funded partially by Lifespring, noted that 5 out of a sample of 289 participants experienced "
1422:
166:, wrote that most of the current commercial forms of Large Group Awareness Training as of 1999 were modeled after the Leadership Dynamics Institute.
1516:... the dogma, recruitment focus, and high prices of Avatar courses are in themselves enough reason to be very much on guard with this organization.
1227:
2400:
2342:
2221:
2018:
1384:
519:
338:
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Any of a number of programs (many of them commercialized) that claim to increase self-awareness and facilitate constructive personal change.
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759:
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1974:
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87:(1994) characterised Large Group Awareness Training as focusing on "philosophical, psychological and ethical issues" relating "to
57:
Forsyth and Corazzini cite Lieberman (1994) as suggesting "that at least 1.3 million Americans have taken part in LGAT sessions".
713:
Haaken, Janice; Adams, Richard (1983). "Pathology as 'Personal Growth': A Participant-Observation Study of Lifespring Training".
184:, sought to summarize literature on the subject of LGATs and to examine their efficacy and their relationship with more standard
240:
1215:
2236:
1414:
2415:
2204:
Lieberman, MA (1992). "Perceptions of Changes in the Self: The Impact of Life Events and Large Group Awareness Training".
855:
405:
140:
50:. LGATs are unconventional; they often take place over several days, and may compromise participants' mental wellbeing.
1649:
1331:
180:
1161:"The first of the genre psychologists call "large group awareness training" was the Leadership Dynamics Institute..."
2246:
The Children of est: A study of the Experience and Perceived Effects of a Large Group Awareness Training (The Forum)
844:"Characteristics of participants in the Forum, psychotherapy clients, and control participants: A comparative study"
2301:
1726:
1476:
69:, such as the idea that people can change their lives by reinterpreting the way they view external circumstances.
748:
Weigel, Richard G. (2002). "The marathon encounter group—vision and reality: Exhuming the body for a last look".
270:
259:
236:
2368:
667:
Lieberman, M. A. (April 1987). "Effects of large group awareness training on participants' psychiatric status".
2405:
617:
The politics of transformation: Recruitment-Indoctrination processes in a mass marathon psychology organization
136:
39:
843:
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123:
96:
188:. This academic article describes and analyzes large group awareness training as influenced by the work of
400:
88:
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299:
251:
189:
620:
2101:
The Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions
2249:
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refers to programs that claim to increase self-awareness and facilitate constructive personal change.
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395:
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1150:
793:
497:
287:
232:
163:
128:
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2013:. Blackwell readings in religion. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 149–150.
1877:
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894:
883:
502:
489:
144:
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Fisher, Jeffrey; Silver, Roxane C.; Chinsky, Jack M.; Goff, Barry; et al. (December 1989).
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Negotiating the Self in Society: A Large Group Awareness Training Program as a Cultural Scene
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859:
809:
Handbook of psychological change: Psychotherapy processes and practices for the 21st century
763:
722:
676:
457:
445:
352:
Jarvis described Large Group Awareness Training as "educationally dubious" in the 2002 book
294:. In some cases, organizations under study have partially funded research into themselves.
263:
228:
2164:
Klar, Yechiel; Mendola, R; Fischer, JD; Silver, RC; Chinsky, JM; Goff, B (February 1990).
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208:
92:
1287:"Choosing a Personal Growth Program: Ten questions to help you make an informed decision"
158:
founder John Hanley attended a course at Leadership Dynamics. Chris Mathe, at the time a
1348:
827:
Lieberman suggests that at least 1.3 million Americans have taken part in LGAT sessions.
1498:
515:
197:
43:
2003:(2003). "The Process of Brainwashing, Psychological Coercion, and Thought Reform". In
1177:
Mindstyles, Lifestyles: A Comprehensive Overview of Today's Life-changing Philosophies
2394:
2373:
2347:
1620:
New Religions: A Guide; New Religious Movements, Sects and Alternative Spiritualities
1400:
Cushman, "Iron Fists/Velvet Gloves: A Study of A Mass Marathon Psychology Training",
911:
428:
390:
333:
values with the mainstream need to succeed, inner satisfaction with outer success ...
291:
151:
132:
77:
47:
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65:
In 2005 Rubinstein compared large-group awareness training to certain principles of
1962:
1917:
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Finkelstein, P.; Wenegrat, B.; Yalom, I. (1982). "Large Group Awareness Training".
1239:
804:
726:
550:
523:
507:
360:
329:
training courses (what used to be known as "Erhard seminar trainings" etc.) marry
113:. Coon and Mitterer emphasize the commercial nature of several LGAT organizations.
102:
1020:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 528, 532, 535, 539, 549, 550, 555, 556, 581, 583.
2321:
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2008:
1956:
1911:
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262:(identification with others), the instillation of hope, identification and what
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371:
Specific techniques used in some Large Group Awareness Trainings may include:
185:
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734:
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2326:
2270:
Cushman, Philip. "Description of the Behavioral Structure of the Training".
2134:"Psychological Effects of Participation in a Large Group Awareness Training"
863:
465:
255:
244:
219:
201:
2233:
Self system factors as an index of change in large group awareness training
1668:
879:
2259:
Large Group Awareness Training in the 1990s: The Participants' Perspective
2189:
1988:... cultic groups use large group awareness training (LGAT) techniques ...
1591:
Developmental Effects of Participation in a Large Group Awareness Training
696:
680:
637:
Developmental Effects of Participation in a Large Group Awareness Training
486:
APA Task Force on Deceptive and Indirect Methods of Persuasion and Control
1761:
1427:
417:
315:
1650:"Cults and Cosmic Consciousness: Religious Vision in the American 1960s"
1797:(revised ed.). San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons. p. 192.
319:
303:
2302:"Be here and now: Adam Smith on wither self-actualization in the '80s"
416:
LGATs utilize such techniques during long sessions, sometimes called "
2166:"Characteristics of Participants in a Large Group Awareness Training"
2054:(revised ed.). San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons. p. 4.
1837:(revised ed.). San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons. p. 4.
385:
2051:
Cults in Our Midst: The Continuing Fight Against Their Hidden Menace
1834:
Cults in Our Midst: The Continuing Fight Against Their Hidden Menace
1794:
Cults in Our Midst: The Continuing Fight Against Their Hidden Menace
1018:
Handbook of Group Psychotherapy: An Empirical and Clinical Synthesis
979:
Handbook of Group Psychotherapy: An Empirical and Clinical Synthesis
468:
high". McWilliams gives examples of various LGAT activities called
38:) refers to activities—usually offered by groups with links to the
273:
received the "National Consultants to Management Award" from the
1618:
410:
1816:
LGAT programs tend to last at least four days and usually five.
159:
46:
and to bring about desirable transformations in individuals'
2073:
Thus groups in both categories use thought-reform processes.
1727:
American Psychological Association Memorandum of 11 May 1987
250:
Psychological factors cited by academics include emotional "
1199:... Werner Erhard trained as a Mind Dynamics instructor ...
848:
Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice
675:(4). American Psychiatric Association Publishing: 460–464.
27:
Behaviour modification training carried out in large groups
1961:. Jossey-Bass social and behavioral science series. with
1916:. Jossey-Bass social and behavioral science series. with
1105:
Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior
1079:
Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior
506:(1995, second edition: 2003), which she co-authored with
286:
Psychologist Chris Mathe has written in the interests of
1703:. Los Angeles: Mary Book / Prelude Press. pp. 6–7.
1108:. CengageNOW Series. 12. Cengage Learning. p. 513.
207:
LGATs as commercial trainings took many techniques from
533:, Singer differentiated between the usage of the terms
448:
describes the basic technique of marathon trainings as
302:
functioning and promotes regression to the extent that
1924:. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. p. 381.
1969:. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. p. 85.
1102:
Coon, Dennis; Mitterer, John O. (2010). "Therapies".
1772:
Blim, Andrew: 'Cult Experts Sue Lawyers, Others" in
751:
Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research
562:
List of large-group awareness training organizations
1072:
1070:
1791:(11 April 2003) . "Intruding into the Workplace".
1307:
324:
1419:Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
431:and encounter groups. The academic textbook,
218:training, and discusses the literature on the
2170:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
2138:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1081:. Thomson Wadsworth. pp. 648, 649, 655.
942:Brown, Stephen; Turley, Darach, eds. (1997).
708:
706:
456:uses pressure/release "all the time", as do "
8:
2343:"Human Potential: The Revolution in Feeling"
2322:"My therapist is hawking awareness training"
2287:Polaski, Mary. "The Mary Polaski "L" Series"
1701:Life 102: What To Do When Your Guru Sues You
893:Rush, Shaw, & Emery, 1985; Ellis, 1974;
484:After commissioning a report in 1983 by the
2010:Cults and new religious movements: a reader
1746:
1744:
1742:
1376:Evaluating a Large Group Awareness Training
1011:
1009:
662:
660:
658:
280:Evaluating a Large Group Awareness Training
1722:
1720:
1691:
1689:
945:Consumer Research: Postcards From the Edge
913:Consumer Research: Postcards from the edge
74:Consumer Research: Postcards from the edge
1762:Decision Against Margaret Singer (CESNUR)
1556:. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
1423:"A Christian reflection on the "New Age""
909:Brown, Stephen I.; Darach Turley (1997).
174:"Large Group Awareness Training", a 1982
1280:
1278:
1228:International Cultic Studies Association
573:
1373:; Silver, Chinsky; Goff, Klar (1990).
948:. London: Routledge (published 2005).
444:, LGAT participant and former trainer
1594:. University of Minnesota. p. 53
1451:The Theory & Practice of Teaching
354:The Theory & Practice of Teaching
339:A Christian reflection on the New Age
7:
2048:(11 April 2003) . "Defining Cults".
1831:(11 April 2003) . "Defining Cults".
1751:CESNUR – APA Brief in the Molko Case
982:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 535.
640:. University of Minnesota. p. 2
2369:"Lifting Principals, Spilling Guts"
2300:Bradley, Paul (February 23, 1982).
1349:10.1146/annurev.ps.33.020182.002503
615:(1993). "Mass marathon trainings".
2351:. November 9, 1970. Archived from
1047:. Thomson Wadsworth. p. 520.
760:American Psychological Association
721:(3). Informa UK Limited: 270–280.
275:American Psychological Association
25:
1216:"Large Group Awareness Trainings"
811:. New York: Wiley. Archived from
318:reported its study results about
266:called "uncontested authorship".
72:In the 1997 collection of essays
1379:. Springer-Verlag. p. vii.
480:LGATs and the anti-cult movement
2320:Tennis, Cary (August 2, 2005).
2244:Denison, Charles Wayne (1994).
1648:Paglia, Camille (Winter 2003).
1477:"The Impact of Cults on Health"
433:Handbook of Group Psychotherapy
345:In Coon's psychology textbook (
117:The evolution of LGAT providers
85:Handbook of Group Psychotherapy
2401:Large-group awareness training
2272:The Politics of Transformation
2237:San Francisco State University
1874:"Intruding into the Workplace"
1539:"Intruding into the Workplace"
1497:Benjamin, Elliot (June 2005).
1415:Pontifical Council for Culture
1308:Fisher, Silver & Goff 1990
1133:Large-group awareness training
1128:Large-group awareness training
1060:Large-group awareness training
727:10.1080/00332747.1983.11024199
669:American Journal of Psychiatry
587:. Thomson Wadsworth. pp.
539:Large Group Awareness Training
518:, Lifespring, Actualizations,
135:(successively associated with
32:large-group awareness training
18:Large group awareness training
1:
1588:Hughes, Steven James (1998).
856:British Psychological Society
796:; Corazzini, John G. (2000).
634:Hughes, Steven James (1998).
269:In 1989 researchers from the
247:patients not to participate.
1475:Tapper, A (September 2002).
1016:Burlingame, Gary M. (1994).
976:Burlingame, Gary M. (1994).
460:" police-interrogations and
406:neuro-linguistic programming
2214:10.1007/978-1-4612-2922-3_3
1332:Annual Review of Psychology
1271:. 1987 The Washington Post.
181:Annual Review of Psychology
2432:
2150:10.1037/0022-006X.57.6.747
768:10.1037/1061-4087.54.3.186
347:Introduction to Psychology
170:Academic analyses, studies
111:Introduction to Psychology
2182:10.1037/0022-006X.58.1.99
1454:. Routledge. p. 97.
798:"Groups as Change Agents"
271:University of Connecticut
237:existential psychotherapy
214:The article describes an
42:—which claim to increase
2411:Human Potential Movement
1499:"Spirituality and Cults"
190:humanistic psychologists
137:Erhard Seminars Training
105:Dennis Coon's textbook,
40:human potential movement
2046:Singer, Margaret Thaler
2001:Singer, Margaret Thaler
1953:Singer, Margaret Thaler
1908:Singer, Margaret Thaler
1829:Singer, Margaret Thaler
1789:Singer, Margaret Thaler
1625:Oxford University Press
1550:; Janja Lalich (1995).
864:10.1348/147608305X42721
805:Snyder, Charles Richard
124:The Rocky Mountain News
121:Lou Kilzer, writing in
97:personal responsibility
1617:Partridge, C. (2004).
1448:Jarvis, Peter (2002).
917:. Routledge. pp.
807:; Ingram, R E (eds.).
343:
89:personal effectiveness
2265:(School of Medicine).
2257:Odell, Susan (2001).
2106:John Wiley & Sons
1667:: 106. Archived from
1285:Mathe, Chris (1999).
1180:. Price/Stern/Sloan.
1156:E. W. Scripps Company
1077:Coon, Dennis (2003).
1044:Psychology: A Journey
1041:Coon, Dennis (2004).
681:10.1176/ajp.144.4.460
584:Psychology: A Journey
581:Coon, Dennis (2004).
557:Multi-level marketing
396:relaxation techniques
178:article published in
107:Psychology: A Journey
2416:Personal development
2250:University of Denver
2096:Carroll, Robert Todd
1920: ; foreword by
1775:National Law Journal
1404:vol 26, Spring 1989.
794:Forsyth, Donelson R.
488:(DIMPAC) chaired by
2263:University of Leeds
1268:The Washington Post
1151:Rocky Mountain News
498:coercive persuasion
288:consumer-protection
164:clinical psychology
129:Leadership Dynamics
99:, and commitment."
61:Definitions of LGAT
2306:The Boston Phoenix
2208:. pp. 43–61.
1958:Cults in our midst
1913:Cults in our midst
1879:Cults in our Midst
1732:2006-09-01 at the
1553:Cults in our Midst
1371:Fisher, Jeffrey D.
1341:Calvin Perry Stone
621:St. Martin's Press
531:Cults in our Midst
503:Cults in Our Midst
322:training courses:
150:While working for
145:Landmark Education
2231:Joyce, N (1992).
2223:978-1-4612-7720-0
2020:978-1-4051-0181-3
1967:Robert Jay Lifton
1922:Robert Jay Lifton
1697:McWilliams, Peter
1665:Boston University
1545:, excerpted from
1386:978-0-387-97320-3
452:and asserts that
277:for their study:
67:cognitive therapy
16:(Redirected from
2423:
2386:
2384:
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2119:
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2042:
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2029:
2027:
2005:Dawson, Lorne L.
1997:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1870:Singer, Margaret
1866:
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1785:
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1693:
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1683:
1681:
1679:
1674:on July 24, 2009
1673:
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1614:
1608:
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1599:
1585:
1579:
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1548:Singer, Margaret
1536:
1519:
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1513:
1512:
1506:Integral Science
1503:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1484:Nursing Spectrum
1481:
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1411:
1405:
1398:
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1311:
1306:See for example
1304:
1298:
1297:
1289:. Archived from
1282:
1273:
1272:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1238:. Archived from
1212:Langone, Michael
1208:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1172:Lande, Nathaniel
1168:
1162:
1159:
1144:
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1099:
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973:
967:
966:
964:
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916:
906:
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899:
840:Rubinstein, Gidi
836:
830:
829:
824:
823:
817:
802:
790:
784:
783:
745:
739:
738:
710:
701:
700:
664:
653:
652:
647:
645:
631:
625:
624:
609:
603:
602:
578:
462:revival meetings
458:good cop/bad cop
450:pressure/release
446:Peter McWilliams
341:
331:counter-cultural
229:behavior therapy
209:encounter groups
21:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2422:
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2420:
2406:Group processes
2391:
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2194:
2192:
2163:
2154:
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2131:
2127:
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2116:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2083:Further reading
2080:
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2066:
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2044:
2043:
2039:
2025:
2023:
2021:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1981:
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1734:Wayback Machine
1725:
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1711:
1695:
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1677:
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1671:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1627:. p. 407.
1616:
1615:
1611:
1597:
1595:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1546:
1543:Margaret Singer
1537:
1522:
1510:
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1501:
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1328:
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1314:
1305:
1301:
1293:on 2006-07-14.
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712:
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633:
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611:
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606:
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580:
579:
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570:
547:
494:Margaret Singer
482:
369:
367:LGAT techniques
342:
337:
172:
119:
93:decision-making
63:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2429:
2427:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2377:. May 20, 1999
2365:
2355:on May 1, 2007
2339:
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2289:
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2201:
2161:
2144:(6): 747–755.
2128:
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2120:
2114:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
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2078:
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2037:
2019:
1992:
1975:
1965:; foreword by
1944:
1930:
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1026:
1005:
988:
968:
954:
934:
927:
901:
831:
785:
740:
702:
654:
626:
613:Philip Cushman
604:
597:
572:
571:
569:
566:
565:
564:
559:
546:
543:
516:Landmark Forum
481:
478:
414:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
368:
365:
335:
198:Abraham Maslow
171:
168:
139:(est or EST),
118:
115:
62:
59:
48:personal lives
44:self-awareness
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2428:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2376:
2375:
2374:Houston Press
2370:
2366:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2348:Time Magazine
2344:
2340:
2329:
2328:
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2318:
2307:
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2298:
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2255:
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2238:
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2229:
2225:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2176:(1): 99–108.
2175:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2117:
2115:0-471-27242-6
2111:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2074:
2063:
2061:9780787967413
2057:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2022:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1978:
1976:0-7879-0051-6
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1933:
1931:0-7879-0051-6
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
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1895:
1893:0-7879-0266-7
1889:
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1844:9780787967413
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1804:9780787967413
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1712:
1710:0-931580-34-X
1706:
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1644:
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1634:0-19-522042-0
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1563:0-7879-0051-6
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1461:0-7494-3409-0
1457:
1453:
1452:
1444:
1441:
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1424:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1402:Psychotherapy
1397:
1394:
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1377:
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1300:
1296:
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1279:
1275:
1270:
1269:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1242:on 2019-05-08
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:Cult Observer
1217:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1189:
1187:9780843104097
1183:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1167:
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1134:
1129:
1117:
1115:9780495599111
1111:
1107:
1106:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1088:0-495-59913-1
1084:
1080:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
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1056:
1054:0-534-63264-5
1050:
1046:
1045:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1027:0-471-55592-4
1023:
1019:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
991:
989:0-471-55592-4
985:
981:
980:
972:
969:
957:
955:9781134690022
951:
947:
946:
938:
935:
930:
928:0-415-17317-5
924:
920:
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914:
905:
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877:
873:
869:
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861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
835:
832:
828:
818:on 2012-02-27
814:
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598:0-534-63264-5
594:
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589:520, 528, 538
586:
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567:
563:
560:
558:
555:
554:
553:
552:
544:
542:
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
522:/Insight and
521:
517:
511:
509:
505:
504:
499:
495:
492:psychologist
491:
487:
479:
477:
474:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
442:
436:
434:
430:
429:group therapy
425:
423:
419:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
401:visualization
399:
397:
394:
392:
391:self-hypnosis
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
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374:
373:
372:
366:
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350:
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334:
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312:
309:
305:
301:
295:
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292:control group
289:
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191:
187:
183:
182:
177:
176:peer-reviewed
169:
167:
165:
162:candidate in
161:
157:
153:
152:Holiday Magic
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
133:Werner Erhard
130:
127:, identified
126:
125:
116:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
81:
79:
78:variety store
75:
70:
68:
60:
58:
55:
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2381:December 13,
2379:. Retrieved
2372:
2357:. Retrieved
2353:the original
2346:
2331:. Retrieved
2325:
2309:. Retrieved
2305:
2280:
2271:
2258:
2245:
2232:
2205:
2193:. Retrieved
2173:
2169:
2153:. Retrieved
2141:
2137:
2100:
2072:
2067:20 September
2065:. Retrieved
2050:
2040:
2031:
2024:. Retrieved
2009:
1995:
1987:
1980:. Retrieved
1963:Janja Lalich
1957:
1947:
1935:. Retrieved
1918:Janja Lalich
1912:
1902:
1878:
1864:
1855:
1850:20 September
1848:. Retrieved
1833:
1823:
1815:
1810:20 September
1808:. Retrieved
1793:
1783:
1773:
1768:
1757:
1700:
1676:. Retrieved
1669:the original
1660:
1656:
1643:
1619:
1612:
1603:
1596:. Retrieved
1590:
1583:
1574:
1569:November 19,
1567:. Retrieved
1552:
1515:
1509:. Retrieved
1505:
1492:
1483:
1470:
1450:
1443:
1432:. Retrieved
1426:
1409:
1401:
1396:
1375:
1365:
1336:
1330:
1302:
1294:
1291:the original
1266:
1259:
1250:
1244:. Retrieved
1240:the original
1223:
1219:
1206:
1198:
1191:. Retrieved
1176:
1166:
1149:
1142:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1119:. Retrieved
1104:
1097:
1078:
1059:
1058:
1043:
1036:
1017:
1000:
993:. Retrieved
978:
971:
959:. Retrieved
944:
937:
912:
904:
891:
851:
847:
834:
826:
820:. Retrieved
813:the original
808:
788:
779:
755:
749:
743:
718:
714:
672:
668:
649:
642:. Retrieved
636:
629:
616:
607:
583:
576:
551:Brainwashing
548:
538:
534:
530:
528:
524:PSI Seminars
512:
508:Janja Lalich
501:
483:
475:
469:
449:
440:
438:In his book
437:
432:
426:
415:
370:
363:subtleties.
358:
353:
351:
346:
344:
326:
325:
314:In 2003 the
313:
296:
285:
278:
268:
260:universality
249:
223:
215:
213:
206:
179:
173:
149:
122:
120:
110:
106:
103:Psychologist
101:
84:
82:
73:
71:
64:
56:
52:
35:
31:
29:
2293:Media/Press
2279:Neiman, K.
2206:Self Change
1884:Jossey-Bass
1428:The Vatican
1343:: 515–539.
895:Meichenbaum
858:: 481–492.
762:: 186–198.
454:advertising
381:biofeedback
194:Carl Rogers
2395:Categories
2261:(Thesis).
2248:(Thesis).
2235:(Thesis).
1511:2013-11-30
1434:2013-11-30
1246:2017-06-11
1193:22 January
995:9 February
822:2009-09-28
715:Psychiatry
619:(Thesis).
568:References
422:born again
376:meditation
241:borderline
186:psychology
156:Lifespring
2311:August 4,
2283:(Thesis).
1678:August 5,
1357:0066-4308
1236:1539-0152
872:1476-0835
776:1065-9293
735:0033-2747
689:0002-953X
490:anti-cult
470:processes
466:endorphin
361:spiritual
256:catharsis
245:psychotic
220:testimony
202:Rollo May
30:The term
2125:Articles
2098:(2003).
1955:(1995).
1910:(1995).
1872:(1996).
1730:Archived
1699:(1994).
1421:(eds.).
1214:(1998).
1174:(1976).
897:, 1977).
888:13599890
880:16354440
842:(2005).
545:See also
441:Life 102
418:marathon
336:—
252:flooding
192:such as
141:WE&A
2359:May 26,
2333:May 26,
2195:May 26,
2190:2319051
2155:May 26,
2026:May 26,
2007:(ed.).
1982:May 26,
1937:May 26,
1121:13 July
961:13 July
697:3565614
327:New Age
320:New Age
316:Vatican
304:reality
2220:
2188:
2112:
2058:
2017:
1973:
1928:
1890:
1841:
1801:
1707:
1631:
1598:18 Apr
1560:
1458:
1383:
1355:
1234:
1184:
1112:
1085:
1051:
1024:
986:
952:
925:
886:
878:
870:
774:
733:
695:
687:
644:1 July
595:
386:jargon
308:stress
264:Sartre
2327:Salon
2088:Books
1672:(PDF)
1663:(3).
1657:Arion
1653:(PDF)
1502:(PDF)
1480:(PDF)
1339:(1).
1226:(1).
884:S2CID
854:(4).
816:(PDF)
803:. In
801:(PDF)
758:(3).
233:group
2383:2009
2361:2007
2335:2007
2313:2024
2218:ISBN
2197:2007
2186:PMID
2157:2007
2110:ISBN
2069:2023
2056:ISBN
2028:2010
2015:ISBN
1984:2010
1971:ISBN
1939:2010
1926:ISBN
1888:ISBN
1852:2023
1839:ISBN
1812:2023
1799:ISBN
1705:ISBN
1680:2009
1629:ISBN
1605:....
1600:2019
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