217:
29:
536:
Some people are so sensitive that they may still have a reaction to replacement products made from alternative materials. This can occur when the alternative products are manufactured in the same facility as latex-containing products, leaving trace quantities of natural rubber latex on the non-latex
443:
of around 4.3% among the general population. Between 1% and 6% of the general population in the United States has latex allergy; assays of antibody levels in the blood suggest that 2.7 million to 16 million
Americans are affected by some form of latex sensitivity. Females are approximately three
280:
often have latex allergies. Up to 68% of children with this condition will have a reaction to latex. The mechanism of this association between spina bifida and latex allergy is not clearly defined. However, spina bifida patients may become sensitized to latex early in life as they often require
224:
The prevalence of latex allergy is greater in certain populations with increased exposure and has historically been studied in this context. Specifically, regular and prolonged occupational exposure to latex is a known risk factor for the development of an allergy. Healthcare workers, dental
253:
While most reported allergic reactions to latex have occurred in medical settings, non-healthcare workers show similar levels of latex antibodies, suggesting that they are sensitized to natural rubber latex through other sources, both inside the home and as medical patients. In particular,
240:
officially banned the use of powdered gloves in the US healthcare setting, citing the unnecessary burden of potential injury due to allergy. General latex avoidance protocols have been put in to place in healthcare settings in the US and many other developed countries with the switch to
1017:
Parisi, Claudio A.S.; Kelly, Kevin J.; Ansotegui, Ignacio J.; Gonzalez-DĂaz, Sandra Nora; BilĂČ, Maria
Beatrice; Cardona, Victoria; Park, Hae-Sim; Braschi, Maria Chiara; Macias-Weinmann, Alejandra; Piga, Mario A.; Acuña-Ortega, Natalhie; Sånchez-Borges, Mario; Yañez, Anahà (2021-07-28).
258:
thus experience greater exposure to latex allergens and may develop an allergy. Outside of hospital environments, latex allergy may develop in amateur and professional athletes whose sports equipment includes natural rubber, such as swimsuits or running shoes. Rubber
1845:
Pedraza-Escalona, Martha; Becerril-LujĂĄn, Baltazar; Agundis, ConcepciĂłn; DomĂnguez-RamĂrez, Lenin; Pereyra, Ali; Riaño-Umbarila, Lidia; RodrĂguez-Romero, Adela (2009). "Analysis of B-cell epitopes from the allergen Hev b 6.02 revealed by using blocking antibodies".
225:
specialists, food service workers, cosmetologists, rubber industry workers, law enforcement personnel, and painters are among some of the highest-risk occupations. It is estimated that the worldwide prevalence of latex allergy in healthcare workers is 9.7%-12.4%.
267:
and other agents that diminish the skin barrier and increase contact. It has also been hypothesized that young children may develop a latex allergy due to exposure in the home and school environment from objects such as rubber balloons, boots, gloves, and toys.
202:
Among those with a latex allergy, 40% will experience irritant contact dermatitis; 33.1% will experience a Type I allergic reaction; 20.4% will experience Type IV allergic contact dermatitis; and 6.5% will experience both Type I and Type IV symptoms.
3449:
245:. However, latex exposure in healthcare settings in developing countries from latex gloves or latex components of medical devices such as urinary catheters, dialysis ports, or vial stoppers, remains a significant concern.
1809:
Reyes-LĂłpez, CĂ©sar A; HernĂĄndez-Santoyo, Alejandra; Pedraza-Escalona, Martha; Mendoza, Guillermo; HernĂĄndez-Arana, AndrĂ©s; RodrıÌguez-Romero, Adela (2004). "Insights into a conformational epitope of Hev b 6.02 (hevein)".
1580:
Mikkola, Jari H.; Alenius, Harri; Kalkkinen, Nisse; Turjanmaa, Kristiina; Palosuo, Timo; Reunala, Timo (1998). "Hevein-like protein domains as a possible cause for allergen cross-reactivity between latex and banana".
426:
is limiting or completely avoiding contact with latex, particularly among children with risk factors such as spina bifida. The limitation of powdered latex glove use in hospital settings has also proven an effective
198:
at the point of contact. This irritant contact dermatitis is considered a nonimmune reaction to latex. The degree of reaction is directly proportional to the duration of exposure, as well as skin temperature.
1526:
Diaz-Perales, A.; Sanchez-Monge, R.; Blanco, C.; Lombardero, M.; Carillo, T.; Salcedo, G. (2002). "What is the role of the hevein-like domain of fruit class I chitinases in their allergenic capacity?".
2492:
2842:
1739:
Kolarich, Daniel; Altmann, Friedrich; Sunderasan, Elumalai (2006). "Structural analysis of the glycoprotein allergen Hev b 4 from natural rubber latex by mass spectrometry".
1702:"Mapping of IgE-binding epitopes on the major latex allergen Hev b 2 and the cross-reacting 1,3ÎČ-glucanase fruit allergens as a molecular basis for the latex-fruit syndrome"
439:
Latex allergy is uncommon in the general population, at least compared to high-risk groups such as hospital workers and spina bifida patients. Estimates suggest a worldwide
1700:
Barre, Annick; Culerrier, Raphaël; Granier, Claude; Selman, Laetitia; Peumans, Willy J.; Van Damme, Els J.M.; Bienvenu, Françoise; Bienvenu, Jacques; Rougé, Pierre (2009).
72:
latex. It generally develops after repeated exposure to products containing natural rubber latex. When latex-containing medical devices or supplies come in contact with
3321:
2485:
144:
to the degree of allergy: Type I responses will begin showing symptoms within minutes of exposure to latex, while Type IV responses may take hours or days to appear.
515:
which reduce exposure to latex allergens while otherwise retaining the properties of natural rubber; these are made using chemical treatment to reduce the amount of
2835:
2538:
236:. The rates of latex allergy dropped to 4-7% in the healthcare setting with the widespread introduction of non-powdered latex gloves. On December 19, 2016, the
2081:"Reduction of latex aeroallergens and latex-specific IgE antibodies in sensitized workers after removal of powdered natural rubber latex gloves in a hospital"
289:
People who have latex allergy also may have or develop an allergic response to some plants and/or products of these plants (such as fruits). This is known as
263:, in particular, may lead to contact dermatitis on the hands and fingertips. The sensitization to latex in athletes may be accelerated by the use of topical
2478:
2828:
2423:
3404:
3399:
3000:
3355:
2543:
3177:
1774:
Beezhold, Donald H.; Hickey, Vicky L.; Slater, Jay E.; Sussman, Gordon L. (1999). "Human IgE-binding epitopes of the latex allergen Hev b 5".
1984:
Nieto, Antonio; MazĂłn, Angel; Pamies, Rafael; Lanuza, Amparo; Muñoz, Alberto; Estornell, Francisco; GarcĂa-Ibarra, Fernando (March 1, 2002).
2368:
1105:
853:
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1433:
3031:
3167:
3213:
3075:
3070:
2460:
1483:
Brehler, R.; Theissen, U.; Mohr, C.; Luger, T. (1997). "'Latex-fruit syndrome': frequency of cross-reacting IgE antibodies".
166:
Symptoms of more severe hypersensitivity include both local and generalized hives; feelings of faintness or impending doom;
1661:"On the allergenicity of Hev b 1 among health care workers and patients with spina bifida allergic to natural rubber latex"
3506:
3293:
141:
2079:
Allmers, Henning; Brehler, Randolph; Chen, Zhipping; Raulf-Heimsoth, Monika; Fels, Hubert; Bauer, Xaver (November 1998).
3350:
2650:
2528:
2040:"Primary prevention of natural rubber latex allergy in the German health care system through education and intervention"
237:
3252:
3055:
2591:
3501:
3283:
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512:
423:
3313:
3136:
2553:
602:
362:
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2440:
137:
2126:
1659:
Chen, Zhiping; Cremer, Reinhold; Posch, Anton; Raulf-Heimsoth, Monika; Rihs, Hans-Peter; Baur, Xaver (1997).
3100:
2863:
2799:
2760:
1931:
1323:
133:
2229:
124:. People with latex allergies may also have or develop allergic reactions to some fruits, such as bananas.
3496:
3231:
2778:
2637:
2533:
1986:"Efficacy of latex avoidance for primary prevention of latex sensitization in children with spina bifida"
1377:
561:
428:
229:
216:
183:
2323:
2080:
1221:
1124:
712:
3491:
3389:
3384:
3368:
3278:
3208:
3065:
2977:
2563:
2450:
1125:"Allergic reactions to natural rubber latex at home, to rubber products, and to cross-reacting foods"
228:
Latex allergy became a more common problem in healthcare in the 1980s and 1990s with the adoption of
1376:
Sorva, R.; MĂ€kinen-Kiljunen, S.; Suvilehto, K.; Juntunen-Backman, K.; Haahtela, T. (February 1995).
3453:
3411:
195:
1932:"IgE-mediated latex allergy – An exciting and instructive piece of allergy history"
1266:
Ventura, M. T.; Dagnello, M.; Matino, M. G.; Di Corato, R.; Giuliano, G.; Tursi, A. (April 2001).
431:
strategy among adult health care workers, and as secondary prevention for sensitized individuals.
3416:
3298:
3288:
3182:
3080:
3060:
2897:
2855:
2619:
2586:
2509:
2154:
2013:
1959:
1912:
1641:
1562:
1508:
1405:
1351:
883:
796:
647:
533:
The first polyurethane condoms, designed for people with latex allergies, were produced in 1994.
516:
419:
406:
is a latex allergen testing method for quantification of the major natural rubber latex specific
3108:
666:
2372:
3118:
3113:
2913:
2902:
2809:
2725:
2698:
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2517:
2400:
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2276:
Tomazic, Vesna J.; Withrow, Thomas J.; Fisher, Benjamin R.; Dillard, Sharon F. (August 1992).
2251:
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2005:
1951:
1904:
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827:
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780:
732:
686:
639:
556:
260:
121:
44:
2394:
1883:"A study of natural rubber latex allergens in gloves used by healthcare workers in Singapore"
448:
for the female population include increased employment in high-risk occupations and enhanced
3162:
3096:
3013:
3008:
2949:
2876:
2851:
2735:
2548:
2335:
2289:
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2200:
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1997:
1943:
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1855:
1819:
1783:
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1713:
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1544:
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358:
97:
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2645:
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1985:
85:
73:
1701:
1437:
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3141:
2934:
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242:
69:
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1660:
1594:
728:
3485:
2954:
2740:
2680:
2293:
1947:
1899:
1882:
1540:
1339:
1268:"Contact dermatitis in students practicing sports: incidence of rubber sensitisation"
682:
634:
617:
334:
281:
frequent surgeries and medical procedures that involve exposure to latex products.
105:
101:
37:
2158:
2017:
1916:
1566:
1512:
1409:
1355:
651:
28:
3257:
3047:
2929:
2918:
2794:
2715:
2705:
2675:
2665:
2660:
1963:
1645:
1322:
Ylitalo, L.; Alenius, H.; Turjanmaa, K.; Palosuo, T.; Reunala, T. (November 2000).
951:
Nucera, Eleonora; Aruanno, Arianna; Rizzi, Angela; Centrone, Michele (2020-09-28).
887:
800:
546:
526:
484:
314:
277:
171:
3469:
1859:
1752:
1717:
1035:
2944:
2924:
2908:
2730:
2670:
2627:
453:
445:
175:
113:
1823:
1237:
757:
Turjanmaa, K.; Alenius, H.; MĂ€kinen-Kiljunen, S.; Reunala, T.; Palosuo (1996).
2601:
2571:
2246:
1080:
815:
440:
322:
318:
167:
160:
156:
49:
1378:"Latex allergy in children with no known risk factor for latex sensitization"
1043:
978:
784:
2576:
2056:
2039:
2001:
1187:
1140:
909:
449:
306:
264:
254:
individuals with chronic health concerns that lead to repeated surgeries or
159:
at the point of contact, which gives way to soreness, itching, and redness.
93:
2255:
2214:
2196:
2065:
2009:
1955:
1908:
1867:
1831:
1795:
1760:
1725:
1637:
1558:
1347:
1301:
1245:
1206:
1148:
1061:
996:
879:
736:
643:
2347:
2301:
2230:"Anaphylaxis in the United States: An Investigation Into Its Epidemiology"
2228:
Neugut, Alfred I.; Ghatak, Anita T.; Miller, Rachel L. (January 8, 2001).
2150:
2104:
1686:
1602:
1504:
1401:
1283:
925:
831:
792:
690:
581:
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natural rubber emulsions, which also do not contain the proteins from the
476:
472:
407:
302:
255:
233:
191:
179:
152:
117:
92:
proteins. Many items contain or are made from natural rubber, including
81:
61:
3441:
1549:
1267:
969:
2867:
2501:
1629:
495:
480:
373:
298:
109:
89:
77:
65:
2470:
2038:
Allmers, Henning; Schmengler, Jörg; Skudlik, Christoph (August 2002).
3236:
2523:
2181:"Current prevalence rate of latex allergy: Why it remains a problem?"
1081:"Latex allergy: Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis"
403:
377:
350:
346:
342:
338:
326:
294:
232:, which involved frequent use of latex gloves, with the emergence of
187:
120:; consequently, there are many possible routes of exposure that may
2369:"Why do polyisoprene condoms work as latex allergy condom choices?"
3203:
2871:
665:
Sussman, Gordon L.; Tarlo, Susan; Dolovich, Jerry (June 5, 1991).
500:
366:
330:
310:
215:
148:
2127:"Natural rubber-latex allergy in patients not intensely exposed"
1616:
Wagner, S.; Breiteneder, H. (2001). "The latexâfruit syndrome".
2824:
2474:
2125:
RuĂ«ff, F.; Thomas, P.; ReiĂig, G.; Przybilla, B. (April 1998).
504:
rubber tree, and do not cause allergy in persons sensitized to
163:
is also a common response to oral, vaginal, or rectal contact.
357:. The proteins in these fruits are similar to latex proteins.
354:
155:. The most common physiological reaction to latex exposure is
1324:"Natural rubber latex allergy in children: a follow-up study"
2179:
Wu, Miaozong; McIntosh, James; Liu, Jian (March 20, 2016).
1020:"Update on latex allergy: New insights into an old problem"
444:
times as likely as males to have latex allergies. Possible
2418:
2416:
1104:
Health, Center for
Devices and Radiological (2023-05-01).
910:"Type I allergies to latex and the aeroallergenic problem"
908:
Heese, A.; Peters, K. P.; Koch, H. U. (January 1, 1997).
80:. In some susceptible people, the immune system produces
2278:"Latex-associated allergies and anaphylactic reactions"
1436:. Ivanhoe Broadcast News. December 2008. Archived from
953:"Latex Allergy: Current Status and Future Perspectives"
293:. Fruits (and seeds) involved in this syndrome include
1741:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects
852:
Hepner, David L.; Castells, Mariana C. (April 2003).
671:
JAMA: The
Journal of the American Medical Association
372:
Natural rubber latex contains several conformational
3431:
3435:
3377:
3343:
3334:
3312:
3266:
3245:
3226:
3196:
3150:
3135:
3094:
3046:
3039:
3025:
2995:
2970:
2885:
2862:
2787:
2769:
2751:
2636:
2618:
2600:
2562:
2508:
2393:Anderson, Christopher D.; Daniels, Eric S. (2003).
2131:
European
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
1812:
170:; nausea and vomiting; abdominal cramps; rhinitis;
43:
21:
487:latex, which do not contain the proteins from the
667:"The Spectrum of IgE-Mediated Responses to Latex"
3322:Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease
1220:Kockentiet, Brett; Adams, Brian B. (June 2007).
361:-like protein domains are a possible cause for
1881:Koh, D.; Ng, V.; Leow, Y-H.; Goh, C.L. (2005).
582:"Safety and Health Topics | Latex Allergy"
2396:Emulsion Polymerisation and Latex Applications
2328:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
2085:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
1226:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
2836:
2539:Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis
2486:
410:: Hev b 1, Hev b 3, Hev b 5, and Hev b 6.02.
8:
713:"Diagnosis of natural rubber latex allergy"
147:Most commonly, latex allergy presents with
3432:
3340:
3242:
3147:
3043:
3022:
2882:
2843:
2829:
2821:
2493:
2479:
2471:
2044:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
1776:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
1665:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
1583:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
1464:Spina Bifida Association of New York State
1129:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
914:The European Journal of Surgery Supplement
60:is a medical term encompassing a range of
27:
18:
2245:
2204:
2055:
1898:
1676:
1548:
1291:
1196:
1186:
1051:
986:
968:
869:
774:
633:
618:"Latex allergy: diagnosis and management"
2461:Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America
2424:"Don't be Misled by 'Latex Free' Claims"
136:, the most serious form of reaction, to
3356:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
2544:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
2282:Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology
1434:"Protect Yourself from Latex Allergies"
1428:
1426:
573:
132:Allergic reactions to latex range from
2441:The American Latex Allergy Association
1075:
1073:
1071:
1024:The World Allergy Organization Journal
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
178:. Type IV responses typically include
3178:Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
946:
944:
942:
616:Taylor, J.S. & Erkek, E. (2004).
151:at the point of contact, followed by
7:
1930:Niggemann, Bodo (October 26, 2010).
1171:"Latex Allergy in Clinical Practice"
1529:Clinical & Experimental Allergy
2143:10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03921.x
1497:10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb01019.x
1394:10.1111/j.1399-3038.1995.tb00255.x
1272:British Journal of Sports Medicine
1169:Kumar, R. Pradeep (January 2012).
871:10.1213/01.ANE.0000050768.04953.16
776:10.1111/j.1398-9995.1996.tb04678.x
14:
3395:Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome
1328:Clinical and Experimental Allergy
814:Reddy, Sumana (January 1, 1998).
369:and banana or fruits in general.
76:, the membranes may absorb latex
3032:Hemolytic disease of the newborn
1948:10.1111/j.1399-3038.2010.01006.x
1936:Pediatric Allergy and Immunology
1900:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06820.x
1618:Biochemical Society Transactions
1541:10.1046/j.1365-2222.2002.01306.x
1382:Pediatric Allergy and Immunology
1340:10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00924.x
1222:"Contact dermatitis in athletes"
1123:Condemi, John J. (August 2002).
711:Hamilton, Robert G. (May 2002).
683:10.1001/jama.1991.03460210090035
635:10.1111/j.1396-0296.2004.04024.x
3214:Subacute bacterial endocarditis
3076:Immune thrombocytopenic purpura
2371:. Std.about.com. Archived from
483:) and artificially synthesized
464:Alternatives to latex include:
2322:Warshaw, Erin M. (July 1998).
2185:Journal of Occupational Health
1887:British Journal of Dermatology
759:"Natural rubber latex allergy"
605:. American Dental Association.
1:
3294:Postorgasmic illness syndrome
2340:10.1016/S0190-9622(98)70397-4
2234:Archives of Internal Medicine
2097:10.1016/s0091-6749(98)70026-0
1788:10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70194-6
1678:10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70174-X
1595:10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70339-2
1175:Indian Journal of Dermatology
957:Journal of Asthma and Allergy
729:10.1016/S1046-2023(02)00048-8
3351:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
2779:Acute interstitial nephritis
2651:Eosinophilic gastroenteritis
2529:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
2294:10.1016/0090-1229(92)90185-Q
1860:10.1016/j.molimm.2008.08.282
1753:10.1016/j.bbagen.2005.11.012
1718:10.1016/j.molimm.2008.12.007
1036:10.1016/j.waojou.2021.100569
3417:Systemic autoimmune disease
3253:Allergic contact dermatitis
3173:Hypersensitivity vasculitis
3056:Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
2592:Hypersensitivity vasculitis
2587:Allergic contact dermatitis
2451:Latex Allergy Support Group
511:Alternative materials like
418:The most effective form of
220:Central line with latex cap
3535:
2923:common allergies include:
2467: (archived 2007-10-07)
2457: (archived 2016-03-15)
2447: (archived 2017-02-08)
1824:10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.12.068
1238:10.1016/j.jaad.2006.12.025
858:Anesthesia & Analgesia
854:"Latex Allergy: An Update"
513:Vytex Natural Rubber Latex
249:Alternative latex exposure
2554:Laboratory animal allergy
2247:10.1001/archinte.161.1.15
1990:The Journal of Pediatrics
820:American Family Physician
603:"Allergy to Latex Rubber"
363:allergen cross-reactivity
35:
26:
3168:HenochâSchönlein purpura
2983:Eosinophilic esophagitis
2656:Eosinophilic esophagitis
138:Type IV hypersensitivity
3284:Hashimoto's thyroiditis
3071:GuillainâBarrĂ© syndrome
2800:Allergic conjunctivitis
2761:Eosinophilic meningitis
2602:Blood and immune system
2057:10.1067/mai.2002.126461
2002:10.1067/mpd.2002.122732
1188:10.4103/0019-5154.92686
1141:10.1067/mai.2002.124968
134:Type I hypersensitivity
3385:Autoimmune adrenalitis
2534:Eosinophilic pneumonia
2426:. FDA. March 30, 2015.
2197:10.1539/joh.15-0275-RA
221:
182:, blistering (forming
1284:10.1136/bjsm.35.2.100
562:Oral allergy syndrome
230:universal precautions
219:
212:Occupational exposure
142:directly proportional
3507:Occupational hazards
3390:Autoimmune hepatitis
3369:Transplant rejection
3279:Giant cell arteritis
3209:Rheumatoid arthritis
3066:Goodpasture syndrome
2978:Autoimmune urticaria
2771:Genitourinary system
1848:Molecular Immunology
1706:Molecular Immunology
622:Dermatologic Therapy
291:latex-fruit syndrome
2856:autoimmune diseases
2502:Allergic conditions
2399:. iSmithers Rapra.
970:10.2147/JAA.S242058
494:Products made from
376:located on several
140:. Rate of onset is
114:baby-bottle nipples
3299:Reactive arthritis
3289:Multiple sclerosis
3183:Reactive arthritis
3081:Pemphigus vulgaris
3061:Bullous pemphigoid
2962:Penicillin allergy
2898:Allergic urticaria
2620:Circulatory system
2510:Respiratory system
1630:10.1042/BST0300935
517:antigenic proteins
489:Hevea brasiliensis
452:release caused by
429:primary prevention
420:primary prevention
222:
128:Signs and symptoms
122:trigger a reaction
3502:Rubber properties
3479:
3478:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3330:
3329:
3222:
3221:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3119:Pernicious anemia
3114:Myasthenia gravis
2991:
2990:
2914:Atopic dermatitis
2903:Allergic rhinitis
2818:
2817:
2810:Dust mite allergy
2582:Atopic dermatitis
2518:Allergic rhinitis
1712:(8â9): 1595â604.
1334:(11): 1611â1617.
677:(21): 2844â2847.
557:List of allergies
469:Synthetic rubbers
285:Related allergies
98:hot water bottles
64:reactions to the
55:
54:
16:Medical condition
3524:
3433:
3412:Sjögren syndrome
3341:
3243:
3148:
3044:
3023:
2883:
2852:Hypersensitivity
2845:
2838:
2831:
2822:
2788:Other conditions
2638:Digestive system
2495:
2488:
2481:
2472:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2411:
2410:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2249:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2208:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2059:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1902:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1680:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1552:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1430:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1295:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1232:(6): 1048â1055.
1217:
1211:
1210:
1200:
1190:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1106:"Medical Gloves"
1101:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1077:
1066:
1065:
1055:
1014:
1001:
1000:
990:
972:
948:
937:
936:
934:
932:
905:
899:
898:
896:
894:
873:
864:(4): 1219â1229.
849:
843:
842:
840:
838:
811:
805:
804:
778:
754:
748:
747:
745:
743:
708:
702:
701:
699:
697:
662:
656:
655:
637:
613:
607:
606:
599:
593:
592:
590:
589:
578:
552:Food intolerance
256:catheterizations
74:mucous membranes
31:
19:
3534:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3517:Protective gear
3482:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3474:
3444:
3430:
3421:
3373:
3336:
3326:
3308:
3304:Type 1 diabetes
3274:Coeliac disease
3262:
3234:
3218:
3192:
3158:Arthus reaction
3139:
3123:
3109:Graves' disease
3090:
3086:Rheumatic fever
3035:
3003:
2987:
2966:
2893:Allergic asthma
2874:
2858:
2849:
2819:
2814:
2783:
2765:
2747:
2646:Coeliac disease
2632:
2614:
2596:
2558:
2504:
2499:
2465:Wayback Machine
2455:Wayback Machine
2445:Wayback Machine
2437:
2432:
2431:
2422:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2378:
2376:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2350:
2324:"Latex allergy"
2321:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2020:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1942:(7): 997â1001.
1929:
1928:
1924:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1468:
1466:
1460:"Latex Allergy"
1458:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1440:on July 9, 2015
1432:
1431:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1304:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1250:
1248:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1153:
1151:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1089:
1087:
1079:
1078:
1069:
1016:
1015:
1004:
950:
949:
940:
930:
928:
907:
906:
902:
892:
890:
851:
850:
846:
836:
834:
816:"Latex Allergy"
813:
812:
808:
756:
755:
751:
741:
739:
710:
709:
705:
695:
693:
664:
663:
659:
615:
614:
610:
601:
600:
596:
587:
585:
580:
579:
575:
570:
543:
462:
454:female hormones
437:
416:
287:
274:
251:
214:
209:
130:
86:immunologically
17:
12:
11:
5:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3484:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3461:
3445:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:Classification
3427:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3392:
3387:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3347:
3345:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3318:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3249:
3247:
3240:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3188:Serum sickness
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3145:
3142:Immune complex
3133:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3029:
3027:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3011:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2900:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2880:
2860:
2859:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2825:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2753:Nervous system
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2610:Serum sickness
2606:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2514:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2458:
2448:
2436:
2435:External links
2433:
2430:
2429:
2412:
2405:
2385:
2360:
2314:
2268:
2220:
2191:(2): 138â144.
2171:
2137:(4): 445â449.
2117:
2091:(5): 841â846.
2071:
2050:(2): 318â323.
2030:
1996:(3): 370â372.
1976:
1922:
1873:
1837:
1801:
1782:(6): 1166â72.
1766:
1731:
1692:
1651:
1608:
1589:(6): 1005â12.
1572:
1518:
1475:
1451:
1422:
1368:
1314:
1278:(2): 100â102.
1258:
1212:
1161:
1135:(2): 107â110.
1115:
1096:
1067:
1002:
938:
920:(579): 19â22.
900:
844:
806:
769:(9): 593â602.
749:
703:
657:
628:(4): 289â301.
608:
594:
572:
571:
569:
566:
565:
564:
559:
554:
549:
542:
539:
531:
530:
524:
509:
492:
461:
458:
436:
433:
422:towards latex
415:
412:
286:
283:
273:
270:
250:
247:
243:nitrile gloves
213:
210:
208:
205:
129:
126:
70:natural rubber
53:
52:
47:
41:
40:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3530:
3529:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3497:Sensitivities
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3363:Latex allergy
3361:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3333:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3233:
3232:cell-mediated
3229:
3225:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3163:Farmer's lung
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2841:
2839:
2834:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2805:Latex allergy
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2549:Farmer's lung
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2491:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2406:9781859573815
2402:
2398:
2397:
2389:
2386:
2375:on 2016-01-07
2374:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2315:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2269:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2172:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2118:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2031:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1977:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1854:(4): 668â76.
1853:
1849:
1841:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1818:(1): 123â30.
1817:
1813:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1747:(4): 715â20.
1746:
1742:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1671:(5): 684â93.
1670:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1624:(6): 935â40.
1623:
1619:
1612:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1535:(3): 448â54.
1534:
1530:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1491:(4): 404â10.
1490:
1486:
1479:
1476:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1369:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1315:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1259:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1162:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1097:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1030:(8): 100569.
1029:
1025:
1021:
1013:
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2628:Anaphylaxis
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176:anaphylaxis
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2572:Angioedema
2379:2014-07-31
1469:2024-02-07
1090:2024-02-15
1085:medilib.ir
588:2014-07-31
584:. Osha.gov
568:References
537:products.
441:prevalence
414:Prevention
398:Hev b 6.02
323:strawberry
265:analgesics
168:angioedema
161:Angioedema
157:dermatitis
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3048:Cytotoxic
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2699:red meat
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2159:27245106
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2018:11967651
2010:11953738
1956:20977498
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1909:16225605
1868:18930549
1832:14715255
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380:such as
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184:vesicles
180:erythema
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